Volume I • Number I • October, 1964

r ~'lCIENCE & ENGiN~_Ri:lG LI3R.6.RV

UNI'IERSITY OF CALIFORi\JiA, SAI-l 1)1

LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA

I Journal of the Society for Information Display

2

BAS IC dd 40 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Actua l d isplay drawn by dd 4 of its ow n block diagram.

fast, flexible, functional - - - - dd 40 Designed for effective application to a wide range of display requirements, the dd 40 is a modular digitally driven CRT system offering high-speed per­formance at low cost. The basic system includes interface logic, symbol generator, display control logic and a 19-inch CRT monitor. Available options include:

• Vector and/or line drawing capability

• Tabular (typewriter-like) page format

• Parallel remote monitor(s)

• Buffer memory (for off-line display repetition)

• Camera recorder (for high speed data recording)

• Light pen, trackball, keyboard / function keys

• • • • • • • • I II ~ .. • • • •• • • • •

• • e I I I II I . ' . • •• • • • .. I.. I

fast 3,900 characters at a flicker-free rate (40 cps) Approximately four-times the speed/capacity ratio of most display systems.

flexible Varied character generation- many type fonts, straight and curved strokes, horizontal and vertical orientation, dim or bright symbols. Capability of add ing parallel "slave" units at low cost. Ability to add a camera recorder, for permanent record of any display.

functional Command and Control-Impact Prediction and Range Safety- Systems Simulation- Language Translation - Missile Systems Checkout and Monitoring.

DATA DISPLAY INCORPORATED 1820 COMO AVENUE • SAINT PAUL 8, MINNESOTA

Circle Reader Se rvice Card No. 1 INFORMATION DI SPlAY, SEPT/OCT, 1J

I by dd 4( iagram.

y ratio

fonts, vertical

at low

manent

t Range 1slation

···~ \ ~

Now there's a whole family of high-contrast storage tubes that take 85 volts

instead of 10,000 to remove background brightness

Now you can get a dark background witho~tt switching the phosphor high voltage-thanks to a patented new Westinghouse design. This reduces weight, volume and demand on the -power-pulse source from a 10,000-volt Pulse to So volts.

These new storage tubes bring. "TV contrast" to l'adar dis-play by combining extremely high contrast With the ability to reproduce as many as seven half tones (shades of gny). '

And if it's rugged, long-life reliability you're looking for, look no further! Westinghouse display storage tubes withstand up to 10 G's vibration and 30 G's of

shock for 2,500 operating hours from -65"C to 150"C. At 120 Jines per inch, their resolution leads the industry.

Diameters of 3", 4", 5" and 7" can be made with writ­ing speeds to 1,000,000 inches per second, brightness to 3,000 foot Lamberts and storage times to 60 seconds. For complete data, write Westinghouse Electronic Tube Division, Elmira, N. Y. Or Westinghouse International Corp., 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York.

You can be sure If It's Westlngho~~~ @ SEPT/OCT, 11NFORMATI ON DISPLAY, SEPT /OCT, 1964

Circle Reader Service Card No. 2 3

OFFICERS Dr. Anthony Debons.. ............ President Virgil P. Borta ................ Vice President John F. MarteiL ...................... Secretary Phillip P. Domon .................... Treasurer

REGIONAL DIRECTORS Northeast Region ................ William P. Bethke

Solomon Sherr Kenneth Moore

Southeast Reglon ..•.•..•..••......••.•••••.. Ray Sobeh

Rear A.dm. James H. Howard (USN, Ret.) E. J. Haley

l::entral Reglon ................. :··········Victor Bernin Arthur B. Collins

Western Reglon ............•....... David K. Robbins R. E. Turnage, Jr.

Petro Vlahos

COMMinEE CHAIRMEN Publications & Archlves ...•.. Rudolph l. Kuehn Membership Nomlnating .... Rudolph L. Kuehn Definitions & 5tandards ...•.. William P. Bethke Honors & Awards .. ......... ..... Dr. Ruth M. Davis

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Mr. William Ross Aiken Dr . Edith M. Bairdain Mr. William P. Bethke Dr. Corio P. Crocetti Dr. Ruth M. Davis Mr. Theodore Hamburger Dr. H. R. Luxenberg Mr. Petro Vlahos Dr. A.M. Zaoem

Information Display Published bi-monthly by

Information Display Publications, Inc. 1 60 S. Robertson Blvd.

Beverly Hills, Calif. 1213) Oleander 5-9280

EDITORS & PUBLISHERS .... Mortin H. Waldman Hal Spector

FEATURE EDITOR .. ...................... Robert Mount NEWS EDITOR . ........................... . . Lew Darling ART DIRECTOR .... .. ... ................. William Reed PRODUCTION MANAGER .... Moureen Friedman CIRCULATION MANAGER ... ... .. .. . . Carol Ingalls ADVERTISING MANAGER ........ Donald Meeker

CLOSING DATES Editorial closing dote is fifteenth day of the month preceding month of issue. Advertising closing is first day of the month of issue.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS To change address, send old mailing label imprint as well as new oddres. Allow 30 days for change.

SUBSCRIPTIONS No charge to members of the Society for Information Display. All others $12 per year . $20 for two years. Payable in advance . ©1964 BY INFORMATION DISPLAY PUBLICATIONS, INC. All RIGHTS RESERVED. REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR PART WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION IS PROHIBITED. Application pending for acceptance as a controlled circu lation publicatiCil at Los Angeles , Calif.

4

VOL. 1, NO. 1 SEPT./OCT., 1964

nf • ID Di rm a

1'he Journal of the Society fo1' Information Display

ARTICLES

WIDE-SCREEN SLIDE PROJECTION, by Helmut Weiss ........................... ............ ....................... Page 8

How to Beat the Cos4 Law of Illumination. Control over the distribution of screen illuminance from a slide projector by proper design of the illuminating condenser.

DISPLAYS, PAPERS, AND LIGHTING, by A. C. Stocker ....................................... ......................... Page 16

The Visual System in Command Centers. CRT displays, pro­jection displays and hard copy present problem in illltrnna­tion. Different levels of illumination offer one data source an advantage over the other.

THE ID FIELD AS IT EXISTS TODAY, by Ruth M. Davis .............................................................. Page 28

Keynote Address to the ociety for Information Display. A broad survey of the information display .field, citing ID's suc­cesses and fai lures to date. pecific display areas io wh ich the Department of Defense has indicated interest.

SID CONVENTION ................................. ............................... Page 36

Highlights of the Fourth Symposium. Keynote address, technical program and papers, list of exhibitors.

DEPARTMENTS

PRESIDENT'S EDITORIAL .... ........ .......................... ... .. ... ... ... .. Page 7

ID READOUT ~- - ····· · ······· ·· ······ · ···· ··· ···· · · · ···· · ·····-···· .. ······ ········ ·· .. ··Page 32

THE AUTHORS ··-··············· ······-- · .. ··········· ·· ·· .................... ......... Page 38 ·

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD ......... .... ....... ...................... Page 38

ID PRODUCTS .... ............... ... ........ .............. .... .. ....... ........... ...... Page 40

SID SUSTAINING MEMBERS ............ ..... .............. .. ....... .......... Page 42

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS .. ....... .... ..... ....... .. ............ .............. . Page 42

THE COVER

The eyes have it, in artist William Reed's rendition of generally used symbols in military cartographic displays. Graphic characters shown are symbols used to designate elements of military intelligence significance.

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, I

7

32

38

38

40

42

42

sed are 1ce.

you'll find IXIE® tubes easy to use · · · because we've developed accessories and packages that trans­late your system output into a numeric or alpha numeric display.

For instance - whether you're working wi th straight decimal or BC D, our solid state socket packs decode and drive NIXIE tubes direct. If you require memory, we have a new memory driver for NIXIE tubes which utilizes a planar silicon control led switch ~nd costs 40% less than previous techniques. Packages and Instruments available to su it your particular requirements are: • BCD to D Decoder/Drivers • Straight Decima l Drivers • Deci mal Counters • BCD to D Memory Drivers • Straight Decima l Memory

Drivers • Bi-directional Counters • Binary to Decimal Converters. A sampling of systems we're ready to be part of- or supply in

their entirety- includes : • industrial control displays • stock quotation displays • sequence control panels • test equipment display panels • simulation equipment • traffic schedules • date and time displays • news flash displays ... and other general information distribution systems.

We'll be glad to supply complete information, technical details or consultation on our NIXIE tube accessories and systems. Write today for the NIXIE tube catalog and associated literature.

Burroughs Corporation/ELECTRoN 1c coMPoNENTs c 1v 1s1oN

P L A I N F I E L. C . N E W J E R 5 E Y

J INFORM : PT/OCT, 19 ATION DISPLAY , SEPT/OCT, 1964

Circle Reader Service Card No.3 5

6

WHY A SQUARE THAT'S OUT IS "IN" HOW lEE SQUARED THE CIRCLE TO GET 4-TIMES BRIGHTNESS

FROM A REAR-PROJECTION READOUT

oog. o 00~- ~0

0 000 We're real big in squares and circles this year. Bigger y et in getting our popular Series 10 rear-projection readouts to de­velop 4-times greater character brightness than ever before (this with conventional MS or commercial lamps operated strictly at rated voltage!). The trick is in the lens.

Above is a horizontal view (actual size) of the old 12-position lens. The dotted square inside the circular lens represents the actual usable area that formerly aver­aged about 20 foot-lamberts with 6.3 v lamps (as bright or brighter than competi­tive devices). To get even greater bright­ness while using the same lamps at rated voltage, usable lens area had to be in­creased. Our problem was limited space. So we put our theoretical square outside the circle (shown in red above).

Next, we made the individual lenses larger to encircle the larger square. Now we had an overlap problem. This we solved by squaring the circles to leave off the unused portions, shown below. It's a bit un­conventional, or so our lens-maker tells us. The results, however, are most rewarding.

The new Series 10 readout now averages over 75 foot-lamberts of character bright­ness when used with 6.3 v lamps at rated voltage. The increased brightness means visual clarity at wider angles and longer distances, excellent readability even under adverse high ambient light conditions.

And, there's an extra benefit if you're not overly concerned with all this bright­ness: operate the lEE readout at reduced voltage and you'll get double brightness plus 10 times the lamp life (up to 30,000 hours from 6.3 v lamps operated at 5.3 v).

CUT-AWAY SHOWS HOW NEW SERIES 10 READOUT OPERATES:

A. STANDARD MS OR COMMERCIAL LAMP B. SQUARE LIGHT-COLLECTING LENS UTILIZES

APPROX. 100 % MORE LIGHT THAN OLD SYSTEM; TRANSMITS DOUBLE-SIZE CONE TO CONDENSING LENS

C. DUAL SQUARE-LENS CONDENSERS PROVIDE GREATER COVERAGE AT LOWER MAGNIFICATION

D. FILM CONTAINING DISPLAY SYMBOL (NUMBERS, LETTERS, WORDS, SYMBOLS, COLORS)

E. PROJECTION LENS F. NON-GLARE VIEWING SCREEN G. 4-TIMES BRIGHTER CHARACTER 1-1/16"

HIGH (MAX.)

Of the four 12-position lenses used in the new readouts, three are of the new square­lens type (Pat. P end.). The increased usa­ble area permits each lens to collect twice the light and to project the message indi­cation with half the magnification for­m erly required . These fa ctors produce 4-tim~s the brightness of older units.

DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS BY ELECTRONIC ASSOCIATES, Inc ... VISUAL TRANSLATION BY lEE

For visual translations, EAI relies on lEE. That's why so many EAI digital instru­ments are equipped with our rear-projec­tion readouts. Where else can you get such an impressive array of important advan­tages? Visual clarity, wide-angle readabil­ity, single -plane display for crispness (instead of visual hash). Not to mention display versatility that permits you to indicate anything. (We mean that quite literally. Anything you can put on film, colors included, can be displayed on an lEE readout.) And, you get 12 message positions that may be displayed individu­ally or in combination.

If you're in the market for a really good Remote Visual Display or an exceptional solid-state DVOM, we hope you look at the EAI units shown here. While you're at it, we hope .you'll notice the excellent vis­ual translations, too!

EAI SERIES 5100 DIGITAL VOLT-OHMMETER

EAI SERIES 5620 REMOTE VISUAL DISPLAY

MEAN ADULT MALE

HUMAN FACTORS: The scanning male & standing female

As builders of display devices for a variety of applications, we are extremely inter­ested in human engineering studies. The July I August, 1963, issue of Vending Engi­nee1' contained drawings by Walter Koch, Industrial Designer, on which the above illustrations are based (with permission).

The drawings show one of the basic lim­itations imposed on vertical display areas by physical size of people. Studies show that the effective viewing area of most people is only about 30% of the total of most floor-standing vertical displays. We suspect this data is of interest to readers outside the vending machine industry since human engineering deals in one uni­versal factor: people.

HOW TO INDICATE STATUS CONVINCINGLY & IN LESS

THAN 5 SQ. IN.

This little box isn't quite 2%" x 2" yet it replaces 12 indicator lights ! With it, you can display the sta­tus of just about anything with just about any combina­tion of colors, sym­bols, numbers, lette rs, words; up to 12 individual messages all in a single plane and for as low as 80¢ per indication. If you're interested, it's called "Status Indicator"@! and we supply it ready-to-use with message configurations custom-designed to your requirements.

YoU1' inquiry will bring the comprehensive new "Readout Display Selector Guide" which includes specifications and other technical information on the entire lEE line of readout devices.

(1 19631EE

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS, INC. 7720 Lemona Avenue, Van Nuys, California Phone: (213) 787-0311 TWX: (213) 781-8115

Re presentative s in Principal Cities

Circle Reader Service Card No. 4 " INFORMAT INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1917

E (l

s. N

le ·iety .tet·­The :ngL· :och, oove on) . lim­•rca.s ihow most al of . We 1ders lsh·y uni-

IS s

sages s 80¢ l, it's lpply 1tions lltS.

ludes

I C. 1-8115

ANTHONY DEBONS

EDITORIAL

THE INAUGURATION OF INFORMATION DISPLAY . . .. AND SID GROWTH

The inauguration of Information Dis­play as the official publication of the Society is a significant step in the growth and de­velopment of our group. The Journal repre­sents the culmination of a concentrated ef­fort by the pioneers of this organization to establish the Society as a technical body in the family of technical societies. In this re­spect the Journal will add emphasis to the need for the crystallization of our technical role.

The work of the Society seems to me to be cut out for itself. At present the mem­bership of the Society for Information Dis­play consists of some of the outstanding display scientists and engineers now in this country. In addition, the growing number of our sustaining subscribers reflects a posi­tive interest by industry in our group. Soon the Society hopes to boast of chapters in Europe and the Far East, bringing into our community scientists and engineers from other countries and nations to compliment our own talents. With this enviable resource we can be in a position to significantly in­fluence the course of information display technology.

I sense, therefore, that for the immedi­ate future our greatest need is to concern ourselves with the nature of our mision. It seems to me that the problems of informa­tion display are not sufficiently defined so as to instill in us the quest for debate and in­quiry. The division of information display technology into so called "hardware" and "software" has led to camps of interest with inadequate crosstalk and mutual understand­ing. The focus of attention to the kinds of

T/OCT, 1 9~ INfORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT. 1964

'·

problems we have been concerned with has been too parochial. Our concerns should be broader. Our interests should branch into education, medicine, news, while maintain­ing our current focus on the problems of the military. We must not be timid in an­nouncing the possible contribution that we may be in a position to make to these pro­fessions. To all of these conditions we must set to work and define the task and outline our plan for accomplishment.

ANTHONY DEBONS

President, SID

Elected President of the Society for Information Display at the Third National Symposium in San Diego (Feb. 26-27), An­thony Debons is a psychologist at the U ni­versity of Dayton.

He was affiliated with the Rome Air Development Center from 1957 until last year, initially as Chief of the Human Engi­neerinf( Laboratory and finally as Director, Directorate of Displays. Col. Debons served as Chief, Visttal Displays Section of the Aeromedical Laborat01')', Wright Patterson AFB, 1955-1956, following assi[inment as Research Officer at the facility in 1953.

Previously, he had established a Psy­chological Research Department at the Arc­tic Aeromedical Labo1•atory in Fairbanks1

by request of the Secretary of the Air Force1

and had been Research 0 fficer to the Psy­chological Research Laboratory at Lackland AFB.

He received a B.A. degree at Brooklyn College in 19481 and PhD in Experimental Psychology from Columbia University in 1954.

In addition to SID responsibilities1 Dr. Debons is a member of the American Psy­chological Society, Human Factors Society, Sigma Xi, and the American Physics Society.

7

8

by Helmut Weiss

Wide-Angle Slide

PBDJEI:TIDN How to Beat the Cos4 Law

of Illumination

Summary The distribution of screen illuminance

from a slide projector does not have to follow the "Cos4 Law of Illumination" but can be controlled by proper de­sign of the illuminating condenser.

Contents l. Introduction 2. Light transmission through

condenser 3. Effects of objective lens on

screen illuminance 4. Paraxial screen illuminance 5. Oblique screen illuminance 6. Illuminance from Lambertian

source with aplanatic condenser­Cos• Law

7. Illuminance from isotropic source 8. Control of illuminance distribution 9. Uniformity condition for

isotropic source 10. Uniformity condition for

collimated isotropic source 11. References

1. Introduction The Cos·! Law, by its very name, is

surrounded with an air of authority. It has, for example, been stated in an AMERICAN STANDARD [1] which deals with · photography and projection. Applied to projection with a goo field, the Cos4 Law predicts a drop of illu­minance from 100% at the center of the screen to 25% at the corners.

While the Cos4 Law does apply tc photography [2], its validity in the cast of projection rests on the rather special assumptions of a light source with an overall Lambertian radiation character· istic and of using an aplanatic con denser.

As we shall see, the use of an omni· directional, or isotropic, light source. represented in good approximation b) the modern short-arc lamps, goes a Ion! way in reducing the decline of scree! illuminance with increasing projection angle. With any light source, however. the distribution of screen illuminancl can be fully controlled by proper con denser design.

