lds exam notes.docx

8/14/2019 LDS Exam Notes.docx

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Word Class

Verbs and Tenses

Simple Past (SPs)

Acve: Simple past form (-ed)

Passive: was/were past parciple

Collided, failedWere killed, was passed

Past Connuous (PsC)

Acve: was/were present parciple

Was speeding, was raining

Word Class Example

Noun House, John

Pronoun

Him, His

Adjecve Beauful, stupid

Preposion On, At

Verb Cooking, Running

Adverb Nicely, wonderfully

Conjuncon And, But

Interjecon Wow!

Determiner The, that

Simple Present (SPr)

Acve: Base form, s

Passive: am/is/are past parciple

Collapses, throwsIs swept, are formed

Present Connuous (PrC)

Acve: am/is/are present parciple

Passive: am/is/are being past

parciple

Are (you) listening, is livingAre being eroded, is being built

Present Perfect (PrP)

Acve: has/have past parciple

Passive: has/have been past

parciple

Has done, has providedHave been quesoned

Present Perfect Connuous (PrPC)

Acve: has/have been present

parciple

Passive: rarely used

Has been wanng, have been

watching


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Passive: was/were being past

parciple

Was being cut, were being hangedPast Perfect (PsP)

Acve: had past parciple

Passive: had been past parciple

Had lived, had tornHad been lost, had been xed

Past Perfect Connuous (PsPC)

Acve: had been present parciple

Passive: Rarely used

Had been looking

Acve (FA)

will/shall bare innive (base form)

Will announcePassive (FP)

will/shall be past parciple

Shall be doneConnuous (FC)

will/shall be present parciple

Will be sailingPerfect (FPe)

will/shall have past parciple

Will have spentPerfect Connuous (FPC)

will/shall have been present

parciple

Will have been looking

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

SPs

Tom said, I sawMike at the

cinema.->

PsP

Sue said that she had seen Mike at

the cinema.

PrP

Tom said, I have lost my watch. ->PsP

Tom said that he had lost his

watch.

PrPC

Joe said, I have been waing for

hours.->

PsPC

Joe said that he had been waing

for hours.

PsC

Kate said, I was trying to help. ->PsPC

Kate said that she had been trying

to help.


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Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Countable Nouns = Singular noun -> singular verb, Plural noun -> pluralverb

- A movie cket costsRM8 on weekdays.- Theyleavetheir oce at 7 p.m. everyday.

2. All uncountable nouns -> singular verb- Permissionisgranted for Air Force to land.- Evidenceshowsthat the suspect was in the room with the vicm.

3. Indenite Pronoun (everyone, everybody) -> singular verb- Everyoneassociated with the projectisproud to be part of the eort.- Someonehasto be responsible.

4. Some phrases may contain plural words -> just focus on the subjectpronoun

- Eachof the project partners isresponsible for wring a chaptersummary.

5. All, some -> refer back to the subject whether is countable or not- Someof the studentsin the class havevoted already. *students is

plural = plural verb have is used+

- Someof the grainwasruined by the ood. *grain is uncountable =singular verb was is used+

None can have both plural and singular verb


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o Noneof us haveany idea where did he went. *plural+o Noneof us hasany idea where did he went. *singular+

6. Fraconal -> refer to subject whether it is countable or not - Two-h of the grainisruined. *grain is uncountable = singular verb

is is used+

- One-half of the studentswereconvinced that there would be no nalexam this year. *students is plural = plural verb were is used+

7. Phrases together with, along with, as well as -> can be ignored- Some of the hayin the barn, as well as some major pieces of farm

equipment, wasruined in the ood. *hay is uncountable = singular

verb was is used+

8. Either, Neither when stands alone -> singular verb- Neitherof these choices appearsto be sasfactory.

9. Eitheror, Neithernor (as correlave conjuncon) -> refer to subjectcloser to the verb

- Neitherthe principal northe teachersareat fault.- Neitherthe teachers northe principal isat fault.

10.Empty subject (there is, there are) -> refer to subject that comes aerthe verb

- Thereareseveral explanaonsfor the problem.


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- HerecomeJohn and his two brothers.Phrases

Phrases

Examples

Noun Phrases (determiner noun) The school, the crazy man

Adjecval Phrases (intensier

adjecve)

Very beauful, very small

Adverbial phrases (adverb

intensier / other noun)

More clearly, quickly to the rubbish

bin

Preposional Phrases (Prep det

noun)

To the school, in the bin, in the city

Clauses

Noun Clause can be replaced by other pronouns

a) Type of Clause- Start with these words

that He thinks that this audion is easy.

Wh-word (who, when, what, where,

which, why, how)

Everybody wondered where he lives.

Wh-ever word The prince will marry whoever walks

through that door.

Whether I dont know whether he will recover.

If I dont know if Fadzil has a job.


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b) Funcon of clausesAs subject of sentence

That he has disappearedis a mystery.

