Newton’s Newton’s Laws of Laws of MotionMotion

I.I. Law of Inertia Law of InertiaII.II. F=ma F=ma

III.III. Action-Reaction Action-Reaction

Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion 11stst Law Law – An object at rest will stay at – An object at rest will stay at

rest, and an object in motion will stay rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.acted upon by an unbalanced force.

22ndnd Law Law – – Force equals mass times Force equals mass times acceleration.acceleration.

33rdrd Law Law – – For every action there is an For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.equal and opposite reaction.

11stst Law of Motion Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) (Law of Inertia)

An object at rest will stay An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an acted upon by an unbalanced force.unbalanced force.

11stst Law Law Inertia is the Inertia is the

tendency of an tendency of an object to resist object to resist changes in its changes in its velocity: velocity: whether in whether in motion or motion or motionless.motionless. These pumpkins will not move unless acted on

by an unbalanced force.

11stst Law Law Once airborne, Once airborne,

unless acted on unless acted on by an by an unbalanced force unbalanced force (gravity and air (gravity and air – fluid friction), – fluid friction), it would never it would never stop! stop!

11stst Law Law

Unless acted Unless acted upon by an upon by an unbalanced unbalanced force, this golf force, this golf ball would sit on ball would sit on the tee forever. the tee forever.

Why then, do we observe Why then, do we observe every day objects in motion every day objects in motion slowing down and becoming slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an motionless seemingly without an outside force?outside force?

It’s a force we sometimes cannot see – It’s a force we sometimes cannot see – friction.friction.

Objects on earth, unlike the Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon frictionless space the moon travels through, are under the travels through, are under the influence of friction.influence of friction.

Newtons’s 1Newtons’s 1stst Law and You Law and You

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.Because of inertia, objects (including you) Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.m/hour.

22ndnd Law Law

22ndnd Law Law

The net force of an object is The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, or F=ma.and acceleration, or F=ma.

22ndnd Law Law

When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N).in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N).

One newton is equal to the force required to One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.meter/second/second.

22ndnd Law (F = m x a) Law (F = m x a) How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400

kilogram car 2 meters per second/per second? Write the formulaWrite the formula F = m x a Fill in given numbers and unitsFill in given numbers and units F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second Solve for the unknownSolve for the unknown 2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N

If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.

Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces.

• We know that objects with different masses accelerate to the ground at the same rate.

• However, because of the 2nd Law we know that they don’t hit the ground with the same force. F = maF = ma

98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s

F = maF = ma

9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/sm/s/s

33rdrd Law Law

For every action, there is an For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.equal and opposite reaction.

33rdrd Law LawAccording to Newton, According to Newton, whenever objects A and whenever objects A and B interact with each B interact with each other, they exert forces other, they exert forces upon each other. When upon each other. When you sit in your chair, you sit in your chair, your body exerts a your body exerts a downward force on the downward force on the chair and the chair chair and the chair exerts an upward force exerts an upward force on your body. on your body.

33rdrd Law Law

There are two forces There are two forces resulting from this resulting from this interaction - a force on interaction - a force on the chair and a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two your body. These two forces are called forces are called actionaction and and reactionreaction forces. forces.

Newton’s 3rd Law in NatureNewton’s 3rd Law in Nature Consider the propulsion of a Consider the propulsion of a

fish through the water. A fish fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water backwards. In turn, the water reactsreacts by pushing the fish by pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water.through the water.

The size of the force on the The size of the force on the water equals the size of the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the direction of the force on the fish (forwards).fish (forwards).

33rdrd Law Law

Flying gracefully Flying gracefully through the air, through the air, birds depend on birds depend on Newton’s third Newton’s third law of motion. As law of motion. As the birds push the birds push down on the air down on the air with their wings, with their wings, the air pushes the air pushes their wings up their wings up and gives them and gives them lift.lift.

Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. upwards.

The size of the force on the air equals the size of the The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards).the bird (upwards).

Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.to fly.

Other examples of Newton’s Other examples of Newton’s Third LawThird Law

The baseball forces the The baseball forces the bat to the left (an bat to the left (an action); the bat forces action); the bat forces the ball to the right (the the ball to the right (the reaction). reaction).

33rdrd Law Law Consider the motion of Consider the motion of

a car on the way to a car on the way to school. A car is school. A car is equipped with wheels equipped with wheels which spin backwards. which spin backwards. As the wheels spin As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the backwards, they grip the road and push the road road and push the road backwards.backwards.

