^anaprij/tf

ENGLISH

1

I

NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,

;

". Edition :

AUGUST 1997.

J"*

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J.P. English Grammar 3 *

e33|j>d&soASt

CONTENTS"til"

English Alphabet

(%sog<s

Sounds of Letters

Syllable

Parts of Speech

Articles

Kinds of Nouns

(c-ysSD^^^sSaw

Kinds of Verbs

([SG&

Kinds of Pronouns

Kinds of 'Adjectives

Kinds of Adverbs

Kinds of prepositions

Kinds :of Conjunctions

Kinds of Sentences

Subject and Predicate

1 Phrases and Clauses(sg

Kinds of Clauses

Clauses atid Sentences

Kinds of Phrases

9

10

16

18Number

From Singular -Form to20

Plural Form

47

"49

58

28 Genderv

From Masculine' Gender to

0.-, Feminine Gender (530

8tt. Case ();-Kinds of Cases

40 (atf&o tf^&aea) 34

Usage of Apostrophe:

4'3 , (2J*g3^ .iSSdapKSa)67

Usage of Capital Letters

45 (H> w<CfsSo ,iSS3ap^&>) 69

JLP. Engligh Grammar

Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison

(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'

Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees

Voice(aftf^tftf-

'

'(s-Sa&o ao^raS

sfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs .

&# / r-

From Active Voice to([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^

Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks

From Passive Voice to - -

-

(ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation

Direct Speech and Indirect Marks

Speech (^S^gK^^es ,

&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different

From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a

Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEV

Verb. Complement Formation of words

(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83

Verb-Mood(rSdao-flsf 83 Formation of Nouns

Tense(^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^

Kinds of Tenses" Formation of Verbs

BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 !

rn"lt

ion of Adjectives

Kinds of Participles

^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^

Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g- Stress on Syllables

Ql:

2 J' English Grammar .5. aSjbdfi oA$

^.*i^^.ji^^^

ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*

.

V- CO"" *M

,

' /, *sog jp<& . wgtf&oeo

(Letters)-, 2 8 e S>a3.... "Alphabet

)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1]Print

, 2] Script Letters

Capital Letters -

(Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters

1] (A)

R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Letters

i b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z

^

OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,

b) Small letters, baa- ^s^fiotf

] (A) Capital

e s T u .v w x Y

English

Letters'

ghljklmnap 'q r ;<> t u v

letter

'^*****

Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"

Semi-Voweis

-* 'Capital letter' rp

- 26 ^.

1]Vowd. (.^), 2]

Consorts

^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ;Yard (c^f);

'

English Gramm^ t

2]uMy (a); sky (^r ),;

Paddy (^g&) ; Happy

es& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf

&?S^<3.

8]"Few

($-3);Bow

(a*);Vow

(S*) 5Jaw (**)"

Sounds of Letters (&*1] Vowel Sounds (^^ ^jSoo?) : *3ctfp rf^ex>-

fc

Sound '

Example

A :-- a rate

(3<5"),date

(Sff).

^. *9 card(s*5), part

csip cat (sjiT) t -hand

E : & pearl (36"),learn

-

'

^s treat (\&], seat

.i . red-(Bff) fbed

(aff).

I :

'

first($|),

bird(eaf ).

aj pin (&S1

),stick

(j&^).

so kind (^o^), kite (^iT).

O : ^s cot^s6") t box

(BS*^)-

<^ book(self),

look(col")

a stool (^ff), root

&. stone (fc*flry close\w /'

S7 mouse (sS*5y house

U ; 55 cut ("), shut

^ .* push (c^S), put (

duty (efagi),tutor

J.P. English Grammar

T~ T I

.

bottle(o-flfi"),

c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>

f chemist ("&f), copper'

5 cheap (b5),chicken

5. Machine (aiiff),chivilry

D . 5 ' down (3-^),day

p . . 5

'

'

finger (&o*5"),fate

G .

:

^ dog(tr/T), goat

,f merge (3nf), wge *

S , laugh (sr5),enough (ci^

'

H . & orse )'Ilot

j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).

K . r'

key (I),kick (r).

L .

'

5- lock (of), long

M . S> monkey (&ol),ntice

N . S" name(^Si),

neck (3).

P ..'- S post (SJ), pen (l

5 graph (in-S), phone

Q .''' 4 1* (

S^)' qUite Cl

R . 5" roof (55), road (&S)

S'.? S school (jSy^-6"),

slate(

. S V . shot(SfS"),

state

T . .

'

g- tea(e5),

ticket

$ thick (Sf ),thing (abfi)

5 that (a 6"),there (So).

, mention S>, section

English Grammar

X

vote

- S\ fix

Example

),six

.(at,).

Examination

joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),

by (EV-type'tS 5)'

Zebra(4[_p), Zeal

(le ).

. "syllable(ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^

n-fe. 'syllables'

arffi&S

spelling

[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?

1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]

'beyond(be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother

(bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~

5] either(ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination

(exa.mi-na.tjon=

,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^

syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,

, a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s

Po English Grammar 10

PARTS OFPEECH

B\ -tS. OB'S....

"Parts of Speech

1]Noun

4] Adjective (s^

position (atf j?

juction

2] Verb(L d&) t 3]

, 5]Adverb'

(L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-

7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8]Inter-

(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.

Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,

place or thing etc.

:-1]

Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India(ejoflcSir-)=:

-tab!-8]

Godavafi(^cs*sSG)=

SfiliCfif 4] Tenali

!

5]Ghair

1],Rama is a good boy

(o*&a<&&oO

'2]Sita sings well

(fctfx^^

8]The book is in the bag

($;S

4jM'angoes are sweet

(sS^aofis3o&-'

5]Tenalr i s a big town

^

2> sp^g&oo^o^D "Rama, boy, Sita, book, bag, mangoes,

Tenali, town" es& sSrfsSDO). "Nouns"

2] VERB."verbs

J'.P. English Grammar iie3J&|.fcc&

Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssin

is called a verb!' '

-

eat(8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)

f

a Sc^&^&. 2]is'

&^a. 8]have

(GAc&>oefo)==l

A

4]kill

(tfosg>fc)=

4

sto'a s&c& ^&^a. 5]

1]The ball is round

(a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr

2]Who sits on the bench

(cag

3} Gopi killed a bird

4]He ovyns a building

*5]The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi

2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"

io^o- 'verbs'

3]

. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.

1]He

(wtfefc),It (a

.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>

"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-

apple'

2]She (a>\ Her

-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to her

sister(tfsSJS-

.sb^efifisfS"^rS^fi,,

<^^D osa*-tfr5 Rj*cSS8 Svtfeo)

. "She" tt&Sfi- Ravali a>emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii

J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar

car",-"her" &f5a- Ravi

8] They

Ex.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are Cricketers

S&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o"" '

- Raju and Ranjith

l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2]

YOU are a teacher(S^Co-

^ed&oeo)! 2]He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^

Sipjefo). 4]

is a. dancer T^s"So'SjJS)!" 5J

They are. playing tennis(syefi-

-"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...

:

'

corv &

4] ABJECTIVE

^Adjectives" e5?S

De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-

or -number 'of a noun.

dkcp-ii :-1]

Red'(^esjsS)), 2]

Little(rdBsSa), 8] Five (oc), I

Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8]Soft

(3a'tf)...

1]Swetha''is

;

'a beautifui --girl

2] The Earth is 'round ^8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8

n<ScT"-^

41 Anand is a short boy (estfoS- JJrg

1 Yammuna is -a good dancer 'fdi^ti-.

'"la sptf<?sSo d^o(5D- "beautiful, round, thirty, short, good" ss-

_ s.

..

''s3isS.ib&- Adjectives (T nk;^ -6:65^Ao{^rJ(& i^Sj'OiyCo i'w'r!

8] J.P. English Orammer la

5] DVERB(

>- "Adverbs"

f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-ctive or another adverb.

*".-1]

Chitra sings sweetly fig m . ^^ ^&&o&\ #s

"sings" & verb &. "sweetly" & adverb. - -,TS

*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo

adjective &. "very" ^& adverb

3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'

J

"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b- "very"

1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The child

is crying loudly fig Mean*fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walks

yery slowly,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandana

writes 'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3)-

5] Ramya loves Raghu

deeply(tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a).

"yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"

Adverbs rv e

6] Preposition- prepositions n

Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S

.J,P. English Grammer

3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('

(A. preposition V- -a. word which

the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some

other wore!]. .

..

.

.

' " ";

E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j*$*

_x",v..,^- "pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'

CO'O ;

^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT.

i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.

21 Sadlia is kind to me(&Sf ^g>&^^-4^

A' hi mel! ^& proiio-un, sb,

ukind

nrfa adjective

so{sS^sSx^-* 4

to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.

*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d&iOE?o ^

-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ?"Mumbai" .w& noun

^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v<,,^.. '"from" rfo preposition^ ^-Aw '.VVJ w<f * '.

ll The s'ua'rises in the

He spoke to his brother (*& ^ ^tf&a^6

&p^^&). -8}

I met Samhi-at the college gate (3

g^&X 4"i She fell into the river

i'l The tree is near the compound wall(Sdo3-(S5

<^^. c\ ^"3 ^^sofc'S- "is, .to, l.at, into, aeat"^^c*.

**

/'* 8i'

'

.

^

.

;

'

, .'._.

ix* prepositions 'n6 sS^

7]

ctioas" so^^.f A conjunction is a -word which is used to join;.

words or sentences- '-together).-'--

;

'

-.

'

_.,

Ev.:. !! Preethi .and:

-Sru.thi. 'are: .-.sisters (^ &><$&>^;,3.

.

Sr^dli;'

J.P. English Grammer 15fi3f6[&c& goAS [rr

ft&5"

2]Give me a pen or pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o

s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a

pe-ncil" es& "Bodfcsyg'gSSao

axis'! tfs c3o&>s^i'gS&ooJfe-

"or"

eu"^ sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.

8]Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&

S1

! "but" *& sSeSsSa-

1]Suseela and Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58

xr)! 2]Use pen or pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3

)! 8] Shyam is poor buthohest(<pg&

ISitfa^ r?fc-...

as*dti>&sScfiefo)!4J The train started before r reached the

railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^

8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]When the teacher entered the class, the

students got up (&i^gc&><&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"fi ^

[aSS^o'tfrr'S....

Sjc^geico aoerj7c&).-e'e

Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,

when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-*

8] Interjection

L'J

"Interjections'1 wO

(An Interjection is a word which expresses sudden

feelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),

Ex.:.1]

Alas! She is dead,(e*3jg!

a3)

4l

Alaslf

e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi

2jHurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj

"Hurrah"

J.P, English Grammer '18(&'

8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'

.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD> ,

;

Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident

new typist

got- the state

.efr8....

uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"

ArticlesUA or An"

,

"Articles =(

Parts of speech) r

Kinds of Articles :-

j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db.l]

"A or An"

Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite

^3 Articles &- &

]Oh! Are You the,,

^]Hurrah! you have

*c^5)!! ^csys"^'.

'Interjections' r? ^T ;

"

'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives

Indefinite

Article.

"a, e, i, o, u" <',;& oodi

"cry, fry, fly, sky"

*sS*e:o

rj u.6J ... articles

JLP. English Grammer 1,7

Usage of 'A' or 'An'

l] es&^rpaber Common

rvS 'Singular

v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.

2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS

/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*

chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union

3]apsfcoprfg

1

SS^^D^^WH"

etc.

. :- An honest .(35) man, Anetc.

,An A

4]"U 11

esS

"A"

university A European

etc.

5,]"One"

2Sv. :- A one(*$<") rupee note, A one

^sSS") rupee coin etc.

Usage of 'The' (a/tf ao3j>Ksta):i.

1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns So S^oe5

c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.

2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^

SDDDO^- *Thef

a AS5c^pAocy>). v. :. The Atlantic

The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo),The Ganges (Sfl),

The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia)

etc.

8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi^o&- 4

The1

a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;

The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,

J.P. English Grammar .

'

'IB

4] V& ..(Steffi'>- '>5

"SM^sior?cSr

So &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic

animal, % .

5]U&?c3* Q

"eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&

J S_j, .

^__ -'

cp vJ

So&- 4

The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me

was too good*

8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-

{

Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'

in India.T]

"The" $&&-estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfo

sSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest(a

*

S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O ,

' O i

.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The

(eS) poor. The(ci) usage,

'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^

O

.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2]Common

Noun, 8]'Collective Noun, .

4]Material Noun, 6]

Abstract

Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns

O fO

1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^

nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"

3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS<? "t)6! Delhi frl)V=' * \" o/.

'

'

>6! Akbar U&'vTW"" "

'2] CpmrnonNoun^s cP^s^^sf-siM) : a,"! <s-as Soa^-

,.[4S^a8, ^ScrSS, ; |SSd sS&^sSp sS^o^ "fj^o^- "CommonNouns" e$fr

:

-<odF.e&. A-. :i cat, rat, city, town,' table, chair,

girl, boy, man, woman etc.

J.P. English Urammer

3] Collective Noun (fi

ao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj.

"&&<&-. "Collective

Nouns" esS ^0^6, .*.:- Army (^&^ r5s$^s5*&>)! Crowd,

'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!

Pack, Bunch'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!

. . ,.

.

.

4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^

a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,

Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,

Wheat etc.". .

': v ,-.

'

:

;

'

'; \ .

-

'

'<.

'

;

.

'5]Abstract Nona ("^8 ^^o^CJ^^g):,w 2>ei

^ ."Abstracts nouns"

6D tS>c^ow!'

c5sxo),hardness .

(rfgtf &>):,whiteness

(eg,'

^ea^c6&3') ^S^^S. ^essiop-'.^&l- .

].movement. (tfdS&6,;.^^); .waik;--.(^^), sight (iSp^)y

theft'

'

'

'

8],Childhood-

(o$^'S-sS) v '/oIdness (s&>&&$;5),. poverty. ("tcS-

."'.-^sS), richness(c5oSicSjL^sS) $^cSa |&0; "&.g>!

'"'

4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)

....

. ,.

.

.

.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry

Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1

,

'Verbs1

,

*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf

J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &

Adjective Abstract Noun

good

old(

hard(rfg)

poor "itf

goodness

oldness

hardness

poverty

see

think

obey

grow

Abstract Noun

sight '(^^.}

thought ^S16

-,

obediejice

growth'

Common Noun Abstract

child

friend

slave

man

childhood(

friendship (gp

slavery

manhood

Kinds of Verbs

6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1]

Transitive verb

.2] Intransitive verb-(wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb

iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb(oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Weal

verb(&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb

(Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb

(:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb(KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!

l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6

aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs

sStftf^ LfldSw)>

to her guests

4] JJ>. English Grammar aj

(gives)'!tfB

;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'

2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday

&&&oa). ^esrtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'

(reads) ! ^eL o6- "The Ramayana

2] Intransitive Verb:-

- "Intransitive Verbs(wtf^tf L d6ex))"

1]Doha

Stf^db. SO&&,,..

2]Usha runs fast

. *.3] Finite Verb :- a

L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6

"Finite Verbs

1] They go to office

- ^go7

! sia a&^5*. "They to office

2] The girls play chess

Si6^- "play" <a?6

4] Infinitive Verb :J Simple present

"to" e*& preposition' ?6 ^cos^do^ J)6x

^db ^ctfp s5eJ^ (verb").... "Infinitive Verbs" e$JO

1]I like to go to cinemas

J.P. English Grammar

8]To ty<s/A: short distances is a good exercise

&&&& &>o>53*gc&n>&&o)l

5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tense

SN^ol

Verbs

past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*>4

-d\4

-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol

Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix

1]walk - walked

(.ed)

2]talk - talked

(.ed)

2]believe _ believed

(_d)

4]receive _ received

(-d)

5]send _ sent

(.t)

6] lend _ lent(.t)

6] Strong Verb :.s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- present

tense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii8)L w

^eo (inside vowels)5

s5j*el^ <3tfo,... oS ^c^o&- "strong

& :-Ij

Come(present tense), Came

(past tense). #i

|8csS^....**o" ^?Sa ^^0 ^^ 'a

1

n* 'si*

tense), knew(past tense) #e jlc&a"

3 "o"

.... "o" ^^ a^0 'a1

r? ^s^.2] know

(present

7] Principal Verb t- &&<ste c&o ^s

"principal Verbs

Ex.: . Cow ^/^ grass ($ ^a doso&). 2] Kumble

cricket(^oo| /1S"?^ w&?r&). .8]

Our grandfather

stories

J.P. Engligh Grammar 28

8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...