The uniformity condition derived ir this paper was independently estah lished in 1g5g [3] and used in the sue cessful development of a projection dis play which covered a field of goo. Ir subsequent discussions, K. PESTHii COV called the author's attention tr earlier approaches to the same prob]eJll Probably the first and most comprehell sive discussion was given by STR BEL [ 4] in 1930. A U.S. Patent [5 granted to H. 0. OSTERBERG, R. l\1 MULLER, and R. K. LUNEBURG d~ scribed control of screen illuminance b! appropriate design of the condenser Some of LUNEBURG's work has m011

recently been reported by W. WAli LIN [6].

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 19°

apply to the case

!r special with an

:haracter· ttiC COil·

an omni· t source, tation b) es a Ion! of scree! ::>rojection -however, uminanef Jper con

erived ir ly estab 1 the sue :ction di~ f 90°. It PESTRJl: ention tt problem

>mprehen STRAU

'atent [S ~G, R. M mRG de dnance b! ~ondenset has mo~

N. WA:f..

PT /OCT, !9/7

The discussion in this paper is aimed at the problems encountered by the designer of transparency projectors for data display. Examples illustrate how the light distribution on the screen de­pends upon the directional properties of both the light source and the illuminat­ing condenser. The condition which the condenser must satisfy to provide uni­form screen illuminance is derived and geometrically interpreted.

2. Light transmission through condenser The condenser, which precedes the

slide to be projected (Figure 1), directs the illuminating light rays through the ~perture of the objective, where they Form l l more or less well deflned image of th Hght source.

Without being more specillc abo 1t the ima ' ing properties of the conden­ser, we assume that the condenser is stigmatic, i.e. that it concentrates all r~ys originating at the center of the hght source in another mathematical Point P'.

A~s1.1ming further that the at gle sub­tended by the light sourc at the cen­ter of the condenser is verv small, we :~•n , with regard to the condenser, con­~tder both the light source and 1ts llllage as point sources.

1 Exc pt for reflection and absorption

losses in the condenser which we neg-c t , c • a pencil of light centered at P

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

- ·+ -- ·- -- ·

FIGURE 1 (right). Projector sche­matic showing condenser directing illumination through aperture of the objective.

FIGURE 2 (above). Continuity of light transmission through conden­ser. Full symmetry of revolution is assumed.

FIGURE 3 (left). Aperture match­ing by relay. Interposition of an optical transformer results in de­magnification of the condenser aperture, matching its image with the frame.

must now carry the same light flux as its conjugate, centered at P'. Assuming full symmetry of revolution, as in Fig­ure 2, we can make an analog statement for the light flux contained between the cones of half-aperature a and a + da centered at P, and between the cones of half-aperture a' and a' + da', centered at P'. We have therefore,

277' sin ada I(a) = 277' sin a' da' I' (a'), (2.1)

where I (a) is the intensity of the light source seen under the angle a and I' (a') the intensity of its image seen under the angle a'.

This condition, which expresses the continuity of light flux, applies to any pair of conjugate angles, a in the object space and a' in the image space of the condenser, regardless of the particular lens design. The condenser does not have to be a single lens. It may be a multiplet or even a system of widely spaced relay lenses, provided the assumptions specified above do still hold.

3. Effects of objective lens on screen illuminance Usually, the objective lens will be

designed for negligible image distortion, so that light rays through the center of the lens continue as straight lines. Therefore, when no slide is in the pro­jection gate, the objective lens has no effect on the distribution of screen illu-

minance, as long as it causes no actual loss of light.

Light losses could be caused by re­flection, absorption, and physical ob­struction. These effects tend to increase with the angle of obliquity, and affect not just the level but also the distribu­tion of screen illuminance.

Physical obstruction by mechanical apertures or lens mounts is only one form of "vignetting"; the other form is "optical compression or expansion of the beam due to the unsymmetrical re­fraction of oblique rays at the various lens surfaces."" However, as should be obvious from the foregoing discussion, this second form, purely optical vignet­ting, can have no effect on the light dis­tribution on the screen if the rays through the center of the objective lens are not broken, i.e. if the lens is free from image distortion.

For the purpose of the following dis­cussion we assume that the objective lens is distortion-free and loss-free, which enables us to disregard its pres­ence entirely.

"Quoted from American Standard [1]

4. Paraxial screen illuminance Regardless of the particular optical

design of the condenser (which we only assumed to be stigmatic), its central por­tion produces a well defined radial mag­nification,

9

t

10

1 ,

l) lo

- -· } --::::::::: .>"'K,. ,o•

~

I

~ "' ~

1\ \

. .a

o• to• 14' Ja'

FIGURE 4. Relative screen illumiiJance aplanatic condenser. !Refer to Section 7

0(.' \

;o• ,. ~·

from isotropic source with on facing page).

o•

m 0 =lim a/a'. (4.1 a, a'~ 0

To calculate the screen illuminance in the vicinity of the axis, for which on!~ the central portion of the condenser is responsible, we let a, a' ~ 0 and obtain from (2.1) with (4.1)

I'(O) = m 02 1(0). (4.2)

Referring to Figure 1, we now that the light source image, formed by the condenser in the aperture of the objective, is small compared with the projection distance, p, so tl1at with re. gard to the screen, it can be treated as a point source. 'Ne have then in the vicin. ity of the point D 0 , situated on the axis of the svstem at the distance p from the objective, the screen illuminance

E(O) = 1'(0) I p 2

or, with ( 4.2), E(O) = m~2 !(Q) I p 2 • (4.3)

This equation shows that the paraxial screen illuminance is proportional to the area magnification of the light source by the condenser, provided the aperture of the objective is wide enough to contain the light source image.

For a given projection angle a',,ax and condenser aperture, the paraxial light source magnification m 0 increases with the half-aperture amax of the lie>;ht com intercepted by the condenser. The quan· titative relationship depends upon the imaging properties of the condenser, which will be discussed later.

The angle amax is limited only by the radiation pattern of the source. Il the physical dimensions of the lamp or the thermal load on the condenser en· force a wide separation between the light source and the condenser, the con· denser may become considerably larger than the frame to be projected. In that case, we can interpose an optical trans· former in the form of a relay (Figure 3) which demagnifies the condenser aper· ture so that its image matches the frame. As stated in Section 2, this will not af· feet the validity of any of our results.

5. Oblique screen illuminance

Referring to Figure 1, we assume again that the light source is small corn pared with the projection distance p so that it can be treated as a point sonrc o£ intensity I' (a') .

If the screen surface around the poirJI D which is at the distan,ce p/ :osJ th f th b' . . d at rom

1 ~ o 'd)ecnv1~, hwer~ on nt

1ed nor~1 diates

to t 1e mc1 ent 1g t, It won recei the the illuminance

I' (a') En(a') = ---cos2a 1

• p2

Actually, it is tilted by the

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT,

I

(4.1 )

, nee in :h onl~ :nser is . obtain

(4.2)

as sumo Formed

: of the' ith th vith re, : d a n e vidn­th :t."< is rom the

) 2 • ( 4.3)

which reduces the illuminance to E (a') =En (a') cosa'

With (5.1) or, I' (a')

E(a') = --2 -COS3a'. (5.2)

p Acco.rdjng to the continuity condition

(2.1), tl1e intensity of I' (a') of the ]j~ht source image ~epends upon the radm­tiOll character.istic of the lamp, I ( Gt), and the imaging prop rties of the con­~lenser, descrqbed by some functional re­lntionsh ip between the conjugate an­gle · It and t!· u.siug ( 4.3) t~ refer i.ll­tellSity and Jllummance to then· pamxml valu s, we obtain from (5.2) and (2.1 )

~= ~ I(a) coss«' .in ada (S.3) E(O) m.,- I(O) sm a' da' ,

where m0 is the paraxial light source magnification, defined by (4.1).

&. Illuminance from Lambertian source with aplanatic condenser­Cos4 Law

paraxial 11 to the The luminance L of a Lambertian mrce by source is independent of the viewing :rtur of angle so that its intensity I (a) varies contain only with the geometrical projection of

the luminous area S. Thus, a flat Lam­

t.,ln;( and ial light· · s with :~bt con~ he quan· ,pon tl1~ mdenser1

only by )lli'C • Jl lamp or

bertian source, seen at the angle a from a distance that is long compared with its diameter, has the intensity

I(a) = LS cos a. (6.1) In Section 2, we postulated a stig­

matic condenser, capable of forming a sharp image of the center point P of the light source. If the source occupies an area element normal to the optical axis, different zones of a stigmatic lens will, in general, produce images of different magnification, depending upon the re­lationship between the conjusrate an­gles a and a'. According to ABBE, this zonal magnification is .

m(a, ') =sin a/ sin a'" (6.2)

mser en· 1een th~ th COO'

·ly large/· . In thnl Now, we make the additional assump­.. al trans· ~ion that the condenser forms a sharp Eiigur 3} Image of the entire luminous area. As ser n1)er· he frame; 11 not af,

results.

:e

~ assumt nall corn· moe p s~

nt sour<lf

this requires a constant magnification m over the entire lens aperture, the con­denser must now be designed so that

sin a/ sin a'= m. (6.3) This is ABBE's sine condition, which

makes the lens "aplanatic." W ith the equations (6.1) and (6.3),

~·e£1 cting the special assumptions made 111 th·is section we obtain from the con­t:nui~y . condiUon (2.1) the intensity of t 'e hgl1t source image,

th point l'(a') = L m2 S cos a!. (.6.4) ~ p/cosd th Compat:ing (6.4) with (6.1), we see eel normal a·~t the. Image of the light source ra­d receivt th'ltes ltke a Lambertian source with

same luminance as the lamp. Introducing now (6.1) and (6.3) into

(5.1) Once the light source is a three-di­mensional element however there is

angle tli actually no longer' any justiflcation for

PT{OCT, ! 9~ INFoRMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

(5.3), we have, finally, for the screen illuminance the expression

E(a') = E(O) cos4a' (6.5) which is the so-called "Cos4 Law of Il­lumination."

To see the Cos4 Law in proper per­spective, we have to realize that its validity rests on rather special assump­tions, which are not in any way sacred. "For proof, refer for example, to [7].

7. Illuminance from isotropic source Compact arc lamps, which come

more and more into use for powerful pro­jectors, have an essentially constant in­tensity over the angle which is normally utilized. The illuminance from such an isotropic source equipped with an ap-

I ~ci6KS~ I I

·-·-·--£·-·- · I I

Ll,v-..... .. I I I I I I

lanatic condenser does not at all follow the Cos4 Law.

With a source of constant intensity I(a) = I(O), (7.1)

we obtain from (5.3) with the sine con­dition (6.3)

E.\ a') co. '1 et'

}f(O)= -J 1-m" sin2 a' (7·2)

Depending upon the light source mag­nification m that is employed, the re­lative screen illuminance E(a') I E(O) may decrease with increasing projection angle (for m ~ 1 ) , or go through a minimum (for 1 < m < 2) or even monotonously increase (for m ~ 2) . Ex­amples are plotted in Figure 4.

FIGURE 5. Concentration of light from infinitesimal source of spheri­cal shape. (Textual reference in Section 7 on following page).

·'

13

Once the light source is a three di­mensional element, however, there is actually no longer any justification for an aplanatic condenser. To achieve the highest possible concentration of light from a spherical source, for example, all rays should again be directed through a space element of spherical shape, which does not have to be (and cannot even be) a true point-to-point image of the light source. Referring to Figure 5, we have in this case the geometric relations

r =y cosa and

r' = y' cos a' where the ratio y' / y equals the zonal magnification m(a, a') of equation (6.2.) To make not y' / y constant (which would require an aplanatic lens), but

r' /r = m = constant, we have to desigu the condenser so that it satisfies the condition

tan a /tan a'= m (7.3) in lieu of the sine condition. With this condition and (7.1), we have from (5.3) E(a') --- (I + m2 tan2 a') -8/2 (7.4) E(O) -

Examples are plated in Figure 5. With compaCt light sources, however,

the imaging properties of an otherwise stigmatic condenser are not really crit­ical because the available objective ap­erture will usually allow for some lack of light concentration. The image of a 2000 watt Xenon arc illuminating a 35 mm slide, for example, does not occupy more than about f/5 of the objective aperture. Thus, we need not be too much concerned about the light source image and can, instead, design the con­denser so that we gain control of the light distribution on the screen. 8. Control of illuminance distribution

If we make no a-priori assumptions on the imaging properties of · the condenser (other than that it shall be stigmatic), we cmt interpret ( !5.3) as the condition for obtaining some arbitrary illuminance disb·ibution E (a' ) from a lamp with a given intensity distribution I (a).

FIGURE 7. Rays through condenser designed to give uniform screen illuminance with isotropic source. (See Section 9 on facing page}.

Integrated, ( 5.3) gives the relationship

a: ( I (a ) sin a da -oj I(O)

(8.1)

which the condenser must satisfy. We note that the constant m0 , which is the paraxial light source magnilication, is determined by the angles of greatest obliquity, namely the half-apertures a:111 li.X

of the available )jght cone and « mu of the projecting beam.

Depending upon the form the condi-

tion (8.1 ) assumes under particular con­ditions, it may or may not be possib)! to arrive at a lens design that satisnei it.

9. Uniformity condition for isotropic source

If we wish to achieve uniform screen illuminance

E(a') = E(O) (9.1 with an isotropic source, of intensity

I(a) = I (O) (9.2 the general condition (8.1 ) reduces the "uniformity condition"

2 sin (a/2 ) = m0 tan a' (9.3 where

INFORMATiON INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 19/1

mo= 2sin (amnx/2 ) (9.4) tan a'111._

is th paraxial magni~c~tion. 'fh . uniformity cond1l1on (9.3) can be

visualized b , the shape of the surface ~ which rays origin. ling at the center on . .tb ... .

of th light source mtersect :v1 u1eH·

en

icu]ar cott le possib~ at satisfill!

lrm scree:

conjugates. Figure 7 ~hows this locu~ of intersection for a typ1ca l case of WJde­nngle projection with amnx = 60° nnd a'max = 45o.

The dotted line included in Figure 7 is the meridian of the spherical surface which, for the same angles, describes the sine condition. It has the radius of curvature

(9.5)

where a is the distance between the light source and its image.

Calculating, for comparison, the cor­responding radius of curvature which

FIGURE 6. Relative screen illuminance from spherical source with condenser de­signed for maximum light concenlration.

(9.1 applies to the uniformity condition (9.3), 1tensit:y we find with (9.4) :

(9. ' reduces h Q _ 4a tan a'mnx u--

3 2 sin (ama/2) . (9.6)

(9.3 As the curvatures 1/QA and 1/Qu reflect

EPT/OCT, 1'11' INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

FIGURE 8. Rays through collimator de­signed to generate beam of uniform il· luminance flux density from isotropic source.

the so-called "bending" of the entire lens, we see that, in the example illustrated in Figure 7, the condenser designed to satisfy the uniformity condition must be more sb·ongly bent than an aplanatic lens .

The ideal stigmatic condenser for Wli­

fonn screen illuminance, built as a sin­gle lens, requires two aspheric surfaces but, in practice, excellent approximations can be acbieved by making only the sur­face facing toward the objective asphed­cal.

10. Uniformity condition for collimated isotropic source

The problem of uniformity is not lim­ited to wide-angle projection. Even at Jong throw distances, where the projec­tion angle may become comparatively narrow the utilized light cone will al­ways have a wide aperture to assure ef­ficient light utili?.ation. Therefore, ap­plications with rigid uniformity require­ments will still need attention to the problem of light distribution.

In the limit a' .. 0, where the conden­ser becomes actually a collimator, we have

lim a tan a' = c (10.1) a' .. 0

where c is the distance of a given col­limated ray from the optical axis. As

·'

the result, the UJlUOrmity condition (9.3) reduces with m0 from (9.4) to

sin (a/2) ...so.. r ! ) ( 10.2) sin \amax 2 c

where C is the radius of the collimator aperture.

FigW"e 8 shows rays through a colli­mator designed to satisfy the uniformity condition ( I 0. 2) . The dot ted circle is the locus of intersection for an aplanatic collimator of the same angular aperture. As a comparison with Figure 6 shows, the curvature relationship is oow re­versed: the collimator designed for uni­form flux: density requires less bending than the aplanatic condenser.

11. References [1] American Standard PH3.22-1958,

Distribution of Illuminance over the Field of a Photographic Objective or Projection Lens

[2] Max Reiss, The Cos4 Law of Illumination, Journal of the Optical Society of America 35, 283-288 (1945)

[3] H. Weiss, Condition for Uniform Screen Illu­minance with Wide-Angle Projec­tion Internal Aeronutronic report, April, 1959.

[ 4] R. Straubel, Ueber die Beleuchtung von Schir­men durch Linsensysteme, Zeitschr. fuer technische Physik 12, 129-133 (1931)

[5] U. S. Patent Nr. 2,637,242, Condenser Lens System for Projec­tors, granted H. 0. Osterberg, R. M. Mul­ler, R. K. LUNEBURG May 5, 1953

[6] W. Wallin, Design of Special Projector illumin­ating Systems, Journal of the SMPTE 71, 769-771 (1962)

[7] P. Drude, The Theory of Optics, Dover Publ. (1959), p. 59-61.

In command centers we find for the first time the need to read cathode-ray displays, projection displays, and hard cop 1111der the same level of illumina­tion . either the illumination of thea­tres nor that of offices is suitable, the one being too low for reading papers and the other too high for reading dis­plays.

This paper shows a method for com­puting the illumination. t which both dis­plays and hard copy can be read with equal ease, or conversely for showing the advantage given one data source over the other by the use of a different level of illumination. Properties of displays and hard copy need din the computatimt are giv n, and a sample computation is presented. It is shown that the com­puted value of illumination is both satis­factory and compatible with the recom­mendations of the IJluminating Engineer­ing Society. Means for avoiding eye strain and fatigue (applicable to any level of illumination) are restated.

If a command or management center is to be successful, the human decision maker must receive all the assistance from his data sources that the state of the art pennits. To this end the display equipment, the hard copy, and the illu­mination must all be matched to the needs of the user. There is much infor­mation on the size, shape, etc. of the symbols that should be presented, a great deal of information on the tech­niques for producing and presenting the symbols, but very little on the environ­ment in which the displays should oper­ate. This paper is an attempt to fill a major part of this gap-the illwuination of the operating area.