33rdrd Law LawThe reaction of a rocket The reaction of a rocket is an application of the is an application of the third law of motion. third law of motion. Various fuels are burned Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing in the engine, producing hot gases. hot gases. The hot gases push The hot gases push against the inside tube of against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out the rocket and escape out the bottom of the tube. the bottom of the tube. As the gases move As the gases move downward, the rocket downward, the rocket moves in the opposite moves in the opposite direction.direction.

There are four main types of friction:There are four main types of friction: Sliding friction: Sliding friction: ice skating Rolling friction: Rolling friction: bowling Fluid friction (air or liquid): Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance Static friction: Static friction: initial friction when moving an object

What is this unbalanced force that acts on an What is this unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion?object in motion?

Slide a book across Slide a book across a table and watch it a table and watch it slide to a rest slide to a rest position. The book position. The book comes to a rest comes to a rest because of the because of the presencepresence of a force of a force - that force being - that force being the force of friction the force of friction - which brings the - which brings the book to a rest book to a rest position.position. In the absence of a force of friction, the book In the absence of a force of friction, the book

would continue in motion with the same speed would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.) of the table top.)

Rolling friction hinders the motion of an object rolling along a surface. Rolling friction slows down a ball rolling on a basketball court or softball field, and it slows down the motion of a tire rolling along the ground. Another force must be present to keep an object rolling. For example, a pedaling bicyclist provides the force necessary to the keep a bike in motion. Rolling friction depends on the coefficient of rolling friction between the two materials (µr) and the normal force (N) of the object. The coefficient of rolling friction is usually about t that of sliding friction. Wheels and other round objects will roll along the ground much more easily than they will slide along

Sliding friction resists the motion of Sliding friction resists the motion of an object as it moves along a surface. an object as it moves along a surface. Sliding friction depends on the nature Sliding friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact and on the of the surfaces in contact and on the weight of the object, as demonstrated weight of the object, as demonstrated in Example A. If it takes 10 newtons in Example A. If it takes 10 newtons of force to slide a block whose weight of force to slide a block whose weight exerts 50 newtons (newtons are the exerts 50 newtons (newtons are the metric unit of force) on the floor, it metric unit of force) on the floor, it will take 20 newtons of force to slide will take 20 newtons of force to slide a block whose weight exerts 100 a block whose weight exerts 100 newtons. Friction does not depend on newtons. Friction does not depend on the amount of surface area in contact the amount of surface area in contact between an object and the ground, as between an object and the ground, as demonstrated in Example Bdemonstrated in Example B..

STATIC FRICTIONSTATIC FRICTION Static friction prevents an object from moving against Static friction prevents an object from moving against

a surface. It is the force that keeps a book from sliding a surface. It is the force that keeps a book from sliding off a desk, even when the desk is slightly tilted, and off a desk, even when the desk is slightly tilted, and that allows you to pick up an object without the object that allows you to pick up an object without the object slipping through your fingers. In order to move slipping through your fingers. In order to move something, you must first overcome the force of static something, you must first overcome the force of static friction between the object and the surface on which it friction between the object and the surface on which it is resting. This force depends on the coefficient of is resting. This force depends on the coefficient of static friction (static friction (µµss) between the object and the surface ) between the object and the surface and the normal force (and the normal force (NN) of the object. ) of the object.

FLUID FRICTIONFLUID FRICTION Objects moving through a fluid experience fluid friction, or Objects moving through a fluid experience fluid friction, or dragdrag. .

Drag acts between the object and the fluid and hinders the motion Drag acts between the object and the fluid and hinders the motion of the object. The force of drag depends upon the object’s shape, of the object. The force of drag depends upon the object’s shape, material, and speed, as well as the fluid’s viscosity. Viscosity is a material, and speed, as well as the fluid’s viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It results from the friction measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It results from the friction that occurs between the fluid’s molecules, and it differs depending that occurs between the fluid’s molecules, and it differs depending on the type of fluid. Drag slows down airplanes flying through the on the type of fluid. Drag slows down airplanes flying through the air and fish swimming through water. An airplane’s engines help it air and fish swimming through water. An airplane’s engines help it overcome drag and travel forward, while a fish uses its muscles to overcome drag and travel forward, while a fish uses its muscles to overcome drag and swim. Calculating the force of drag is much overcome drag and swim. Calculating the force of drag is much more complicated than calculating other types of friction.more complicated than calculating other types of friction.

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding

1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object?applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object?

   2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate

of 5 m/sof 5 m/s22. Determine the mass.. Determine the mass.

3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?m/sec/sec?

4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object?

12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s

    2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s22. Determine . Determine the mass.the mass.

16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s  

3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec? 66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N

4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?m/sec/sec?

 9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N