"Auxiliary

Verbs (*& |c&e)" ^ <s>o&?&.

wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do

? 4]Can

s S]-May f

6] Will, 7] Shall, 8]Must" ^& ^

^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....

41

Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r̂ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'

4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^

Kinds of Pronouns

B pronouns

^S SsSSrr 1

....!]Personal Pronouns,

1

2V Possessive Pronouns,

8]Relative Pronouns, 4]'

Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-

J,P. English Grammar 24

gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro -

nouns, 8]Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.

1] Personal pronouns (%

&- "Personal

pronouns" <*> <&o&&. & [Sofl 4o*sStfe9

1]"I. we, my, me, mine, our, ours, us....

2] "You, Your, Yours...." w&tfS)- ^

8] "he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, they, them, their, theirs,

its...." e$&3i- uS' raS'-

r\o{& personel pronouns!

Possessive pronouns

o- adjectives sSS^.... Sia ^&SP^- nouns

possessive pronouns.... mine, ours, hers, yours, theirs etc.

1] This pen is mine [& ^osS^.>y>a)!

^B syg's^^- *mine'

sptf .... noun o&. ^ 53*^gS^^- ^3 3g^ cSa^tSsS^al,... "This

pen is my pen!1* ^^ <rfo, "This is mine pen!" &

21 This house is theirs (& $&> sp5aVf ^:J V CO /

SO^S^al....this house is their house" es!0rp&, "This i3 Llteirs

house" eS n.

"ours, hers,

theirs, yours ..." e$;o^spjSp^fpfc,...

lt

our*s, her's f your's...."

apostrophe ('

J.P. English Grammar 25

3] Relative Pronouns

^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sS<^>Ao& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative

pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,

that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>o<3o);S.... whatever,

whoever^ whichever, whosoeversS-aJS^fo

SP&& &p^ "Relative

pronouns" es& ef>o6r&. -^s(

1"]That is the woman who stole my bangles

oC^ ^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is

the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7

21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ

tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))!esp^g&D^T

8^- "whom

"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3

4] Demonstrative Pronouns

o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns" <^ e5odp6. ^S ^s6?6?T.... This,

That. These, Those, Such etc, AcysJBdP

sSb- ^s fSo<2> SPL.

ljr/if^ is my box and that is yours

.... "This", "That"

&- "This

"These

"That(wfl)",

"Those

is the house where I was born

.6*., t . "This" e*&i"ofl- "^s^ SJOD"CO

JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS

5] Interrogative Pronouns(|

"Who (s$&), whom(j>s$ea),

whose

what(JiSfca)

1*

a?& [fS^co

"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o

*:1]

tfVz0 is your father

"whowe^b cStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl

117/^f Is your name )

AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5

w&?:a- s:&ft&& ;"which 51

1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'

name(osi -53^o)?" j&

2]-WA/f/j is she?"

her point (?Sj

-HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S

6] Distributive pronouns

. "who"

sSva

"which"

"what"

which

"what"

""; "what"

"What is her

.

"What is

iafi^a.

"What is her

.- "Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /

t. :-1]

EacA of the girls is given a mango (0.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2

]/,AW Of the boys must do it

|>eas Is good

J.P. knglisk Crammar

1] Indefinite pronouns

wCteaea

- "Indefinite pronouns" eft

&*&

x. :-

i^Allis well

then nothing (&$&>

knows that secret^ded prizes (ootfsap

to the swimming pool

8] Reflexive pronouns

.

2]

SOc&ei). 4]

2Poc3*&).51

is better

8] Nobodywere awar-

of us wentCPO

t&*

- "Reflexive pronouns"

"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)

^. : -1]

She hurt herself (ea^Sb<a^

n-dSis54Sa). 2]I hid

myself in the room(53*

esotfdo ^^ ^66"*ca-^rc^jS)). 3] She

herself read the letter(es^go sg& Atf 6'SS ^^a^). 4] They

themselves crossed the bridge (sFtfo&do

5jWe oureelves planned the project (s$r>

Note :-

JtesStfrSsfcoSodb^ personal pronouns &- "self"

.;. my-myself; she- herself; he-himself)

SSo&rS^ s^fig- "selves"

^x.;they-themselves;our-

ourselves) n'fo.... 'Reflexive

pronouns' itf^rfpooo.

J] Reciprocal pronouns

SS-Sbo

.1*. English Grammar 2tifi3$[id&

/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'

:.

i]These two sisters loved each

:other(&

tf&j ^^^^^<i,*)* 2] Students shoulc

help one another(^cpg^eov

8a^5 ^^6orS^g'aoi^^spO).

. 35&e ^^.ci&S^^8

S... "each other" o& ^^

K><^,.., "one another'"

Kinds of Adjectives

ves1 &- easso ^^ocorp aaftBoE?tf>. S -SsSfSr^....

1] Qualitative;

Adjectives, 2] Quantitative Adjectives, JNumeral Adjectives

4] Distributive Adjectives, 5J Demonstrative Adjectives, 6 ;

Interrogative Adjectives.

1] Qualitative Adjectives (fibDP^S* a^sic^Siwto);,.^

4)e,'SS|&-SSS^ rteS5e& 30d&^c&> S)1^ra^eD?&- "Quail]

tative Adjectives" gcp "Adjectives of Quality" o^ e>

'fie. :- Sudhakar is an honest man (&^ST ^

It is a tall tree (a atf-2Trf3.-Sdg)!- 8] Sakunthala is a hoU

woman (V&o&o Ztf^rtv d)! 4] We had an

2] Quantitative

tltative Adjectives1 ' ^ "Adjectives of Quantity" oft

..., "How much(iotf)?"

:

1]I have little money (^ .rg

), 2] Sujatha got w///cj>i,< nwks in

JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j

efiS[S>c&soSS* \rv

Sa).;

8]Mohan eats

rice-; f^u ^^"^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's

., money in her purse

3] NumeraltAdjectives (o?pg a"S^

69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo

"Numeral Adjectives9 '

^cy "Adjectives of .Number" ^^)

. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...

a) Definite

Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g'

Sul^es^xico,), b) Indefinite

Numeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo

""

a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,

\ Q .'O"

U'

. /

1]There are three members in that family

(

"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^sspS'jSjDar

8^ "three" ^& adjective.MsS^tf

!l

-' 'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -

Adjective"! ,,

*

2]1

Kalpana is studying second year B.Com.Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.u

ftS.

*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second

year" .'wA'1

adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'

4

a|sS'?v 30 c&

^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!

8"]Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*

J -, ,

' \

..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^BsritfgsSaaer'a-

-"several"'- s& adjective.'

eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,

4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^'

"many"

adjective- ''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-

ctive!' .

,

'

'

4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gefa

'rv rr-fo

... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^

J.V. English Grammai' Sill

i1

*,:*l]

Neither team scored a goal fia,

ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c

nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6<<s*

w/j .girl .eats a mango (p& Er>W R.B' r

5|Demonstrative Adjectives (-S)J

sS^o?i>- "Demonstrative Adjectivfes" ^

.v. :.

1]77/^.vt' buildings are on the hill ^ &^'co ff*c

2&w^a^.^

|

VY/C.VL:' books are old^ee [yVo^Uco >cJnj). ?J"|

girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4jI need f/;/^ bag

6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft

"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^oefc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject

ow box,is'this^fi

j6 ^^)? a]M:V//<

;

// girl go

rank(i

as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8]Wmrboo'ks do you likt

reading (tf&x;&*&fcSbS> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.

'.'whose, -which, '.what11 s& adjectives- -

wbox, girl, bo

noiins. SJ

j. a )Sro(-?^..l]

Adverb

Time, a]Adverbs of Manner,

3,]Adverbs of Quantity,

Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place,ft]

Adverb

Reason, 7]Adverbs of Affirmation, o

p

j

Adverbs of Negat

9]

'

Comparison of Adverbs,-10]

Two forms of Adverbs,

Interrogative Adverbs, 12]Relative Adverbs,

J.P; English Gr-amffiar'

81ac5[ic& ajoASi

:"1]Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>

&e. teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio

1

^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)-> "Adverbs

of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&o

aspfltooOT AsSi

o3r^otf.8j^es*a.i

"Now f Then, Already, Early/

Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,

To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id

1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Already

the child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}

Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late^"s>sSS, ^^j

[liS a.^ ^Co<b. w^jSgsirt;

sS,^TSic5j|'a). 4] My sister came'

yesterday. (& ^^afbS^ S^Sa),'6] I will meet yo\L

: to-morrow

2] Adverbs of Manner

rbs of Manner" <&& woAptib. .

.v.:,, \J

Chitra sings sweetly : (&\<& &&tf^r'

S^&dbd'aY 21 -

*

Our grand mother walks slowly (&* ftfc&S&s i3s%rr?; $<& ,

'ri>ou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I

,

' J- -^ '

\ .*>-,. 9 / . I

Jhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;

(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*

jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>

''

"

., ,

'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l -

.

'tfE&s&nv*...*

Adjectwe*& fisStfw-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo

.... <s'e Adverbs 'es)^\dio i)iT>S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-

Badly; Sad -Sadly etc. '.

:

:

J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J

31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (

Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... <3c&T?d&c> io^

^*V<c:r-r&- "\dverbs or Quantity1

* a ^o>.:L "Half, Partly,

wholly, Almost, Little, Quite. Much 1 '

t?&> Adverbs- <^&x &?5*

1] Swarna has finished half of the work (^6 r6?<^sSS) s$j* 6_j \ CJ 5 ^^

',*::&*,}. 2]He is ,/wn/r wrong(o^^) ^% S-J.^"^)! 3]

Sht took

.'' j':' time for cooking (s$ofc&^Zo ^w ?S&^3D &a^c6^6). 4")

Shj ii fj;//V{? happy with, her husband

vx ^ \

cCtxODr? 03 r.^ u ], .

.-'I His preachings are""W

4 Adverbs of Number

.... "Adverbs of Number"

**Once, Twice, Again, Never, Often, Firstly, Secondly, Three-

W,. Four- fold" <&%& Adverbs <^j- ^^^r-Ao

Anand -visited 'Madurai* once.

V 2l Sangeetba often goes to temple (;-6oAu5 tfw/ J V/

4

B6&oiS). 0]We are expecting tnree-fold rise of o\.r

bir-iness ; ^^u r^> s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv

ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,

~o uU ^

41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*

5] AdYeriis cf ^

xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .

^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1

*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There

Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',

LP..- English Grammar.

_ ,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'

& Adverbs

.1]She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >]

He "came 'here

^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc

1

). |j]There is a book shop near the

temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a

canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&

6] Adverbs of. Rca>on

) iciar* J&D5 ....

uAdyerbs of Reason'

1

o) eo&p^b. "As,

.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-

^s(Jo

(3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!

'

l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever s

ciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo83^tfs5A.>?&). a].

As she is

fifteen she could no ballott^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...

T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^35*ax>f5a). a]

The 'director is' ill, hence.

the meeting postponed ^jrB

^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>

^^^D HpooCT5

sSd?6<S>). 4j Gopi.is attending ,a marriage 'and is

therefore unable to come-(/^2)

7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj

n*.... "Adverbs' of,Affirma-

tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"

f

Adverbs- ^c^ ASS<arA6tf3aS&(

.. f ^s [.06

ll yes, sheis a' good daiicer(37*fe,

^^> a>^ sCooS)$jfs)!

,.

2]

.By all/means Amani" is a suitable bride

IP. English Grammar

sS$S%)! 3]Surely they will

pass.(C\tfsfc>rps?&

g?BPdb). 4r]'Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr

8] Adverbs of Negation -(gS"3sg*>

- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri

"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-

1JHe has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:

home work(s^db

s-a -

sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj]He is- not at all

gooti lawyer

Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao4

Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'

9] Comparison of Adverbs- (<^#& $&>'

?rtftf&j ('dn

, sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoO

fSdtp .'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"

"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1

'degree

1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltive

degree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''

Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of all

Suerlative Degree^

;

2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ;. TJ / .,

Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f

S sS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..

J.P. knglish' Grammar -

* * ^.. _..

______ _______ _., rT^ ___ .__

earliest"of all-.(crtf-

WO&CDS'O "&,-..

Superlative Degree:

10]Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$

1

. "Two

forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-

Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8-

1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office(rfo^aV scpfoA

3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job

2] a) Lavanya came uear-ioRamani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'

rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related

8] a)Kamala studies. //rm/

(ssSbo 6'.^4

rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'

-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work

11] Interrogative

^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo[jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogative

Adverbs*' ^ w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-

1]./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.J

l

did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8]fK/z^re are .you '(fog)

^' deep, is this yell(.tfa

12] Relative adverbs -

i)(Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo

J,P. .English Grammar

i

L,

"Relative Adverbs."

-v. : .

1] .

Nahatha lovedliis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won the rac

.. ,, ,

i

, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO

2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied'

'

child' hood (> a>a6*8

BD^,,, s^^b &jcn?vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^

'

,'.

t

N.;

_

' '

ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj

^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4

l.p,s\ selection w/ft

'

exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^

'Adverbs' ^

Kinds of Prepositions (M'

'Prepositions^

2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phraseprcposiiioais,

ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.

!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'

&*;. To; (6,6).

;From (&04 ):

on ^-). upon(Sbc; ).

Near(N

JJ

J.P. English Graaimar.

-

W___ _^i]

The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^

S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J .''_ '

.

JL I *"^ **>

"

Crf'is,."!*

-o.^o) Sea& ^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4jWe will work //'c//;;

.iiorning till evening -;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^

"" >

2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.

. .

- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.

fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib-i

(Adjective^ ^.^r-

^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,i;A 5

V 4Be"

S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.

prepositions'1

;;

: '''&&&<>&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.

;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)?

. Across

etc.ii)

,^^l

^.S) etcv

'

iii)J/i'side

'

prepositions

ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.

' V .a

:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-

3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- the

temple..^leea^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankar

built a house behind Gandki statue^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT

3aS' .-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-

vali(SS'SSI

1 .c^ou

3}. Phrase

"preposition1

.,^^ ;

Jc^^'

%>% ;

'i<S...^g.".^.5i^-*:".Phrase -

Prepositions1 '

.^^.J.^O&SP^. ';".; . ;'' ;.

;

ulnfront of , In course of, In addition toy By virtue of, Be-

cause of^ Away from, Along with" .^^prepositions ^- ^^'

Wammar

i]In aJJiton to physics he

*

is teaching Chemistry (?

S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci

8]/uc-ow/'je <;/ time he will change his nund

55a^& ii- rof&^. -.41' ^^ w

'

7 "'*- Ms application'"'""-' ''' '''-

sent his certificate'

copies also; (tftfefo^,

4j Participle Prepositions (|8d&^Jf Ptfjgtf

s-^5L: xr:&- prepositions s^2!*o^aS ..... Sfa^ present pai

ciples- 'prepositions' Sa'^S^csaa. ajfl sSd>e>jS>'

"partici

prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'

Regarding,"

considerihgv pendu

gi^s - prepositions- & i

ljConsidering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once

(^

cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o i

ei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\

rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter(c55r5

<

F& sSoflDOHJ^xrp ^ MJfifSaoS* &t)oS&)/ 8]He was warned

his. officer about the files "he kbpt in pending

5], Appropriate

'prepositions* &- "Appropriate Prepositron&"4<Abide by (^iaiA- oi:o&), Accountable to

,

('sss^GM-

i&o*), Bound for(id6e'3jCli)&) 1

- contented with'(^2> S"

:prepositions--; p

t .(poe):..M"

s rcVtn

'J. P. English. Grammar 89'

. _-~_o.__,___;_____________________s____

1]All the players have to abide *

.umpire fa.

isoeroj. 2] The clerks are accountable to their.

'

officer-

TheExpress is ^W/>,- Kew Delhi (*:**** ^-

a). 4] Oangaram 'is. f^/?r^u-/iS" his i

-Prepositions^

/fc^.'

'-.' . .

1] Prepositions denoting point 6f Tj ffle

.

^ .SBO& S^- 'prepositions'^-'Trepositions denotingpoint of Ttmc" aa oofj-es. "By, Fmm, Before,' Since" US- pre-

"

1JYou must come back 'by 4 o'

SJ&s'^-saA o-art). 2] Baby will go to school from iQih;Ju

(*~$ Z*& $Z- &o& $>* ,a;

8S^^oS). 8]'

I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend

(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa

_sfa&*& ^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991

(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &osSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.