One may ask why this should be a serious question, since the subject of illumination has received so much at­tention in the last fifty years. The rea­son is that in command centers one finds for the first time that self luminous dis­plays-cathode ray tubes, electrolumines­cent panels, projection screens, etc. -are combined with reflective displays -messages, maps, operating plans, budg­ets, schedules, etc. - with the require­ment that they be used in close sequence. It follows that the illumination must be

16

DISPLAYS, P

The Visual System at one time suitable for the electronic displays and for the hard copy.

There is an extensive literature on the illumination of rooms for self-luminous displays, beginning with the data gath­ered by the then Society of Motion Pic­ture Engineers on tJle lighting of movie theat rs. This art was adapted during the ' ar for Tadar display rooms and other weapons conb-ol centers, and extended by tlse of narrow-band light to take ad­van tage of a color diJiereoc . Th philos­ophy of minimum iJJumination is still seen in rooms where edge-lit, grease-pen­cil plots are kept. With the advent of brighter displays there cam a demand that we " orne up out of th caves" into an office atmosphere.

IES Recommendations The recommendations of the IES ( D­

luminating Engineering Society) "reflect a consideration of many variables such as visual data . . . economic factors, convenience, and availabili ty." On ex­amination it is found that their visual data are based on reflective materials ­the reading of paper , the perfom1ance of shop tasks, etc. It has long been known that when such tasks are difficult because of poor fo1m, extra 6ne lines, low contrast, etc. a higher level of il­lumination is helpful. It has been a long time since electric i llumination has been expensive, and it is certainly con­venient and available. One must con­clude that there is no factor in the IES's considerations which exerts a stroug in-1luence toward lower illumination, and since they have no control over the qual­ity of material in view, it js quite proper that their recommendations be generous.

Obviously, in a command center a compromise between these e:-.:tremes is required, and the compromise must be pleasing to persons of high rank. With due attention to the opposite ffect of illumination on reflective and self lumin­ous djsplays, a best illumination can be achieved, and at the present state of the art it will be a very satisfa~tory mumina­tion if the conditions are met with rea­sonable care.

The Data It has long been known that the ease

of seeing is related to the illumination; the size of the detail that must be see and to the contrast of that detail to t background; and various pairs of th variables have been studied parametric.il ly until the relations are well kno\ During an eight year research (as 1959 ) Dr. H. Richard Blackwell has re. lated these four variables using the su group of obse1·vers.

In these experiments the subjects facef a hollow box which covered a wide fiell of view and which was illuminated evea ly with white light. Near a ;·eferen mark on the back wall there was 1

translucent spot of white plastic \ luq appeared the same brightness as tb rest of the wall under the front illumin. tion, but which could be back ilium nated to a higher level, and the equip ment was so built that both brightneSSCI from the size of the spot, and the du nt ti(l four va of its back illumination could be vm·ie~ of the over wide ranges. that the

The observers were thoroughly train useful in practice runs not included in th To data, to eliminate variation ascribable ' aud learning. They sat before the box H '"'"''"'w"''" a sufficient time for their eyes to bl tors by come adapted to the light level to ntrast. used; they were then told the limits ~ a time interval in which the spot migl» forced or might not, have been back illwuinatel facing and were asked to decide whether or nt they had seen it. for

Since the same color light was us mined for the background and the spot, t were contrast could be computed using t) y . 1 1 . liS' s1mp e re atwn: ent

where

and

ould ( 1) (,)f

J: ··duced C is the contrast The BH is the higher of the t. ncept

brightnesses Overall BL is the lower of the t,~ &·ocess

brightnesses om 30 This · a1 While expression fqr contrast has a v. ~ I'd which varies from zero to infinity, 110 ll:l~ (unlike some) it has the advantage tN \V k the zero value conforms to the cond 1 ~l ers tion which has no visible contrast. Th < to

Over 80,000 observations were maJall e au For each set of conditions the data weJ

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

P RS, and LIGHTING

?m d;rnrnand Centers illuminatio11 mst be seen fitSt con· cted for the known percentage detail to tl of lucky guesses, then were fit. to the 3.irs of there nonnal ogive ·o that. the 50% pomt (the :>arametri point of maximum slope) could be de­~ell la1o\ tennin d with accuracy. The curves were arch (as 11 tJ1en ~moothed by the use of the known <well has 1\ parametric relations be~een p~irs of ing the sa~ variables. At tlle completion of th1s proc-

ess it was found that an introduced vari­ubjects fac ation as sm~ll as 2% would require an o~­a wide fie wious violation of one of the parametnc

dnated VCll relation . a 1·e£erenQ This work has been reported in various

here was 1 stuges of progress, references 1, 2, and •lastic wh:id 3 being the more important and carry­ness as th ing references to the others. The com­ant illumilll plete data, without some of the details back illurrl of how they were gotten, are given in :1. the equir reference 3. Because all the data came briglttness from the same basic source, because all the dmatio foul' variables are covered, and because ld be varie of the care used in smoothing, it is felt

that the results constitute an unusually tghly trni]l~ useful statement of fact. tded in tli To extend these data to the conditions ascribable t nd requirement ' ()£ practical seeing, Dr. the box £1 Blackwell uses the concept of field fac­eyes to ~tors by which to multiply the required level to ~ eontrast. A factor to compensate for the

the limits c aifference behveen skilled observers using spot migllfor~ed choice and the ordinary reader illuminattt ncmg a n w problem was dete1mined

1ether or ~e:xp.erimen tally. Factors for off-axis view-ihg, for the lack of waming, and for the

1t was u f.i·7quenc of presentation were deter­

le spot dmmed expedmentally. The latter three d using db te checkecl with reasonable accuJ·acy

Y use of a task evaluator an instru-m h , ent w ereby a task and a test spot c~uld both be viewed onder conditions

( l )o controlled contrast and that conb·ast r-educed to :mjnimum visibility.

The d velopment of the field factor of the

0 ncept is described in reference 3. The

~eraiJ factor, as detennined b the f th locess d~· 'b d b . . o e Cro

30 sen e a ove; 1S m the range

m to 37. k 'WlJU · I has a Vll :V>ll'd e t l e basic data are felt to be

infinity, nfA l~l f beyond doubt, tl1e value of the vantage t!f. orke actors has been questioned, some ' the (.'()11 ad rs feeljng that the proposed values ontrast. he to too low a level of illumination. were Jll!l/11 v althor has arbitrarily used an over­te data '" a Ue 0f 40 in making up his human

,~FORMAl SEPT/OCT, ION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

by A. C. STOCKER

perfonnance curves; however·, it will be shown later that the value of the field factor has no bea ring on the selected illumination so long as the same value is used in the computations for both hard copy and self-luminous displays.

The autl1or has applied a field fac­tor ( 40 ). to the data of reference 3 for detail subtending ~rngles of l , 2, and 4 minutes of arc and for illuminations betw n 0.1 and 100 footcandles and has interpolated for.,easier use. The re­sulting curves ate given as Figures l, 2, and 3. ·

100

30

33

20 0

'" 15 ~

... ~ !Z 0 u

10

FIG. I

HUMAN PERFORMANCE o.c. = , ...

FIELD FACTORS- 40

10

3.3

2

"'

l _+~----------------,0--------------r-------~-----LOG BRIGHTNESS FT- L

Fig. 1 Huma n performance when reading sym­bols with a stroke width (alpha! of one minute of arc.

It must be stressed that the speeds shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3 are not reading speeds, but are tl1e inverse of tl1e times when the spot was back illumir)ated in the tests. The term "read­ing ease" was consid red for a while, but it is hard to conceive of ao ease of 100, so the trum "relative perception speed" was finally chosen.

The Selection of an Illumination Level

It is obvious that both the self-lumi-

nous and the 1·eflective displa rs mu t be readable; lacking other indication it will here be assumed tl1at they should be equally readable. The optimum illu­mination 1 vel is, then, that which gives each the same relative perception peed. This rna easil • be found once the data ru·e put in the proper form.

The preparation of data for reflective displays (hard copy) is simple. The steps are tl1ese:

a) Determjne the mmunum s.ize of detail that must be easily tend­able, compute the angle this will subtend at tl1e observet''s eyes and select the cu1·ve with this valu of alpha.

b) Determine the contrast of the ma­terial, and lay a straightedge across the curve at this value.

c) Multiply selected values of illu­mination by the reflectivity of the paper to establish the background btigh tness.

d) For each value of brightness, read the relative perception speed.

The preparation of data for the self­luminous type of display is a little more complex. The steps are these:

a) Determine the minimum size of detail tlJat must be easily read­able, compute the angle trus will subtencl at the observer's eyes, and select the curve for this value of nlpha.

b) Determine tlle excitation bright­ness available at tl1e screen (that supplied by either the electron beam or the projector) and apply factors for the gain and loss of the screen to achieve the visible bright­ness of the symbols.

c ) Apply factors for tlle reflectivity of the screen attenuation of its sup­pott, the effectiveness of hoods, etc., to selected values of ambient illumination to determine the back­ground brightness.

d ) Compute the conb·ast from item b) and c) above. (These computa­tions are discu sed at greater length under Properties of Displays and Hard Copy.)

e) For each value of illumin, tion, lay

17

I~

a straightedge across the curve at the resu]t;lllt contrast, and at the corresponding value of background brightness, read the relative per-

eption speed. To det J"mine the optimum value of

illumination, plot relative perception speed vs. illumination for both types of displays. It is obvious that one will have a positive slope and one a negative; the point where they cross is, then, the il­lumination at which the two types can be read with equal ease.

Properties of Displays and Hard Copy

Before the design of a command cen­ter can be started, it is necessary to have at least an idea of the properties of the display materials that will be used therein. This section will discuss the properties of a representative sam­ple of materials, and will discuss some of the steps that may be taken to assure good legibility.

Hard Copy-Hard Copy will long con­tinue to carry a large and important por­tion of the information needed in a command center. Yet the information that is available on the properties of hard copy is very limited. The size of type, for instance, is the size of the block on which the face is cut, not the size of the face itself, and there are only very general statements on the reflectivity of papers and inks. For that reason n series of measurements was made.

In these measurements the symbol height was taken as the prependerant height-if the word was in lower case, then the height of a lower case a, e, o, n or similar letter was measured. Some letters have a variable stroke width. However, experience has shown that the intelligence is carried in the heavier por­tions of the symbol· it is in fact possible to 1·ead material in which a faulty re­production process has eliminated the thin stroke completely. So when a vari­able stroke width was encountered, the heavier portion of the stroke was meas­ured. These data were taken with a measuring microscope.

The determination of reflectivity pre­si:mted a problem because of the small area available in the symbol and the known tendency of the human eye to be influenced by the sull'oundings. A series of paper chips varying from white to black were gotten by sele ting from paper stocks where that was possible and by dyeing to nl.l the gaps. These chips were placed in a diffuse white il­lumination meaSltred with a Weston n­luminometer, their brightness was meas­ured with a Spectra Spot Brightness Meter, and their reflectivity was com­puted. These chips could then be com­pared directly to the paper of a display. The reflectivity of symbols was deter­mined by placing a chip pa1tially across

18

TABLE 1

PROPERTIES OF HARD COPY

HEIGHT STROKE Angle @ 14"

MATERIAL Mils Mils Mins Color

Maps Army Map Service, NK 18-11

Paper Names-large

small Highways Railroads Creeks Contours Elevations

Seclionol Air Chart, Winston Solem

160 40

52

24 5.5 9 5.2

38 9.5 7 1.7 5 1.2 5 1.2 7 1.7

white black

rd & blk black blue tan

Paper Color wash to indicate ground altitude, Est. Avg . Names- large 11 0 20 5 black

small 44 7 1.7 Smal lest print 40 8 2 Highways 25 5.5 gray Scale tics 8 2 Contours 9 2

Nautical Chart, H.O. 1290 Paper Names-large

small Smallest print Depth contours Soundings

144 40 24

60

14 10

5 5 9

3.5 2.5 1.2 1.2 1.2

tan

white black

Reflect. Contrast

.65

.07

.1

50 .1

8.3

high

5.5 fair

4

.3 Est . . 6

.65

.09

fair

6.2

Geological Survey, Redmond, Washington Paper white .7

Names-large small

Smallest print Highways Roads Creeks Contours

Office Material Good pulp paper Average pulp paper Yellow copy paper

Typewriter samples Paper Make A Electric Make B Elite Make B Pica Make B Pica-old ribbon

Teletype printer Paper With new ribbon With old ribbon, top With old ribbon, bottom

Computer Printer output Make C Make D Make E

As a basis for comparison­New York Times

Paper Text

Office Copiers Make F (translucent material)

Paper-on dark desk Print Paper-on white paper Print

Make G (opaque material) Paper

Print Pencil

Pulp paper . Mechanical pencil, .032" lead, HB 2H newly sharpened 2H fairly dull B newly sharpened B dull

Green overprint for wooded areas 120 15 3.7 black .1 6 · 60 10 2.5 45 7 1.7

25 5.5 red&blk dual 6 1.5

8 2 blue 5 1.2 tan

110 15 3.7 black 11 0 1 0 2.5 black 114 1 0 2.5 black 114 7 1.7 gray

105

95 100 100

55

20 5 12 2.7 lndef.

9 2.2 10 2.5 17 4.2

10 2.5

gray black black

black black black

black

20 5 black 10 2.5 black 15 3.7 12 2.7 black 40 ,10

.7

.65

.5

.7

high

good fair

.1 6

.12 4.8

.1 6

.15 3.7

.6

.1

.12

.2

.08

.1

.08

.46

.1

.45

.12

.65

.12

.65

. 10

.65

5 4 2

7.9 6 7.1

3.6

2.8

4.4

5.5

.2 3.3

.25 2.3

.12 4.5

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

f t pe and exmnin ing the type a line 0 d e of the chip through a iow and the . ·ogscope the microscope roagni-

wer mlCI . ' J d P0 tl type to the point w 1ere a goo fylnS ~e ::oulcl be made. Some mate-ompar!SOI\ c 1 1 d b c. . encil as an examp e, la to e

n nls, P 1 ·mder diffuse light to prevent mensurec •

Contrast e ultl r refl ction · . . sp T he datn gathered m .t11ese tes~ m.e

1.3

1igh

5.5 =a i r

. 6

fair

6.2

areas

high

.9o.od f aar

6 4.6 6 3.7

5 4 2

7.9 6 7.1

3.6

2.6

4.4

5.5

3.3 2.3

4.5

. , T rtble 1. Spectnl attention l S g tVCil Jlll ffi • . "t d to the clnta on o ce copymg mvcla . , 5 pencil copy, a.nd typewriter mn un~ .. ' I "II b d and telel 'pe outp ut. t WJ . e n ote

t tl e ntrast can be r.~used m ate-t lat 1 t] "dili f d nlly, nncl in some bcases . lCifi· WJ t f o the stroke incretlsed

1 y .a s1gf ca~ ac~

tor b, th prop r selection of etlh!D~b and mat J'ials a:nd t 1e use o tes Il -

bons. One must conclude. tha t tithe Jeg­"b'l"ty of 1·h hard copy 1s to 1at ex-~e~~ a Junction. of the interest shown by the members of the sta·[ .

Self-l,um•lnous Displrtys--Self-lumin?us clisphlys-cathode ray tubes and pro~ec­tion ~ere ns- must combat tile amb1ent illuminn tion, ·o much of tills section wi11 hove to do with means for maintaining good con lTast. Th light in the symbol, the light thal carries tile useful infoxma­tion comes from either an electron beam or d projector; we will consider cathode ray t tb 'S fi rst.

Ruther thM get into a discussion of products the auilior will here assume tb<lt the tube has a brightness of 50 foot-lamherts available at the phosphor, ,and offers assurance that this level is with­in the state of ilie art using crystalline phospl1ors. The reflectivity of the phos­phor is assumed to be 85%, highly diffu­sive. The problem, tilen, is to achieve as good contrast as is possible with this device.

The first step to consider is ilie use of a gray glass for the face plate of the tuhe. It is true that such glass reduces the brightness of the symbols by the transmission (filter factor) of the glass. But the :nubient illumination must pass through tbe glass twice, so the contrast is iocreas d by the inverse of the filter factoa·. This c~m be a significant amount; ~CA lists face plates with filter factors lll two groups, one nem: 0.75 and 011e near 0.4.

The next step is the use of a cap-bill ho()~ to keep as much as possible of the nmbaent illumination from falling on the creen. Properly designed, such a hood

can asily have a factor of 0.5 without rest · t· ~·Ic lllg th. viewing angle. _ he effe ·ttveness of a hood may be ~Jcre~sed h limiting the angles at which

te hght approaches the equipment as c~n he d one by hanging properly ' de­l~g{'ed h neycomb gratings below the f~~ \t sourc -s. The light can still come • t~mfulthc major portion of the ceiling so . IS I d"ff ' y 1. . Y 1 use (or indirect ); it is mere-et Lmttcd t0 those angles which will not

_, under the hood. It is believed that --- INFORMAl ,EPT/OCT, 1 ION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

the hood factor can be changed from 0.5 to 0.25 by iliis means.

After iliese steps, ilie direct ambient light will be reduced to the point where the light reflected from ilie equipment, from white shirts, etc., becomes im­portant. Such secondary sources can be objectionable when iliey are specularly reflected from the tube face and appear as unwanted images superposed on the data. Glossy finishes should not be used on equipment, furniture, etc.; a medium gray mat surface is much less objection­able. Such light as remains can be ren­dered innocuous by etching the tube face to a fine mat surface. Tlus is not truly a non-reflecting coating-it merely spreads the reflection over such a large area that the brightness is reduced and ilie shape of ilie source obscured. It is, however, a very effective step. Circular polarizer use

A circular polarizer can be used for the functions of tl1e filter glass and ilie mat first surface, either for better per­fmmance or when the desired proper­ties cannot be had in the available tube. It is not a complete cure, for it itself has bright specular reflection from its front surface. However, it may be used as a plane surface, and the range of in­cident angles that gives objectionable reflections from a plane surface is much less than ilie range that gives reflections from a spherical surface.

Projection displays can also take ad­vantage of absorption in the screen sup­port, of a hood, of directive room light, and (in some types) of a mat front surface on ilie screen . In addition , they can take advantage of directivity.