(can be replaced with it)

Object of the sentence Her friends didnt like what she was

saying.

(can be replaced with that)

Subject complement Her mistake was that she kept lying.

(can be replaced with this)

Object of preposion The search party looksinto whatever

is applicable.

(can be replaced with it)

Adjecve complement She is afraid that the search is a

failure.

Adverbial Clause (the funcon is usually adverbial too)

- Answers quesons of:

- Introduced by subordinang conjunconsas if he is so smart

Wherever he likes

Why?

When?

Where?

How?

How Long?


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while she is free although he loves her so much

Adjecval Clause

Paern of clause

- Relave Pronoun Subject Verbthat she likes

(Rel. Pro) (Subject) (Verb)

- Relave Pronoun Verbwho sits beside me

(Rel. Pro) (Verb)

Common relave pronouns and adverbswho which whom Whose

that where when why

Funcon of Clause

- Answers queson: what kind? Which one? How many?- Provides extra informaon to the sentence- Subject complement

Faiz, who scored high marks in the exam,lives in Selangor.

Cohesive Devices

a) Logical connectors- Are usually conjuncons- Connects two ideas so they have a ow between them- FANBOYS, subordinang conjuncons, correlave conjuncons


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- E.g.I went to the market and bought some vegetables.

Sally picked up the cat and stroked it gently.

c) Compound Sentences- Made up of 1 independent clause (main clause) 1 dependant clause

(subordinang clause)

- Joined by subordinang conjuncons (because, since, aer, although,before, if, while etc.) and relave pronouns (that, who, whom, which,

whose etc.)

- E.g.The earthquake struck while we were at the study hall.

Although he had studied hard, he sll fails the test.

Sentence Paerns

1. Subject Verb (SV)The chair breaks.

The bird ies.

Fahri smiles.

2. Subject Verb Object (SVO)Joseph kicked the ball.

The boys build the tree-house.

The men captured the thief.

3. Subject Verb Adverbial (SVA)My parents are at the bank.

Miss Florence has been here before.


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We were in the forest.

4. Subject Verb Complement (SVC)Miss Joanne was my music teacher.

The boys are hungry.

My sister is in a bad mood.

5. Subject Verb Object Object (SVOO) (2 objects = Indirect Direct)I gave my mother a bouquet of owers.

Our boss gave us some bonus.

Jimmy cooked some spaghe for his guests.

6. Subject Verb Object Complement (SVOC)The warden found the prisoner dead.

Everyone calls Fahri a genius.

We elected her the president.

7. Subject Verb Object Adverbial (SVOA)Mother cooks for us every day.

John is baking some muns for his children.

Amy is donang some books for the new library.

Direct Speech -> Indirect Speech

1. Change in punctuaon marks.2. Change in reporng verbs.3. Change in pronoun.


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4. Change in tenseDIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

SPs

Tom said, I sawMike at thecinema. -

>

PsP

Sue said that she had seen Mike atthe cinema.

PrP

Tom said, I have lost my watch. ->PsP

Tom said that he had lost his

watch.

PrPC

Joe said, I have been waing for

hours.->

PsPC

Joe said that he had been waing

for hours.

PsC

Kate said, I was trying to help.

->

PsPC

Kate said that she had been trying

to help.

5. Change in modal verb formsDirect Speech Indirect Speech

am/is/were-> was/were

was/were

-> had been

has/have-> had

will/shall-> would

can-> could

may-

>

might

6. Change in me referencesDirect Speech Indirect Speech

tomorrow-> the next day/the following day

Today-> That day/the same day


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Tonight

Yesterday

That night

The day before/ the previous

day

Last night/week/month/year

Next night/week/month/year

-> The previous night/

week/month/year

The following night/

week/month/year

The day before yesterday-> Two days before

The day aer tomorrow

-> In two days me

Two days ago-> Two days before

Now-> Then

Sentence Moods

1. Declarave mood- Stang facts to give details, facts, informaon- Ends with a period (.)- E.g.

Bangkok is the capital of Thailand.

I have completed my work.


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2. Interrogave mood- To ask, to require informaon, to invesgate, to request- Starts with modal verbs (will, should) or wh-quesons (what, who

etc.), ends with a queson mark (?)

- E.g.Is this your son?

Do you need my help?

What is happening?

3. Imperave mood- To instruct, give order, give command- Usually the subject of sentence is dropped

Watch out! (Youwatch out!)

- E.g.Let them go.

Dont pluck the owers!

Do be careful.

4. Exclamatory mood- To express admiraon, strong emoons and feelings- Ends with an exclamaon mark (!)- E.g.

How lovely you look!

Isnt that a shame!


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5. Subjuncve mood- Express doubt, condions that may or may not happen- Express hope, suggeson- Usage of modal verbs (could, should, might, may, would)- Usage of subordinate conjuncon if- E.g.

If I should see her, I will tell her the decision.

If I were you, I would be so happy.

I wish that we will have a beer leader.

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