'',

2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-ia

i.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.

v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^

"

1J She shall be tack /W an

S] He applied leave fo, a week (<?*

J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,

_K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT

<3P& 1>|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for three

years (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D<5e

&Q&^&c3*v^V 4!* "j ' J

You must construct this shed w/r///w a month r^' 3o rVo

f: " Period of Time '& >o8o$;5 prepositions &. 'point

of TiiAe' & S)d&^dS-SSpt)o& ^oei) op^ae5b. si "&.,.. Point ofCO

os:o$oC^ prepositions &~. /Period of Time' ^ BDcAStfsb^ sSao&

'

-of Conjunctions

1] Co-ordmatin'g conjunctions, 2] Sub-ardinating Conjunctions

8]Correlative Conjunctions, 4] Phrase Conjunctions.

1] Co-ordinating CoHJunctions(&&o SsSw^cabsSwcjo):^^'^ ^^^^ ^^<^)^cJio "So&

op^g<Ks5^ (clause) e&- "Co-ordinate Clauses" && eso^do. qd ^A-S ^^^o.aodfo 'Co.

ordinate Clause' o&> S'OD^ .

'fSSa^cSsiB' o^- "Co-ordinating

"-Conjunctions" ^a- e5odcp6. "And, But^Botla, Also/ Not, Yet,.

"Therefore, Then, too, Only" e&> ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o

'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-

ring(55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o ,

:^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!

). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?</ my mother is in a!

8]He is a good doctor hut is not a good mon

atisa Singer ? Soblii

jf.t*. English Grammar 41. ttr$[!>c&

sioA

is a dancer both are friends(OjjS rvo^S, $* tf

2] Subordinating Conjunctions

:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,l

Sub~ordjnate

'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling

ctions &9^)

v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did not

study well

vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"

&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *, -J

.

'

.not study well',

.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa."eig

... 'Principe! Clause*

.Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"

*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.

Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&oo)C3b^

/<sSc>;&>1

- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11

&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmg

conjunctions1

^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&

1]As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school

(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS....wd^

3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].

Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS"Ssc^

sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp<ao^r&). 8]iSekh&r's dead-

body 'was kept there witi! his son came^wtfa

^^p&eio sSS^, sSesSip.... ~$5 &^tf

cS^Sxo iai&^3'6otfao4Sa), 4]You will not

be appointed iu this job vnlgp* ypu get your degree

3] Ccnrrelative Conjunctions (titfS^tf Soaotf tfsto^

J,P. English Grammar.

'42esfy&dft eioASi \r

, sjiroC"3

"Correlative Conjunctions'1

a ua.j&. "Either.. ..or,

ther. ...nor, Not only.,, ..but'

also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,

1]Blether attend the work 0/

1

. go home(^330 3

.|^> 36j)j'a]Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo

"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;

S'tfCiotfeai^n'S)

^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa).3

|

He is //^/ onl.

doctor- ftw/fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...

iB*fl^rc?j! 4]

Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul

wellies35

|^|S^,... 'tftf

4] Phrase Conjunctions

rs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase1

-'conjunctions' -553 <

/avtarfatfe^pM,, e}3 opfiiJ-' "phrase conjunctions'*. ej*rD epc.\\T".

uln order that, As soon as, As well as, Even if, , As if" ^

l] They studied well uiard'er itm they -may get ranks in the

entrance test(sycfc ^rp TSOsS Sc^^&o^

tog {ir*]o,.,.ss?'cSo U,P

i^&r. SSfiKff8

'

AS^oa STDCSsScS^fi). 2]The train .will leave th

station; as.-soon ap.the guard is given green signal(n*6"i5c#

^oC

*-....' wotf

)* 3] Pakistan as well as India is the member count rj

of SAARC ' " - ...

. If -she resigns her job I will, not exec use her behaviour

gK^s^ o4a-sij Sft^ ^3..... ^ Laa'tf rt& &

.

5"].She behaves always ^'-//she was princess

Daina

j.P. English Grammar 4y"

x,,!xJ8JLJ____:__

,----.------- . ............._________________

*"______^

Kinds of Sentences (^tee tfgi

-

"sy-sfgSSs (sentence)"

|9oO "(go 3&j)" ^

'.;.. "Youfc go (fo^,

Sfi> , _j o

si<S sp^'^)r? iei^biioSjas^ ^r^(S fiaa.<4

S)5'Sj(^ sj*^<?sS ('Singlely

,o**

^ G) \ ^

word Sentence)" S). S'Sii)i-j&. sjg.../'Come here", "go there"

."a?S5^ ^c.'^a". /(-Double word Sentences)" ai iu ty, ,

,\ - / .

,.

'oaoff ss-tfg&TeaD- [SS^co^r?" c3*ooVfc cr^S^eo! &s?j iisS^r?1

....1

il As-.

sertiv'e Sentences, 2] Interrogative Sentences, 8-1 Imperative

.Sentences, 4] Exclamatory Sentences.

1] As&ertlve Setences(6sSr5j^ SpeTgSjoew):. ^ tss,cdo-

"Assertive

1]Cat drinks milk (iO rco [O^^^V ke

SP^J^SJOa.&' ^^io&

'

"Does cat drink milk >

(ifi' '"

|

2].She 'does not read Epglish or 'Tamil

tfe3tfgS

B3f Sfid3ocSo- "sei>" ^ Ss5v>

"Does she read-English or Tamil (<&"&> c^o^'

tfa

" l

Assertive Sentences' -. aafl1

"3o& S4fsSeon atffibsSwfljSB.. a)

Affirmative Sentences, b) Negative Sentences,.

'

'

ci) Affirmative SentenS(^crtfes sp^^sS^oi) :-' a,

^^ Bo?6o{fi5y^g5:)Xie??5D-

"Affirmative Sentences"

J.F. English Grammar . '.44;

jShalini is a girl -

(SpOS .&

s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';

Z>j Negative sentences

f J i(- f. r TTi

"

v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ I

tit} I'^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!

"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :<.i]

She does not, tabtea

(ssSj)&

Sa^ji). 2]He is not a good man

2] Interrogative Sentences( 1^

^sSsbS^'^s^ sr-s'g.^asDSB. "Interrogative Sentences" ea^)

-v.:.

1]Who are you

(fo;>. ^^)? .

2] What are you

(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g]Where is your sister

(&, ^Co'O

SiSji}? 1] May I go home(S

3] imperative Sentences.

^ "Imperative Senten-ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :

.ijstand up onthebenc

X^)- ^j^ease give me your book (&'c&3f

~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us(

(

(fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left I

God, save my motherland(tfap cf !

4j Exclamatory Sentences

^o^c.x --L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"^ a^S. .\\: .

i]what a fool I am

(^. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are

(tfe

^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (<&>& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj

i

tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!

.

,T

7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'

.- , e3&iJjcJ '

,w

NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?

^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv-1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'

tence, "8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"

OP& ^

and ;

'

..,

arisSooV-.-:

'

"'.

:

,J , /

"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-

^r^g- or

11 Subject u i

* Pronoun r

%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^

"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"

2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^

o'cSo-' "Predicate"

Subject -. Predicate

'The ring ^o^tfsSa)-is made of gold

She fes^)-'

'

smiled j$3&^

Cat:|^>)-. ". 'drinks milk

[5rao'

Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d:

.

o.^b)!

.Ravali tfsS'?-,

"wrote ".a letter''

. ^o '". 'Subject*

/predicate' 6

.

:

. d /-predicate1

j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,

'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&.... 'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3

*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^. "Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter

^/.;.1] ^ ^aa

2] tfe[.^d&

8]

B,!fa..*otaoa

"predicate"

subject

The cow

Ranjith

fjr (Subject)!

PredicateVerb

is

saw

grass.

black"

a tiger.

an elephant'

-at down

.sr.sfgSbe.Si

S* ri-

L *

]-Stand up

"Subject"

J.P. English Grammar ,47

They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3]Sarika cooks

(

4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).:.

1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es

2]

T

, A-. : . priya;

(Subjects^ )eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes

'

PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao

- "Phrase. Clause"'

Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'

... 'Clause5

I] Phrases

$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"

io6

l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa

33c&^a). 2]Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many

Gopal is a good teacher for several Students(

^Sp^T ao sioO -

drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava

RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb

RJ.

-

a)Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c)

Adverb phrases.

J.P. English Grammar

a) Noun phrases.

cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'

?S25anoci&^'?Soi

- "Noun phrases" a

1]Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^

^es^gsfoe*.... "Child

11

^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^- 'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" <& Noun- "to deliver a

child" & 'sSrfioo'($S0"c|SS!in

l

nB

S^6otfroa,4

NQim phrase'

S] Sulochana is carrying # basket offlowers (&>

&e*rfrS fefe^^ '36&^a).; ^e sp^g^o6"e..,. "is carrying" w&^Sdfi

'objects' rv &c5^- "basket, flowers" &&> 'nouns1 SSa^-^

"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1

m^fi.

.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t

6o^Q-r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco

1

- 'Adjective* S3 sS

sp<s3S- "Adjective phrases" w

1]The

pen|o;? the fable *s yours(j!:.;-:r

j

toc-Sxv.;'c'l.^)

tfo:'o. JbflV1

(p"oh the table" wii ScSSwe ?S,-.^srffiAV- Adjectives

', v . "The penMe5c^ 'noun' ab^^

^o&doSerS,...' Adjective phrase*

2]Gowtham is "a political' leader wjw has a oo<I

c/uuwterfob}&>'&& /^^Sb- eug" tP2djo

KPcSfiSoefo)!^o sycr^v^

8^ "Leader" gcrttGowthamn.e& 'NoutfA ^e3oO- S)4:iesA:nB

S^aSrJ- "who lias

a good character" eac&tfa- 'Adjective phrase' &.

c) Adverb phrases (|Sd&* S"Sftc sp^gi^fl^eM):. &

Sp ... a,^- 'sip'djofSsSacpdSbsSjs, (phrase)

1

- 'Adverb' S3. ."Adverb phrases" ^.TI aso.v^Co. tfe Sofl

IP. English Grammar -

i]Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf

g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb' -3 sS

2jRace horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &

Koto* *&* c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".

& phrase- 'Adverb' ^

'

u^- "clauses W6 ,8

IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva

'

ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,^gsssff.....

"that \h

award" u!&aa .'

phra,e.

S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6

_ .

|

2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s

,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf

B

istructed" ,,Ll^^ ^

constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'

KINDS OF CLAUSES---

-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses

AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS -SB. ..^. Ma ^ .

J.P. English Grammar 50

,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive

'Clause'^ *o&&. ^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"

ArS^Si."Govind has a foreign car

1

>5d& "which- is very ex-

pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)

"Govind has a foreign car(/

dfio.^&)M

&5^ 'Clause' sSri^S

^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>

)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,

B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'

clauses"

.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensive

SS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii ^WcScofa-^dfo).^8 s^^:^.,.. "which

is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^

fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf

3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd'

Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.

KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^

5^ffgo^&os3 tf&x

6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^

"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*

"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8].Adverb Clauses'

1]Fdoun Clauses

(spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));-a.S'

lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"

XV. English Grammar

.v,:-l"J

I knoW'f/w/ 1

she {$ a good teacher

;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2]I differ from what he says (o^c^

O:'vCjo(v)<x)- ^<^o

cDiyuitopftS^c^) J. SJ The fact is thcit she is cible f *-*

do the work (<&&>os & ScubdoSb (SsicJ)Oo&c5a

KS^gSio)! 4] It |scertain thai she will come to-morrow

Siorr5 .... "Noun Clauses" ca^j^L-l

That'^ r^r^

'what's* rv

2] Adjective Clauses (a'l^esi sps'gofi6^^ 'Nouri

5^ n*$ 3cs?4

pronoun'&> r?Ri. *qualify* S?r SS^-..

'clause1

'

o&- cs?irv> -

1

Adjective''

o^ "Adjective Clauses" <&&

-1]She is the girl M'/WJ J loved for the last three nwnths

&P(& Soco rr i^?^ [t^oO?6i ^'B ^j^as>3)! 2]This is the pen

which Host yesterday (&Z>^&

S^rTdg r^ai ^-e ^osSS)! BjSankar is a boy w/w /,v Ao/A chver-and mischievous (SOS) sS:*5c"J:x:

pen, boy" .e^Ki 'Nouns'^)* fcs'-tfdosrtf sS^?5 'adjective clauses^

qualify t3&^oco.

NOTE :. ^^tfea&oiT "adjective clauses" &&- "who,, whici^^

whom" 23 J& i(isSjiOcJa iSrc?o^SrFoco. -5)

4

Noun'?(b- qualify

iSd&dcSr8..- 3 Noun cSdb5Jfif l3.-...

*

adjective clauses* - c&oi^o-j:.

3] ADVERB& sp^QSS^Q"

8^ 'Adverb1

"adverb clauses" ^^ woijcfi."Sjfi^

0.6. i)Adverb clause of Time, ii)

adverb, clause of place,

iii)adverb clause of purpose, iv)

adverb clause of Reasoii,

v] adverb clause of condition, vi)adverb clause of '-compa-

J P. English Grammar

risen, vii)adverb clause of

. result, viii)adverb claxise of

supposition, ix)adverb clause of concession; x) adverb

clause of manner.', ,.

i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5<?otf):;.' se33$c& ?or>aop_ 'Adverb clause'&- "advcrbl

clause of time'?

es!0- $$o$j*&. . *.

Ex. i- When 'the teacher enters, 'the students stand

loSiSSoO&Syci c3*|oo3 &oa}&'p&)* ^Ta 33^jiff's adverb clai?se

"When

ii) Adverb ciap.se of place"

(JOG jS^cJJT |Jc^> "s^^w:* ?SoSixc& ^pfiodb 'Adterb' clause^- "adverb

clause of place"

^. : . The woman searched -where she lost her, purse (&& cip^'o

jSoOfl- ^/rg^&S^^^o^

^)'3tf5?S<5). ^e sp^g&3^^ 'adycrb

clause' ^^ "where" & sStfSjx>- 'placet f

ill) Adverb clause of Purpose '(^

" 4

adverb clause* &>- "adverb clause of purpose"

^-v, : , Swetha serves hot so that .the guests"may enjoy the

dishes (

/Adverb clause' ci\t)t

"so tliat" ^ri ^':;

,

I?) Adverb clause of Reason (~&$

^^ s^^goW^w):. tr>&^^ So* 5ptfss>^& r$X)oD *-adverb

clause1^ -'Adverb clause of Reason" <y> woipcS,

8]J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli

% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft

properly (ggrfsSa^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3

'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"

Adverb clause of Condition

T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will go

if Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefcSS^sSff* estfefc

'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-

i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>

'

Adverb Claused-

Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,

JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&

?Sa).^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"

'Clause1

^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"

clauses*.'[Sdab (Verb)'

g^b. "&33....^gi ^clause'

s- *than Padmaja'

vii) Adverb clause of Result

SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4

^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'Adverb

Clause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.

Bx. :. Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rv

tseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a4^

4

Adverb Clause*

*- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^f& f^ag^a.

viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb

'^-<cAdverb Clause of Supposition" &

J*P. English Grammar o4 83<!&c& ejoASi |j

*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o

ftrSS)!^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if" <&

ix}Adverb clause of Concession

*?5^a5 s^S'goft'^w):. tf^e& ^-OoC^.

^Adverb Clause'^;"Adverb clause of Concesssion" '.o&pfio,

^-:- Though Latha is poor she Is honest ^o^ "!>&o*a> .

'

Adverb' Clause'^^-

x) Adverb clause of Manner

^^ sr-^o^);.fa^^^ ,.3o 'fle'a ,^OD^ 'Adverb*

Clause'*:- "Adverb clause of Manner* *a fij-efi.|i

> ": Pleasc do ^ 7 f^

'

'Adverb Clause*

CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,<- -xw):. '.-^ a^,,^ (Construction of

Sentence)' &-c-2og ^a^. .^ Simple Senteiicej 2J Complex s;nte_

-e, ] Compound Sentence" w&

. .~ )M Phrase, clause o

*&i*&s : aso^fic.

Simple sentence , ^^^ -v s ,,v ,_ fc.

,

'geixij:. -Subject's*

'Simple Sentences'rp "t^,

'2]

w

Complex sentence(SoJ| a-JfgSu):. ^ 'Main

Clause'^ &8c&) a,SBrpK) Scy a.g'e ^o^ iSb^Sn-B 'Sub-ordinate

Clause'e& ^eftdfc!^ sa-jfja&."CompJe3t Sentence" ^ wot-fi

1]Let me know where you were studied

csfi)^5*^ SOR^a^oA)! A B-tfjSae' "Let me know" a8aS' *Main Clause' ^adSb "Where you were studied"

'Sub-ordinate Clause' o> <&?6\s.