Directive screens reflect (or transmit) more light in a preferred direction than in other directions. They therefore are said to have "gain", this being the ratio of the brightness in the preferred direc­tion to the brightness of a highly diffu­sive screen subject to the same illumina­tion. Values between 2 and IO are com­mon. If the viewers can be located along the preferred axis, the brightness of the data symbols will be increased while that from light sources not near ilie projector will be decreased, and an increase in con­trast will result. This effect reaches its peak in rear projection screens, where the steps which decrease ilie diffusion of the projected light also decrease ilie reflectivity to ambient light, and where it is possible to take advantage of a filter­ing support material.

However, a fundamental characteris" tic of gain is its sensitivity to cha~ges in angle. Assuming the plane of the screen is correct for the location of ilie pro­jector and the center of the audience, iliere witl still be a change in brightness due to looking at different portions of ilie screen or to ilie viewer's moving about the room. If this change is to be held within acceptable bounds, then direc-

tivity must be used with care. The quantitative relations follow, all

based on ilie fundamental relations iliat:

c - BH -BL (I ) BL

B = I R (2 )

Ip = ~ (3)

For hard copy:

substituting in ( I )

R -R1 c = ___,:P;.._.....,:~

Rr (4)

For boili cathode-ray tubes and pro­jection screens the brightness of fue sym­bol is ilie sum of that produced by ilie intended excitation and that of the back­ground as produced by stray electrons or the transmission of "opaque" parts of the film.

For cathode-ray tubes: BH = Bpb T + BL BL = Ia Rph T 2 + Bx T substituting in (I) c- Bpb

- I. Rp11 T + B,. For front projection:

BH = 7 G+BL

BL = Ba+ BxG Here Ba is the sum of ilie brightnesses due to the individual room illuminants, each with ilie value of gain required by its angles. This is so complex that ilie value is usually determined by measure­ments on a mockup or on ilie final as­sembly.

substituting in (I) L,,G

C = A (B ... + B., G) For rear projection, with the diffusing

layer on the projectnr side of ilie screen:

BH = ~p GT + BL

BL= Ba + BxGT Ba = Ia Ra T2

A single expression for Ba is made pos­sible here by the small difference in reflectivity for ilie angles of the differ­ent room illuminants.

substituting in (I) c- L.,c

- A(I.R. T + BxG) In the above :

A Area of the projection screen,

B in square feet. Brightness, in foot-lamberts. Brightness due to ilie ambient illumination. The higher of two brightnesses. The lower of two brightnesses. Brightness of a phospho1· due

~ 19

to electron impact or other ex­citation.

Bx Brightness due to unintentional excitation, as by stray electrons or transmission through the "opaque" areas of the film.

C Contrast G The gain of a projection screen

for the incident and reflected angles involved. Note- com­mercial values for G usually include the reflectivity, so it is not stated separately.

I An illumination, in footcandles . Ia The ambient illumination. IP The projected illumination. LP The light flux delivered to the

screen by the projector, in Lu­mens.

R The reflectivity. RP The reflectivity of the paper. R1 The re£lectivity of the ink. Rph The reflectivity of the phos­

phor. R. The reflectivity of the projec­

tion screen. T The transmission (filter factor)

of the screen support where the support is between the screen and the observer.

Sample Computation In order to demonstrate the process

and to get a feeling for the level of illumination the process will indicate, a sample calculation was carried through using the nearest value of alpha for which there was a curve available (Figures I, 2,and3.)

For hard copy, an Army Map Service map, two typewriters with different weight of type face, a teletype machine, and a mechanical pencil were taken as

Item AMS Map

Paper Refl. .65 Contrast 8 .3 Min. Alpha Mins. 2

\llumination ft-candle B Speed•

1 .65 2.7

2 1.3 5.8

4 2.6 8.3

8 5.2 13

12 7.8 16.5

20 13 21

40 26 28

80 52 35

100 65 38 *See text far meaning.

20

representative of the materials that might be found in a military command center.

100

30

10

... ~ ... z 0 u

ex:= 2'

FIELD FACTORS- 40

FIG, 2

PERFORMANCE

JJ

"' > 20 ~

"' 15 \i:l IO 1 5 3 . 3

2

..

~~. ----------------~--------------LOG O BRIGHTNESS

1 FT - L l:

Fig. 2 Human perfonnance when reading sym­bols with a stroke width (alpha) of two minutes of arc.

The results of the computation are given in Table 2 and plotted in Figure 4.

For the d isplay, a cath ode ray tube was chosen and assumed to have a phos­pllor with a brightness of 50 foot-lam­berts and a reflectivity of 0.85. F ilter factors of 0.4 or 0.75 were used, alpha wns taken as 2' ol: 4' , and the hood fac­tor was taken as 0.5 or 0.25. These con­djtions can also be met in ~t projection display if the screen size is properly bal­anced to the availa ble p rojected light. Tb results of the calculation are given

TABLE 2

READABILITY OF HARD COPY

Typewriter Typewriter Make A Make B

.7 .7 6 6 4 2

B Speed* B Speed*

.7 14.5 .7

1.4 22 1.4 3.2

2.8 35 2.8 5.5

5.6 45 5.6 7.7

8.4 55 8.4 9.7

14 63 14 13

28 75 28 17

56 90 56 23 ,, 70 96 70 25

100

FIG 3

HUMAN PERFORMANCE

oc= 4 ' 30

FIELD FACTORS- 40

LOG O BRIGHTNESS I FT- L

Fig. 3 Human performance when reading -'Yiill bois with a stroka width (alpha) of fo ' minutes of arc.

•u.. ...... u~ r r - c.o.NDLC

Fig. 4 The effect of illumination on humal perception speed when reading haJj copy.

Pencil Teletype HB .032 1

' lead

.6 .7 5 3.3 4 4

B Speed* B Speed*

.6 10.5 .7 6.2

1.2 16 1.4 10

2.4 25 2.8 14.8

4.8 35 5.6 21

7.2 42 8.4 26

12 48 14 33.3

24 62 28 40

48 73 56 47

60 80 70 50

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

?MANCE

3- 40

·eadlng sy~ pha) of fo•

/

on huma !ading han

I ''lead

7 3

Speed*

6.2

10

14.8

21

26

33.3

40

47

50

6,C)2QO o7no o 6.9200 o,92Uo 6.9200

. 9200 6.9200

"3,9900 •3.9900 .. 3,9900 .. 3.9900 ... 3,9AOO .. 3,9800 .. 3,9800

I (rr/2) COS2t] 1 (v/2)- (w/4), (v/2)+ (w/

--d'YJ -rr /2 7r 0 , rr

v 1 (v/2) - (w/4) '(v/2)+ (w/4) v sin2,u ~

sin-dv sin- -cos-2 0,7r 2 2 2

4,7433 4,7515 4·, 76 0 4 4,7894 11.9~143 5.1533 5, • ~B ·5. 2588 12 • 7 :'fZU1T 5,6376 5,6762 -;,7142 5,8239 1~.68523 6,2183 o,2eae 6,:5421 6,5171 14.83924 3.0047 2,9754 2,9491 2,88:39 e.6n752 3.1?29 3,1460 3.1719 3,062 .3 8.92681 3,3598 3,3358 3,3144 3,2619 9,2S244

IF RESOLUTION AND RECOGNIZABILITY ARE IMPORTANT TO YOU,

WE VOULD SUGG!ST THAT YOU USE THE N!V TD 8484 VIDICON

IN YOUR TELEVISION CAM!RA.

MANUFACTURED BY GENERAL ELECTRODYNAMICS CORPORATION 4 4 3 0 F 0 R E S T L A N E • G A R L A N D, T E X A S

.EPT/OCT, lq/!11/FoRMATION DISPLAY, SEPT /OCT, 1964 Circle No. 19 on Reader Service Card

21

Two computers are operated from this Control Data Corporation Console which uses six DATA•PANEL Information Displays.

I1J APPEARANCE-An entirely new look is given com puter consoles and di splay panels by the distinct ive

N Ew and dramatic appearance of DATA· PAN EL. Information Is displayed wi th clarity, brilliance and readability never before availa ble to designers. Indications, readouts, complete legends stand out emphatically, in full co lor

A • p

SOLVES I FIVE I INFORMATION DISPLAY PROBLEMS

AT LOW COST! Designers of computer consoles, display panels and status boards

now have a strikingly beautiful, yet truly practical way to answer problems of visual impact, operator accuracy, appearance and display versatility. DATA· PANEL offers a totally new approach

to custom designing and building information displays at a cost usually far below that for standard panels using

conventional individual indicators. TEC-LITE DATA· PANEL gives the designer almost unlimited

freedom in size, style, color and arrangement of messages and indications within the display area. Only when illuminated are alpha-numeric messages and symbols visible in color behind

pl anes of glare-free black glass. DATA· PANEL eliminates rows of ever-present individual indicators which restrict design freedom .

Operator accuracy increases sharply with the use of DATA· PANEL because only the important ON indications can be seen and

read . OFF indications are invisible until illuminated and the operator is not confused by the presence of non-indicating indicators . TEC-LITE DATA· PANEL is also electrically and mechanically

versatile and is custom designed to fit the particular characteristics of any computing or control system. DATA· PANEL is designed and built by Transistor Electronics Corporation, originator and world's largest manufacturer of transistor controlled indicating

devices. Send for 8-page brochure with design specification forms for more information on DATA· PANEL.

behind smooth pl anes of glare-free black glass. As modern in concept as the systems it serves, DATA· PANEL is t he key to clean , handsome console styl ing.

N E

Sta t us bo~rds <&J n be made in a variety of sizes using

the DA TA·PANF.L Concept.

[I DISPLAY VERSATILITY-Th ere are no restrictions, within · practical limits , to the overall size of DATA • PANEL, or to the

shape, color, size or arrangement of alpha-numeric messages. indications or digital readouts. Legends (which are photograph­Ically reproduced) may be as long or as la rge as required and unlike methods used with conventional indicator lights, are not limited by size of lens cap or cost of panel engraving. Each legend or symbol appea rs within a DATA· Module, whi ch may be of many sizes or shapes.

tin clive mation never

liS, color \s

, within r to th e ·ssages, ograph· red and hts, are 1g. Each ch maY

DA TA•PA NEL, with 540 lamp display i u sed in Module Test Device at Litton Data S stems 0 1Vi3lon.

@J CUSTOM DESIGN­Information display areas become

an integral , complementary element of console styling when DATA· PANEL

is used. Its extremely flexibl e visual and mechanical parameters give designers freedom never before

available in display techniques. Built to designers' specifications,

DATA·PANEL is a complete, self· contained display unit ready to mount. If you prefer, TEC-LITE DATA· PANEL

industrial designers will provide console styling and display layout

based on your requirements.

CUSTOM SWITCHES­TEC-LITE DATA·Switches

extend console design freedom to important control functions,

too. They offer a variety of electrical, mechanical and

visu al options. Buttons may be produced in configurations

appropriate to panel design.

OAT A. • PANEl tndl<;affons are vlstble only Wh!ln /1/umln~t!ed. P rman ntly Vl!;ible Jr.qo!ldsand ruld:s arc providod for (!per;, toe onentat/on. Court~ Con trol Diltit Corporation.

III OPERATOR ACCURACY-DATA • PANEL legends and indications In the OFF condition are totally invisible until illuminated. Operators, therefore, are not distracted or confused by tbe presence of ambiguous, non-indicating indicators. or. for example, by red lensed Indicators that merely turn redder. Permanently visible grid lines and legends can be provided for visual orientation. Operators working with a visually clean panel suffer less fatigue and, consequently, make fewer errors.

DATA •fAN L, .?'h' high x 4 1/2 wid , was cu tom designed for Litton Dl}la Systems Division.

[[! cUTS DISPLAY COSTS-Even tnough built to your design and offer· ing unequalled appearance, DATA • PANEL usually costs less than conven· tiona! display panels using individually mounted indicators. DATA·PANEL costs less because it eliminates these costs: metal panel fabrication and finishing; hot stamping or engraving legends; mounting and wi rin g of many individual indicators. When tra11sistor controlled lamps are specified, DATA· PANEL costs less because many lamp control circuits are placed on a single prin ted ci rcu it board, common connec­tions are used and simple lamp mount· ing devices employed. Eliminated are many expensive parts such as lenses, lamp soc kets, nuts, bodies and molded terminal assembl ies required for each i nd lvid ual-type i nd icato r. DATA· PANEL production costs are reduced by st·andard tooling, hardware and component mounting techniques.

Conventional or transistor controlled indicators can be

incorporated with, but isolated from, the switch to combine

indication and control functions for space conservation and

operator efficiency. DATA· PANEL and sw/tahe r combined In this dlwJ;,y-contrQI assemb/J< buill (or Cgn t r0l Qa(a CgrpqratiQn.

DATA·PANEL SOLVES ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL PROBLEMS DATA· PANEL is extremely f lexible both electrica lly and mechan ically.

Replaceable incandescent or neon lamps are used and may be selected to operate from a wide range of supply voltages or controlled by solid state circuitry which

is a part of the assembly. High current drain problems encountered with incandescent lamps are solved by transistorized circuitry that switches lamps ON

and OFF with low current level signals usually found in solid state systems. High voltage problems inherent in neon lamps are confined to DATA· PANEL by

use of self contained c ircuitry that operates from low level logic Signals. Neon display tube, segmented, projection and othe.r alpha-numeric readout devices can

be mounted behind the glass panel as an integra l part of the assembly. Mechanica lly, DATA· PANEL and its DATA· Modules may be of any practical size. The self-contained display panel can be mounted flush with adjacent surfaces or

recessed below and at angles to surrounding surfaces. Rack mounting Is also available.

Transistorized lamp control circuit board

bearing legends

Transistor Electronics Corporation Dept I, Box 6191 • Minneapolis, Minnesota 55424 • Phone (612)-941-1100

24

5-BEAM CRT PROVIDES REAL-TIME DISPLAY WITH SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHY OF DATA

Five separate and distinct displays on one tube face-plate together with a rear­view optica l window for photographic recording or map projection are two of the features that make the Du Mont type KC 2296 of more than usual interest to design and project engineers . Successfully meet­ing a number of unusual operating param­eters, th e KC 2296 is utilized in a military aircr aft navigational application, but num erous other uses are possible fo r this type and other cathode-ray tubes which may be designed around the multi-gun, rear-view window concept.

Time, distance, angular displacement, pressure, acceleration, t elemetry . . . in fact any kind of data that can be translated into voltage format can be displayed and photo­graphed at the same time. With PPI radar, fi ve sets of data can be superimposed on maps projected on the face of the tube through the optical window. The data (e.g., positions of aircraft or other targets) are then viewed in real-time relationships to the map. Any standard or special phosphor, or any graticule configuration, can be supplied .

Actual phosphor used in the KC 2296 is a double layer phosphor with a high efficiency visual component and high energy blue component for maximum results with blue sensitive film .

With KC 2296, information is displayed on the internal graticule, on the inside of the tube face-plate, making both front and rear views free of parallax. A special phosphor deposition technique allows the graticule lines to be essentially free of phosphor and sharply visible from both front and rear. The five electron guns are independently controllable, and each beam is positioned to scan a separate screen area, except for two beams which coincide. The tube can as readily be designed so that each gun sweeps the entire display area, or any selected segment. Each electron gun is electrostatically focused and deflected.

The rear-view optical port includes such design innovations as freedom from distor­tion, and the internal graticule may be illuminated by a special side-lighting tech­nique for sharp, clear photographic prints.

RECENT DU MONT ADDITIONS TO CATHODE-RAY TUBE TECHNOLOGY

New application requirements in instru­mentation, radar, character display, and other display and readout use have seen significant advances by Fairchild's DuMont Laboratories in essential types and charac­teristics. Following are several areas which may be of specific interest to systems man­agers and project engineers concerned with display and readout problems.

Higher Resolution

Newest designs produce tubes with reso­lutions of 1,000 lines per inch in electrostatic types with electrostatic deflection. Resolu­tion of 2,000 lines per inch is achieved in magnetic deflection tubes. High resolution electrostatic types achieve deflection sensi­bilities of 15 mv/trace width at writing speeds in excess of 1 0" trace widths/second.

Deflection Sensitivity

Deflection factors in currently availabl.e tubes are 1 volt/em and 7 volts/em in the signal and time axis respectively when operating at a screen potential of 15 KV. These types are available with conventional or with fiber optic face-plates.

' Large Screen Radar Display

with High Resolution

resolution capabilities of 2,500 lines across the 20-inch useful screen diameter at high display brightness.

Large Diameter All Electrostatic High Writing Speed

For high-speed computer readout, rapid random access and time-sharing radar dis­plays, Du Mont has a complete new line of large diameter electrostatic focus and deflection CRTs with high writing speeds and high deflection sensitivities.

It makes particular sense to look to the leader for cathode-ray tubes- or for any other special purpose tube. No other manu­facturer is better equipped to design and build special purpose tubes for your specific application demands.

KC 2296 is 1811>" overall, has 7" diagonal, 5" square face. Deflection and acceleration elec· trades are brought through tube wall to collar base to minimize Land C of leads.

A new Du Mont tube catalog is yours for a postcard. It describes hundreds of the more than 4,000 types of cathode-ray, stor­age, photomultiplier and power tubes avail­able from Du Mont. Write for it today. Du Mont Laboratories, Divisions of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Dept. 3C, 7!!0 Bloomfield Avenue, Clifton, N.J.

F=.AI R CHI Flat face radar display tubes have been OU MONT LABORATORIE

produced for high ambient viewing with ELECTRONIC TUBE OIVISID

Circle No. 21 on Reader Service Card

Fi Iter Factor B ft-L

1 .068 2 0.136

4 0.272

8 0.544

12 0.816

20 1.36

40 2.72

5.44

6 .8

--.----- ----- ---across at high

atic

t, rapid dar dis­ew line ;us and

speeds

this implies a larger symbol owever, th b f ·eduction in e num er o sym-

nd d 1 t cru1 be presented on a given

b.ols 1 ~ en. The speciRcation writer is

JZe ,t ,:,ith a compromise, which he must Eac~ rith tbe knowledge tl1at the selec­P_1a e t ,1 too-sma11 symbol will impose fiion °tllt , in Iegibilit , and that this pen-

) pen ,1·11 J11we to be paid day after day

II I)' \1 d h' ff b · the commander an as sta . · Y Tbe display plotted in curve "B" of . ·e 5 and the Am1y map were then Jgt.u · . I d' I I .J cted as repr enting t 1e 1sp ays t 1at

< to the for any

1r manu­ign and specific

se e ·a d tl · · 1 · · · llt be consa .ere 1e Cn.tica pau· m l)l~e Jlcl'itious command center, and their so ·ves w re replotted in Figure 6. It is CUI I . . . .

bvious 1·h tt t 1e1r crossmg pOLnt specJ-Be~ the illumination at which the critical

iagonal, 5" ation elec· 11i to coli•~

,:J fO/f t~'i'· iiU IIHhi:J )IL J ot L£ 3

.. s t

... . EFFECT or ILLUMI NATI ON

PERCE PTION SPEED

DtSPLA't'S

f1g . 5 The effect of illumination on human perception speed when reading self­luminous displays.

hnrd copy and the critical display can Je read with equal ease.

