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Sample Chapter

L AT I N

SAMPLE CHAPTERSAMPLE CHAPTER

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AP® style multiple choice questions

challenge students to analyze

readings from College Board-

specified authors.

Passage-specific vocabulary lists

prepare students for sight-reading

each selection. As students use the

lists, vocabulary building becomes

easier and easier.

Just for You: The Teacher Edition

supplies literal translations of

all passages, an answer key,

explanations on pedagogical

choices and learning strategies, and

instructional suggestions. Peruse

a short essay about each passage’s

author, the work in which it

appears, its historical context, and

discussion suggestions.

Flip the page to start reading Chapter

1, page by page, and familiarize

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Scandite MurosSight-Reading for the AP® Latin Exam: A New Approach

By Jane A. Lienau

Help your students enjoy the challenge of sight-

reading authentic Latin texts with Scandite Muros.

Scandite Muros readies students to scale the ever-

intimidating “wall of Latin” in preparation for the

AP® Latin exam.

From verb endings to participles to subjunctives,

each chapter takes on the toughest elements of

Latin and makes them accessible and compelling

to every student through effective learning

strategies. Twenty Included sight-readings from

authors recommended by the College Board are

designed to accompany required AP® selections of

Vergil and Caesar.

LEARN MORE AT waysidepublishing.com

A fter all the work acquiring forms, syntax, and vocabulary, the transition to translating authentic Roman literature can be diffi cult,

but it has been greatly facilitated by the publication of texts with facing-page or same-page vocabulary and notes.

Unfortunately, these texts often create a dependency on the part of the student, and when presented with unfamiliar passages to read, many students fi nd the task impossible, as a wall of dense, impregnable Latin looms before them. In this chapter, we will identify ways to begin breaking down this wall.

Chapter

1

Chapter 1 • Prepare the Seige Equipment 3

Parate Arma Obsidionis: Prepare the Siege Equipment

Fi r s t S t e p s i n P r e p a r i n g t o S i g h t - R e a d

In this chapter, you will be introduced to four strategies that will start you on the path to independent sight-reading:

1. Identify the piece’s genre

2. Learn beforehand text-specifi c vocabulary

3. Break the passage down into manageable sections and read aloud

4. Consider word order

4 Chapter 1 • Parate Arma Obsidionis

S T R A T E G Y 1

Determine the passage’s genre

What can you tell about the passage just by glancing at it?

• If it is poetry, the line length, indentations, and stanzas will help you distinguish between dactylic hexameter, elegiac couplet, and other lyric meter.

• If it is prose, verb tenses may help you distinguish between history, a letter, and an oration.

• Find the fi rst few verbs and identify person and number. “I” and “you” are likely to indicate lyric or elegiac poetry, a letter, or an oration, whereas “he” and “they” are more likely in epic and history. Satire may be a mix.

• Notice if the author is named, or whether there are proper nouns which provide clues.

S T R A T E G Y 2

Learn the passage’s vocabulary

• Learn the vocabulary for the passage BEFORE you begin reading. While it is tempting to write in vocabulary words on the page, or to read with a list beside you, those methods will only hinder you in the long run. Your eyes will be naturally drawn to the English words, rather than closely examining the Latin on the page.

• Memorizing the words will become easier with time, as you become increasingly adept at recognizing roots within compounds.

• It is assumed that students have a solid mastery vocabulary from their earlier years of study (see Mastery List in Appendices), so those words are not included. Vocabulary lists are provided for every passage in this text.

• If reading Latin not in this text, skim the passage for unfamiliar words before reading it, look them up, and memorize them.


S T R A T E G Y 3

Break the passage into manageable sections and read aloud

• Using punctuation as a guide, fi nd reasonable stopping points.

• Work with manageable sections: 4–5 lines of poetry; 2–3 lines of prose. The editor has punctuated with English in mind.

• Scan quickly to fi nd a good place to stop, then read through the Latin aloud once, making note of grammatical structures as you go. Recognizing these beforehand will help you make the pieces of the puzzle fi t together. Look for the following structures:

• Relative or other subordinate clauses

• Ablative absolutes or other participles

• Indirect discourse

• Reading aloud, in addition to being a requirement of the AP® Latin curriculum, will force you to absorb each word slowly, enabling you to recognize case endings, verb tenses, and verbal constructions before you begin translating.

S T R A T E G Y 4

Apply rules of English word order

• While we are fairly certain that the Romans did not read this way, it is almost impossible for us to read Latin without considering the expected order of English sentences.

• Many basic English sentences follow this pattern: SUBJECT + VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + OTHER (prepositional phrases, indirect objects).

• Sentences with passive verbs often look like this: SUBJECT + PASSIVE VERB + “BY THE AGENT” + OTHER

• Subordinate clauses that are expressed with ablative absolutes in Latin often begin a sentence, as they frequently make connections with the previous sentence, so translate those fi rst.

• Other subordinations (relative or other subordinate clauses, participial phrases, infi nitives) often follow the main verb or clause, or may be attached to an antecedent.


Now let’s apply these strategies to a Latin passage.Cadmus, exiled by his father after Europa’s abduction by Jupiter disguised as a bull, searches for a location to build his own city.

Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri

se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat,

cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam

imperat et poenam, si non invenerit, addit

exilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 5

orbe pererrato (quis enim deprendere possit

furta Iovis?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis

vitat Agenorides Phoebique oracula supplex

consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.

'bos tibi' Phoebus ait 'solis occurret in arvis, 10

nullum passa iugum curvique inmunis aratri.

hac duce carpe vias et, qua requieverit herba,

moenia fac condas Boeotiaque illa vocato.'

