lb 144: organismal biology

LB 144: Organismal Biology

Class 18

March 22, 2016

“Ecology II: Biomes”

Reminders:

Readings: Chapter 52 Sections 52.4-52.6

(pages 1068-1079)

Additional Resources:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html

Announcements: • Exam 2 review scheduled for Wed March 23rd in

this room (C106), from 6-7pm.

• Exam 2 is now scheduled for March 29, 2016• Bring a calculator, you will have to calculate• Pencil, eraser

Learning Objectives:• Model and predict the global and regional

distribution of biomes

• Model and predict the distribution of organisms within a landscape

Terms:Wet Tropical ForestSubtropical DesertTemperate GrasslandsTemperate ForestsBoreal ForestsArctic TundraSalinityWater FlowWater Depth

Fresh WaterNutrientsEstuary Marine (Ocean)Intertidal ZoneBiomassOcean Upwelling Lake TurnoverNet Primary Productivity

*not in your text book

Ecology

• The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

• Fundamentally ecology seeks to determine the distribution and abundance of organisms.

EcologyWhat determines the distribution and abundance of organisms?

Abiotic factors- Non-living factors in the environment that influence an organism’s distribution and abundance

Biotic factors- living factors that (e.g., competition) that influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

Biomes

Regions characterized by distinct abiotic characteristics (predominantly temperature and precipitation) and dominant types of vegetation

Biomes

BiomesQ1. East Lansing (E.L.) in part, is within the Temperate Deciduous Forest biome.

A. If E.L.’s average temp increased, but annual precipitation stayed the same, what would be our new biome?


B. Climate change models predict a significant decrease in annual precipitation and increased in average daily temperatures. How might this effect E.L.’s biome? Explain your answer.


C. What types of vegetation would you expect in the region?Explain your answer.

Biomes

BiomesQ.2 Match biomes with descriptions

Biomes:• Temperate Forest

• Temperate Grasslands

• Subtropical deserts

• Tropical Wet Forests

• Boreal Forests

• Arctic Tundra

DescriptionsA. Deciduous leaves

B. Trees

C. Waxy Leaf Structures

D. Broad leaves

E. Evergreen

F. Relatively High latitude

G. Relatively Low latitude

H. Low vegetation height (< 1 m)

I. High vegetation height (> 2m)

BiomesTropical Wet Forest

Average Temp: HighTemperature variation: Low

Average Precipitation : High Precipitation variation: High

Subtropical Deserts

Average Temp: HighTemperature variation: Moderate

Average Precipitation : LowPrecipitation variation: Low

BiomesTemperate Grasslands

Average Temp: ModerateTemperature variation: Moderate

Average Precipitation: ModeratePrecipitation variation : Moderate

Temperate Forests

Average Temp: ModerateTemperature variation: Moderate

Average Precipitation : ModeratePrecipitation variation : Low

BiomesBoreal Forests

Average Temp: LowTemperature variation: Very High

Average Precipitation: LowPrecipitation variation : Low

Artic Tundra

Average Temp: Very LowTemperature variation: High

Average Precipitation: Very LowPrecipitation variation: Low

BiomesIs there a pattern to biome and latitude?

Species Ranges

Species RangesAedes aegypti


Q3. Based on distribution map what biome does A. aegypti prefer?

Q4. What abiotic factors influence the distribution of A. aegypti


Q5. How you invest in controlling A. aegypti to protect major population centers to prevent the spread of disease?

Species Ranges

Q5. How you invest in controlling A. aegypti to protect major population centers?

Species Ranges

Based on distribution map what biome does A. aegypti prefer?

All Countries and Territories with Active Zika Virus Transmission (www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html)

Q5. How you invest in controlling A. aegypti to protect major population centers?

Aquatic Biomes

How do these four factors influence aquatic life?

Salinity-

Water Depth-

Water Flow-

Nutrient Availability-

Aquatic Biomes

Use the following relative descriptions to describe the aquatic biomes listed in blue.

Salinity: High, Mixed, or LowWater Depth: Shallow, Deep, or DeepestWater Flow: Variable, Wind Driven, and/or Tidal Nutrient Availability: High, low

LakesPondsWetlands

StreamsEstuariesOceans

Aquatic Biomes

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html

Lakes and Ponds –• Low salinity • Limited species diversity• Can be divided into three different “zones” based depth and

distance from the shoreline.