It should be stated again that the iPCed scale is not the reading speed, JUt merely a way of achieving compari­-l'on.

Filter Factor 0.4 Symbol B ft-L 20 Alpha Minutes 4 Hood Factor .5

Backgd. Backgd. lllu.,inotion 8 B fl·cond le ft- L c Speed* ft -L

; yours for 1 .068 294 .068 ·ds of the 2 0.136 147 0.136 !-ray, sto r·

4 Jbes avail· 0.272 73.6 101 0.272 · it tod a y. 8 0.544 36.8 87 0.544 •f Fairchild !pt. 3C,750 12 0.816 24.5 76 0.816

20 1.36 14.7 60 1.36 ......... 40 2.72 7.36 42 2.72

80 5.44 3 .68 25 5.44 100 6.8 2.94 19.5 6.8

,L. Curve in Figure 5 A

TORIES 'See text for meaning.

liVISIOf'l ~jo ~MIITION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

Y, SEPT JOCT,

Several things can be learned from Figure 6. For one, it is possible that either class of display can be improved. The brightness of the cathode ray tube may be increased or the suppression of the ambient illumination improved; the map may be printed on better paper, or its contrast may be increased by a change of ink. The interesting point is that any improvement will raise the curve for that display, and if the value of illumination is adjusted to suit, the ease of reading of both displays will be improved.

Second, it must be recognized that it will sometimes not be possible, or per­haps desirable, to use the value of illu­mination that the computation calls for.

.. SELECTION OF

ILLUMINATION LEVEL

Fig. 6 The selection of an optimum illumina­tion for reading both hard copy and self-luminous displays is accomplished when the relative perception speeds are equal,

On such an occasion the plot offers numerical indication of the advantage given one type of display and the pen­alty imposed on the other by the required level of illumination.

TABLE 3

READABILITY OF DISPLAYS

Phosphor - Brightness, 50 ft-L; Reflectivity, 8 5 % 0.4 0.4

20 20 2 2

.5 .25

Backgd. Backgd. B B

c Speed• ft-L c Speed* ft·l

294 .034 0.239 147 .068 294 0.478

73 .6 33 0.136 147 0.956

36.8 25 0.272 73.6 33 1.91

24.5 19.5 0.408 49 28 2.87

14.7 13.5 0.68 29.4 23 4.78

7 .36 7.9 1.36 14.7 13.5 9.56

3.68 3.1 2.72 7.36 7.9 19.1

2.94 1,\6 3.4 5.89 6.2 23.9

B c

And third, the small crosses marked 25 and 60 represent the crossing points of two other sets of curves for the same displays but based on human per­formance curves in which the field fac­tors were taken as 25 and 60. The three crossings indicate the same value· of illu­mination to within the accuracy with which the performance curves can be read and their plot smoothed; it must be concluded that the value of the field factor has no bearing on the computed value of illumination so long as the same factor is used in the computations for both self-luminous displays and hard copy.

Suitability of the Computed Illumination

Since the computed level of illumina­tion is markedly lower than the general recommendations of the Illuminating En­gineering Society for offices, it is proper to question whether or not it is suit­able. This must be asked in two parts -is it sufficient? and is it pleasing?

Many years ago a number of observ­ers were given control of the illumina­tion and were asked to find the value that was best for reading the Saturday Evening Post. The reported values fol­low:6

Available value of illu-mination, foot candles 10 30 45

Chosen value 5 12 16 The very human tendency to choose

a middle value is apparent, and it must be remembered that the observers were accustomed to a lower level of illumina-

0.75 0.75 37.5 37 .5 2 2

.5 .25

Backgd. B

c Speed* ft-l c Speed*

156 0.119 315 78.5 51 0.239 156

39.2 36 0.478 78.5 51

19.6 27 0.956 39.2 36

13 19 1.44 26 31

7.85 12 2.39 15.7 23

3.92 4.8 4.78 7.85 12

1.96 9.56 3.92 4.8

1.57 11.9 3.15 3.3

D E

25

tion than are we today. However, it is also apparent that there is no pressing human need for high levels when the contrast is good.

And in their work on the utility of colored illuminants, Feree and Rand7

tested the eyes of their observers both before and after reading for three hours in Table 3 and plotted in Figure 5.

The difference between curve "A" ( four minut of arc) and the other curve ( two minutes ) is notable. On is tempted to sa ' that a sb·oke width of foUl' minutes should always be used . with a colored illumination of only 0.3 ft-candle. There was a measurable loss, but the signiflcnnt fact is that it was possible to read for that time with an undesirable light and at such a low level.

One must conclude, then, that the com­puted level of illumination is above the minimum by a factor of at least forty, and that it is in a rnuge that hns been selected as optimum in tests where the observer could control the level of illu­mination.

It is clear from the above data that the computed level of illumination is sufficient, but that does not assure that it will be pleasing. The reason why it t;nay be one and not tl1e other is that the eye does not see illumination-it sees the brighmess of the work and its sur­roundings that result from that illumina­tion.

The sources of illumination should be distributed, but not evenly distributed. Completely diffuse illumination creates a somnolent atmosphere, while the in­clusion of some concentration points helps seeing through the formation of th shadows by whkh form is perceived. And of course no light source whose brightness is materially higher than that of the walls should be within the field of views of the operating people.

The ratio of brightnesses within the field of view should be low. This effect is most easily achieved by using the same finish for similar objects and keeping the illumination reasonably even. Such vari­ation in brighb1ess as exists should follow as closely as possible the rule that the ceiling be brightest, the walls next bright, the furniture and equipment next, and the floors least bright, but not dark. The IES recommends that the reflectivities be walls, 0.5; furniture and equipment, 0.35, and floors, 0.3. It should be noted that hard copy, with a paper reflectivity near 0.7 and ink reflectivity near 0.1, will have good contrast within itself with­out either the paper or the ink being markedly different from its surroundings.

Wall projection screens present a prob­lem because the symbol brightness is limited and it is necessary to achieve the required contrast by keeping the back­ground dark. Hence, the screen must be carefully screened from all room

26

lights. However, the area immediately around the screen must be as bright as the rest of the wall. This surrounding area can be illuminated by highly direc­tive lights, it can be back lighted, it can be set back of the screen and illuminated by lights behind the screen, it can be made fluorescent and excited by ultra­violet light, etc. When done properly the symbols will be brighter than the walls and the background darker; the presence of the walls will make the screen appear to have a greater contrast than it actually has, and at the same time will maintain the balance of bright­ness with the rest of the room.

A clear and public example of the effectiveness of balanced brightness is available in the two reading rooms of the Congressional Library in Washington. The old reading room in the main build­ing is equipped with dark furniture. At night the wnlls are relatively dark, and the darkness of the ceiling is relieved only by an illuminated painting. Lights over the desks illuminate only the writ­ing surface. In the day the walls are much brighter, but the windows to the south and the spots of sunlight to the north make severe glare spots. Study in this room is very tiring, eye strain set­ting in after an hour or two. The reading room in the Annex is illuminated with artificial sources only, using desk lights similar to those in the old room plus in­direct illumination. The ceiling is the brightest part of the room, the walls are next bright, and the fumiture is relatively light. Tl1ere are no glare spots. One can study for hours i.n this room without fatigue. The comparison is strik­ing proof of the desirability of a low ratio of brightnesses: it is even more striking when one realizes that the illu­mination on the writing surfaces in the two rooms is the same.

It is clear, then, that the process out­lined in this paper provides equal ease of reading for both hard copy and dis­plays, that the resultant illumh1ation is entire! r adequate, and. that it can be made pleasing. There remains only th problem of those officers who normally work in brightly lit offi.ces and who must move to the command center on the oc­casion of an alert. Luckily the computed illumination for the command center is less than that to be expected in offices by a factor of only three to six. It is felt that a smooth b·ansition can be made possible by setting the illumination of the intervening halls and anteroom at a value intennediate between those of the offices and the command center.

As in most system studies, this work shows ,that much can be done by a num­ber of small steps taken together. It must be noted that one of these steps, that of providing a limited range of brightnesses, has long been known but

has frequently been overlooked. There is no easy way to compute

effectiveness of hoods, means for ing the illumination, etc. One is to make the display conb·actor sible for the entire installation provide time and funds for · either mockup or extensive tests in location. approach that would save the cost repeated mockups is for the to make the tests, to provide a room, to specify the design of the and to relieve the contractor from sponsibility for the contrast. Conclusions

a) The described process readily the illumination level at which hard and self-luminous displays are equ readable, or gives a quantitative ment of the advantage given one source over the other when a different lumination level is used.

b ) The current art for cathode-ray plays permits an adequate level of mination if known techniques for taining contrast are used. The same true for projection displays if the area is reasonable.

c) This level of illumination will pleasing if the color of the ceiling, wa~ furniture, equipment, and floors, the distribution of illumination gives small range of brighmess with a pro~ distribution of brighmess.

d) The values for the contrast of haz copy given herein should be re-examintt If the listed values are low, then corr values will permit a new selection of i lumination with which both the h copy and the displays can be read. m (l

easily. If the listed value are corr then similar values can be used in fntg display specifications with a financial ing for the customer. 0 REFERENCES 1. Blackwell, H. Richard "Use of Perfo

ance Data to Specify Quantity and Qlll ity of Interior llltlmination." llLuminoth Eugineering June 1955, p. 286-299. _

1 2. Blackwell, H. Richard and McCreaJI Donald W. Jr. Foveal Contrast Tl1r olds for Various Durations of Si~ Pulses. Preparecl June 1958 for Bu h' U. . avy, under contract obs-72 Copie availabl from Institute fo r search in Vision, The Ohio State Unil sity Re earch Center, 1314 Kinnear R Columbus 12, Ohio.

3. Black.·well, H. Richard "Develorun and Use of a Quantitative Method for ~ Specification o1 Interior nluminntion U els on the Basis of Performance Dn Illuminating Engineering June 1959, 317-352.

4. lES Handbook, 3rd Edition, 1959. 5. "Recommendations for Quality and Qt

tity of Illumination." Report No. 1, 1.& Committee on Recommendations. I minating Engineering, August, 1958, 423.

6. "Value of Higher Intensities of Illurn~ tion." ]our. Amer. lnstitr,te of Elect, Engineerihg 41:499, July, 1922.

7. Feree, C. E. and Rand, G. "Visibilil)' Objects as A1f cted by Color and Cd posion of Light." Personnel ]Oil~ 10:108-124 (July, 1931).

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT,

ked.

~tor

ation will ! ceiling, wa~ . floors, at ation gi es vith a prop

ntrast of hru , re-exam illl) , then con' election of Jth the li~ be read mo ; are COL1'l\

1sed in fulll financial 84'-

se of Pe.l' for 1lity and Q ." llLumlna11 . 286-299. nd McCre~ mtra.Yt Thr ons of Si' )8 for B\1Sbi ~t Nobs-72tl stitute for I J State ni1

Kinnear II

"Developrl'l Method f ot l umination rmance Dill June 19$9,

Jn, 1959. tlity and Qu• •rt No. 1, ~~~ ndations. 1\ tgust, l 958t

es of Dl u111' ~e of Eletln • 1922. :. "VisibJlil . olor and :onnel ]otll

How do you visualize real time computer data ... continuously, completely, for command decisions?

One Military Command does it with 50 of these .

This is a Kollsman Data Display Projector. It is a modu­lar unit that is built up into systems for displaying real time command or control data from analog or digital computers or manual input sources, on a large screen. The display systems enable commanders to base deci· sions on visual interpretation of continuously displayed, computer-processed data. Why was it selected for this important mission? Partly because of its performance-real time response and high contrast ratios ... plus a repositioning accuracy of 0.03%. Partly because of its rugged construction, dependability

and ease of maintenance. And partly because of its proven capability in actual service installations.

For command control or u·aining missions, or for air traffic control, Kollsman Data Display Systems with their solid-s tate circuitry and advanced electro-mechanical components provide the sure perform­ance their sensitive roles demand.

Write for complete specifications to Display Systems, Kollsman Instrument Corporation, Elmhurst 73, New York.

Kollsman Instrument Corporation ELMHURST 73, NEW YORK I SUBSIOLARV Of STANDARD KDLLSMAN INDUSTRIES, INC.

', SEPT/OCT, {0~1.11\TiON DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

Subsidiaries: Kollsman Motor Corporation, ~ollsman Ordnance Manu­facturing Corporation, Kollsman International A. G., Kollsman In· strument Ltd. (Great Britain), Kollsman System·Tecknlk (Germany).

Circle Reader Service Card No. 22 27

A good catch-phrase with which to start a discussion on displays might be "There is something in it for everyone." Certainly, the interdisciplinary nature of display development attests to the truth of this phrase. Contributing disciplines include optics, psychology, physiology, engineering, the behavioral sciences and the computing sciences.

by Ruth M. Davis

Such an interdisciplinary approach is both a strength and a we~kness to dis­play development. Its strength lies sim­ply in the multiplicity of disciplines upon which it may feed and expand; its weak­ness lies in the difficulty of effecting a parallel advance on all the essential fronts typifying any display development.

It would be interesting, in this regard, to survey the membership of the SociETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY just to deter­mine what the formal scientific back­grounds of its members were. Without dwelling indefinitely on this interesting characteristic of displays, suffice it to say that it reveals the role ahvays played by displays which has been accentuated by

THE

the recent development of automated d play devices. In particular, the fun ti back of information display is a transfer fu tion between the external env.ironrn and man's reasoning and decision mak· capabilities. The effectiveness of the · formation display function is affected individual human traits, by the meth of display, by the mechanics of displ and, of course, by the completeness a representativeness of the informati being displayed. It is believed that ea of these display characteristics mi form the nucleus of a contributing d' cipline in the information display Iiel4

Currently, it appears that the field 0 information display, although growi rapidly, is disorganized and relativQk ineffectual in its influence upon displ · development projects. The present s ta~ of organization within the field is ep omized ( 1) by a standing group witht the ational Academ ' of Sciences­tiona! Research Council known as vVor ing Group VI of the Vision Committ and concerned with displays for con of forces, (2 ) by a yearly Institute spo sored by the Center for Technology a Administration of the American Un:iv sity, ( 3) by courses given at the Univ sity of Cnlifomia at Los Angeles (UCLA a and, ( 4) by the SociETY FOR I r,omu TION DisPLAY with its local chapters · national conventions. Working Group' is the oldest of these groups and it dat

INFORMATION D

AS IT EXIS~ 28 INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

viromu m rna~ of the lfected ~ te methQ of displa

k to about 1959, emphasizing the InC ' ld ' 1 f Jness of the fie . youtJl u

Th' state of affairs merely serves to

. tiS 1p the fact that the information

POI11 I d . • l , fl Jd is a young an growmg one, diSPt ?t)has no soHd scienti.6c discipline or tbll 1 . 1 . .

demic curncu urn to support 1t as yet ned that a tremendous amount of chal-

lnn g.

11,g yet essential ground work re-

en• d bf · ' th · 15 to be one e ore proJects m e mau . b . B Jd can expect to gam any ut acci-

de ltnl success. It is always an interest-61 h . d ib · g exercise w en b·ymg to escr e a

JJl 1. 'f ti play flel new subject area suc~1 as m 01ma . on 1e field l di pla) to tl: to

1.establ

11s!1 ha byillpo

1thedtictal

l grO\vih scholasti.c dJSClp me w ~~ w ea o relativ~ various degrees of proficrency. Such .an

d ·s ·1a exercise here reveals both that a w1de m 1 p · h I' · d d , t t rouge of formal sc oo mg 1s nee e to ~sen s f f inf . di ld is epi cover the watei ront o ormation . s-

' t:ij play design and that no one of the exlst­mpeswl :ng standard college specialization fields enc - u• .

S '~~ J is sufficient to qua!Jfy. a graduate as an

t a ·voq . a· 1 d . :::::ommit information JSP ay es1gner.

:or con Contrary to these facts being consid­itute spa red an indictment against college cur­wlogy 1\lr ricula they are instead advanced as an m Univ indictment against the current frenzied be Univo search to find an individual who typifies s (U LA a typical information display expert, a !NFonM! standarcl i'l.ed set of proceduxes to follow apters a. in j11formation display design, a typical Group Y hierarchy of information display systems

1d it da from which one can derive all informa­tion display systems, a single book in which one can cover all aspects of in­formation display system design and a parallel dev lopment in all techniques Qf information display. The railway sys­tem was not immediately possible with the invention of the steam engine al­though a requirement for rapid, reliable transportation between all cities in the

ontinental United States existed and

was frequently stated. Again, the inven­tion of the printing press did not result in a breed of trained individuals capable of developing an optimum reproduction and dissemination system for rapid, con­trolled, responsive disbibution of printed material although, here too, such a re­quirement existed. Similarly, in our time the development of many new informa­tion display devices from individual con­soles to large board automated displays, along with an associated requirement for an information system, does not guaran­tee either the development of the sys­tem or the existence of individuals adept in design of such a system.

On the assumption that the process of learning and applying new techniques and theories has not changed over the years, it is probable that most of the state-of-the-art techniques and immedi­ately available skills now utilized in sys­tem design are interim measmes and that a basic theory covering the varied aspects of system design is already evolv­ing and will supplant many of the mis­practices and misues of system design now tolerated and condoned.

Of course, the information display field runs the gamut from grease pencil charts through television displays to computer­run automated lru·ge bmu·d color displays and each portion of this display spectrum in tum l1as its own challenges and its own problems. However, it might be interesting at this point to discuss one particular area in which the Depaliment of Defense has had some recent expe­rience.

