lca of advanced wastewater treatment to remove micropollutants · lca of advanced wastewater...
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LCAofadvancedwastewatertreatmenttoremovemicropollutants
CONFERENCEPAPER·AUGUST2015
5AUTHORS,INCLUDING:
FredyDinkel
CarbotechAG
27PUBLICATIONS61CITATIONS
SEEPROFILE
ThomasKägi
CarbotechAG
30PUBLICATIONS79CITATIONS
SEEPROFILE
Availablefrom:FredyDinkel
Retrievedon:07January2016
www.carbotech.ch
LCA of advanced wastewater treatment to remove micropollutants
LCM conference in Bordeaux, 2015
Fredy Dinkel, FHNW und Carbotech AG, Basel: [email protected] Kägi, Carbotech AGMateo Dazio, FHNWRita Hochstrat, FHNWThomas Wintgens, FHNW
www.carbotech.ch
Modelling of Diclofenac concentration in North Rhine-Westphalia for dry weather
Situation today for the substance Diclofenac:
The target value of 0.1 μg / litre for Diclofenac is often exceeded.
The calculations of the model has been done by the project partners in this project.
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Diclofenac concentrations
< 0.1 μg / Liter≥ 0.1 μg / Liter
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Project overview
What is the best strategy from a cost benefit point of view to eliminate pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in the basin of the river Ruhr in North Rhine-Westphalia?
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Our task
• Evaluating the burdens and benefits of the expansion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to eliminate micropollutants by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
• Calculating the eco-efficiency for the different options.
The following three technologies were evaluated:1) chemical oxidation with ozone followed by sand filtration (Ozone)2) 2) activated carbon adsorption followed by sand filtration (PAC),
and 3) 3) nano filtration (NF).
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System we looked at
System boundary:• Advanced treatment including all
necessary upstream processes• Reduction of the environmental
impacts due to the elimination of micropollutants
Considered Substances:• Carbamazepin• Diclofenac • EDTA • Isoproturon• Mecoprop• TCPP Functional units:
1 m3 treated waterBasin of the river Ruhr per year
Met
hode
Wastewater treatment plant
Conventional treatment
river
- Ozone + sand filtration- PAC + sand filtration- Nano filtration
Advanced treatment
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Evaluation methods
• The benefits leads to a reduction in− Chronical eco toxicity
• The treatment is linked with impacts such as− Climate change− Resources− Eutrophication − …
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To evaluate whether the benefit of the treatment is higher than the burdens, a single score method is necessary.
The available methodologies give no characterization factors for these micropollutants.
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EDIP – evaluating of the characterization factorsM
etho
de
Generally the characterization factors from EDIP were used. Because of the high uncertainty the factors without long term effects were used. In this project the following impacts were regarded:• Chronical eco toxicity in water and soil (ET)• Human toxicity (HT)• Photo chemical oxidation (POCP)• Eutrophication (EP)• Acidification (AP)• Global warming (GWP)The characterization factors for the micropollutants was calculated according to the following formula:
CF Characterization factorf Distribution factor: 1 means 100% into the riverBIO Degradability: 1 means no degradationPNEC Predicted No Effect Concentration
These factors varies from 0.23 m3/g for EDTA to 10‘000 m3/g for Diclofenac
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Degradation performance
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Concetration in WW ug / l 3 1.1 20 1.4 0.835 0.05
Degradation ratioPAK % 88% 80% 25% 67% 80% 90%After treatment mg/m3 0.36 0.22 15 0.46 0.17 0.005
Nano 99% 99% 95% 92% 93% 95%After treatment mg/m3 0.03 0.011 1 0.112 0.058 0.0025
Ozone 93% 98% 23% 0% 30% 90%After treatment mg/m3 0.21 0.022 15.4 1.4 0.58 0.005
Target or threshold valuesNOEC mg/m3 1 25 22000 6 55 3.2
Health benchmark (GOW)
mg/m3 0.3 0.3 10 1
Environ. Quality norm (UQN) mg/m3 0.1 0.5 4 20 0.3
IsoproturonDiclofenac Carbamazepin EDTA TCCP Mecoprop
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Environmental impact reduction by eliminating these six substances
Although ozone and PAC do not allow reaching all target values, the differences between the treatment methods relative to the environmental benefits measured with EDIP are rather small. Taking the uncertainties into account, the results are comparable.
Res
ulta
te
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Overall environmental impacts per m3 of wastewater
Only the ozonation leads to overall higher benefits than burdens.
By using Nano filtration, the used electricity mix is crucial
The used active carbon has relevant impacts
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Overall environmental impacts per m3 of wastewater, per impact category
The nanofiltration using the electricity mix of Germany shows a often seen dilemma:Locally the eco toxicity in water is reduced. However ecotoxic emissions are generated in other locations.
Take note: The reduction considers only the six selected substances. However many other pollutants will also by reduced by the treatment.
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Looking at more micropollutants
The calculated benefits depend on the considered substances.In order to better evaluate the benefits, the characterization factors for about 50 substances were developed (extended list).When no data concerning the degradation rates were available, expert statements were used.
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Reduction of environmental impacts by eliminating an extended number of substances
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Overall environmental impacts per m3 of wastewater, extended substances
Now all methods beside nanofiltration with German electricity mix, show a positive environmental balance.
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For the WWTP upgrade in the region, different scenarios were evaluatedBased on the modelling calculations of FIW the following scenarios were evaluated:
• Upgrade according to the size classes: Class I is small – class V is large• All classes: I – V• Only the large: IV – V• Only the largest: V
• Upgrading with the following technologies:• Ozone• Active Carbon (PAC)• Additional filtration with sand
• Elimination of the following substances:• Carbamazepin• Diclofenac
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Benefit with elimination of the two substances without burdens of the treatment.
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Money is also a resource: the eco-efficiency was calculated
According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Eco-Efficiency is the quotient from • Ecological benefit• Economic burdens
Reduction of environmental impacts*Eco Efficiency =
costs of the treatment
* Reduction of eco-toxicity in water
A high eco-efficiency indicates that money is well invested.
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Eco-Efficiency of the different scenarios
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Conclusions
Methodological• Check whether the chosen method is using characterization factors for the
relevant impacts.• The adapted method can be used for evaluating the benefits and the burdens
of wastewater treatments.• Single score methods can be necessary for decision support.
Project goals• The goals could be reached and a sound decision base for investment as well
as for improvement could be given.• The overall LCA view can give different results than the local view considering
target values.
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Thank you for the attentionand thanks to all who participated in this project
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From FHNW – University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland Institute for Ecopreneurship• Mateo Dazio• Rita Hochstrat• Thomas Wintgens
From Carbotech:• Thomas Kägi• Fredy Dinkel
To all the other project partners and
The Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (MKULNV) is gratefully acknowledged for co-funding this work