*?]Give me your pen which is in your pocket

bD"ko&j& a- ^od)! ^sspSgSicfir

8- "Give me your pen

Hw& 5"

'Main Clause9 J

&6clo "Which is in your pocket" s&- =,^*'Sub-ordinia.te Ciause e AS^a.

3] Compound Sentence(sbsj^ggs^) : . "Sub-ordinate

Clause" u&;3a. ^&' 1 S&^&-.... So&rpa, eotfSoc i&, ^

na- 'Main Clauses' &?^ sp^gsS^^.<(

Compound Sentence" e^^

ij Rajesh was ill and therefore he was absent from office

.

"Rajesh was ill" &6d& "Therefore he was absent from office"

'Main Clauses'-&<5^a.

2]The examinations were over and hence the students vacated

"hostel (SSS^OD 8>&*acfc r^aifi.... Sa^^Cooo sS^d ^^sSx-^6: ^rl\ 50 8) ui eJ

w^pab),fd

spg'gsSx^,-.."The examinations were over" &Sdjb

"Hence the students vacated hostel" o& ~do& 'Main Clauses'

NOTE : . ^O SD 'Main Clauses' ASj 'compound sentence'^-

J.P, English Grammar 66__ m _ ___ *_ - .

compound sentence* &* "Multiple Sentence

3.,.. 'simple sentence*& Complex sentence1

'complex sentence^- 'compound sentence'r?^; \simplo

tence'^- 'compound sentence* r^& ($.*..uSentence

Sentences

NUMBER(Noun)

S5tf&:a&- Q$rg$$tf&>n%*. l] Sin

Number, 2] Plural Number" ea&

1] Singular Number (&&$$&>) ;- a-tfflr?

^d&- Ass (n-flJ) fPen

(tfo&>),Box

( fc), Woman

sSS^ sy>^^tf^ sS^^e&^ "Singular Number*'

2] Plural Number (8DoK)^?5sixi):*'5oefontt

g^ ^ga BDoft3d&. Asses

) 5Boxes ("35*) Women (^) S

Plural Number" e^K) e^o4^&.

FROM SINGULARFORM TO PLURAL FO1

'Nouns' &~

1] Spqr^s^rr>..., 'Singular Number*^ aj$^c?e Nouns S

"s" e*& ^&D Sc&eo^OfS,*., e^S) 'plural number1

A\: .i]

cat(fc>)

cats(ig)e). 2] dog (&

(&tfj.e3o). 8] boy (as-exrfi) boys (ss-eofii). 4] girl

girls (spO^ex))* 5] pen (tfosia) pens (^oSioco).

2] Singular Number 8* $&%. ^^ &&wtf$ sS&)&oe"us, ss,

ch, x" 9& w<tf&oe* ^ JiS7^cco.

eojfl

if. English Grammar 67 &3[fcc&

EA-. : . ll gas (sycifo^) gases (cdo>aD). 2]bus (SDO^_-

buses (&>o&>). 3] ass(rr&tf)

asses(n-&tfeo) 4]. kiss

(&>&) kisses (2&&e). 5]bush

(STtf)bushes

(S^sf-:).

6l brush(ssboS)

brushes (&o3e). 7]branch (S^^&^Y_

branches(3ix> r&^eo). 8]

watch (rtdcptf&3) watches

). 9]box

(~S>!>)boxes (I^OD). 10

j pass

passes

8"j Singular Number tJ5

*plural

"ies"

.s.

1] city (?SKtfx>; cit/^(SKtf&aeQ). 2]

'^ ?tf&tfs5e). 3] country (StfjSao)countr/*?-s

4] story (^^)stores ^tfc). 5] family (&aaoa>5Sca)

-

family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .

c

y

oe.... e^a 'plural number'

tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao)

ray^ (S^^^). t~

kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo)kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey

journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-

4]

6c

number1

Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe)mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]

her

/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo

IP. English Grammar 53

. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc

tf3$s3) 5]buffalo

(Tte)buffelo^

(7?3e).

vnumber* e

**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g]

radio

zs*f^radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^

(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4]bamboo ^o^o)

-

'

borriboo^

5] canto (so&) canto^-(s*o^^ex)).

5] Ts* rp f

fc

fe'5* r?Sj d<&K> "Singular Ntiihber'

sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4

i

:-1]

leaf (&) leavw(^s&ex)}.' 2]

Toaf

(cro^^j-OD). 8]life (^S^&D)~ K^

4] knife (&) knivw(^&es>). 5]

thief(fiTotf )

_ thic'vr.'

NOTE ^ 4

f'^ ^CP4

fc'5*

#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L̂ &o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms

;-1] hoof

(Btfj.)hoof*

(atf^ea). 2jroof

S] proof <(*tfj&Sb) proofs(iOi>

tfjrf

4] dwarf(si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs

(^.SEO^^CO). 5jsafe

safe^sj&sSl^). 6]

strife

form* ^o5- 'plural form' S&^:-

1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]i^ teeth

j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5

). 3] women (A)_ won^n'

(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ <

'

v'' ( v J i

Olsiab! .v.:-

IJmouse (;>*) mice

(aaTtfcfi

). 2]1o7se

7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>., agStev... *plural numbers' r^^

&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1

dj*SsSa3db.

Ex. : .

1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV

8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors(^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS

CS^D); 6]annals

(^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe.

, ctacles^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.

PF I

.

^

8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^

A-. : -

ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3]

Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics(bajo

5] News.(sKf) etc.

9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1

s*;^,

: .

1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer(gafo-^), 8] swine

, 4]cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon

*

etc.

'nouns'

4ofiroa. ll dozen-*

(o(jo<&[co), :3]gross (So^o&'XsSoLao&jea) 3] hundred

, 4]thousand ^3ca|3e)' 5]

score ^e^a/X)), 6] pair

XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifiaj

-v. ; .]]

This air cooler costs three thousand rupees

5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2]She sole

five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc

10j

&'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL'nouns'....

- "^ "Compound Nouns"

1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-

ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor

step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci

) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5]Maid-ser

vent(tiSS&a'co)

Maid Servants ("&S&ot

o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief

*

singular numbers* r? ^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*

^i3 c^O^OM.^

*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle(sSai^e) etc.

lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo ScsKio^goSj n&- 'singular number*

&oS 'plural number' & ^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>

opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as

1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence(

a^oSao 4

:2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vwtfoft). 2] The teacher

6's and three 12*s on the black board

13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f

'plural BUmber'o*. &gtf sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S

.....,, .v .

.

j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61

1]tin

(tfrftf&o)-tins

'

(tfol6j). 3] copper

(3&V fishes

, quarters

), 2]iron

($&sb>)- irons

coppers (a*A

spSsSaeo). 4] fish

). &] quarter

Gj spectacle

7]

io)- spectacles

customs

9]

lights

12"] respect

- goods

. 10

force ('j)-- respects 13] good

uren"

!

Ex,*,i]

ox(i)gb)

*

(4co), 8]brother

!

s^ix))brethren (e,

^'

151 eitftf

^^05)-

2J

cbild(a

brother^

children

'Nouns1

- Bases

(A) 'Greek9

s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1]Axis (<) Axes

21 Analysis (agJeaS&o)- Analyses . ^0#83fS3$e). 8] Basis

). 4]Criterion

([jS&pee&o)..Criteria

Crisis(f5ot>5>&)-

Crises

! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses

'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim

). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim

fCJ 'Italian9

Bandits

:- Bandit - Banditti,

f'

.

'

J.P. English Grantniai i'-;au^icfc ^oM^ ni

.Gender (eofto;,

&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen

2]Feminine Gender, 3]

Common Gender,!,]

Ncuicr li

1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&

*:- Boy (E?CO&),Man (sii^:^^}, He

(aC5^), His(

j3^^.) Him^wfiJaa)

etc.

2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d

'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders11

c^A oo.>

A:,:. Girl ^^sf), Woman (^ ; ),She

(im"3>),Her ^& i3t'i

Hers^waofi)

etc.

3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,

.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns

1

fi^ 'Pronouns';

"Common Genders" <a>Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor(;;5^.;^X La*

yer (^goi)s^s),Friend

(&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief(w'o^), Pu;

"(ODDSS)>Baby C^ 35

).FOQ

(^L&^)' l ^& )>

You

(s3&), Them ^5^0 )etc.

4] Neuter Gender(

4

'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book(^ofiJS), Pt

sS) f Chair(^fi^^,

tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj

),It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$

etc.

From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;<'

! J p. English Grammar 63 *$\L<&

A) 'Masculine Gender' sStf3o& uStftf- "ess"

11

Sayi ^o -.. a-*

Feminine Gender 1

n ir^5'

.v.:- 1]Author (tfrfotf)- Authored

(tfrfoaj*). 2] Poet().Poet^v (sSQ[G). 8]

Heir(sptf&efo). Heir^v (W&oex>).

4']Priest

(wtf^&efo)- Priest^i-(ftstf^&D-a)). S]

Lion(fcosS^sSaa^.

Lion c\w (ss* &o&&:>). 6]Host (o(& '"Sa4^efo). Host^j? (o&

4) 7]Patron

(2J*5iSbefo)-Patron^'J

^^Sba-sxi). 9]Gaint

B)

"ess"

x.:-1]

Actor(<&>&>)- Actress

(J6fl). 2] Founder

(|psS&icp). 8]Murderer (sSotfSb&)-

. 4]Prince

(ct&sSc^)- Princ^j (cS&ScpsS). 5] Tiger

- Tigris- (^do^^j). 6]Master (o&23&a)- Mistr^5 (c^3

.

7J Emperor (^(fsSj>)- Empr^w ^tf^sS_6a). 5]God

C)

o& sSyfl^ ^e-..*wD- '^o^ SS^sSxj'san8 ^OS^COD. ^v.j-l]He.-

goat ^is'^db)-she goat (&&t}. 2~\ Pea-cock (&X 3&o)-

pea-hcn (3&3aaO). 8] Cock-sparrow (&rtMr,V hen-sparrow

(es&i-&;.s). 4]He-buffallo (fiaSj^tf;)-

She-buffalo(ria).

5] Land-lord" ^^So) Land- lady (sxpSr^SScR)). 6]Washer-

man(cpSkE3*&)-

washer woman ^^a). 7]Jack-ass

(s^K

rvfici). Jenny-ass (fl&rrficJ). ft]He-bear (&^ ^ea^eoe3).She

bear & ia>^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf

D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy

J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins

Girlfc--6i). S]

Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinster

i'jHusband

($')-Wife (Wg). 4] Father

(tfo|_a)-Motl

(cf:\ -5]Cock

(gMssos?)- Hen(i^aib'do). 6]

Son (j^tfDaughter 'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^

"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9]Wizard

(&poLp&fc)- Wit

f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10]Ram

(gpjsea)- Ewe '-

(&/T'S). 11] Li

^a:&}. Lass(a?S^).. 12]

Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :

"]Drake

(j^rr&)- Duck

E '^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'

! lv,

IjHero

i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine

(^5p^dt6&c78

ex)). 2] Execut<

^rr^-^iifcj.. Executrix(aa^oJ*&cpeo). 3] Proprietor

r?5':'- proprietrix(frotftfig).. 4} Widower

* it,owV^;I^)- 5j Fox

(^o^)~ Nixen (

Bride-groom (i&&). Bride (&$)., .'

Case(sif)-- sr-^^6^- 'noun* e3c^ 'pronoun' &*....

caseas . 6:-4iioi. xo ...

g*&^ ^ofifS^^xjear8. 'pronouns'^ ^i

A -^ i/" % ' ,v ',

* /^o c ft'' """ X* H' i ~! *TLTa.,3 ca.e fc jjsjw .

jj Nominative or Subjective Caser^Objec.ive Case, g] Vocative Case, 4] Possessive Case" wS

1] Nominative or Sabjective Case(,*

a.S'si'S'gi^'ioii- 'Subject ,'*'

i')' ^ Ar̂ , nou

."g^j'-yi "Nominative or Subjective Case"^ An'd7a"'"" *

: '

:' --'^:..-?i \x-^o:r-.i!

JP. English Grammar 65

1]The dog is a faithful animal (gb^

* B-tf^Sna* 'Subjcct'n- & 'Noun*, 'dog' &Sa. sa4

Subje-ctive Case's* Atf^a.

2]Kumar kicked the ball (&&*& 00aa #3^0- *3 ^ f-'-^S

"Kumar 11w& 'Noun'- Subjectir ^o&r:...,t

subjective Case* c"

2] Objective case(a^fcdfc. atfJ)u *s ^^^ 'Object

l

noxm(c^sSaa-^sSa)

1

.... iS*"e 'Objective Case*

1]Chitra sang a song (^ ^

'Object1^ J&S^ Noun "song

11

e&Sa. ^a 'Objective case's*

2]The pen is in the

'^^^e/j^essic 7-W^

'object' r? &^ Noun- "pocket" && qa- 'objective case**

Note :- a.^^6 a,"g sp^p^a^.... Bo& Objects* Ao&-b

55tfi^f&.

^-v -:- Renuka gave Chandrika a valuable ^/// tfo&-8^ "gave"

- "Chandrika" ^QC&D u^ift" & -Boefa 'objects

1

"gift" e&6fi ^^^)! "Chandrika" cs&sa- sS^ a!!4^*

fS 'objects'^- "direct objects*' e^fc, sSr^b

o& 3ofi?6 'objects1^- "indirect objects'

1

^fc eao^dij. 'Indirect

Object'rv* 6^ 'nouns'^- "Dative Cases(tf&fi $Soe)" ea?S

3] Vocative case(gofi^tfSJ'g* S)tfJ)v

3,c3 SbeotfLtoSb ArjSc3j-Ao^s>efo 'nouns1 s- "vocative case

1 *

J.P. English Grammar 68 &\&ti& soAS [n*

.v.:. 1" 06W? forgive nie

(L 5$)^ t tf&^L

QSvetka* come in, L I^BP,fi^sSCfi

cr-)! g] G7/7,?, sit down(e?

A'0/<? :- 'Vocative Case's* & 5pSiFrf&:?i Sto^s*

41 Possessive case (siS^ssJ ):- .&J \ *_a /

''object" si&2- 'subject-' cSatf^ Sp^o^rr5^ ^CP subject

Mir:3 (possession)r?^ AcS^db.... ^d3 'subjecl'rv

*nouns*r:> "possessive cases" Sc?. "genitive cases

Ev.:- Ramya bought Mecna*s car^ef&g

i] Keerthana has taken officer's charge(fitfS

-

s^tfri ?^5cSf5:). ?] Baby took Brings book Vz

AVw :-

/i) ^^sss^^ 'verb'fe SaoiS 6S^ 'noun1- 'sxabjectlv

case' *=!--; "verb1* tfiisptf 4^ 'noun

1

-'

objective case* <5 ;i

o-v. : . The ^iV/ kicked the ball

oc:!). "kicked" e& 'verb's

'subjective case1 ^^

fg&^g ^ -ball" ^Si ^oup 1

. 'objcctive case' e^rCr- Ar^. ;

.

'

;. ,;,.;,,.,

"

} r

.Vtf/tf ...

(ji^ f^^tfsian. g,,^ 53tf sSaiotf '-'preposition' tf5.vc4S5sA.tfs5^. 'noun

1

rpfc t 'pronoun' rpfe.... 'objective case'

*"!- AO^OSS. ^-:.l]

The pen is on the table(sf

.

S^a). 2j Sujatha is angry ,>/, 7, ;e , ^g,Si.a). 's

r'Sji:^. "on", "with" a& prepositions 2o

-^M. "table"-.- ;r-0-..n,

-Ke" & prorsoun- 'objective

j.P. English Grammar 8Y uJCi&cSi s,o,Mi: rr--:,

;. (m) &*5Ttfe83SMrp 'nouns'- ) caseo* &\ '

^Q&otfO stftf SSfiJ&ao*Ko cSoEJotf<S

?ya. )3....'pronouns'6re

-"you", "it'^

E..v. :. "I, We, He, She, Who, They" w&SSJ-

1

Subjective Case c6

n.... sjS)*

subjects'^ ^r-i^2o s^S^-^c-^c:^^ E^

. "Me, Her, Him, Them, Whom, Us" ts&rX-4

objective case1 ^8

aSj* L̂5o &oii-cco. esSrr.... =}- 'objects'rp

SSpiftJA 5jDS/

SS^s50j;)O<& &*3S'53jAo^aD(^oi9<X3.