As is well known, the Department of Defense has pioneered in the design, de­velopment and usage of automated dis­play systems. They have been joined in the last several years by NASA and

D~AY FIELD

EPT/OCT, I FORMAT I

ON DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

FAA where this trio probably represents almost the entire govemment support for such systems. The Department of De­fense, itself, has sponsored eight major efforts to design, develop and use com­puter-driven large board display proj­ects. These were intended for automated air defense or command and control type systems.

The initial effort is just now about a decade old and is, of course, that for the SAGE air defense systems. These eight projects cost the Department of Defense more than seventy-five million dollars. Three involved black and white displays and five involved <.'Olor displays. One black and white display-the SAGE displa - and one color display are cur­rently functioning in an opemtional en­vironment. However, no color cHsplay h as yet been used by the command fol' what it was intended for its prescribed purpose.

One display which was installed and declared operational by the developing agency is in the process of being re­moved less than three years ·after its operational birth date. Its removal is due simply to the disturbing fact that it was never· fotmd useful by its users. It was cumbersome to use and the display system was incapable of being 1·eadily modified so as to display information not initially thought of by the users or system developers.

Development o£ two of the display systems had to be stopped several years after work was initiated but prior to final completion and the project had to be completely reoriented. Stoppage in these cases was due to technical diffi­culties in the engineering design and occurred before any operational criteria could be applied.

It is interesting to note that for the

29

SAGE System no statistics or data have been compiled on the usefulness or the adequacy of the large board display sys­tems for the command concerned. Suc­ceeding projects have as a result not been based on lessqns learned from previous efforts.

Mistakes have been duplicated and un­fortunately very little learning has ac­crued to the intended users since most of the displays run into their technical or philosophical difficulties prior to their being applied to military command users. To the best of my knowledge, only one company has been asked to deliver a second large board display system and this occurred seven to ten years ago. It is difficult to imagine a stronger indict­ment against the success of display ef­forts.

One should of course be able to use this decade of experience to draw a number of conclusions concerning both potentials and deficiencies in manage­ment, design and usage of display sys­tems. That this is indeed the case will be shown subsequently. However, at this point it is worthwhile to explore an­other area of display technology where some considerable success is being achieved and where there appears to be considerable potential to exploit.

Presently, the individual display con­sole seems to have proven more use­ful than has the large group display. It may be because of the distinct correla­tion between decision modes and elec­tronic display equipment types. First, the following modes of decision may be differentiated on the basis of user roles : • Decision modes based on user roles

( 1) Individual- here an individual is self-sufficient as a decision-maker and provides a unilateral deci­sion.

( 2) Group - here group participation results in a decision made while the group is in session. The de­cision has the concurrence of all group members.

( 3) Individual within a group -here the individual although part of a working team makes an individ­ual decision which forms a part of the complete decision required of the group. There is always a dependency between such indi­vidual decisions which can be explicitly stated, e.g., time­phased.

Secondly, a division of display equip­ment types based on engineering or sys­tems roles may be made as follows: • Electronic display equipment types

30

( 1) Individual console - the console is designed for use by one to three individuals at a time. Dis­play is non-permanent. (No per­manent copy is produced.)

( 2) Group display (or large board

display) - a large screen display suitable for viewing and use by a minimum of four people at a given time while they are seated. The size of the display is depend­ent upon the stated number of viewers. Display is non-perma­nent.

( 3) Intercommunicating individual consoles - the individual console forms part of an intercommuni­cating display system such that an operator at any given console may change the display at any other console or have his display so changed. The intercommuni­cations are under operator con­trol. Display is non-permanent.

(4) Hard-copy display unit-any equipment capable of producing a permanent hard-copy display of anv size.

The correlati~n between the above de­cision modes and electronic display equipment types is as follows: • Correlation between decision modes

and display equipment types ( 1) Individual ( 1) Individual {2) Groups Console (3 ) Individual (2) Group Display

with a ( 3) Interconnecting group individual

console ( 4) Hard -copy

display unit The intended meaning of the linking

lines can be illustrated by an example. The solid line from the individual con­sole equipment to the individual decision mode indicates that this is an entirely sat­isfactory linkage. The dotted line ( -•-•-•) from the individual console equipment type to the "individual within a group" decision mode indicates a frequently made correspondence which is not en­tirely satisfactory.

The contention is made here that in­dividual display consoles have achieved more success because the individual de­cision mode has been more completely studied than the group mode and because group decisions involve more qualitative factors than individual decisions. It is true that those decisions which are the most difficult to make are those which involve qualitative factors such as judg­ment, experience and intention.

A decision which involves quantitative factors only may be completely described in terms of successive steps and may be assigned to an individual to make. More than one individual is normally consulted where qualitative judgments are required. Also, as one might expect, it is more difficult to determine how to use displays to aid if\, decisions involvirig qualitative factors or to aid group decisions.

It is interesting to list some of the areas for which automated individual consoles are being used or investigated

in the Department of Defense if first notes that large automated displays are normally suggested as briefing aids or as aids in viewing geographical areas on which information is being displayed. .

Some of the areas of interest for plication of automated individual soles include:

( 1) On-line solution of problems.

(2) Query of automated (3 ) Automated programming aids. ( 4 ) Graphical problem solution. (5) Tactical command and

such as air defense. ( 6) Input analysis (7) Textual editing, extracting

indexing. ( 8) Monitoring of system

say as for secure ADP (9) Presentation of changing

status and/ or disposition. ( 10) Rapid modiRcati.on of

data bases. ( 11) Photo interpretation. (12) Pattern recognition. ( 13) Geographical contouring. There are projects in each of

areas, either already funded or process of being funded in the .1.11~u~,,_ ment of Defense and one can expect the number to be increasing our knowledge of display technology usage becomes more precise and s tifically-grounded.

On the basis of experience gained ing the last decade and as a the research done in government latlOltl---~ tories and by private industries it n~ appears possible to fonnulate a mana ment approach to development of au mated display systems and of orient!Q future developments so that they do · prove the capability of the milit commander. The main subject ar proposed for this management approaf are:

( 1) Keying of displays to spe functional requirements of \1

groups. ( 2) Analysis of the correlation b

tween display types informa · structure and behavioral ch acteristics of the user group

( 3) Improvement of system des· techniques to permit shorter d sign lead times.

( 4) Development of more varied simple display hardware.

(5) Development of improved ~ puter-to-display techniques of hardware.

( 6) Advancement of human fact research and application.

All of you are encouraged to dis these topics and advance ideas \ hj you may have with us in DDR&E \I

are interested in the science of jo~ mation display.

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT,

e a mana~ 1ent of m1l of orienti they do i

the militi. ubject art

~nt appro''

to spee ~ nts of tl~

rrelation I inforrnati

~vioral c11

ser grouP stem des' t short-er 1

·e varied '' ware. proved ci

hniqucs ;,

1man Jac1'

ation. ~d to (1isC ideas wl1

DDR&E 'r Jce of in

retrieves, erases, updates stored data instantly without additional cards, tape or paperwork

Raytheon's compact, Digital Information Dis­play System (DIDS-500) completely eliminates the need for card punching and paperwork when composing or editing computer-stored material.

The fully transistorized unit - containing 122 electronically-generated letters, numerals and symbols - is activated by an operator-controlled standard typewriter keyboard and electronic cur­sor. J t translates digitized information stored in the computer into conventional language or for­mulas and displays this information on a 15" x 15" screen for operator editing.

APPLICATIONS

GOVERNMENT: Command and Control Systems • Prenlght Checkout • Air Traffic Control • Tactical Weapons Systems • Radar Oata Processing • Information Retrieval COMMERCIAL: Digi tal Computer Programming Analys is • Stock Quotation and Analysis • Medical and l'lospltal Records • Airline and Hotel Reservations • Banking and Legal Records • Inventory Control Systems • lnvoiC!ing and Billing Sy_stems • Information Retrieval

The system, available both in a militarized and a commercial configuration, features printed circuit board construction for rapid substitution of cursively written characters or symbols in the field. Its versatility makes it an ideal complement for computers and data processing systems.

Remote operator consoles can provide im­mediate access to stored data from a large, cen­trally located data processor. Stored information can be verified, erased, updated and re-stored di­rectly, thus eliminating the need for key punching and intermediary processing.

For complete information about this new Raytheon system as well as other data display sys­tems, write: Manager of Marketing, Box 255C, Equipment Division, Raytheon Company, State Road West, Wayland, Massachusetts, 01778

'RAYTHEON) FORMAT!

', SEPT/OCT, ON DI SPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964 Circle Reader Service Card No. 23

31

ID Readout News from Sl D Chapters

- Los Angeles/Son Diego-The Los Angeles and San Diego chapters joined, in their

first fall meeting, for a visit to March AFB, lliverside, Calif. to see theWS 456-L installation. The Los Angeles chapters of SID and SP1E recently presented 11 joint 2-day symposium on new technologies for data recording and display.

-Washington -

Regular monthly technical meetings held this year have included the following presentations: "Vigicon Displays", by Nortronics; "FAA Bright Display Systems Demonstrations Used in En-Route Air Traffic Control", arranged by E. Storrs; dual presentations of "Multiple Station Display Systems", by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, and "Sig­nal Distribution for Matrix Di plays", b Wetinghoose; "Gen­eralized Displa Language and System", by Datatrol Corp.; and Air Force Systems Command displays. A. joint visit was arranged with the Mid-Atlantic cl1apter· to the Rome Air De­velopment Center in New York. Ave1·age attendance at m et­ings is nearly 70% of membership.

Debons Presides at International Meet Anthony Debons, President of the Society for Information

DisplOif, presided as chnirman of a group of u.s., I rench, and Germn~1 scientists in Bonn, Gennany last June. The meeting was span ·ored by the Mutual Weapons Development Infor­mation Exchange program of the Department of Defense. The group reviewed the state-of-the-art in man-computer in­formation transfer, with particular attention to the present re­search and development resources of member counh·ies in visual display teclmology that could meet the needs of the NATO community.

Dalto Receives NASA "LOLA" Contract NASA has awarded a $1 million conh·act to Dalto Elec­

tronics Corp. to build the lunar navigation display system for the Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach Simulator (LOLA). The simulator, a research tool to develop techniques and test operational hardware for the nation's over-all lunar program, will be installed at NASA's Langley Research Center. It will provide scenes of the moon and stars, as seen through the four viewing ports during simulated spacecraft maneuvers. Four models of the lunar surface furnish the scenery, showing how the moon will look to the astronauts at distances varying from 200 miles out down to 200 ft. from touchdown.

Multichannel Pulse-Height Analyzer/Printer Optikon, a new data output printer for multichannel pulse

height analyzers, has been announced by Nuclear Data, Inc. Optikon uses photographic techniques that the manufacturer claims are 20 times faster than computer readout typewriters. The Opikon printer presents data in row and column format on either a 3 x 4 inch or 4 x 5 inch Polaroid print requiring only 10-second development. A complete readout of 1024 six­digit numbers can be printed in approximately one minue. The new printer has only two moving parts. It is slaved to the controlling instrument.

32

Call for Papers The Fifth National Symposium of the Society for Infor­

mation Display, February 25-26, 1965, Los Angeles, is now calling for papers dealing with display systems and-re­lated technology. Submit 500'-word abstracts to Rudolph Kuehn, Papers Chairman, 1831 Seadrift Drive, Corona del Mar, Calif., by November 16, 1964.

Spacecraft TV Data System for JPL , JPL has ordered a Spacecraft Television Ground and

Handling System (STGDHS) for its space flight complex to suppmt NASA scientific investigations of · n1

and planets by providing visual observations of their surfa­The new system, to be built by Link Group, General Pr sian, Inc. will record spacecraft television data and prod accurate image material for the scientific community from transmissions. Included in the over-all Link system will the following subsystems: data acquisition and recordi data recovery, on-site film recording, media conversion, play and analysis, and storage retrieval and photoprocessin

Reconnaissance Data Reduction Shelters

Fairchild's new multi-sensor, viewer-printer display console.

Rome Air Development Center has begun accepting d livery of new reconnaissance data reduction shelters f Fairchild Space & Defense Systems under a $7.6 million ca tract to furnish Air Force commanders with split-second in ligence information on tactical enemy targets. Part of a limiM war intelligence reduction complex designed by Rome D AFSC, three of the image interpretation cells can be ail·lift in a four-engined C-130 Hercules transport to any mili theater within 24 hours. Key element in the cells' semiali mated photo-interpretation systems is a new multi-se viewer-printer console (see photo) for simultaneous displ of panoramic and frame photography as well as side-lool:i radar and infrared imagery. A digital computer and telet) writer equipment speed preparation and transmission of I telligence reports.

Charactron Tube Versatility Increased 50% A new matrix containing 96 different characters and s)

bois instead of the usual 64 available in the Characlll Shaped Beam Tube is being incorporated into new comptl display systems produced by Stromberg-Carlson div., G o~ Dynamics, the firm has announced. The newly-develoP matrix is capable of presenting both upper and lower letters, plus a variety of symbols and Creek letters. The also has a spot writing capability, producing an 0.008-i spot at four microamps. Character size is variable at a of 5 :1, ranging from 0.200 inches down to 0.040 inches. S bois are typically repeated at a 30-times-per-second fljc free rate.

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT,

·ound and n ight opernti" ms of the 'In f their surfa General Pt

ta and prod mnity from system will ] and 1·ecord ;on version, otoprocessin

·nescent Display Panel Contracts Elec~roi U~In Inc .. has be n awa rd d two n:ajor av ~ con­

•smn1t•O . . ~ of high-resolution le ·trolummescent d1spla . 1 t 1 ,,, el• l h tracts 11

1 contract from ONR is .ror a resenrc program

pnnels. 01• ~ . tl bv th Ann_. 1, V)', and Aircraft Instru-

sor l0 111 • k' · · fi t f spo•~ tion Hes ·fir h ommitte sdee 'm~ ds•gn

11. c~11 pe[' onn-

men n. . rovmnents in vacuum- epos1te t 1111-n m e ectro­nllc~ J!'l'l·~n t display devic s. The s cor1d contract, from lnrnmes~ ohns iJle i>n., is for th d ' :elopment of a ~rototype

!J\DC1, J . wscent p11nel which reqmres extremely lugh reso-lectro unlll 1 • f . of 256 orthogon. 1. ements ~ve•: nn ~ct•.ve sw· ~ce area

(ut•on 1 100 square mcbes. u1d hnes md•cate bnghh1ess of Jess, t

1 ~nthe 65 536 individual electro luminescent lamps in of nc 1 0 ' ' I 5 ~~ I ti eli I _ nncl will not vary more t 1an t ( over t 1e en re ~p fl)'. th~ ~ 1•11tensrt ' of light output from nch lamp 1s ex-f mnnu m

. d to cxc ed 100 ft lnmberts. pe te ·

rinters for 416l BUIC Ordered by ~SA~ . . . p The Air ]•ore ha ordered more than $ tml!Jon tn prmter

t n for its Bn k-·up Jnterc ptor Control (BUJ ) pro­s~s 61

;\ n lex o•·p. the prime contractor, will suppl)' standard guu11. 1 . . t . I . I I . l20-column, 600- in s-per-mmute pnn ers, wtt 1 sp eta en )ln-

tr to •o1nbat radio frequency interf r nee. Th BUI set~i-nutoma tic commnnd-conb·ol system .l~as b en desi~ned. to provid bn~kup~weapons control. capab1!Jty to SA~E dn·~c­fon c ntcrs m th1s counh-y and m nnada. It wiJI fnmtsb ~ir Force commanders aU possible informntion, elech·onically computed m d collated, on which to bas decision-making in c1ir cting nir battle. The s rstem, which includes solid-state compu.ters, printers an<~ con~m_unkati_on~ and displa equip­ment, will b installed m extshng bwklmgs.

Photochromic Micro-Image Technology A recent cl velopment in informati.on processing bns heen

eported by t1le Electronics Div. , Th Tntional Cash Register o., with its nnnouncement of Photochromic Micro-Image

(PCMJ ) tcchnolog . ln a recent demonstration of th pro­cess, th .nti r contents of the Bible were reduced, stored and n1nss-prod11 d as a film chip of Jess than two inches square. The bnsic process can report dly photo 'raph and tor ns a reproclucJbl- microscopic image almost nny record that cnn

'Y console: ibe photographed. CR claims P Ml is the first process which acceptmg 1 mnkeJ it practical to record and eli s minate a grent quantity

, shel~e~s m of micro-im. g s with very high packing density. Various .6 m1lhon o. materials have been successfnllv recorded and r produced at it-second i~ eduction rn uging tp to 50 000:1 in area . art of a linlf ' •y Rome. A_l New On-line Displays at NOTS/ Pasadena ~an be nul 1 avnl Ordmmce T st tation, Pasadena Calif., i.~ CUJ'I' nt­o m~y mi_lit ly instnlliug three new djsplny syst ms at its Simulation and ~ells semt omputer ent r. Acq11ired on an estimated $240,000 con­N multi-s. tract from D ata Display, [n , the tmits ar basicall , cathod -aneous di tube-I)'P di~plays, equipped with memories and other refine­as side-lo ments. These will l.>e <>perated "on-line" with both digital r and t let nnd nnnlog equipment utilized in scientific and \'' apons smission ol syste':' nnal_vsis. Displnv of information to a technician will

Oo/o cters and he Chant

1l l'lmt him to insert COlT ctions and changes i.J1 t:h computer stem.

Bunker-Ra mo CRT Flight Information Display A RT flight information b ard recently inh·oduced by

\lnker-Ramo orp. is fed i.nfomJation from a central proces­rr- Bit~ nr displayed on gre n phosphor sceut CRTs, and cl

1 ;e

1Presentation is programmed so that size and sequence

,n ower 1 c laracters can be arranged as desired . tters. The J an o.oo8

able at a 1

~0 inches. :second £1i

~itorio! moteriol intended for publication in this column 1 6~'-'ld be addressed to: ID Readout Editor, Information Display,

S. Ro bertson Blvd ., Beverly Hills, Calif. o.Y, SE PTJOGll' FORM

ATI ON DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

INFORMATION DISPLAYS, INC.

DISPLAY PRODUCTS Economical, reliable, solid state display products and systems.

•COMPUTER CONTROLLED DISPLAYS . .. Fully transistorized . .. can be interfaced

with most computers such as CCC, DDP·24, CDC·l 60A, IBM-7094, PB440, SOS930.