• The topmost zone near the shore of a lake or pond is the littoral zone. • It is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat (warmest)

• The limnetic zone is well-lite (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by both phytoplankton and zooplankton.

• The profundal zone is much colder and denser than the other two.• Little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into

the profundal zone.

• Temperature varies in ponds and lakes seasonally.

Aquatic Biomes


Streams and Rivers• Water flows in one direction. • The characteristics of a river/ stream change from the water

source to its mouth. • The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the

mouth. • At the source the water is clear and has higher oxygen levels• In the middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does

species diversity• Toward the mouth of the river/stream, the water becomes murky from

sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water.

Aquatic Biomes


Wetlands• Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic

plants. • Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. • Wetlands are not considered freshwater ecosystems as there

are some, such as salt marshes, that have high salt concentrations—these support different species of animals, such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses.

Aquatic Biomes


Estuaries• Where freshwater streams/rivers merge with the ocean.

• The mixing of waters with different salt concentrations

creates a very interesting and unique ecosystem.

• Estuaries support a diverse fauna, including a variety of worms, oysters, crabs, and waterfowl.

Aquatic Biomes


Oceans• High salinity • The largest of all the ecosystems (they are huge!)• Like ponds and lakes, the ocean regions are separated into

different zones: intertidal, pelagic, benthic, and abyssal. • The intertidal zone is where the ocean meets the land—sometimes it is

submerged and at other times exposed, as waves and tides come in and out.• The pelagic zone includes those waters further from the land, basically open

ocean. • The benthic zone is the area below the pelagic zone, but does not include the

very deepest parts of the ocean (see abyssal zone)• The deep ocean is the abyssal zone.

• The water in this region is very cold (around 3° C), highly pressured, high in oxygen content, but low in nutritional content.

Ecology

Q6.A. Fig 1. Summarize the inter-annual variation in precipitation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Am

ount

Pre

cip

itation (

mm

)

Total Precipitation Amount

Ecology

Q6.B. Fig 2. Summarize of precipitation on productivity

R² = 0.2249

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-

year)

Total Precipitation (mm-yr)

Total Site Productivity (1984-1999)

Ecology

Q6.C. Fig 3. Summarize the influence of precipitation on productivity in annually burned prairie

R² = 0.4146

R² = 6E-05

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-y

ear)


Burn Frequency

Annual

20-yr

(1984-1999)

Ecology

Q6.D. Fig 3. Summarize the influence of precipitation on productivity in a 20 year burned prairie

R² = 0.4146

R² = 6E-05

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-y

ear)


Burn Frequency

Annual

20-yr

(1984-1999)

Ecology

Q6.E. Fig 4. Summarize of precipitation on productivity in annually burned prairie. 1 sentence

R² = 0.6063

R² = 0.2473

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-y

ear)


Topography (annual-burn only)

Upland

Lowland

(1984-1999)

Ecology

Q6.F. Qualify your statement from part E to summarize the difference in patterns between the two sites. 1 sentence

R² = 0.6063

R² = 0.2473

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-y

ear)



Upland

Lowland

(1984-1999)

Q6.G Create a succinct summary by incorporating information from these 3 figures.

R² = 0.6063

R² = 0.2473

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity

(g/m

^2-

year)



Upland

Lowland

(1984-1999)

R² = 0.4146

R² = 6E-05

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity

(g/m

^2-

year)


Burn Frequency

Annual

20-yr

(1984-1999)

R² = 0.2249

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Abovegro

und p

roductivity (

g/m

^2-

year)


Total Site Productivity (1984-1999)

Sample Test Question: The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) was introduced into Mobile, Alabama in 1906. This invasive ant species is notorious for its sting and negative impact native species. This is its current distribution in the continental United States. • What abiotic factor likely limits its spread from the east coast to the west coast?• What abiotic factor likely limits its spread into the northeastern United States?• For the populations in CA, AZ, and NM what abiotic disturbance accounts for

those pockets in these typically arid (dry) regions?

Sample Test Question: Phorid flies were introduced to control the fire ant population. These small flies lay eggs in the heads of the ants and when they emerge they kill the ant. While adept at maneuvering, the flies are relatively poor fliers and dispersal is strongly driven by local wind patterns.

Based on US wind patterns, which state would you recommend releasing the flies to ensure the greatest spread of flies across their invaded ranges in the United States. Explain your answer. Note: No host = No offspring

lb 144: organismal biology

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