Note :-

^iv)J> ^sSDS3*to3' sStfsSSlc6Sr ... C-Si'- apostrophe (')

&ti^^cfo..., <3 RpS>53tftfsS 'possessive case'js*

Usage of Apostrophe (w^g-?1] [SrEs^o AS^B Z3*&&j0&; s^osSa

(Time), ^P^S' (Weight),

?oocki ('space^ bib SoeaoSoQS oP&i^tf^sSaoSb OsStf- apostrophe& v 7

(')s^adijaD s OrSo f&^.^j^AoCT1

. Sp^tfea&or?.... apostrophe-(s

of

(c^s"^.)'

1 w& wtf2i& ^0^0(3.x. : . Gayatri's pen, dog's legs

donkey's milk, a week's journey, a month's time, a day's

march, a pound's weight, a stone's throw, a hair's breadth,

etc,

Note;* iJK-a&^a S&S&oSb' &6ctfa <sySf*ssio& rSr:cc53-r.^V^

53"CJ^iooSb OSSd* apostrophe a ^sSdSp^o^^p^^:. esciiai ^iccr?*'

*of s &*^i 6'i>fapAo^C).

x. : . a^ The. roof of the house(a,sSj)-

The house's roof

(tfSSj)i, b)The leg of a Chair

(c-3\>)-A Chair's leg (^V

c)Th'e wings of the fly (e*s3v)-

The fly's wings (tfsS^) d)The

legs of the ant (^)-The ant's legs (tfSxy)-

2} ^'eaioSbSoflS c3*&53tf^ sStfsSas>& ^Stf

'

apostrophe S) rr^

-ofcS> rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x

\&, *:-a)

The horse's tail (or)

}.F. English Grammar . &BesSi|j>c&

The tail of the horse, b)Sita was Rama's wife (or) !

was the wife of Rama*

81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,

jt *f

&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:-

a) Mother- in law's ho

b) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's ore

etc.

ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.S

noi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe

.v.-.a)

for Biercy's sake, b)a ship's crew, c)

death's dc

etc,

Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i

^'s sjjxs )sS<^- apostrophe JO-Aot), s & ^^ So*^.x, : .

a) women's club, b) children's society, c) men'setc.

6] jirfrsttS 7aas^tf5' o3cjace& OStf- s r?R> f es

apostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f.: -

a) boys* playgroiu

b) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.

T] ,:' <^ ?S^adi^o^^ 3sSiEa-tftfiS)Sh .... a.^ <? S5 BeoC gj m^ ,

iJcf^cfc- 5 ^S3S3if^2bD^& asStfs$j.jtf^3 apostrophe Sb8cS

s & fcoB-t. &f. : . a)The Governer of Tamilnadu's residenc

b;The Nizam of Hyderabad's palace, c) Our sister Sunkha

marriage etc.

^ oodfo

apostroph> s 0& 4oo.fi. E.v. : . a

) Rajaseihar and Jeevitha's marrj,b) aJ.P. and B.S.P' s rule, c) William and Mary's Com-

pany etc.

J.P. English Grammar

-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've(I have), b) Don't

(Do not),

c)It's

(It is), d)Can't (Can not), e)

Didn't(Did not) etc.

Usage of Capital Letters

(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan

8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters(c^ji ^*.i'

S&eo)1

8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3.*-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,

Note :- ^i'

^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:

OC CO ***

|tfSa 'Capital letter(lei:

a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.

- 'Capital Letter' n f

1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S <SM^J-

ff*a wKtf&s&- Capital

letter1^

[j3dSpO.^-:

l]What is your name? 2] My sister

is a teacher. 8]The pen is on the table,

2] English poetry(^oK^r

^5x))6^a $& &tfsS(Iine=ssSoSB )ciasT^

6 s3eSsSfl*a witfsS& 'Capital Letter'r? UP-O^D.lv.!w

Jack and Jill, Went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water.

8l "Proper Nouns" wwn*.... $& "&, &&^gd"ti6, Stf3%9

-Isdb 6x!6^ SieSsSe25ofiO* w<tfSSa- 'Capital' LetterV

i5jc&). *:- The Ganges, Geetha, India, Chennai, Teaali,

The Himalayas, Andhra Pradesh etc.

4*1 "1" e&> sStfsSaaSi) nBSi; *God

7

S)5di3o ta So^^S^i <3oao3oC;icj-

I

&fy3'& (pronoun)'^^too 6ro

l' ^Xtf^)^ n-fe.... Capital letter1

r^ipcto^O."v :- a)

When I went to Hyderabad, I saw the

zoo. b]I pray God to shower His mercy on our family.

51 a,* 53tfc&ae*a 'Direct speech'^ f5oeioSoS)?3

*Capital Letter'n-

i\ English

ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA

Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3

6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^.., <s Quotations |Sr5'o^ ,';:.;"!'& -S^DI- D w t~-

<ysU'sxo?^- 'Capital Letter' r? ^^,-0. ^"^:- Gandhi ji said,

"Truth Is God",

^Capital Letters' rr>'.pci'.pCu

^v. : . The Governer of A P. was

received by the Collector aud the District Judge at the

Gannavaram Air-Port.

'

capital letter' rr- ,poBj. E.-V-:-a)O Death, what a great

relief you ^ive to us, b) O Sleep, what a great comfort you

give to ail ereucures.c)O Sword/ give me an everlasting

victory again&t my enemies,

Silent letters

Bomb fs3*oa"V Hour (spSSS"). Palm f^^),.-' Island

"),.Wednesday' (3a SS^y ^e ^C<&o ^^;.cfes>c&*

,

.,

.

"'Silent Letters

r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS

'silent leters'& -

:- Bomb (o-S), Hour(s$ff). PalmOS).

Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso

:.1]

Bomb iVS}-

2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi)=

Sjy f 4]

ss^^^Sio. B]Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb

(

8]Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8]

Tomb (^^s

2]Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]

"Science ^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5JScion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]

Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a

6G S

A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:.l] Benign (kg^W dcs

Kw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sS

tfo^S, 4]Gnat

(Sfi")=dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^

6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f

-

asS^S:; ]

Sovereign ^a^S1

)^^^.*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :-

1]Heir

(&ff)= s-tf&&,

3]Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8]

Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSxt

4]Hour

(wsSS^srrfoto, 5]Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]

Humor(dfijsSa5)=:tfa,

S&.

'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^ : - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_

tfs5, 2]Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3]

Knee(fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]

Knicker (a^)sB&, 5]Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=

eacofc; 7]Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S]

Knock(53-r)s=tfe43,

ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10]Know ()= BO&r^; 11]

Know.

ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.

JJP. English Grammar 72'

esS^dfi sjoAS

:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,

i/'dLxx.; -ijBalm

(sr-S)tr:&sp?SS 3o, 8]

Calm (sS)= ^'3

-/:.:, 1,j

Oalfr--4^, ft

]Flfc ^2") = ^&<^SPSS:o, :

6]Half

; r.

)-r:;^:-, ,'

]Talk (^s')n::^^, 8]

Walk(a*! )

= ?6^

t&ti, ^']Would (^5) 3.^b-)&^.

*3N?

d^^^wG^^^S) 2"?^ 6^^000: :.-1]

Autumn(*s &>>)

=

-=^CPCO ^o^ 2]Column (s5:S)= a,^ ^/<&o; 8]

Condemn

r :?)=ao!c&, r':^^:;-i",

Baml (^^T^rttfto&d^ 6] Hymn

*'P ?

d^X3o^s)2N 3T*S^ ^JSoo&o :- 1] Psalm fSr*&)=

Ac^slx -"! Psychology ("^^^^^^J^ ^}^ ^1

tj '"-'-' -*.'

v '"'" ^ "

r.

' Harm f^S^r=:l&, ^^).

;T?

w^>-c^s5wct' T8

^^ oi^^oso :. Hasten^ Oj

$&&, i i Listen ^ToT^^^eo, 8jOften ^"2

J.l Soften (S>T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5

fco50}^^ :.1]

Guard

z*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8j Clless^S)^^^, .4]

Guest

tS, f"Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i]

Goild(Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;

Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.' v o /

sspa^ 2]Sword (^)trs?, --]

Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]

WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-V / x.

T J \ / J \ o /

& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --

j/~^ F"?** ji *.'

c* V ^ '**v*is <ffs % ,'*^ - j *. * t~l T^* /*?% "rf" / ""*"

O*' r'' \li 1 1 ^^" COiwSis3c^ ^ v^ o-wiv^jOO *, I jDrigfii ( :o idj j^r

(><::, t'

7

]'Caught (c'iTVr ii;:-"A., 8] Delight (flpfi)t=s

;'.,..:'"s^ 4] Fight Q::)^-*,, r-] J-iglit (:)=: V^-c,

J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi

6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt

9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though'!, 1:]]

1]Drachm

( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 2

3]Parliament

(^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]

, 5]Could

(&<f )- ^c^Kea^^, 6] Should'

7] WOlild(^ff)= -Sdasea&da, 8] Youth

. e>a

Active Voic and Passive Voice

'j&....' "Active voice

v.:. Shilpa kissed the child

^osSxere_ "Shilpa" & sStfsSao- Subject (-^4

kisscdf

^&^.... "kissed" u&> verb ^- "Active voice"

2] e,cT

f

6a..o "Passive voice

:. The child was kissed by Shilpa(og

Issp^gSMfl**.

"Child" ea& S5^&o Object (tfcJ^)!& ^

*was kissed^sSao-tftt&SS)

1

K&^,... ^s *Verb form

&- *4

Passive Voice"

c

voicef

I.P. English Grammar

ive Voice' flf B^

'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice

'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e

w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,

FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;

'Active Voice' r:4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.

1]'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)

f

r

^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject

-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***- J

:f^^ :.1] ^^^s7T.. "by" & %

sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1

t'-oSi c^;. 2~4

S-ubjectf

&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s

ju killed the bird.

f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju

/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"8

Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb form

was killed" e^ l

past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o

S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rs

a.... '"Raju"

^ri, ^Subject1

- "passive voice' sr5

.... 'object' r? 3dti&.

\jf-

'

^ *\ '.

, IP. English Grammarr^ ssaftcA goAfe L

na>ff

'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'

Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika

>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....<

dog"- o& 'Object'- 'passive

>'voice's*.... 'subject' rv SreiSa. eso' sSpc!-^Subject'& CA^ton*....

3>

verb form S- "is beaten" <a& 'past participle' r? sfreStfa- "by"

''

So 6&'sSa wtfSsSun- 3aS& fift tf&sptf.,./ 'Active Voice' fi^O

"

"Sarika" w& 'Subject'- 'passive voice1

e* 'object' n ^5^.5 FROM PASSIVE VOICE TO ACTIVE VOICE ;-

'Passive Voice* o* &&\ &* 53^gSasSs-'Active Voice' 6*^5 sip

a*^

OO"&..-- ^*v ed'C5ol::rv*- aSjJ*^ ^j^LOJNGD,

:. 1] 'Object1

- "Subject' n S^esaeSbofl. Sj 'Subject'-

'Object'^ apcaa^ofi. 8]--wS 'object'^ w&r&w&an-.... 'verb

form' ^PI^ s$T*co><&o.S.

^SiJcO3*fi

cooo^ew;-.l] passive voice'eJ9

cScf^i^tfeoSiiiri^sSi3j-Aotf

3

jx)&- "By" <a>& 'preposition' ^oAotfco&^oa. 3]"be" o3

>. Passive voice : She is loved by me,

/fvt' Ko/ce :- I love her.

. :- 'Passive Voice'e^S.... "me" esSi 'object*- 'Active

Voice's*.... "1" w& 'Subject'n8 ^aScGa. w^S....' passive voice

7

^a..,. "She" &9& 'Subject'- 'active voice'a^,... "her"

'object'rv- rc-r>ja,itt

by" o& preposition ^oflotfaafSa

*'is" &9^>-4

be'atoS'j.

e&^sS^p ^oAo^^S^a. 4<

loved" w& verb

form- SreS5 object & wrSa^ra^or?-.., "love"r? Sjr-cSfSfl,

Passive Voice -Mangoes are sold by him.

Active Voice :- He sells mangoes.

,;- 'Passsive Voice' ato....l<

liim" & *object% ^Active

.,*

r.,|S

, ,

j.i>. kngiish Grammarc;.'o|ufc auA^ (^

Voice's*.... "He" ia>& Subject n s^toa. c^rL*, "Mango

u& 'Subject'- 'Object'rv s^d^&. "sold11 c& verb form. &,

object^ w&rtbsSsn-...'

sells ',v &v:Sa. *]}y' J^aotfu,^

.. "are" cs^- 'be1

B[8ofl

Voice :- I love jou,

Passive Voice :- You are loevd by me,

X.K.s- Th? Headmaster will promote the students,

P.y.i- The students will be promoted by the Headmaster,

A.VJ- SJie does the work.

pj/-:- The work is done by her.

A.Vt- She has milked the COWK,

P.I/.:- The cows heve been milked by lien

A.Vt- I sent her for the job,

jP.X.:- She was sent for the job by me*

'A.V*i- The peon is ringing the school bell.

P.V.i- The school bell is being rung by the peon*

Direct Speech and Indirect Speed

- "jl Dire

Speech dsitf j< v$), S] Indirect Speech (i^^ ^a M;

1] Direct Speech (Lsj4jg^ r*'~*);. isu" fca-cb

- fSan a^ S^^orfa^yt,^.... '"Direct Speech"

. x. s . She said, "I will conic" ("^ ag^& wa

iljj.P. English Grammar 77 &̂(& ^ ,_ t.

,

, w__^ ^^ ^i-^^

jVo/f :-'*Direct Speech' 6*- &&

r Comma(,)

&T&- baa... Quotation Mark " J1 =

x

^^^ capitai

letter(la^ o<tf sSaa)^ ^pcXr*!). a\:- Asha said,

aMy motier is

a teacher"

FROM DIRECT SPEECH 1O. SPEECH:- 'Direct Speech'^ &^ >3^g

Indirect Speech* er*a sSptf^a^&.-^B .^o

//vcr Sjievch:- .Jalaja said, "Now lam going to temple"

Indirect Sjwch > Jalaja said that she was then going to icm-

pie ^o& wSijifo Ki4a-.3&&S^drp -ttfo

&C5S^cr rf&?65oO .., *Direct^

&3&- 'Indirect Speech'^ ^ 3os$

.

2]

t sSoCib ^^ s^sSp(,)-

5*0,^0^104^.8]

ss&s

1

tfo apt)oa^od3tfo"ft SoC&- "that" es& conjunction ;5vc?.

4]*.

lNow" e^?& Adverb- *tbenW ^p-J?Sa.5]

"F && pronoun*

'she' n8 sSpeSAfl. wc6rp.... os verbaatf'j.

'Tense* &*33c3a.

JV^fg:* Quotation Marks So ^ooeS> ^o^S^*verb'*6i-" "Reporting

Verb" 00&

IF, English Grammar . 'TB &&|Sjc&i goASi.. [W&$

Changes, in verb forms: From Direct-Speechto- Indirect Speech;-

' ",

siSryefo.,..'Direct Speech's* &S^ sp^&ooi- Indirect. Speech"

l] ".Reporting Verb" &&&&- 'present tensed &%'Direct. Speech's* ^% ''verbs

1 '

raofc-'Tense

1

s$j*ea&.'

Direct Speech- She sayS'"Ths -dog is running".

'indirect -Speech:- She says, that the dog is -running.

&*& "says" e*&. Reporting Yerb-4

pre$eat4

Direct,, Speech'^ &h verbs (is running

.Tense s$p<K>s3&. Note:- *saysr& saeieoiT.... "will say"

'porting Verb5

&&^ &'.... 'Tense' ^e^ei,

2] 'Direct Speech' s^^sSa^.... Quotation Marks..?

simple .present tense tfj^sS.^^ ^indirect speech'

c6'S3)&.^* Simple past tense7

r? cSo^S^o^tfsSi)'

'"

Direct Speech- Jayaprada said, "I am an artist",' Indirect

Speech:- Jayaprada-said that she was 'an artist,.,

.

g I 'Present perfect tense' CP$XG *past perfect tens-e'rr- CCP^"O

^5'io: 3oii^e?Ci. Ex. i- Dir.ecr Speech*- Taboo saids"1 have -got

an award". Indirect .Speech:- Taboo said. that. she. bad. ..got an

award, 4<

nt 'Present continuous tense* 5p>^x>- 'past continuous

tense' tfp^Q^p'&sj So^^oSi. J5-X.;- Direct Speech:- He said, "My

father is leading news paper53

* 'Indirect Speechi- He said that

his father was reeding news paper." '

_

5"]'Direct speech' e* ^^ 'past tense'_ c^'sS^-- .'Indirect

Speech*^ -^P^ 'past, tense* . SipsSsSx)^^ ^ofc)p.o&,. SD^....'- ^^^

s"8

'simple past'teBse1

o^sSs^- *past perfect teu.se' rr*

Ke&. x.>- (a)Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf

said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'

Indirect speechi-

Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.

