latin america wwi & its impact populism, marxism, and ideology
TRANSCRIPT
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Latin America
WWI & Its ImpactPopulism, Marxism, and Ideology
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Economic ImpactPreviously, economic boom w/ resource specializationImport substitution industrializationLack of capital, low technology, limited internal marketsWar = false economic stimulationPopulation growth
Massive urban migrationAccompanying social problems
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Economic ImpactElimination of European sourcesManufacturing spurtBeginning of economic independenceEmergence of US as economic power in Latin America
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Political ImpactLand-owning elite opened up to allow middle class in gov’tCritques
Export-import capitalismGrowing industrial & urban gov’t voice
Immigration:UnionizationGrowing nationalismNew ideologies (anarchy on)
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Latin American IdeologyGrowth of Socialist & Communist ideologiesEstablish ownRoman Catholic ChurchPopulismCorporatismFascism
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Social ReformCame to a fore w/ 1929 world economic crashLand reformPopulism
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What’s up in Mexico?Previously, Diaz
False sense of prosperityForeign economic controlHacienda systemRepressed workers
1910-1920 revolutionWorkers united: N=Pancho Villa, S = Zapata
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What’s up in Mexico?Revolution
Zapata: “Tierra y Libertad;” peasant-basedUnited & joined by middle classSoldaderasUS intervention1920, end of WW1 & Mex. Rev, Obregon = new pres; consolidated power & strengthen countryNew constitution
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What’s up in Mexico? (global context)
Boxer Rebellion1911 Chinese Revolution1905 Russian Revolution1917 Russian Revolution
What was the foreign economic role in these rebellions/revolutions?What was the role of the world banking crisis?What was the role of growing nationalism?
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What’s up in Mexico?Nationalism and indigenism (arts & literature)
“indianize” the countryCorridosNew elite attracted to Marxism
Diego Rivera (painter) Jose Clementa Orozco (painter) Frida Kahlo (painter) Mariano Azuela (novelist)
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Diego Rivera, The Agitator, 1926, Autonomous University of Chapingo
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Diego Rivera, Epic of the Mexican People - Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1934-35, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City
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Diego Rivera, Pan-American Unity, 1940, 2/10 transportable panels
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Jose Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926, National Preparatory School, Mexico City
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Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky (Between the Curtains), 1937
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Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939
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Corridoshttp://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=EConvey themes of social justiceUnify the culture around cultural issues
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American response to Mexican nationalism:
Elite attracted to MarxismFear of new government
Nationalism of petroleum led to decline of economic dependence
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CubaFormer Spanish sugar colony1868, achieved independence
North Americans flooded in1896, US purchased 87% of Cuban exports
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CubaContinuation of racial segregation & discrimination
White supremacy Interracial marriage illegal Created “2 Cubas”
• Spanish cultural ancestor• African cultural ancestor
African-Cubans began to unite around cultural heritage
1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
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Cuba1890, El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Women joined independence movementRebellion widespreadRacial divideUS fear of spread, occupied 1899-1902
Self-governing protectorate Repair destruction & improve infrastructure Absorb Cuba into US economic sphere of influence
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CubaRural masses impoverished
Factories & mills run by imported labor
1905, 1st elections, presidents dependent upon the US
“whitening” of CubaWorkers unionizedWidespread critique of US economic involvement
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CubaWW1 & Cuba
Sugar boom & bust Labor shortage Brought in other laborers By 1919, ½ of sugar mills under control of US companies (Coca-Cola,
Hershey’s, Hires) 1916, sugar = 4 cents a pound (exporting 3 million tons) May 1920, 22.5 cents a pound December 1920, 3.75 cents a pound Defaulted on bank loans
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CubaUniversity students (1/4 = women) entered political arena
1922 began demonstrationsPressed for equal rights, particularly for women
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CubaMachado, 1925-1933 (president)
Close links to USNeglected women’s suffrage promise1925, strikes stopped with violence
Communist leader
Continued economic crisis mirrored in political unrest8/12/1933, exiled
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CubaRevolution of 1933
Sugar workers joined w/ university students, CommunistFulgencio Batista overthrew gov’t (& others)
Grau InterludeLabor reform:
8 hour day Children from low $$ to university Women’s suffrage Land to peasants
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CubaGrau Interlude
Social impact: 7 women congressional representatives 12-week maternity leave Employer provided childcare Illegal to fire women for getting married
Alienated US
Populist Interlude, 1938-1952
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CubaPopulist Interlude
Batista ruled through puppet presidents & then himself for 4 years1940 constitution
Protect labor Women equal rights Limited property rights vs.
public property
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CubaContinuities:
Economy closely linked to sugar throughoutCycle of corrupt, “good ol’ boy” presidentsIncreasing dissatisfaction
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CubaFidel Castro
1953, led rebels against Batista dictatorship“history will absolve me.”Women revolutionaries”Mariana grajales”Fled in 1956
Led guerillas from a distance Batista fled, 1959
Prime minister, 1959, 1st secretary of Communist party1960, purged moderates; established friendly relationships w/ USSR (sugar!)
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Further Latin American Case Studies:
PeruTorre, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (ARPA)Emulate: Mexican Revolution, socialism, nationalism, fascismanti-imperialism, nationalistic, nationalize land & industriesMiddle-class support
POPULISMnationalist, anti-establishment
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Further Latin American Case Studies:
BrazilCoffee-export economyCrashed in 1929Vargas
1937, new constitution: Estado Novo• Authoritarian regime• Limiting immigration• Eliminating opposition parties/regimes
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Further Latin American Case Studies:
BrazilVargas:
Tried to secure arms & trade agreements State-run economy: corporatist Nationalized petroleum Joined allies in WW2
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Further Latin American Case Studies:
Argentina:Dependent on foreign markets & investments1929, economy collapsed, military coup1943, new coup: nationalists
Industrialize & modernize
Peron: Sympathy w/ Axis powers Alliances between workers, industrialists, & military Nationalized RR, telephones, petroleum Radicalized, anti-Catholic church