• CURVILINE® CHARACTER GENERATOR ... Writes characters with continuous straight

and curved lines at rates up to 100,000 char / sec.

• STORAGE TV SYSTEMS . .. Stores transient image for continuous dis­

play on conventional TV monitor for up to one hour.

• VECTOR GENERATOR . .. Generates deflection voltages to draw

stra ight line ·on CRT between any two designated points.

• DEFLECTION AMPLIFIERS

... Electromagnetic deflection amplifier gives 70• random deflection as fast as 12 USEC . . . Electrostatic deflection amplifiers with SMC bandwidth.

• LIGHT PEN . . • Generates signal when dot on CRT is il­

luminated . . . includes ENABLE buttM on pen.

..• and MORE!

=~~lr:m~;:~:r~~=~:;;~~~:~:t:1:m:~=~:f:J:~:~=~=~: . COMPLETE ,. • . f ·ilm recording system.

Circle Reade r Service Card No. 24 35

36

Gen. Gibbs to Speak, 18 Papers Offered

At 4th Meeting

Maj. Gen. David P. Gibbs, Chief of Communications/Electronics, U.S. Army, is delivering the keynote address at the Fourthe National Symposium of the So­CIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY, Oct. 1-2, in the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C.

Formerly the Army's Chief Signal Of­ficer, Gen. Gibbs draws on an extensive background in elecb·onics, command and control, and display. This includes a peri­od of activity in the senior command staff, North American Air Defense system (NORAD).

A wide variety of technical papers have been selected stressing information display advances in the fields of medi­cine, management, education, communi­cations, command and control. Ernest N. Storrs is symposium program chair-man.

General Chairman is Lewis R. Blair, Jr., assisted by Vice Chairman Arthur N. Peters. Show Manager is Frank Masters.

In addition to the technical programs, a broad range of the most modem infor­mation display equipment available will be exhibited.

Technical papers to be presented in­clude:

THE JPL SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS FACILITY DISPLAY AND CONTROL SYSTEM -PRESENT ExPERIENCE AND FuTURE RE­QUIREMENTS - A. S. Goldstein, JPL.

ON-LINE QUERYING VIA A DISPLAY CoNSOLE-Harold S. Corbin, Informatics, Inc.

DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS OF THE IN­TEGRATED MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM OF' 1968-70- Peter James, The Diebold Group, Inc.

GENERAL PuRPOSE DISPLAY SYSTEM -Stanley L. Kameny, System Develop­ment Corp.

Maj. Gen. Gibbs

VmcE REsPoNsE AND VIsUAL Dr PtA

TEcHNIQUEs FOR ON-LINE INFORMAn HANDLING SYsTEMs-F. Walter Jenis The Teleregister Corp.

PsYCHOLOGY oF CoLoR EXPEUIENCI!·

Anthony Debons, University of Daytol\, NARROW-BAND VIDEO OlVfMUl\'ICA

TIONS SYSTEM:-Glenn Southwmth, Ba! Brothers Research Corp.

AIR TRAFFIC CoNTROL SIMULATlOI USING DIGITAL ALPHA-NUMERIC Dlf PLAYS-T. K. Wright, Radiation M bourne, div. of Radiation Inc.

A METHOD FOR GENERATING T ELe\1 SION MosAIC DISPLAYs-John W. Conw and Charles A. Berner, Raytheon Co.

SIGNAL DisTRIBUTION FOR A LAn ScALE DISPLAY-William C. Robers Advanced Development Engrg. Surfn div., Westinghouse.

DIGITAL TELEVISION MESSAGE G . ERATOR-Vemon E. Hupp, Weather S) tern Center, United Aircraft Corp.

UTILIZATION OF LENTICULAR FILJ FOR FuLL-CoLoR DisPLAY Sv .r ·Is­Daniel J. Morrison, Computer Syst~ Section, BuShips, U.S. Navy.

MATRIX CONTROLLED DISPLAY-A.! Orimenko, Data Recording and Displs: Electronics Lab, General Electric Co .

AN X-Y-Z PLOTTER-Martin Rud rf Dimensions, Inc.

PHOTOCROMATIC MATERIALS IN 1 FORMATION DISPLAY APPLICATIONS-:R~ W. Roth, American Cyanamid Co.

REAL-TIME CRT PHoTocHROMic rnt JECTION DISPLAY - K. J. Stetten, 1 Budd Co.

A THIN MAGNETIC FILM TECtJJ'-HQ FOR WALL PANEL DISPLAY-Mr. Fulld Laboratory for Electronics, Boston.

DISPLAYS FOR CONTROL E 'C

MANAGEMENT-B. E. Acton, Space & JJ formation Systems div., North Ameri Aviation, Inc.

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

• DlSl'LA >RMA'IlO

· Jenison

E:RJE CS.

Dayton. oilMUNlC!

orth, B~

G TELEVI

'. Conw~ :m Co. A LAllCE

Roberson r. Surfn

:\GE Gg,\\

ather S)1 lrp. :..An •ru SYSTEM5:

•· SysteJJ

LAY-A. J d Disp!il' ric Co . Rud rf

LS IN I ro •s- R Co. OMIC PI\~ ~tten, T~

:PT/OCT, 1 IN FORMA

FOURTH SID SYMPOSIUM LIST OF EXIDBITORS

THE BUDD COMPANY Information Sciences Center westgate Research Park Mclean, Virginia 22101 Miss Jane P. Sharkey Supervisor, Marketing Services Boot hs 40 and 41

BURROUGHS CORPORATION ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DIVISION P. 0. Box 1226 Plainfield, New Jersey Mr. John l. Turnbull Manager, Advertising Booth 38

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER PRODUCTS, INC. 305 Muller Avenue Anaheim, California Mr. R. L. Mark Sales Manager Booth 32

CELCO (Constantine Engineering Lab Co.) 70 Constantine Drive Mahwah, New Jersey Mr. Robert 0. Meres Purchasing Agent Booth 37

DATA SYSTEMS DESIGN 217 Broadway New York, N.Y. Miss Peggy Sholtz Director of Marketing Booth 11

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA 425 No. Michigan Avenue r.hicago, Illinois Mr. John A. Kelty 11ational Exhibits Director Local: Mr. George H. Callesis

420 N. VanDorn St. Suite 605 Alexandria, Virgin ia

Booth 35

GAMMA SCIENTIFIC, INC. 5841-C Mission Gorge Road San lliego, California 92120 Booth 30

THE IIECHT COMPANY Book Department Washington, D.C. 4 Mr. John Hughes Booth 33

INFORMATI CS, INC. 15?00 Ventura Boulevard Su1tc 500 Sherman Oaks, California /Ar. F. V. Wa.2ne• Ylce President, Plans & Program Booth 20

TION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

ITT -INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS DIV. 15191 Bledsoe Street San Fernando, Cal ifornia Mr. B. W. Jameson General Manager· Instruments Booth 31

LTV MILITARY ELECTRONICS P. 0. Box 6118 Dallas 22, Texas Mr. Roland Fribourghouse Sales Promotion Manager Booths 45 and 46

L • W PHOTO, INC. 15451 Cabrito Road Van Nuys, Californ ia Mr. R. H. Lawrence, President Booth 36

PATWIN ELECTRONICS 41 Brown Street Waterbury, Connecticut Mr. A. D. Cronk Manager, Market Planning Booth 34

PHDTOMECHANISMS, INC. 15 Stepar Place Huntington Station, New York Mr. F. M. Brown, President Booth 27

SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS LAB 312 West Vine Avenue Knoxville, Tennessee Mr. D. M. Potter, Jr. Secretary Booth 19

STROMBERG-CARLSON DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION P. 0. Box 127 San Diego, California Mr. P. B. Johnson Manager of Communication Booth 39

SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS, INC. 730 Third Avenue New York City, New York Mr. R. L. Kost Advertising & Sales Promotion Supervisor Booth 18

UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION Silver Lane E. Hartford, Connecticut Mr. I. A. Goodhue DireCtor, Shows & Exhibits Booths 25 and 26

New Tools for Light Measurements

LOG· LINEAR PHOTOMETER-Model 700 Transistorized log-linear photomultiplier photo­meter has a log range of 10,000 to 1. Linear mode linearity 2%. Correlated log-linear scales. Battery operated for field use; inter­changeable AC supply. 5", 1% mirrored meter. Instrumentation output for digital voltmeter or chart recorder. See accessories below.

ACCESSORIES-Model 700 Photometric telescope head measures to 10- • foot lamberts. Acceptance angle readily change­able from 0.1 • to 6.0• . No polarizatio~ error, low flare. Fiber optic probe measures in otherwise inaccessible places. Monochromator head for spectral analysis. True cosine head measures to 10- ' foot candles.

a b

(a) LUMINANCE STANDARD-Model 200 Produces 100 foot lamberts of illuminant A (2854° Kl; individual calibration accurate to 2% absolute. Luminous surface, 4%'' diameter.

(b) %• Telephotometer-Model T-500 Transistorized photomultiplier battery operated circuit. .1 to 20,000 foot lamberts. No zero or drift adjustments.

PHOTOMETRIC MICROSCOPE-Model 700-10 Measures light from area of .001 ''. Couples to model 700 photometer: X, Y vernier position adjustments. Sturdy, flexible stand. Excellent for electronic display light measurements.

Write for full details.

G ~!~s~~o~?!o~~s~ID~;~~~~~-IN ACTION AT BOOTH 30 FALL 5.1.0.

Circle Reader Service Card Na. 25 37

ID Authors

Dr. Ruth M. Davis

Staff Assistant to the Special Asst. for Intelligence and Re­connaissance, Office of Director of De­fense Research & Eng., Dept. of De­fense, Ruth M. Davis

received a B.A. in Mathematics from American University and a B.A. and PhD in Applied Mathematics from the University of Maryland.

Dr. Davis has worked with military intelligence branches of the Navy since 1957. She has published several articles on military information display systems and currently serves as Chairman of SID's Honors & Awards Committee.

Dr. Helmut Weiss

Manager of Ford/ Philco Aeronutronic's Electro-Optics Dept., Helmut Weiss direct­ed the development of one of the first fullv automated display sy; · tem for the Army.

After studying physics and mathe­matics in Berlin and at the Universities of Goettingen and Tuebingen, Mr. Weiss received a PhD in physics in 1939.

In addition to work in wide-angle projection, Dr. Weiss has specialized in many areas of information display tech­niques and authored several papers in the field. He is a charter member of SID.

Mr. A. C. Stocker

Mr. Stocker is the specialist in dis· plays with the Systems Engineering, Evaluation and Research Group of RCA's Defense Electronic Products Division.

He has experience in the early phases of system development, from television in 1930 to reconnaissance satel­lites in 1956. He is versed in CRT tech­niques, photography, optics, and photo­metry.

Mr. Stocker received a BEE at Ohio State University in 1928. He has worked for RCA since then, except during his service with the Navy in World War II . His interest in the problems of command and control originated during the inva­sions of Africa and Sicily. He holds 32 patents, and is a member of SID.

38

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

A technical Society journal is always a difficult publication for which to provide meaning editorial material. Within an Interdisciplinary field such as information display may be found . isis rang ing from psychologists to electronic eng ineers, psychophysicists, equipment desig ners, analysts , optical and solid-state physicists and eng ineers. Obviously, there must be an underlyl thread of common lntere'st in such a diverse assemblage of disciplines, yet there is also o bo difference in academic training, problem approach, and terminology.

In order to establish and maintain a dynamic editorial policy, a distinguished team sultants has been brought together to form the Editorial Advisory Board for Information the Official Journal of the Society for Information Display. By means of tr.is Board, the SID assured of continuing review at the highest professional level of papers to be published and to be covered.

Members of the Editorial Advisory Board represent the dominant disciplines active in the of information display, both in private industry and in government agencies. Same are introd below, in t .. is first issue of Information Display.

Dr. H. R. Luxenberg

Charter member and first president of the Society for Infor­mation Display, Dr. H. R. Luxenberg is currently a member of the technical staff at the Bunker-Ramo

Corporation, Canoga Park, Calif. Previously, he was Vice President

and Dir. of Engineering at Houston­Fearless Corp.; Manager, Display Dept., Ramo-Wooldridge Corp.; Manager, Com­puting Center, Litton Industries; Head Simulation and Analysis Group, Reming­ton-Rand UNIVAC Division; and (1951-52) Research Physicist, Hughes Aircraft Co.

From 1942-45, Dr. Luxenberg served as Weather Officer and Instructor in Meteorology, in the Aleutian Islands.

His computer experience ranges from operation, checkout and maintenance of the Natn'l Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer to programming, logical design, system analysis and si!nu­lation for many command and control systems. He has recently been concen­tJ·ating on problems of image enhance­ment, data display and data storage and retrieval.

Mr. Petro Vlahos

Mr. Vlahos holds an EE degree from the University of Cali­fornia. He is current­ly on the Special Stu­dies Staff, Defense Systems Division, at System Development

Corp. He initially worked with displays as an engineering group head at Douglas in 1941, and later with radar displays at Western Electric in 1944.

From 1946-60, Mr. Vlahos was en­gaged in R&D for the Motion Picture

Research Council, where he did sive work in acoustics, lighting, tion optics and screens, stability, 3-D, and special processes. This work resulted in patents, including three widely used terns for traveling matte He joined SDC in 1960.

Mr. Vlahos has lectured on tion display at UCLA, and on tel v recording techniques at USC.

In addition to membership in professional societies, Mr. Vlahos ·western Regional Director of SID a Chairman of the Los Angeles Chapter.

Dr. Carlo P. Crocetti

Dr. Carlo P. cetti has been ployed at Rome Development from 1953 present time. served in various pacities ranging

Project Engineer, Chief Human neering Laboratory, to his current tion as Chief, Display T chniq u Branch. He is responsible for R&D 0

new information presentation techniqu and technical suppmt to Air Force pr ject offices in acquiring display subsy terns.

Carlo Crocetti was born March 1 1928. His higher education was acquir at Columbia University, where he I'

ceived an A. B. degree in 1948, A. M. ill 1949, and PhD in 1951. From 1951-he was on active duty with the AF.

His fields of specialization includ photometry and colorimetry, syst ·n and human factors in displays.

He is a member of the Americ., Association for Advancement of Scien Sigma Xi, Psychonomic Society, Amer can Psychological Association, Arm Forces Vision Committee, and SID.

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, !9

Circle Reader Service Card No. 26

tan rent echniq~•~ R&D

echniqu ~orce prO .y subs>

: acquir " re he 1

, A. M.·, 1 1951· . , AF.

n incluil yslel

s.

Americj\1 ,£ ci 1

:y, Amerl 1, Ar l11 SID.

PT/OCT, 1

i No. 26

EL lets you create your own readout language ... and at low cost! The versatility of Sylvania EL makes it adapt<~ble to so many uses. In combina· tion with gauges and measuring de­vices, its high vis ibility is ideal for indicating readings in process instru­mentation, telemetering, timing, pro­gramming, flows, pressures, levels, and so on. You name it.

Once we know your requirement, the rest is in the hands of Sylvania engi­neers who custom-design EL to suit the roblem. The readout can be designed to It manyforms-often letters or numbers,

or even bar graphs, pie charts, direc-

tional arrows or STOP-GO indicators. Remember, too, that it's easy to add

static symbols of any type or shape to your EL display, whatever its applica­tion. And because no costly tooling is involved, it's also relatively inexpensive. Using either photographic or special printing processes, the symbols of your choice are transferred to EL quickly, expertly and accurately.

The many features of EL are ideal for display requirements that call for relia­bility, minimum power consumption, fight w~ight and compactness. Always

clearly readable, the modern-looking numbers and fetters have no lines or gaps separating them. EL's long life is directly traceable to its basic solid state design and construction using phos­phors instead of filaments. And unlike other readouts, EL is not subject to cat­astrophic failure, nor is it adversely af­fected by turning the display on and off.

Consider versatile EL for your next display application. Call in your Sylvania sales engineer, or write to Electronic Components Group, Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Box 87, Buffalo, N.Y.

SYLVANIA SUBSIDIARY OF am E GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS . J.&

NEW CAPABILITIES IN: ELECTRONICT.UBES • SEMICONDUCTORS • MICROWAVE DEVICES • SPECIAL COMPONENTS • DISPLAY DEVICES

Readout Increases Brightness Character brightness on the Series 80,

large screen, 12 position, rear-projection readout device, manufactured by Industrial Electronic Engineers, has been increased from 26 foot lamberts to 45 foot lamberts through the use of the No. 1886 incandes­cent lamp. The lamp operates at 6.3 volts, .90 amps, with 5.9 watts. Rated life is 3,000 operating hours. The No. 1886 lamp has a longer filament, so that the lens system of the readout device is able to pick-up more of the light produced by the lamp and can thus project a brighter image.

For further information on lEE rear­projection readouts, write Robert Burtner, In­dustrial Electronic Engineers, 7720 Lemona Ave., Van Nuys, Calif., or phone A. C. 213 877-1144.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 32

Highest resolution

The best Deflection Yoke for your display is the one that meets your total system requirements, at the lowest cost, delivered on time. For most displays you can select that best yoke directly from the CELCO Display Engineering Manual.

0 PraduEts Data Display Oscilloscope

MS-3 Data Display Oscilloscope pre­sents a 17 -inch CRT display of data for quick-look monitoring. The all-solid-state unit is self-contained with sweep circuitry and power supply in 17)~ inches of rack space.

Specifications include a true differential input, 60 lines per inch resolution, 1% linear­ity, sensitivity ranges from 5 millivolts per centimeter to 50 volts per centimenter, ±2% input attenuator accuracy, 30-second warm­up with drift of less than 0.5 centimeters in 8 hours, and internal sweep ranges from 10 microseconds per centimeter to 0.1 seconds per centimeter. Power requirement is 115V AC, 50 to 60 cps, 100 watts nominal.

Contact Kauke and Compnay, subsidi­ary Applied Development Corp., 1161 Mon­terey Pass Road, Monterey Park, California. Telephone: 213-264-2962, att: John Kauke.

Circ!e Reader Service Card No. 33

New Cathode Ray Tube CRT featuring high resolution at ultra­

high brightness over a large viewing area, originally developed for use in astronaut training by General Atronics Corp., is now available for industrial applicaitons in char­acter writing systems and for TV monitor displays.