J.P. English Grammar 79

(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night

6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'<wS^$&.... 'Direct Speech'

e*a-%

Mwill f shall, may, can

11 & *3*d& L c&'e &&.... *In-

direct Speech's^' Sebtfrp- "would,, should, might, could" n

tfp&'otftf&D 3oKe&. *.:-(a) D.S.:-'She said, "Sudha wf//

come." /.'.: -She said that Sudha ivo^/J come.(b) D.St:- Nagaia

aid, "I shall go to Hyderabad**. 1.5.-.- Nagma said that she

should go to Hyderabad, (c) D.S.:~ He said, "Ravali maycome to-morrow," /.s.-.- He said that Ravali might come the

next day. (d) D.S.i- Suman said,t(

I can do this work". /.S.:~

Suman said that he. could do that work.

7] "Reporting verb" o&3<5 'Direct Speech' 06- 'said'n*

&o"fe.... 'Indirect speech' T*Sp.^ *"said' n*3 6o^^c^. -s:S..,.

"said to'1

es^ A^^efo sS^^&o...,^6 'Indirect Speech

1 o-'told'rp C5j*Spoei^sS Boib&ofi* Ex.i-D.Ss- Suresh said to

Naresh, "Ramesh... is wrong". 7.5.:- Suresh roM Naresh that

Ramesh was wrong.

Changes in 'Pronoun forms1

: From Direct

Speech to Indirect Speech:- $%&.... 'Direct

Speech' 6* &ri^ 'pronouns'- 'Indirect Speech's* ic!: ^r-rTr^

i]'Direct Speech' e* *^.... '1st person*"^ 3?iS

^^cj&p" Indirect Speech' ?Soe6- 'Reporting Verb*

'subject1

- 'person' T AO*...- ^'person1

c*S5

Ex.:- -(a) D.S.:- SAe,said f"I will go." /.S-:

:S/w said that jft,?

would go. (b) u.5.:^ said, "I wiil go." JS.:- / said that I

IP," English' -Grammar'

.. 80-

would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1

IS..:., you said

that you would go. -''. ,

. . r :.

; '-.

'.'

.

2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'

3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..

"'Reporting Verb'crSrosQp 'object

1- & 'person* f

8 '

s&olb,... *3

*

person'

Ex. i'(a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :

. She

told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She 1

'

said- -to J0, "you are

clever/4

LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/'(c)

D. 5.: -

She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that

//i^r were clever,

Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From Direct

Speech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'Direct

Spsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob

1] This- that, 2]These- those, 8]

Thus- so ^ in the same

way, S- that way, 4]Here- there, 5]

Now- then,.. 6] To-day*

that- clay, 7]To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-

vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,

HJ Hence- thence, 12].Hither- thither, .

.

'.^

-

Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From

'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(

"

"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si

Ij

*

Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP 'enquire1

sSreaQ&oa.2] 'lS

3]"that

11

w&sSc

iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S. ;

. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M^cr

Jf;P. English Grammar HI

o- Indirect Speech*'^3

'whether' rp s$&a.

(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"

J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.

Ex. i.(a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"

LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I hadtseen the Governer*

(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?

J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.

Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :

From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct

Speech' 6* &^4

w8aeo-wtfgifce'

Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*

1]t

Reportingverb'S&

manded',*

ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa

S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1

3^ 6^4

verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'

fiT8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.

Ex\:-

^a")D.S.:- The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the

class-room." /.<$*.:- The teacher ordered t^ boy to get out from

the class room.

(b) .D.5.:- My mother ^/rf to me, "Never beep

company*" 7.S.:- My mother advised w& never

company.

(c) J3.S.:- The boy jafrf to the teacher,uplcase

me leave.'1

J.5.:- The boy requested the teacher to gram

leave.

(d) 7>.S.:- The woman said to the "queen,"kindly scvt- my

life/' ^^-:- The woman prayed the queen ro save her life"

J.P.English 'Grammar'

82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_ L CO

'

_, \

(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /

--'"""

him one rupee,

Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t

{.,

iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs i

U - 6) ..

j (complete) c

''Complement

1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)

"Transitive Verbs"

^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb

"dog" e5& 'object'

. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp

'

2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^

SOi^ cSSccotftfS8

a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-

%"Intran-

|,

sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *

x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2]Rivers //

sa-^gfiafir

1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &

.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.

sitive Verbs"n ^S*^.^?).

"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple

s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"

J p. English (jramrfiar As

1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject'

'Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj

**

So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-

.ment" WP

2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1- *object

...- ''objective complement11

-

Verb-Moodr

iScijbco

^^50 (Special functions)^ ^p

tf &<&..:. autf ssa (Action)

(verb foim)Sb-"Mood (6a)"

.. eito. .verb(,;Sii) c^sr

^ai: L c^

'Moods'^

J.F, English Grammar b4

.... "l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe

mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"

1] Indicative mood

Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative

f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'

-2*a sr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2]/* this

pen ^fi& ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8]

If it rains, 1 ca:

go to school(SjftSa abeaS^....

^r. ^:fr!i]

How -beautiful this is(s?a

u w

2J Imperative. Mood(atfo^'

(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e#(Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,

_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-

I] SitinJuj* on the bench

me go(

truth i4 God

you i

g] Oh G<. mercy upon us (* ^^^t __

3J Jnfitiitire Mocd* *;**,* ttca

-.l-. L d. 'Infinitive Mood's*

.P. English Grammar

.

"

Give me milk to drink (\&&te& ^SJS&M,)! 4"! T .,.. v

:

human (tfj Sctfxxb -?6s$f5sS?e3Sia)! 5] Kanchana went to wee*

her mother (a-otfS tffS ^C5^)\ CO

:- Infinitive mood's*&?S^ L c&*

'Infinitive

^ verb. 'nounV r?, 'adjective' n* rpS SCP 'Adve-

drink" ^^^SS-4

adjective' r^^; "to meet" &&>&&. 'advreb1

4] Subjunctive mood(dtftftf Qi

e

"subjunctive mood"

: .1]

I should not do so if I were you (fc3Si

a fe^ 536^ s*&), afSoSSa^ firfS! 2 God saw the

country (Stfsio&- tfKsSoab

3]Who lives if crops fail

TenseiSc^' 3*&

- "Tense

(Tense)&o?s5^n....

"i]|Present Tense, 2] Past Tense,

8] Future Tense" e$& *& Sj<5'^oDiT QftfotfaA &bio2.

1] Present Tense (^^S^c6 sr*oSu)u s,s ^^a'-'

(verb)'- *present tense' eT6^oto>oa. ^-:-

i]I am a boy

>). 2] She fa gofng to school

**-,'- '

'

'^'

' - 1.P. bngii^h UraiiiHiar y6 &3&[cbcjG *son

2] Past Tense (

;r:>2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es(S cSb( verb-)'

-'l

past

dr^tx^l. v. : _ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore

(tf&S 3g3"&

'JMangala ir/'^t- a letter &

3j Future Tense

'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i]

Kumar w///

row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8]I shallgo within few mim

r* ***._

._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(

KLMDS OF TENSES

! Present Tense tfar

(i) present indefinite tense

{8d!&.fci&gSa .

"jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense>

, ^^ ^^^:- : TA child ,/ -co

r ^ to

(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1

VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6.

presenttense S B8y

Q school

towards

f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .

*~C*} *~

to school (&> &d 3Sjd&io^

jHe /i&s co/ne towards me

(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'

Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?IB C

.

^

rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb[5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfect

continuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:-1]

I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a

book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!&tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I

to school (^?Sia:d

2] Past Tense

(i) past indefinite tense (0Sai

&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:-1]

The child

slept (& a|^25*<23&). 2]I wn* to school (a& KAS r-M;\

(ii) past continuous tense

-upast continuous tense" <=s& ?so^d. jf-:-

1^I vc75

/rtr to school 3&> ED^ 3&&*^ cSSboas)* 2jShe ^as/v^Jiw^

a book

(iii) past pefect tense

- SS&tf SsSad&S* 4?

past perfect tense" esS ^oi^ci. &.:Ij

1 hud VMC

to school 3&> 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2]She haJ read a book ^.

-l

(iv) past perfect continuous tense (S'w ~^*S*

Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!

sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:<t'/htv?: ;!if

.rt

-' t4C

continuous tense"

J.P. English Otammar

school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao<5 dwoaa). 2] She hada bonk

(-,, ^^io.

3] Future Tense tf&'

(i) Future indefinite tense

"Future indefinite tense" ,a Modj ^ 2T.r .:.

'

jJ

j J//o// ^ ,(

school(*i

s-Bjtfji). 3] She ^///v^ a book (a 4 .'

'

(Ii) Future continuous tense

sto):. ^^^^o^,...^^31^3^ L2,^ ^^. -ip^ continuous tense"

r-:j

I shall be going to school

(in)FU tUre perfect tense_

toS.. "Future perfect tense" ato -school

(3ab BM 3C

nvVp'V'^7 a b k

(^^&ab ^as ^>otf^&

).(n) Future perfect coHtiouoas tease (tfo*tf Sos

.^" :

;:^:

: ^'^-^^....'^to^ *.& -

"F

!

~.<:

. a ^ v: .^ -J ,- ~.

kaVe beCn g f" t0 SChool

rcaJiji? a book

Participle

t ive\*^*

' -,j a

^ -*. v-- -^

J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________ ^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _ *- C3 *,

Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-

*

2:r.'e

* : . She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^

"weeping" r:: :.':....

"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.

noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L..... "weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective

* siri^c^X)zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb

- 'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*

Kinds of participles

jS'^pspoSaa (Tense) .&fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr

1

M

l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-

ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.

1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*

<^ verb &- l

ing'^ .^dc^tosSoJS &tf^& fSc&* :i*-S:& ^'present

participle" 05 Id ^oij*6. Y<- goa,ing=: going;

seeing; look+ ing=:looking; sing+ ing singing etc.

2] Past participle(^^^x

^ScS^aJig -3^aS

present tense o& ^ verb &- "en, n, d, ed, t

"past participle" w^

'Ex..- eat+ en=eaten ; show+n=shown; love + d=love; ta

ed^talked; learn+t= learnt etc.

3]Perfect participle (c5o$r| ^d&-aSSg SL^^aia):-

past participle ^^& sSno& -"having11 & B'L5f^s^& Ar^t,

^^^&- "perfect participle*

1

--* ,'--'

,

I*P. English Grammar 90ES^JJ!

.v.: . having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t<

having learnt etc.

riSSS of 'PaTticiplssX^^*^*^' |Sd&s? &oic3j**T*

l"1

'present participle1;^ Saofifc- FSoaofi^ 'be* form &> d

Si'jr!....tl

a)She is reading [Present continuous tense)* b)

i*'tfs reading (Pflj/ continuous tense)- c)She ,y/;0// be re

[Future continuous tense}" earSs 'continuous tense' ex> !

".*" *

S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'f

r?-. i;di:s?S ...ua) I //ave seen a

\ion.(present perfect tt

b) She /,-' written a letter(p.p.r,). c)

The king ////rf

into forest ^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the

(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense1

ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.

] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & ASc-: ... "a) Ravana v<w killed by Rama

(pojj/v,? voiceThis book 1-5 written by me (p.y.). c) The pupils wcre I

by their teachers /p.jg" & 'passive voiced tf

1] 'participles'^ i^a 4^.... "participle phrase"

-<-!- //flv//i. /<, all her hopes she killed herself

.

lost all her hopes", "she killed her self" e&%o'& B-cfo^ohaving lost" ^ 'participle phrase'.^ ^.4, fct

"'

<ut>4f^. .O

=- Present participle'^s^.-? verb' ^2^, ^dd^ 'adjeci

tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*

_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |__ ^ ______

' ***_f*5^

'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>

"Gerund" 3o*'

verbal noun

.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit

(rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i

^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.

-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels

- "like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr

^ y^r? .... 'noun1

SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::

....ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....

J^ "novels" ^& 'object1

s> roAcsSo^a.

:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj 'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS

., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e

Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi

1] Running is an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO <wj?SSa)! 2]

along the road, I saw a horse

"running11

?i

"running" e&Sa- "is"

Ldi^ 'subject'* ^fl. tf&tf .... a Verbal noun

j S^ 4

Gerund'

"running" &

'pronoun'^- .'adjective' SS Qualify

.

'

verbal adJective'

goe <present partici"

pie' art&S^a.

Usage of the simple present Tense (^s-!5g tf ^&-fe

^e, i3iQ3j-rt3)!-'Present indefinite tensed- "simple present

tense3****

a,....

j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr

3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5

&PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o

cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*

simple present tense7& &r

i/

fit.:- a)The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia

b^l The Earth rotates round theSun($j>3o

CO*....*:-

a)I take coffe

the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ftvofij&X b) She

gymnasium in the early hours every day

'. i .. Ex.: a) The

. b) The lion

4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,... X<-.

a)horse AflJ a long tail

(rtbessfoSr

b) The elephant has atrtmk(Si&rfb ^

5 i

fiSpsatf^R 6oD^ cSo^Saooe*....JEi--.

a) She speaks Ti

as well as Telugu (^eo^ ^S^ ss^ ^Sotf^P-sijtdp>dfc&). b)

u-J western music besides classical music

el^ _

a) The muslims pray Allah

b) The Hindus burn the dead(frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa

,.., v. s . a1

! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi

.

b) We ge/ o

month

iSjJ,P, English urammar

81 S$tf&<S 8>dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*<& v i/

les to her right handle's*tfrf &S3SS Bo& n*33*o&

b)The rain is heavy (3tf

9] tfag&;v>o& a^KtS

c^sSioofl*.... ^:-a)

I g^ to .Bangalore next month te:^

^db36^Cjb*fe). b) She crome^ here in a day o

,10]

djfib).#;,. a) Krlshnadevaraya .now leaJ5 his arinj

reach the battle field (^^<S$a^c$>a> sisSv^j ^ro ""^6^.0 ctV wss J *. o

^oNftb u^doSb cyoe&5d)ibf3^^). b^ Kucliela now explain'

Krishna about his poverty(^^a>&>

Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12

. (verb form) 05 n

Ssi (number), ^&& (person)o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb

s^sSjea)ifcf3^

ox. ^s(SoCj

SdbcSiT 1

,*.. "present tense1

, "past

tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb(jadtsi)- person

{^SbSa,) f number

iSjJ.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy

J"

q*

*" ' Urf '*" u^^'^*+v **-*->

,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1

0-;J1 ti; v.'*

les to her right

b)The rain is heavy

(sto't

9] tfacigfibtoc

,... ^. s .a)

I so to Bangalore next month(3S^3e>#'

3o^5orc3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo

8^i>^erJJfi

JO]

s*fi

c;-,-."" '

&). Ex* ma) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army to

reach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)

6'oK^ Se&iioSbcpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,

Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&

Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio

12

(verb form) e rv sireS,

5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verb

forms'sSj'eaaiib^oco.

&(jtotf

sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense1

, *pa&i'

tense1

,

A

Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV person

I, number

fctt

S! '5

in1 J"

. jc;

S

-1

f

3 5 .'S '5 .2 .5w-I aas

a a -i:

c a

oO5

^HQC

<XuAlt

CO

UJ^H2LU

O)UJcca

tt

? fi

o

. = t ..

.i,

*ffi 55'S

oo}

IHCC

<XoLU(ft

LUH

fe

'.S

I

O

"0

Q g

I MiO -fl

** *

06

s a'

'S 'o 8 -fl -S.

,

s

S S

> tC ; ^

4i

"5co -' to AJ-05 a," K ft'

?, _

ifij

o

i

oi c

cj

*

G ej w ca

'S 'S8) s a se

(t>*^

!.? English Grammar

: : Pv'jak Verbs

t;;:^s-;

4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed'

t"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o(past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,

V-'.s" :-J:~ "Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's

1 ense Past Te s"_ (Suffix)

!+)(+ ed)

(+0k'

j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y.m ^^ ^^

(presj"'" : v ^ ^i U<* (verb) Sotfo ^ (vowel) ea &.

I """."." ft4j3'e!a

(past tense)

* &sLSct3bo&. "Stro

"Irregular Verbs

PastTfnse-

<;

tbide (?,r^^obear r^Sc^)

abode.(tfSwS!n0BS$>)

b0re

onjugation of some 'Weak Verbs';-(c;

!

d' 5^ 'ed'a^bSesS.... 'present tense

1

Asked(

Believed

Chased

Climbed

past tens.

