Lauren Culbert

Adult Learning Principles

This session aims to provide the participant with:

o a background knowledge of adult learning principles

o the ability to identify the learning style of the supervisee and how to be able to build positive learning relationships

Meyer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

o 16 personality types (not traits)

o Provides a framework of different types of individuals

o Each of these ‘types' have a combination of personality traits, work preferences and work styles

o Variations in peoples behaviours are normal and consistent.

o Differences occur when individuals use their perceptions and judgements in different ways

PERCEPTIONo The way in which individuals interpret their

environment

o Can influence how they make decisions and solve problems

o Influenced by personal characteristics (Background/ experience/ values/ expectations/ interests)

JUDGMENT

o Judgment involves all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived

o People differ systematically in what they perceive and how they reach conclusions

o They also differ correspondingly in their interests, reactions, values, motivations, and skills

MBTI

o The main concept identifies the basic preferences of four dichotomies

oFavourite worldoInformationoDecisionsoStructure

Favourite world

Do you prefer to focus on the outer world or on your own inner world?

Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)

Extraversion (E)o Like getting energy from active involvement in a

variety of events and activities

o Excitable when around people and like to energize others

o Like moving things into action and making things happen, and generally feel at home in the world

o Often understand a problem better when discussed with others

Extraversion (E)The following statements generally apply to you:

o I am seen as “outgoing” or as a “people person.”

o I feel comfortable in groups and like working in them

o I have a wide range of friends and know lots of peopleo o I sometimes jump too quickly into an activity and don’t

allow enough time to think it over

o Before I start a project, I sometimes forget to stop and get clear on what I want to do and why

Introversion (I)

o Like getting energy from dealing with ideas, pictures, memories, and reactions from immediate environment

o Prefer doing things alone or with one or two people I feel comfortable with

o Take time to reflect and be clear before acting

o Sometimes like the idea of something better than the real thing

Introversion (I)

The following statements generally apply to you:

o I am seen as “reflective” or “reserved”

o I feel comfortable being alone and like things I can do on my own

o I prefer to know just a few people well

o I sometimes spend too much time reflecting and don’t move into action quickly enough

o I sometimes forget to check with the outside world to see if my ideas really fit the experience

Information

Do you prefer to focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to interpret and add meaning?

Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)

Sensing (S) o Pay attention to physical reality; what is seen, heard,

touched, tasted, and smelt

o Concerned with what is actual, present, current, and real

o Notice facts and remember details that are important to you

o Like to see the practical use of things and learn best when experiencing things

Sensing (S) The following statements generally apply to you:

o I remember events as snapshots of what actually happened

o I solve problems by working through facts until I understand the problem

o I am pragmatic and look to the “bottom line”

o I start with facts and then form a big picture

o I trust experience first and trust words and symbols less

o Sometimes I pay so much attention to facts, either present or past, that I miss new possibilities

Intuition (N)o Paying the most attention to impressions or the meaning and

patterns of the information

o Would rather learn by thinking a problem through than by hands-on experience

o Interested in new things and what might be possible, so that I think more about the future than the past

o Like to work with symbols or abstract theories, even if I don’t know how I will use them

o Remember events more as an impression of what it was like than as actual facts or details of what happened

Intuition (N)The following statements generally apply to me:

o I remember events by what I read “between the lines” about their meaning

o I solve problems by leaping between different ideas and possibilities

o I am interested in doing things that are new and different

o I like to see the big picture, then to find out the facts

o I trust impressions, symbols, and metaphors more than what I actually experienced

o Sometimes I think so much about new possibilities that I never look at how to make them a reality.

Decisions

When making decisions, do you prefer to first look at logic and consistency or first look at the people and special circumstances?

Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)

Thinking (T)

o When making a decision, you like to find the basic truth or principle to be applied, regardless of the specific situation involved

o Like to analyse pros and cons, and then be consistent and logical in deciding

o Try to be impersonal, so I won’t let my personal wishes, or other people’s wishes, influence me

Thinking (T)

The following statements generally apply to you: o I enjoy technical and scientific fields where logic is

importanto I notice inconsistencies

o I look for logical explanations or solutions to everything

o I make decisions with my head and want to be fair o I believe telling the truth is more important than being

tactful o Sometimes I miss or don’t value the “people” part of a

situation

o I can be seen as too task-oriented, uncaring, or indifferent

Feeling (F)

o Believe the best decisions can be made by weighing up what people care about and the points-of-view of persons involved in a situation

o Concerned with values and what is best for the people involved

o Like to do whatever will establish or maintain harmony

o In relationships, appear caring, warm, and tactful

Feeling (F)The following statements generally apply to me:

o I have a people or communications orientation o I am concerned with harmony and get nervous when it

is missing o I look for what is important to others and express

concern for otherso I make decisions with my heart and want to be

compassionateo I believe being tactful is more important than telling the

“cold” truth o Sometimes I miss seeing or communicating the “hard

truth” of situations o I am sometimes experienced by others as too idealistic,

mushy, or indirect

Structure

In dealing with the outside world, do you prefer to get things decided or do you prefer to stay open to new information and options?

Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

Judging (J)o Use decision-making (Judging) preference (whether it

is Thinking or Feeling) in my outer life.

o To others, I seem to prefer a planned or orderly way of life, like to have things settled and organized, feel more comfortable when decisions are made, and like to bring life under control as much as possible

o Since this pair only describes what I prefer in the outer world, I may, inside, feel flexible and open to new information (which I am)

o Do not confuse Judging with judgmental

Judging (J)The following statements generally apply to me:

oI like to have things decided oI appear to be task oriented

oI like to make lists of things to do oI like to get my work done before playing oI plan work to avoid rushing just before a

deadline oSometimes I focus so much on the goal that

I miss new information

Perceiving (P) o Use perceiving function (whether it is Sensing or Intuition) in

my outer life.

o To others, I seem to prefer a flexible and spontaneous way of life, and I like to understand and adapt to the world rather than organize it.

o Others see me staying open to new experiences and information.

o Since this pair only describes what I prefer in the outer world, inside I may feel very planful or decisive (which I am)

o o Perceiving means ‘preferring to take in information’ not being

‘perceptive’ in the sense of having quick and accurate perceptions about people and events

Perceiving (P)The following statements generally apply to me:

o I like to stay open to respond to whatever happens

o I appear to be loose and casual. I like to keep plans to a minimum

o I like to approach work as play or mix work and play

o I work in bursts of energy

o I am stimulated by an approaching deadline

oSometimes I stay open to new information so long that I miss making decisions when they are needed

What is your personality type?

Mine is ESFJ

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

ISTJQuiet, serious, realistic, and responsible

Earn success by thoroughness and dependability

Practical, matter-of-fact and take pleasure in making everything orderly and organized

Decide logically what should be done and work toward it steadily, regardless of distractions

Value traditions and loyalty

ISFJQuiet, friendly, responsible, and conscientious

Committed and steady in meeting their obligations

Thorough, painstaking, and accurate

Loyal, considerate and strive to create an orderly and harmonious environment at work and at home

Notice and remember specifics about people who are important to them and are concerned with how others feel.

INFJSeeks meaning and connection in relationships, ideas and material possessions

Want to understand what motivates people and are insightful about others

Conscientious and committed to their firm values

Develop a clear vision about how best to serve the common good

Organized and decisive in implementing their vision

INTJ (PIP)

Possess originality and drive for implementing their ideas and achieving their goals

Quickly see patterns in external events and develop explanatory perspectives

When committed, organize a job and carry it through

Sceptical and independent and have high standards of competence and performance – for themselves and others.

ISTP Tolerant, flexible and they value efficiency

Quiet observers until a problem appears, then they act quickly to find workable solutions

Analyse what makes things work and readily get through large amounts of data to isolate the core of practical problems

Interested in cause and effect and they organize the facts using logical principles

ISFPQuiet, friendly, sensitive, and kind

Enjoys the present moment and what’s going on around them.

