le tecnologie elettroniche ed informatiche a servizio della gestione energetica
DESCRIPTION
Enrico Sangiorgi, DEI – UNIBOTRANSCRIPT
Le tecnologie Elettroniche e Informatiche al servizio della gestione energetica
Enrico Sangiorgi
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Workshop
Logo azienda/università
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
OUTLINE
• Smart grid and renewable energy sources integration
• Smart buildings
• Power conversion
• Photovoltaic systems and overview of solar cell technology
Smart Grid Scenario
Integration of renewable energy
Energy efficient transmission
EV charging and energy storage
Smart metering
Energy efficient consumption
Energy efficient consumption
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Energy to Smart Grid
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Outline
• Smart grid and renewable energy sources integration
• Smart building
• Power conversion
• Photovoltaic systems and overview of solar cell technology
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Smart Building• Distributed energy consumption profiler at building level with integration of heterogeneous protocols
• Interactions with the central data processing unit in order to elaborate energy consumption profiles at building level
building level
network
floor/apartment network(e.g. Zigbee, Bluetooth, etc.)
Connectionto building
level network(e.g. Wi-fi,PLC, etc.)
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Smart Metering and Local Collection
• Miniaturized sensor system are used for monitoring local power consumption
• Local collection (e.g. apartment level) of power/energy consumption data through a low-power IEEE802.15.4 wireless network (e.g. Zigbee/Bluetooth/etc. nodes).
• Bridge to an external higher level network connection (e.g. Wi-Fi, or PowerLine Communication) for transferring data at building level.
floor/apartment network(e.g. Zigbee, Bluetooth, etc.)
Connectionto building
level network(e.g. Wi-fi,PLC, etc.)
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Building Level Network• A building level network collects
data from all local networks through the bridge nodes
• Possible architectures for the building network based on:– Internet– Power Line Communication
• All collected data transferred to a server database. Profiles and consumption data can be extracted.
building level
network
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Outline
• Smart grid and renewable energy sources integration
• Smart building
• Power conversion
• Photovoltaic systems and overview of solar cell technology
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Power Converters
• Si-based power transistors (i.e. IGBT, power MOSFET, Thyristor) are implemented in converters for optimal power transfer to the grid
• SiC FET or GaN HEMT allows to increase BV with respect to Si devices because of the higher bandgap. Alternatively, for a given BV, a lower RDSON can be achieved.
ST AN3152 Application note
BV=600-650V
M. Trey et al., IEDM 2012
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Reliability of Power MOSFETsAn experimental setup has been implemented at University of Bologna (Cesena Campus) in order to investigate the defectiveness of Power MOSFETs provided by ST Microelectronics
Amplifier and Bias Network
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Final Amplifier Stage
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HP Filter
PowerSupply
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Multimeter
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Numerical processing (Labview
environment)
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Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
|VGS
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Defects in the gate oxide are evaluated by means of noise measurements. Such a quantity is useful to understand the reliability of MOS structure.Drain Contact
Gate Contact
Source Contact
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Outline
• Smart grid and renewable energy sources integration
• Smart building
• Power conversion
• Photovoltaic systems and overview of solar cell technology
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Photovoltaic system
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Silicon Solar Cells: technology options overview
Interdigitated back contact (IBC)
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Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally diffused (PERL)
Metal Wrap Through (MWT) Heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT)
Single junction silicon solar cells: theoretical max efficiency 33 %
η=20 % η=23 %
η=23 %η=25 %
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“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Multijunction Solar Cellsh
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• Multi-junction solar cells or tandem cells are solar cells containing several p-n junctions. • Each junction is tuned to a different wavelength of light. • Efficiency above 40 %
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Thin Film Solar Cellsh
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• Cell thickness 0.5 – 5 μm• Low cost • Efficiency < 10 % (commercial device)• Flexible substrates• Photovoltaic integrated into the building
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Thin Film Solar Cells: photon management
Nanoparticle-enhanced amorphous-silicon solar cell
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Erik C. Garnett et al., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2011. 41:11.1–11.27
Photonic Crystals
Nanowire-based solar cells
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Research goals at device/module level
• Lowering cost-per-watt of solar cell/modules– Investigation of new materials, architectural options,
frabrication processes – Optimization of cell design– New light trapping strategies– Optimization of contacting schemes
• Investigation of device reliability and variability• Modeling of solar cells/modules
– Feedback to industry and photovoltaic community to address new technologies and fabrication options
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Simulation of PV solar cell
• Modeling by numerical simulation at device level
Optimization of light absorptance in vertical nanowires
Optimization of the geometry of a PERL solar cell
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
Simulation at Cell/Module level• Cell/Module level simulation can be used to investigate:
– the impact of non-uniformity on the conversion efficiency (e.g. partial shadowing, local shunting)
– System reliability (e.g. study of temperature increase in the solar cell)
0.515 V
0.550 V
0.530 V
15.6 cm
Potential distribution along solar cellLocal temperature transient in silicon solar cells (a comparison between experimental data and simulations)
“Ridurre i costi energetici in azienda: dagli scenari ai meccanismi di incentivazione”
22
Facilities at Cesena Campus• Solar Simulator Abet Sun 2000 (Class A Spectral
Match)
• Test station for contacting 156mm x 156mm solar cells, with temperature control.
• 4 SMU Keithley (2600 series) for IV measurement of solar cells (up to 12A)
• Semi-automatic probe station 200mm (Cascade) with thermal chuck (from -55°C to 200°C) for wafer measurements
• 4 SMU for static characterization
• Agilent 81110A Pulse Generator
• Agilent E4980A LCR meter (2MHz)