Asked

Believed

C1]ased

I IP, English Grammar

j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa

go AStrt>

it |4JJ.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1

J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.

a " rai

tense's*

Resent tense'

.eg

teme 'pan 'tense past participle

fall

fell(ssrf/r

lie (J

lay <

find (Xfound fa--

fell (ssas>)

felled

lay ,

laid .

found

founded

fallen(sSa)

felled

lain

laid

found.

founded

"Found" &&

1 1 She fell down from the tree

^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi

("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th<\ -* CO e> / -t

" ?

bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4]I lay the pen on the tabl<

($&> icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5]Slie found herbook iiitht

kitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^8

tfSa/rasi))/ 6]I found

this society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).

Degrees of Comparison

S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^

-:-a) Java is tall

(-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is taller

tlum Jaya ^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the

J.P. English Grammar.

10 *&<& * A5.

tallest of,all(^

"tall, taller, tallest" o& ss^ sStf&oe- "HC&, .aesdSi,

(Adjectives)- ^tfrf&g tfj|pg.... 'UjTositive Degree, 2]'Com-

paritive Degree, 3] Superlative Degree". &

1] Positive Degree (Brwftf |s)r6db 3c3

i

o5oS'(6& Xe (^>raSSx)?i>

'

&sSpcSgsSx>n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-

tives1

?^, "positive degree" oS eo^&. *:-1]

Nandini is

good (^oa &o^<a), 2] My house is ^(CT* sg> "^^)-

S]Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).

21Comparative Degree (&tons|8):.

^ sSgja-

sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-ftiiH* _a (|)

^sSxj^c&p1

f&coo$& ^raSS^&.f5a&*fi^

^Dc^^dii*

Adjectives'^.

"Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^.;.

-ijNandini is fee/^e''

than Padmini(riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .

than my brother's house(io'ajc

^r ^dJdo^Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].

Cecutta is greater than Chennai

3] Superlative

Adjectives

"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ij

Ramifii is the fees*

of all the girls- in the class(<tf

tfS^a S3*) oodJ^^ s*bS tse5

sSbbfia). 2] My house is the biggest* of all the houses in the

street(j? ERG^D li&d"

8^ Q^a^ofiSST6?^

Slii^.D "&>&&). 8]Cal-

cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India

J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&<& *S L*

FORMATION OF DEGREES (jPS5g>&? o^Jfc

positive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative Degi

5c&> 'Superlative Degree1

5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^(I

1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives

(a) .'positive degree'^- *$ 'single syllable adjective'

"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*

rtest" e& e<tfsSre^ 2dfcS!$,... 'Superlative Degree' >tf;

&o. *:-(i)

Long- Longer. Longest, (ii)Hard- Hardc

Hardest. -

(b)'Positive Degree

1

StfJ6- *ef

A^$&....fiK)8-"r" ^*& e^i

3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t

6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis

Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest

fc)^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y <S^) 3&^ -

sS^g>eoA^

parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- Drj

Drier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest

(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *

. co

sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'

Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j.-E

1

^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,

^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1

3..... 3 aasa

*er* 5i5c^b *est* of&35^-5*.... 'comparative

9

&6d&> 'Superla-

tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest

(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'

J.P. English Grammar 105

;

er' SD&>c

est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1

*

Superlative1

degrees ^isrcxa. v. :- Thick- Thicker.

Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,

2]'Positive Degree

1 s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-

ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' KowR)^ 'adjectives

1

S5&-"'

'more1

sS?Odo*

most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....

*

comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1

degrees Sto'^tferooo.

- x. :-

(i)Harmful- More harmful-

^Most harmful,

(ii)Beau- m

tiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.,

-

8]Sf

1^ 1

Adjectives1

a.g"(tf&siofl^-

3&6is*.... 'irregular1

rv- compare

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Bad (%$}Worse ^o 3|) Worst

Good (s?^) Better(C-OBB*^)'

B;St

Much(wStfa>f6)

More(ope ^fia-

gp?6)Most

Old(aiJ)

"

Older o-o &tf Oldest

Little ^gb-SS,^

Lesser

COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-

gT8

^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3<aS -wrp.... ^^^AoCi 'Adve-

rbs' &P& "& SS^S iSSstf&,... sS^elb S^sSDD.erv agfdoSSaatfoPoa.o- O I

"Adverbs of Manner", "Adverbs of Degree", "Adverbs of

Time11

e^^ &^& ^^SS^4Adverbs*& si^ L̂ ^ ^B Degrees "of

comparison S6&oa.-4cps^tfeB&- ^"e ^Sb6 sSg^t^^ofi!

Positive Degr&e Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Fast S^^OT Faster oo S^sioTv Fastest

J.P. English Grammar 106 .

ea*5[ScsisoA

Soon(tfjtfrp)

Sooner ^no tfjtfn*)Soonest

(SbS'

5tf).Earlier

(EPS *aotfetf) Earliest(

Badly (S&v) . Worse(woBtfn-)

'

Worst

Well(&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)

"

.Best

Far(^p^r^r?) Farther

(c-e&^cCsSan*)Farthest

(JtoSj.0

Swiftly^r?*) Moreswiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly

Skilfully More skilfully*

Most skilfully

marks"

Punctuation Marks

tffio3&&$i

eSj^ "punctuatic

'punctuation marks'S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30

'punctuation marks'

1J

The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi

P

r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation

I .'*"' &sy

"";sL

I|

The Comma ?^^

c-jThe Colonsr^t*-'

i? The Se

}J>. flatfish (Grammar <

jp?' ^<& oASi Ln>&&

'

7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())

8]The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( )

.

.9]Inverted Commas marks r=

10]Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")

-ll]Hyphen-

12JApostrophe^

ia];Three

14] Capital Letter&:=">>

15]The Colon and

Dashrr^;.)

USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

1] Fllll Stop :-(a)

.CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo <*bbrp A* Full Stop.

_

O -o- p -* *^

eptib.-G'*.:-1]

I am a boy. 2]She is

a^girL 8]Amani

is clever, etc,

(b)'Abbreviation

(s5o'le><tfS)f

o&-auS*^^, ^s>a ^dbs^^-

^B 'Fullstpp'&'

Ao&Bpab/^-:- j] M.A. (Masterof Arts),

2]S, S. C.

(SecondarySchool

Certificate),

'

8]H, M. (Head

Master) etc.

(c)e ^oa S)^^JO?T A^ 'Abbreviations* Sj^c^^q

8,.., sStf&o

aS6y

s.s'^^Oo sSp^fitSa

s

Fullstop' 6oO^ ?66&s^boi5.

t.:-l]Jan.

(January), 2] Lat(Latin), 8]

Mr. (Mister), 4] Govt.

(Government), 6]Co. (Company), 6)

Ltd.(Limited), 7]

Bros.

(Brothers)*etc. -

-

2] Question mark :-'

(jS^^gsfooab oatfs /Full stop'&^

"S>^b^<Sb.e$

*4

jS^S3D

XssSaGM ^^ 3OL):o^ reo&... 'Question

mark (?)'& *otfsS3Ji>. A"-:-1]

What is your name ?"2]

Who

firs you ?

'

. ,-

.

"

"

J.& English Grammar''

iQB .

&ijbd& $oAi

3] Exclamation marie :-

"Exclamation mark(!)'&

sSp

sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr

.v. : .

ijHow beautiful she is!

'(w^cpgtfs'

"

s^kgab)* 2] Get

out! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah!(Interjection).

4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>

Comma(,)' 4?^^d

%

a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'

t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma(,)'

<4 .; ,

; Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva are

known as Pandavas(*, ^|

^^' 'nouns'tf^^rfs)). AsSsW ;.

'-nd' ,*.- sioii ^ itf."^ tf<fis,rf 'Comma' Aotfo-dSb'.2] The

Old woman is poor, ugly, miserable and weak (*, ^g-^g.-Adjectives' ^^^s

). g] N.T.R. spoke .Telugu clearlynicely, fluently and vehemently (* ^^^i ,

Adverbs> ^1

, --^^S csis-s omna' ioiWec&a,. Et.,. ,1 RichP.. h and

motherland.

.

e_

. ,.. i] TahnEI.V favourit a

'' '

J Taboo, you

-Grammar;

.

:. 169-

(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*<>&* .'rSb Comma's,

Lsrctfpa.*,:-

1]To err is human, to forgive, devine

SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.

rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, man

Conference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^

>... 'Comma 1

(e)

comma'& .

Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1 -The

Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .

|(f)''Direct Speech's

4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai

(jcr=cd;p).*' :-!] She said,"! will go**

2]He said, ".Ramya is clever". .

"

(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clause

o?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?& ^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,

men may go, but 1 go on for ever,2]

He called at my office,

but I 'Was absent,'

,

'

,".

5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-

apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colonf;)

J

^> f53d&D. .

Ex.i. .. 1

JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present

tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:

Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to

be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"

:^ acr

(jramniar -.

*110 es^caa qoS,

\\

'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3

a

*

Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>.,#:-

came; she saw; she conquered* 2J

The coconut trees

i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{

supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3

heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.

7j Brackets :.(a)

****?>g$&z.6'*

^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g

. cr-fc

;ji.oi'^ 5, clause[Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets

()'

jr-L. -tx.:. Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrc

Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace.

;

r

^/'^ &3&&s3i

Abbreviations ^C'

^

'Brackets( j

1

"^ rpcj-. ^|>.,-4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:

jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^! Brackets

1

,e*^ ^dab-

r-. : .

i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc.

(Agriculture) graduate.8] Ranjitha bought a la

ciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of

India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark

(10 millionsslcrore). 6j Write

es*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.).

' ' '

'Brackets1

*^

S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t<t

.

-:. ^^i;.^-.... ,r.| (Blank> SfiC

;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *...ij Gayathri is a

are friends.

-

NOTE -..

English Grammar m- "Fill up the blanks:,"

j^ 3d&&"

9] Single Quotation marks.-

s,g S5tfae& Sin-

gle Quotation marks(

4 J

)Sex Inverted comnTas

sSatfgg ic-ctSpO.

.v.s.

1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as -Bapuji1

. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'

in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded*

Bharatha Ratna*

posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay Sri

Krishna Devaraya.5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'Bank

Nationalisation7

and '20 point programmeV

(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS

&6c3^. s$pk 3cs-op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-

'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man ear

but few thy voice*?""

..

(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*.

.

-" ',"*-Ex.--

1]'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2]

*Truth is

God(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)

1

.

101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J '

,

' O

sptfgsSao&-Double .Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted

commas(" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1]

Lalitha Said,- "Lam

going to market."2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",

3]"Never mind"

5 she replied, "it made known to me who

were wellwishers". & s&y&sS s^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb

niintntinn rnnrtfi r^

J.P. English Grammar 112

11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound word

dJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_W

d&oix>o3. X:-1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj

stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas

7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,

12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7

'noun' &8&> 4

s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*)a

l&r.-.l]Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc

(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /

,C*J tvA

^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr.Ex.

:.

1]It's'

(It is]

2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&

13] Three dots' :. 9<5*&5&

Out of thirty boys;.. .some are clever and some ar<

useless.2] If so,.,, you have to face serious consequences

.3] 'Recently.... I have been to Singapore,

. 14] Capital letters :*' a-tfg&o^aaatftf s5^^ <^^ ^^^

<#&>&, 'proper notins'Sb Bofieo s5^&ie) ^S wJCtfa^fSp

Direct Speech SotfO fl^O s5tfSa^ ^ w*tfsfc>&*- 'capita

letter'n-.jspdt&'O. ^-:- I]She is going to school. 2]

I hav<

seen Sujatha at Lalbaug in Bangalore. S]Bir.du said, "W<

are rich." ^s Capital letters1

^ap^sSwA ^sSoO ^o^^b ifctft&

15] Colon and Da^h :- ^sSgjfi

J6& So8DoSoa;S aStfsSb& ra5(list)

rv

'colon and dash(:.)'

^ ^c^D. ^ :-I]

The articles found

fy the tkiefs suitcas? are as follows ;-a)

two wrist- watches,

J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118

b) one transistor, c)one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,

e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakar are

given below :- a)one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one

imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e)due cashewgrove etc,

Same Words in Different Parts of

Speech

spfi

ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSabcCoodi

1] A :-*

Article* r?/.. He bought atwo-wheeler(wtf& a,tf

flj

5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice a

day (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-

2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing about

the elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&).*

Adverb' n-....

She is about twenty years old (a>\

3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines(lj sSo&

o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour

(^ ft?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>

'preposition1

^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &

4] After :-c

Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and her

husband toon. after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....

ea1^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).

4

Adjective' n ... She was more

peaceful in /^/- life

J.P. English Grammar . 114r &&fid& eoA5

). 'Conjunction1

n .... She arrived .after the plane left

'

38^&*ooDc6^SbSF9^ esSo

sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She

visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc

5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-

sterday (3& S?$^rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo<&fc>)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She has

beautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^

. 'conjunction'??1

. ... They did as they were told

6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there

lfe ^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-

ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^

'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married

7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many ups and

downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao)feScJio sS^^sSxo^

A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portion

i8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw

). 'preposition^.... He sailed <7w the river

8] Eaetl :-"

Adjective'^.... ^r/? girl has a "mango

a,S sSp.aD'flsS6ib& ^OAcJio^a). 'preposition1

rv,..' He gave them

each a- mango .(utfefo^6 s.STj.^eS ^.s^Sl^fiodfcA '^&)-

9] Enough :- 'Noun'rv..., Enough has been paid for this

work (* ^5^)5 gpSSeftcSo* agotfaflSfl).'AdjectivcW.... There

is ^w'owgft ,time for yo-u(^& o^otf rS&c&sSS^a).'*Adverb' n>....

Sh^'is not clever enough

>

LV, English Grammar 115 &$<& *oA

'?

10J In :- 'Adyerb'n-.... cogae\ in(e^osib o!). 'NounVp....

1 came here to know the ins arid outs of the bride- groom

., r .

). 'preposition*^:... .She came//*-time(c33o

7oEro^<3'e i

II] Less :- 'Nbun'n-.... I don't take less ($& ^Sb^g-*&).

'

Adjective* n-.... You Should eat less rice (&$ ^poS^sia:^ aa8>), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister

^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8

oO^^v^.). 'preposition1

n8.... She

paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\

'

-

- w .

12] Like':-'

Adjective1

jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball

^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like

-d lunatic(csj^o

3,2'isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....

She cannot do it ///ve- you-

(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro3dS>3fi&).

'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films ^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i<

^). 'Noun'iv..... she has her own //A^ and dislikes

13] More :. 'Noun1

n.... More has been heard ut?out him

(<aCJ^.i^oO oSs'^o asp^sa). ''AdjectiveW.... She has

friends than you(S>

ar. b e5^ -^^ -o^o^'

1

Adverb Yr>,... She will come once more(<s3i sier*

14] Near ;. 'Adjective* TV..., She is a //^r relation to me

(-^ ?3*& a'rteS aoab^))! 'Vcrb>

-n... r The ship is Hearing the-

shore(k d^^^o ?*& J&^aj.^AdverbW.-v. . come War

^'Keor? u^!),'

preposition' rp.... there 5s a medical stores-

near our school(s&p

a<S^^sliS'

8a,^ &O&Q GsoX*

afoia).

15] Next ;- *Adjectivef

rr- Next month I. will go to Delhi"

'

1^&} 'AdverbV.... She speaks next(es3>.

, *Noup'n,... ] she did not write anything

P. &iglisii Grammar -~

JIB

about her marriage in this letter but informed to do it next

. 'prepostion' n*.... The

girl next me is very clever (& tffibspdesl&jo E?O

303Sa).

16] Non:-. 'pronoun1

^....' ATowe' of the players were present

till 6 A.M. (&tfc&&o 6 rfofco ^ts&^<biT&^ ^di*

'Adjective1

n>.... He has two wives but -I have 'hone

^^ei> Rs-d'goDrs-fo.

1

... ^sSb g&).'

Adverb W/... She is none

better for it(es"So

oo&& 3a&2^a ^ s1

*^)-

17] One ;-'

Adjective1

rp p ... Always do Owe thing at a time

(^os3>j>&ra,i< ?6sS3di^5^ a,^j_s3aS fidfcifo)! 'Noun'n-.... Any

One may do this (S's-tf^s18 Aoa

dd8bSe^&), 'PronounV....

This is 0e of his horses (sj<3 e^^^ ^ea^^a^ atffiM\ Cfl /

18] Only ;. 'Adjective^.... She is. my only daughter

!.