Like to have their own space and to work within their own time frame.

Loyal and committed to their values and the people who are important to them.

Dislike disagreements and conflicts, do not force their opinions or values on others.

INFPIdealistic, loyal to their values and to people who are important to them

Adaptable, flexible, and accepting unless a value is threatened

Want an external life that is congruent with their values

Curious quick to see possibilities, can be catalysts for implementing ideas

Seek to understand people and to help them fulfill their potential

INTP

Quiet, contained, flexible, and adaptable

Sceptical, sometimes critical but always analytical

Seek to develop logical explanations for everything that interests them

Theoretical and abstract, interested more in ideas than in social interaction

Have unusual ability to focus in depth to solve problems in their area of interest

ESTP

Flexible and tolerant, enjoy material comforts and style

Pragmatic in their approach and focused on immediate results

Theories and conceptual explanations bore them – they want to act energetically to solve problems

Focus on the here-and-now and enjoy each moment that they can be active with others

Learn best through doing and are spontaneous

ESFPOutgoing, friendly, and accepting

Exuberant lovers of life, people, and material comforts

Enjoy working with others to make things happen

Bring common sense and a realistic approach to their work, and makes work fun

Flexible and spontaneous, adapt readily to new people and environments.

Learn best by trying a new skill with other people

ENFP

Warm, enthusiastic and imaginative

See life as full of possibilities

Makes connections between events and information quickly, and confidently proceeds based on the patterns they see.

Need a lot of affirmation from others, and readily give appreciation and support

Spontaneous and flexible and often rely on their ability to improvise and their verbal fluency

ENTP

Quick, ingenious, stimulating, alert, and outspoken

Resourceful in solving new and challenging problems and good at reading other people

Adept at generating conceptual possibilities and then analysing them strategically

Bored by routine and will seldom do the same thing the same way

Prone to trying one new interest after another

ESTJ

Practical, realistic and matter-of-fact

Decisive and quick to implement decisions

Organize projects and people to get things done and focus on getting results in the most efficient way possible

Take care of routine details and have a clear set of logical standards that are expected to be followed systematically

Are forceful in implementing their plans

ESFJ - me

Warm-hearted, conscientious, and cooperative

Work hard to establish harmony in their environment and like to work with others to complete tasks accurately and on time

Loyal and will follow through even in small matters

Notice what others need in their day-to-day lives and try to provide it

Want to be appreciated for who they are and for what they contribute

ENFJ

Warm, empathetic, responsive, and responsible

Highly attuned to the emotions, needs, and motivations of others.

Find potential in everyone and want to help others fulfil their potential

May act as catalysts for individual and group growth

Loyal, and responsive to praise and criticism.

Sociable and facilitate others in a group, and provide inspiring leadership

ENTJ

Frank, decisive and assume leadership readily

Recognise illogical and inefficient procedures and policies and act to develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organizational problems

Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting

Usually well informed & well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others

Forceful in presenting their ideas

The goal of knowing about personality type is to understand and appreciate differences between people. As all

types are equal, there is no best type

Be mindful of why people behave the way they do….

…we are all different and do things differently.

Adult learning Principles

Knowles (1990) refers to the theory and practice of adult education as

andragogy – an adult centred, problem posing approach to learning

As apposed to

Pedagogy – child-centred, teacher-directed education

Adult learners

o need to be actively involved in any learning process

o have a range of knowledge & experienceo Are responsible o Can be self directed o Expect that they can apply their learning o Want to be actively involved in their

learning

Adult learners

o Can be guided to reflect on practiceo Positive and negative experiences

o Be challenged and pushed to excel o Need to feel confident & comfortable in the

learning environment o Are active learners

Remember

o All staff are adultso Sometimes it can be difficult to remember this

– particularly with undergraduate students and any 1st year health professionals

o All staff to be treated the same