Designated the ETC Ml192, the CRT has a round, 7" optically flat face-plate

Rotating

Which CRT? -What Resolution? -Drive Circuitry? -Shielding? - Recovery Time? - Environ-ment? - Measurement? - WE KNOW! Call for free Engineering Consultation. When other sources fail, we produce workable solutions.

Write for our Yoke Brochure

TEL. 201-327-1123 MAHWAH, N. J. TWX 201-327-1435

Circle Reader Service Card No. 27

40

with a useful scan area of 6W'. The sirl gun tube is magnetically focused and d fleeted.

Makers of the new tube claim it h been operated at 13.5 KV for high light O\\L put of 160 foot lamberts over the total u~ scan area with a center spot diameter of mils. At lower level brightness, spot Si diameter approaches five mils or less. 1'1 tube may be operated up to 18 KV WI attendant higher brightness and better s size at higher voltages. Contact Ray K bert, Sales Manager, Electronic Tube Di General Atronics Corp., 1200 E. Ierma Lane, Philadelphia. Phone: A. C. 215 C 8-3700.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 34

New Projector Has Varied Uses New series of SCOPUS-II projectors f

information display systems by Belock lro strument Corp., are designed as plotlin reference or spotting projectors. Project which uses mylar film to provide stable and unbreakable plotting medium, is available wide range of outputs and can be used as single unit or in multiple combinations suit any system complexity desired. In data can be received from digital and an log computers or manually operated con ' units.

For price and d Livery dates cantil~ Bernhard A. Bullwinkel, Delock Instnu11ei Corp., 112-03 14th Avenue, College Poil\\ New York, or phone A. C. 212 HI 5-4200.

Circ~e Reader Service Card No. 35

Electro-optical Photo Pen New electro-optical pen from Sand

Associates controls the generation of digi pulses to read, edit, and transmit infonllll' tion from PPI and character generntl~ CRTs. The triggered pulse coincides wif. the leading edge of the CRT writing pu~ Linking to the computer is accomplished ~ gating with proper voltage and impedni)('C values.

To identify the area on the tube fn being sampled, a ring of light is lJroject from the outer bundle of the coaxial optl fiber light pipe. Variance in the sampliil! area is achieved by moving the pen cl or further from the tube face.

The complete unit is comprised of a p6 unit and a detector-electronics package iP eluding a 40-inch flexible cable. Contact P~ll M. Leavy, Applied Physics Dept., Sande!' Assocs., 95 Canal Street, Nashua, J Hampshire, or phone A. C. 603 TU 3-3321

Circle Reader Service Card No. 36

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1

~". The Sin ·used and d

, claim it high light 01 he totAl usef Hameter of ess, spot s ; or less. 1\

18 KV W\ :~d better s act Ray K ic Tube D 1 E. lerm · \ . c. 215

J No. 34

3d Uses : projectors ~ JY Belock 1.1 :l as plotti ors. Proj ' Chi

ide stable 3Ji· is available

1 be used ombinations I :lesired. lnPt gital and all! oerated cont

dates con! ck Instmm College Po HI 5-42001

1 No. 35

Pen

Celco Deflection Amplifier 11

w voltage-to-current convert r to A 1_1 ction yokes, th Celco Ultra-Linear

clrhre d~ Amplifier, is currently ava il able oencctlOn\\leCkS delivery. A de-coup! d am­oil thre~

0 onit can drive n variety of induct­

pJifier, 1

0 clnim unrestricted input wave 11nces OlliPllt current through th yoke is forms. Input impedunce is one megohm. :t3 lllllP ·

The de linearity is ± .05% of full output current. Absolute er:or is less. than 5 mv; ffset for zero input Js zero; dnft 0.1 mv per

degree C from 0 to 50° C. Contact Bob Reese, Celco Pacific, 1150

E. 8th St. , Upland, California or phone A. C. 714 YU 2-0215 for complete details.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 37

Alphanumeric Display Generator Display of computer teletype data on

standard home-type television receivers is nvnilable through development of an alpha­numeric display genru·otor by Norden div., UnUed 1\lrcrttft Corp.

ord n's generator i ' capable of ac­e pting six teletype messages of up to 180 characters each tllld displaying two messages imultan •ously. Tl1 all-micro- lectronlc sys­

tem cnn be used for information ·ystems for military command and control; '~enther for •cast r porting, airline schedule reporting, stock quot<~tion displays, and factory datn reporting llLld other appJicatiOJlS.

Write ord ·n Div., UAC, Helen St., Norwalk, Conn., or phone George Flynn, A. C. 203 83 -4411.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 38

Illuminated Push Button Switch Ma t r Specialties Tell ite is n two lamp,

llu~h mounted illuminated pu h button SWitch. 1\cctnngular front lens evenly iUumi-

. . ~ nates ncross entire lens face whru1 lamps are wnt•11ng,. pdu 1 cndefrgized . Lam•> repla e111ent i · accomplish-'omp sm~ c • - d . lao; I rom panel without use of any tools. Front :J lmpe en~, which may be engraved for identifi-

b f Cllhon of the function being monitored, is th~ tu \~ ~l 'durely h ld to t.he light caps~1 le by mating It Js . v

1roJ t t 1 cs and may be remov d by sliding the

coaXJa OP IV(I npnrt. the sampl E

·he pen alol s asy to mount by simply turning the : sccrews hidden in the unit housing with a .. rewtfr! tl . 1 dr Jrised of a }l into ~~r, le mountmg s eeves Rre awn s package Pos1t10n behind the front panel. . Contact Ilf ~·fast For completet product line data contact ) ept. , ~lll' · de' er Specialties, 15020 S. Figueroa, Gar­'i!ashua, .N, A.~· California, att: Bill Franklin or phone l3 TU 3-331 · 213 321-8450.

No. 36 1 Circle Reader Service Card No. 39 INFORM

, SEPT/OCT, I AltON DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, 1964

Hi-speed Projection Plotter High-~11eed projection plotter from LTV

1ilitary E lectronics Div., Ling-Ternco­Vought, writes and simultaneously displays information ns rapidly as 1200 alphanumeric characters per minute.

To obtain this peed, th plott r uti­lizes l1igh-resolution d-e torque motors in place of conventional servo devices. Two of the motors-on for the X axis and ne for the Y axis-position a stylus directly, without backlash, gent trains, or comple.x mechanical linknges. The stylus scribe , with essentially infinite re. olution, through an opnc1ue cottt­ing on a thin glass plate, and through which a lens system projects high il1tensity llght to a large display screen. The torque motors position the tylus in response to a.nalog volt­ages or from tl1e output of a computer.

Magnetic Technology mttkes the torque motors. For more details on the plotter, con­tact LTV Military El cb·onics D iv. , P. 0 . Box 6118, DaUas, Texas, att: Roland Ftibourg­house or phone A. C. 214-BR 6-7111.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 40

Eleven-Inch Direct-View Storage Tubes Direct-view torage tube for varied di -

play applications is the Dtt Mont type KS2329-an 1118 inch maximum diameter flat-face tube with single writ -gun. The new tube was develop d by Du Mont Labor­ntori · Div., of Fairchild Cam xu and In­strument Corp.

The tube was designed with electro­static deflection for use in radar systems having a wide variety of sweep rates. The improv d d sign overcomes limitations to

writing unifTomity under conditions of dy­namic era ur , providing high detection sen­sitivity of r mot weak targets without over­writing any port ion of tl e display. U eful sere n area of the KS2329 is, 9 inch , .

For ·pecil:ications pri s, nod delivery dates, write Electron ic Tube Sales, Du Mont Laboratories, Clifton, ew Jersey, or phon Robert Deutsch, ales Manng r, A. C. 20! PR 3-2000.

Circle Reader Servic Card No. 41

Plastic Fixed Neon Indicator Light Sub-miniature .ILxed neon imlicator light

with 2 fixed tenninal , 1'ot1el 862, from The Sloan Company, features strenmlined tapered lens design, is of p lastic, utilizes h igh bright­ne · neon bulbs and mounts in 5/16'' dia­meter hole. Overall lru1gth is 13/16". Com­pany state.~ all material and processes meet or exceed ltpplicable mil-specs. Lense · ava.il­able in red, white, amber or cl ar. ln addi­tion, the 862 series i also available with in­candescent bulbs. Contact The Sloan Com­pm1y, P.O. Box 367, Sun Valley, California, att: C. S. Sloan, or p hone A. C. 213 TR 7-1!23 for immediate nssi tauce.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 42

rapid observation

system

Medium: Random Access Selectroslide

• Public Service Co. of Indiana uses a 96-slide Random Access Selectroslide to check circuits in substations and between towns on their power lines to assist their dispatchers. • The system shows itself best under emergency situa­tions where all that is necessary to refer to a diagram is the select· ing of two digits instead of thumb· ing through 96 large sheets of paper. From his desk an operator can select and change 35mm slides to observe the particular situation under discussion. • Throughout the country the

. . for Instant Recall of Slides

Random Access Selectroslide is highly prized for its perfectly engineered construe· tion and faultless performance by scores of military command and control centers, by the aircraft, rocket, missile and space industry, by management, in education and medicine for teaching and training, for assistance in research and development. • Write for information and descriptive literature on our Manual, Junior, Standard, Reversible, Dual, Digital Readout, and Random Access Selectroslides; Speed Dissolve System and Radio Remote Control.

lt~iWB~Yfe Established 1924

2201 Beverly Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90057 Telephone: 389-1288 Area 213 "Merit Award Winner"- Brussels World's Fair

Circle Reader Service Card No. 28

41

42

SID Sustaining members Aeronutronic Division Philco Corporation A Subsidiary of Ford Motor Company Newport, California

Aerospace Corporation San Bernardino, California

General Dynamics/Electronics San Diego, California

Sylvania Electronic Tubes Division of Sylvania Electronic Products, Inc. Seneca Falls, New York

Bunker-Ramo Corporation TRW /Ramo Wooldridge Division Canoga Park, California

ITI Federal Laboratories A Division of International Telephone

and Telegraph Corporation Nutley, New Jersey

INFORMATION

The Display Transmission Gene­rator automatically selects and stores 26 teletype messages of up to 145 characters each, and will update and edit any or all mes­sages. Any 6 of these messages, selected by an operator, can be converted to alphanumeric charac­ters by a solid state television

•PROGRAM

• TRANSMIT

• DISPLAY

United Aircraft

Corporate Systems

Center has

developed* and is

producing a

variety of data

handling

equipment.

*under AFSC sponsorship.

character generator and trans­mitted to remote television re­ceivers. The Generator, in con­junction with teletype inputs and standard television receivers, can satisfy the requirements for rapid production, dissemination, and video display of data in a variety of information systems.

For more information about the Display Transmission Generator or other data handling and display equipment, contact R. Shuart, 203-677-9731.

Unite ~ire raft

Corporate Systems Center Farmington, Connecticut

Circle Reader Service Card No. 29

ID Advertisers

Index- Sept/Oct. 1964;

BURROUGHS CORPORATION ........... .

Agency: Conti Advertising Agency

CELCO ___________ ........................... ________ 41

Agency: Stano Advertising

DATA DISPLAY, INC.. ..................... ..... . Inside Front Cover, Back Cove·1

FAIRCHILD DuMONT LABORATORIES (Tube Division) ..... - .... ................ _ 24

Agency: Roger & Wilbur

GAMMA SCIENTIFIC __ .. ____________________ 3Z

Agency: Barnes Chase

GENERAL ELECTRODYNAMICS CORPORATION ................. .... .. .... . 21

Agency: Glenn Advertising

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS, INC. _____ , ........ - .... -.. 6

Agency: Gumpertz, Bentley & Dolan

INFORMATION DISPLAYS, INC.,

RMS Division .... ---------------------------- 351 Agency: George Taubert Advertising

KOLLSMAN INSTRUMENTS _________ .. _ .. 27,

Agency: Gaynor & Ducas

LING-TEMCO-VOUGHT, INC. (LTV Military Electronics Div.) ........... .

Inside Back Cover Agency: Wyatt, Allen & Ryan

RAYTHEON CO . ... . ----·--- --- ·-·-·-· -- · 31 Agency: Haag & Provandie, Inc.

SPINDLER & SAUPPE, INC. ....... ... ...... 41

Agency: Enyart & Rose

SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS (Electronic Tubes Division) .......... 39

Agency: Kudner Agency

TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION __ ._ .. .. ................ 22, 2~

Agency: Stevenson & Associates

UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION, Corporate Systems Center __________ 42

Agency: Cunningham & Walsh

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION __ _ ....... ............... ..

Agency: McCann-Erickson

INFORMATION DISPLAY, SEPT/OCT, (

sers

:t. 1964

ON ...•.....••. 5' ing Agency

···············•· 41 ~rtising

~r. Back Cove, I

)RATORIES

··· ········-···· 24 JY'ilbur

··· ···········-· 37 :hase

~ICS

··············· ·• 21 ertising

ey & D olan

INC., •... •......... .• 3S Advertising

. ··········-- -- 21 Ducas

: Div .) . .... .. .. -e Back Covel & Ryan

·-··--···-·- ·· 31 ndie, Inc.

................ 41 Rose

)UCTS Jn) .. ........ 3i gency

• ________ ___ 22, 2:

\ssociates

RATION, , ter ---------- 4• & Walsh

ickson

Y, SEPT /OCT,

FOR THOSE IN COMMAND OF THE SITUATION ...

... AN LTV DISPLAY SYSTEM ...

To provide fresh: vital .. . two and three dimensional tracking data

projected against any reference background ... in color . . . with wide

range choice of symbology ... at the near real time speed now possible

with the new LTV 7000 electro-mechanical projectors ~' ...

This is a brief insight into an LTV display system . .. indispensable FOR THOSE IN COMMAND OF THE SITUATION . . .

More than 70 versatile LTV display systems are in operation for missiles,

satelli te and space tracking, shipboard CIC, air defense and battlefield command.

Contact LTV today tor information about complete "Dynamic Plotting

Projection Displays" in all sizes for air, sea or land installations. LTV

Military Electronid Division, P. 0. Box 6118, Dallas, Texas 75222 . ·'

I..TV' 1\11 /LITARY ELECTRONICS

A 0 I VIS I 0 N 0 F L IN G - T E M C 0 - V 0 U G H T , I N C .

·~THE NEW LTV 7000 HIGH SPEED DISPLAY SYSTEM PROJECTOR PLOITER Full -scale excursion time 60 milliseconds

Adjacent symbols per sec. 20 Random symbols per sec. 10

Dimensions: 12"1ong 7" wide lPA"high

On Exhibit at Society for Information Display Show, October 1 & 2, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C. & Association of U.S . Army Show, November 16-18, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D.C.

Circle Reader Service Card No. 30

Some of the DDI Display Systems Currently in Use

Model

dd 10

dd 13

dd 13B

dd 16

dd 19

dd 20

dd 26

dd 36

dd 39

dd 40

dd 55

dd 51

dd5llm2

dd 52

dd 60

dd 65

dd 68

dd 73

dd 74

dd 79

dd 80

dd 81

System Description

Multi-Station remote data entry and retrieval system

Command and control system de­sign console with internal graphic scanning capability

Range safety officer impact pre­diction display console and camera recorder

High speed electronic point plotter

Multi-monitor command and con­trol display system for computer time sharing evaluation

Display plotter for telemetry data reduction and processing

Computer output point plotter and numeric display console

Computer output numeric display indicator

Semi-automatic message composer and data entry console

General purpose modular computer input I output display system

Digital radar indicator and com­puter input/output console

General purpose alphanumeric dis ­play system

Special purpose data storage and retrieval system

Special purpose computer control console

Large scale computer console

Experimental digital radar indica­tor and computer input I output sys­tem

Multi-monitor digital radar indica­tor and weapons system simulator

Multi-console command and con ­trol system

Multi-monitor data storage and re­trieva I system

Military command and control con­sole

High speed microfilm recorder

Very large scale data reductioo and display system

compu er display specia ists

-. At DATA DISPLAY, INC., the

entire field of digital CRT dis­

plays is served-not just one

or two segmer.tc; ()f the field.

DDI systems in use today

cover the spectrum of graphic

and alphanumeric displays.

From dd 10 (multi-station in­

formation entry and retrieval

system) through dd 40 (on­

line, soft-copy information

display) to dd 80 (microfilm

or full-size sheet form graph­

ic recorder), DDI consoles

serve the broadest range of

computer display require­

ments.

For complete details on

which currently available DDI

model is best suited to your

information display needs,

contact DATA DISPLAY, INC.,

today.

• • ..... : ..... : • • • • • • • • •• ·······: ...... ·: DATA DISPLAY

INCORPORATED

1820 COMO AVENUE SAINT PAUL, MINN. Area 612 646-6371

• 1 t i

...

Microfilm Recorder*

[ll'll!I IQII I Om llltlo1

I l t·I~Ot

~

I j I

Records alphanumeric and graphic computer outPi on-line speeds of 110,000 characters, 170,000 v!t and 220,000 points per second in page-ot-a-time ft on 35mm microfilm.

Command and Control* Real time monitoring of military and business Sill'

ance inputs. Man-to-computer communication devict eluding typewriter keyboard, light pencil, and trod are avo ilable.

dd 40 -- MODULAR DATA DISPLAY SYSTEM

TEC~ICAL DESCRIPTION

The dd 40 is a modular digi laii':J driven display sys lem de· signed for effective application lo o .,.;dl'! .range of displa~ If qui remerds, To aehieve this flexibi lily al lo"' cost, lhe ddl design features a minimum, or basic, syslem Hhich may be ex· ponded by including optional modular features,

The basic dd 40 system is a 19-inch CRT monitor presentalit designed to operate di redly on-! ine to a digital computer. I inc I udes interface logic, symbol generator, display control ,. logic, and lhe CRT display. The basic system can display 3,(~ symbols at random pos i lions on a 12.5 inch square area at a 40 cps repetition rate.

Norma II y used r~i th the basic dd 40 system r~ou I d be somt c;( bination of the avai I able opt ions including:

Veclor and/or I ine drar~ing capabi I i ly,

Tabular llyper~ri ler-1 ike I r~ord formal,

Paralle I remote moni lor Is) 1

Buffer memory (for off-line display repetition),

Camera recorder I for high speed data recording).

Information Retrieval*

*Reproduction of unretouched photo showing lion being displayed on DDI display systems.