'Adverb1

rp.... She game pn}y yesterday

19] past :- *Nounrrv>.;.. Forget the j?aj?/ (rftfs$x>&

'Adjectiv'e'n-..., Her prime is p^j/ (1ba ^^ SJsSS f *Pre:

position'n ..,. .She is an old woman past eighty

20] Right s- 'Noun'rv..., You have no i-i^Af on this pro-

perty (#8 ^j^ ^ S^&Jy- 3^).. ^Adjective'..;..^ She. lost her

right hand (tt^-tfs^oS ^^a S /T

1

|j)r3&).. *VerbW...-. If you

have ability the wrong will be righted (&& fS&gtf .fto"S tf^&

66&SPc53Sc&^&). .'Adverb'rp.... The drunkard'drove his Car

..right .into the canal(jprfb

r

fc -tf^ s'&cSs jSo-f6drt

ibjJ.P. English Grauimai 1L7

etf[&c& soAS

21] Round! :- 'NouhW.... Kaveri finished three''rounds

around the temple (3*^3 fti&djj* &j& ^tf&eaew 3~a&). The

Cobbler rounded the leather f33yjo &J; sSgJ

*ex>

).'Adjective'^.... The ball is row/itf (ao8

. 'Adverb**?.... Any wheel turns roMiuf (S

.^^o). 'Preposition'^.... The girls sat round

the fire ^Wec i:od: -^IO&P ^cT^d).

,:_ ,- ;-4

Adjective* r?.... I met aer l&sv night and I ive

not seen her siHte -^tfcs*^S^o s^otcc, ^D^&. ss>-( &c&

^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well

wisher, I will surely help you ^l^>& jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S

&& ^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her

since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S

23] Some :- 'Adjective1

r?.... Bring some milfc

^o'!).'

Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago

!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;

passed in first class remaining in second class

24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-

men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od

&(^sSco)

sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still

lake(aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).

'

Adverb* nv... She is still

writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).

'Conjunction1

^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-

tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3<&^& ^agsfi).

25] While:- "Noun'r?.,.. Sit here for a wM<*'. (fcSoglb^)

V,.,. Dont w/z//e away your money

J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat

(fctfax&

S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay

the Sun shines &*

Forntation of Words

), wog

Verbs Md3bt , Nouns

'

! .

I] Fonuatiou of Nouns

a Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa

Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'

Admission

'Agree (woAdoi&) Agreement

Announce([StfaoeS))

'

Announcement

Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco). Application

Approve (<tso-6o^) Approval

Arrive(sJci^}

Arrival(

p

Asyist (^t!

^&)'

Assistance(

Attend fiScatfA)- Attendance

Bless(firjoub)

.Blessing ^sS

Cancef(tf&tSdia)

Cancellation

Compel (ac^aao.eS)"Compulsion

Deceive (^6AoCS)) .

'

Deception (fi

Decide aoaaotf'

Decision.

J.P. English Grammar

.Deliver -(lF?fs*ud&a,i

Deny (

Dismiss

Exceed

Expect

Expel'

Grow

Bate

Heal(rf

Judge

Know

Laugh (

Manage

Marry'

Move

Obey

Object (

Oppose

Perform

Please^?

Protect-(

Provide

.Reduce

Reveal /\

Revolve

Secure(

Serve (t

Separale

US ejoAB

Delivery ^i-

Denial (tfrTv

Dismissal h

Excess(.wrfrfl

Expectation

Expulsion (

Growth

Hatred

Health

Judgement

Knowleiolge

Laughter

Management

Marriage

Motion

Obedience

Objection

Opposition

Performance

Pleasure(ST

Protection

Provision

Reduction

Revelation

Revolution

Security

Service.("S

Separation

Vacate s

Vary(

Wed(

Weigh

Write

Success

Trail

Urgency

Vacancy

Variety

Wedding

Weight(

Writing

(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able

Brave

Brief(s$ |rffra)

Broad(SSS^S)

Certain

Curious

Deaf

Deep (flf*3 S)

Dense

, Equal

False

Fertile

Free

.Gay

Generous

Grand

Nouns

Ability

Bravery

Brevity

Breadth

Certainity

Curiosity

Deafness

Depth

.Density(

Equality(

Falsehood

Fertility

Freedom

Gaiety

Generosity

J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"

Happy

Hard(

High (

Holy(s

Honest

Inferior.(

Intelligent

Just(

Local

Long

'Mean

Merry

Moist

Necessary

Noble !

/

X.

Obedient

One

Possible

Relative

Shy

Silly

Tumid

Happiness

Hardness

Height(oj

Holiness(

Honesty

Inferiority

Intelligence

Justice

Locality

Length

Meanness

, Merriment

Moisture

Necessity

Newness(

Nobility(

Obedience

Oneness

Possibility

Relation

Shyness

Silliness

Tumidity

(c)Formation of Nouns from Nouns

Nouns

Act Action

J.P. English Grammar

Bond

Child (Brf\ Q

Creature

Friend

Hero

Infant

Man

Mother

Owner

Patriot

Priest

Servant

Slave

Widow

Womian

122

Bondage(

Childhood

Creation

Friendship

Heroism

Infaricy (i

Manhood

Motherhood

Ownership ^

Patriotism

Priesthood

Service

Slavery

Widowhood (3\ 0-*.

Womanhpod

2] Formation of Verbs

(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns

Nouns

Apology

Authority

Beauty

Black

Camp

Centre

Circle

Class

Verbs

Apologise

Authorise

Beautify

filacken

Encamp

Concentrate

Encircle

Classify (dtfrfO

l.P, English Grammar

Company

Courage (3tfgsS)

Critic

Danger

Economy

Electricity

Famine

Force(

Fraud("j

Glory (l_d)

Habit

Hand(3ox

Head'(tfe)

idol

Joy

Justice

Knee (Z

Length

Memory

Nation

Neuter'

Peace(

Port

Prjson Sfib

accompany

Encourage

Criticise(

Endanger(

-Economise

Electrify

Famish

Enforce

Defraud

Glorify(

Habituate

Handle(

Behead

Inherit

Idolise

Enjoy(

Justify (

Kneel (v

Lengthen

Memorise

Nationalise

Neutralise

Pacify

Deport

Export

Import

Transport

Imprison

Grammar

Slave(

Society

Sympathy

Table

Throne

Title

Utility

Vapour

Enslave

Associate

Sympathise

Tabulate

Enthrone (a sS*;3S

Entitle

Utilise

Evaporate (eas

(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives

Adjectives

Able

Brief

Broad

Certain -

Cheap (

Clean

Clear

Dark

Deep

Dense

Equal

Faimiliar

Flat

Fertile

Enable

Abbreviate

. Broaden

Cheapen

Cleanse"

Clarify

Darken

Deepen

Condense

Equalise (c

Fanialiarise

Flatten

Fertilise

i'fjJ,K Bnghsh Oraffiiiiar 126 &;

Fine

Glad

Large

Little

Mad

New (ifj@Popular

Proper

Pure

Real

Rich

Right

Solid

Special

Specific*

Stable

Timid

White

Wide

Refine

Gladden

Enlarge

Belittle

Madden

Renew

Popularise (

Appropriate

Purify

Realise

Enrich

Ratify

Consolidate

Specialise ([

Specify (^

Stabilise(

Intimidate

Whiten

Widen

3] Formation of Adjectives

(a)Formation of Adjectives from Nouns

Nouns Adjectives

Accident (w

Advantage

Adventure

Accidental

Advantageous

Adventurous

English Gratnmat

Affection

Aiigel (3s

Anger (

Beauty

Black

Bride (

Brother

Burden (5tfL

Bush (\'i)

Capacity (^^Centre ^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic

^

Comfort

Coward

Crime(

Danger

Earth(aJ

Ease

East

Empire

Expense

Fable

Faith

Fnnl

Affectionate

Angelic ^

Angry (i^

Beautiful

Blackish

Bridal (

Brotherljr(

Burdensome

Bushy

Capable ^&

Central^"l

Ceremonial

Cheerful

Circular

Classical (^\ fe

Comfortable

Cowardy(

Criminal(

Dangerous

Earthly (

Easy ^&Eastern

Imperial

Expensive

Fabulous

Faithful f

J.P. English Grammar 127

Four

Fury

Gas

Gloom(

Heart(s

Heir (sp

Honour

Law u

Limit (

Meaning

Mercy (g

Miracle(

Money

Mystery

Nature

Number

Origin (

Peace (

Question

Science

Sense

Silk(aito)

Society

System

Thirst (

Trouble

Type

Value

Fourth

Furious

Gaseous

Gloomy

Hearty (.

Heriditary fN,

Honourable f

Lawful (^go^Limited ('&

\

Meaningful

Merciful ^Miraculous

\

Monetary (tf

Mysterious (\

Natural

Numeral

.Original

Peaceful

Questionable

Scientific fV.

Sensible

Silken(

Social (Spoiiv

Systainatic (j

Thirsty (^sS

Troublesome

Typical

Valublc

I.P. English Grammar 12ft

Vigour (Vs) Vigorous

Wood (r*c&) Wooden(rafcjflf*

Youth (ciT^ftn) Youthful

Zeal dostafco Zealous

(b)Formation of Adjectives from Verbs

Adjectives (D

Cease (aes3>3dfo)- Ceaseless

Envy (Ltf^Sboi)Envious

Govern (&*0o&)Governable

Hesitate (Kioa8ro&)Hesitative

Move(s'^oDib)

Movable(tfrfo

Talk(Srfij&)

Talkative

Tire wo&S*^ Tiresome

(c)Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives

Adjectives

Black (?Se3 *)Blackish

Comic(sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)

Comical

Eight (.^a&a)Eightfold

Red (ij^a)Reddish

Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6)

Tragical

White (3o) Whitish (3ce*

ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbs from Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a

J,P. English Grammar 129

Diminutives

"Diminutives"

o-^o-

'le''' ''

rwnrre

'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x

J.P, English Grammar 130

Qrginal Word

Ankle[3*6

Arm(

Babe

Book

Brook

'Bull

Cabin

Car

Cat (fc>V co

Change

Circle

Cock

Crown

Dame

Dear(

Duck

Eagle

Eye (

Flower

Globe

Hill(

Home

Isle ^&

Diminutive \ rSr^

Anklet (o3,Armlet

Baby j

Booklet (as

Brooklet

Bullock

Cabinet-

Chariot

Kitten

Changeling

Circlet

Chicken

Coronet

Dasmel

Darling(

rt) C20*0,!^c

Duckling

Eaglet

Eyelet

Floweret

Globule

Hillock(

Hamlet

Tslet ^*-i

i.K English Gramma!

Lamb (rrg^e)

Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j

Leaf

Lock

Maid

Man

Mole

Nose

Nurse (

Pack VPart

Pile

Pipe

Puss

Ring

River (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign

Spade

Star(

Statue

Stream

Table

Thumb 1

Top (JYoung

Lambkin (c^

Lancet

Leaflet

Locket

Maiden ^3^is:)

Manikin

Molecule

Nosle

Nursling

Packet

Particle

Pillow(tfotfrf)

Pipkin

Pussy (

Ringlet

Rivulet

Rootlet

Seedling

Shadow

Signet

Paddle(

Asterick

Statuette

Streamlet

Tablet

Thimble

& (*)]

r

'

Tip

Youngster

Confused Words

f Spelling

SS&'&oeo

Adapt s

Altar(

'Ascent

Berth

Break

By .^sSoS,t

Canvas a

:

- Choir(rvd&g 7<e8SS)

Cite <

k

oo

Complementary (sJ\

Confidant

Corps'

Council

Desk

Dissent

Divers

-Dying (&tfrfoi&b)'

Emigrant

Emiaent.(

Adopt (^

)Effect

(5JoS,

Alter

Assent

Bear(?

Birth(

. Brake

Buy

Canvass

) Sealing

Coir(l)

Site ( oJs

Sight

^Complimentary'

Confident

Corpse

Counsel

Dusk(?

Descent

Divorce

Dyeing

Immigrant

-Imminent

coo^:co)

P, English dxammaf

Inquiry

1 (3

Fire

Farmer

Hire{

Heir (

Heal'(

; Innj

Night,

No(s

Lead

(*^;_, rlc,-;"; Write (\ c ' _ / v^

.Peace'(s^o);

. Piece.

Quiet ^^'

Riie

Rode ^^6 -S

Roil r^Ij^p)

Route ('^d'sSs\ A .

Steel ^&Some (^Son

Sweet

Two Bo^); Too

i>. fiagilsh

Yoke(tooiS sa)

Stress on Syllables

Yolk

(^

Stress*/

autf 'Syllable'-

*S)llableT

Accent" a wotpfio.

- ^Accent*

Ex.:- "Lead"

(verb)'

;&,6r8a- S'O Syllable 'Le'a

Syllable 'ad1

aa,j

Syllable Ibtf'stress'

ll ff*0 Syllable SbuJ*

Stress1

^oujf6.../Noun

J,P. English Grammar 18SJS(ftd6

Noun \ry&.Ttfc'Eb:

4ftstract (^?S^r) = ^cro otfb AbstractJ "

\ as -^ '.o ''

_4;tribute ^^3carg^)=:rt)S3^ Attribute

Conflict

.Yiie f^r-Ss-\ a-

/T.vtracl (^1"^!; = ^^ <o^^ Extract'

&o

//.-/port si

. Object

Perfume"

Per//?f/ f

s&oDS.... 'Adjective1

ab'etlvJ 'SITES' 2^00(6. ...'Verb1

r

J.P. English Grammar 138

Adjective (.Sl&sSxO: Verb

Frequent

?6od5)Q&

Pmsent ^L^^ofi")-^?^^^^

Swftject. (S35")= Stf33S :

Subject (

Adjective

8]6"0 Syllable Sbtf'Stress

!

&o3.,..'Noun' rr-&; tf&53rtf Syllable

Stress ^joOS;... 'Adjective'

i i Compact (s*S)"o>I"):=aiiio8D& Compact

/wvalid 5s=wtf&tf3 Invalid

Af/nute

Precedent fcRaofi" = S5sSp 'Precedent

Figures of SpeechftsSii

<3

J.P, English Grammar 137

"Figures of 'Speech" & tsod^Co. "Figures"

&osx>' *&.... agios'* fBoTld&eo'&ag- 'VSf Oi

ss

esoK'

a. iaSj SjdlSoO, (KSpo^od!

1] Simile

"Simile" elO odj-;

8c,. x. : T|' She runs like a hares

sSe&fl&&)..-2-]The water in. this lake is as clear

ascrystal^ S-

2] Metaphor

"Metaphor" o BotPfib; &..-']] Jhansi Lakslimi Bai was a

tigress on the battle-fieldf^fo^^ araa.csfcgtforf&ris

es

!). 2]The news was dagger to his heart

(a.a.tf.-*

:. a,?-

35Sywfc -"HyperboIeVa eo^ek Ex. .. ]

]The buildings of "this

city are touching the sky(A:

S/ftf&piJO;

'^SSnfio ''.tsB-Vsx.Sj oSo

^^3)- ^1 If th

,

e time Cooperates I can put this entire Worldinto my pocket/ s*e&o KssS'S'S'S- -S

JLP English Grammar 139

4] Irony (SFgacfc): - SfrfceS*- '&&', 57tfS$ySo&-

4

Sotff

^aocSSg) 35Syt)Kx)- "Irony" a$ofcn&, 5x. :.

i"jHe Smoies,

drinks and gambles and may be said to possess all. the virtues

S^ cr!)-

2] Cliandraswami

is an honourable man and Lallu Prasad Yadav is a gentle

man(^o[dSS^Sb

5] Sarcasm'(ST'

asSydoSx-"Sarcasm" ^^ eoftj*&. -v. : ,

ijIf there are no trees,

the castor tree will be the greatest tree(^'^.UP 3ia 3&o'&...

Stfi^3^ SS?JS^sSx) c*erfb).2]She would be the best house-

wife on this earth if god had, created nonelse ($& ^os^c"1

.

6] Pathetic Fallacy (cS

"g5J*ia- (Spra^JS^sy^SS ^S^dDS'S&Stoj'SloQ SSyyt3&"Pathe-

tic Fallacy" e^A e$otr&. ^-:-l]When a poet dies/ the nature

mourns her worshipper and celebrates fc!s obscq':/-:-s io^'s'S

rioS). 2]When a beggar dies, the nature

shedstcars (L C'rf^>

7'j Oxymoron

&> "Oxymoron" <M> wotrdb. **:-l]

He is an intelli-

gent idiot (<a>&cT 3>3?5 3$sjefo)! 2l She has terrific beauty

8] Litotes (SB

:-1]

She is no fool

i! 2 He

is a mayor of no mean city

1,1 |

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