Strategy 1:Genre: it should be apparent that this is not prose, given the shortness of the lines. Both elegiac couplet and other lyric have indented lines, so this is probably hexameter. A quick way to be sure that it is not hendecasyllabic, for example, is to take a line and count syllables. If there are 13 to 17 syllables (watch for elision!), chances are it is dactylic hexameter, which means that you have either satire or epic. The passage is from Book III of Ovid’s Metamorphoses.

Strategy 2:Vocabulary: Really learn the vocabulary below; don’t just give it a cursory glance, assuming you will be able to refer to it. You want to be armed when you approach the Latin passage, and knowing the vocabulary cold is your best weapon.

Pay close attention to these details:

P A S S A G E

A

"The Abduction of Europa" by Jean François de Troy (1679–1752)


• Compounds and derivatives: The words with a double dagger (‡) are words you might have guessed from a compound or derivative.

• Pay attention to parts of speech, declensions, and principal parts.

• If only two principal parts are provided, you only need to know the verb’s conjugation. If all four are provided, you probably have a more complicated form, perhaps a verbal. If a principal part is highlighted, you will encounter it in some form using that stem. Make note of deponents.

• When learning proper nouns, be mindful of their declension, and whether you are dealing with a person or place.

• Make note of special cases given after verbs, adjectives, or compounds (e.g., + dat., + gen.).

Vocabulary for Passage A

‡ fallax, fallacis deceitful, treacherous, false

‡ imago, imaginis (f) shape, image

taurus, -i (m) bull

confi teor, eri, confessus sum (2 dep) to confess

Dictaeus, -a, -um of Crete, where Mt. Dicte is

rus,ruris (n) country, countryside

‡ ignarus, -a,- um ignorant, unaware

Cadmus, -i (m) son of Agenor (Agenorides), brother of Europa, founder of Thebes

‡ perquiro, -ere to search / inquire thoroughly

rapio,-ere, rapui, raptum to snatch, kidnap (supply eam)

imperat [usually with ut clause; here with infi nitive]

‡ addo, addere, addidi, additum to add

‡ exilium,-i (n) exile

‡ pius, -a, -um loyal, devoted (to his daughter)

sceleratus, -a, -um wicked, criminal (to his son)

idem, eadem, idem the same

‡ orbis, orbis (m) circle (of lands), the world

pererro, -are, -avi, -atum to wander, ramble

‡ deprendo, -ere, -prendi, -sum to catch, grasp, discover


‡ furtum, -i (n) theft, robbery, stolen love

Iuppiter, Iovis (m) Jupiter

profugus, -a, -um fl eeing, fugitive, exiled

‡ parens, -ntis (m/f) parent

vito, vitare to avoid

Agenorides, -ae (m) son of Agenor, Cadmus

Phoebus, -i (m) Apollo

‡ oraculum, -i (n) oracle

‡ supplex, supplicis kneeling, entreating, suppliant

‡ consulo, -ere to consult

tellus, telluris (f) land, region

‡ requiro, -ere to ask, inquire

‡ bos, bovis (f) cow

occuro, -ere to meet, encounter (+ dative)

solus, -a, -um lonely

arvum, -i (n) fi eld

patior, pati, passus sum to suffer, endure

iugum, -i (n) yoke

‡ curvus, -a, -um curved, arched

inmunis, -e free from, exempt from, untouched by (+gen)

aratrum, -i (n) plough

carpo, -ere to pluck, take

requiesco, -ere, requievi to rest, repose

‡ herba, -ae (f) grass

moenia, -ium (n.pl.) walls (of a city), ramparts

condo, -ere to build, establish

Boeotus, -a, -um Boeotian, named after the cow

Nota Bene: Do not proceed to the passage until you have learned these words.


Strategies 3 & 4: Reading manageable sections aloud and determining word order

Iamque deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri,

se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat,

cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam

imperat et poenam, si non invenerit, addit

exilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 5

Reading aloud slowly alerts you to important grammatical structures: a probable ablative absolute in the fi rst line; a cum clause and an infi nitive in line 3; a si clause in line 4; a chiastic adjectival expression in line 5. Experience tells you that the ablative absolute might go fi rst, and then you can proceed to the main clause.

Imagine fallacis tauri posita, iamque deus confessus erat se –que tenebat Dictaea rura

The image of the false bull having been put aside, the god had now confessed himself and held (landed on) the Cretan countryside,

The introduction tells us that Jupiter had turned himself into a bull to abduct Europa, so we learn that he reclaims his true form when he lands on Crete and he tells the girl who he really is.

Notice that there are two indicative verbs in the cum clause, so translate up to the et.

cum ignarus pater imperat Cadmo perquirere raptam (puellam)

when the unknowing father orders Cadmus to search thoroughly for the kidnapped girl

et addit poenam exilium, si non invenerit [eam], [pater] pius et sceleratus eodem facto.

and he adds the punishment [of] exile, if he will not have found [her], [the father] loyal and criminal in the same deed.

Agenor shows himself to be both a devoted father to Europa, but an evil one to Cadmus, these cross-purposes emphasized by the chiasmus: facto pius et sceleratus eodem.


Next section:

orbe pererrato (quis enim deprendere possit

furta Iovis?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis

vitat Agenorides Phoebique oracula supplex

consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.

There is another ablative absolute, then a typically Ovidian rhetorical interruption, followed by three independent clauses, and an indirect question with a passive periphrastic.

orbe pererrato (enim quis possit deprendere furta Iovis?)

After he had wandered over the earth (for who can discover the thefts of Jupiter?)

profugus Agenorides vitat –que patriam –que iram parentis

exiled Cadmus avoided both his homeland and the anger of his father

-que supplex consulit oracula Phoebi

and as suppliant he consulted Apollo’s oracle[s]

et requirit quae tellus sit habitanda

and he inquired what land must be inhabited (in which land he must live].

In the fi nal verses, Phoebus will respond to Cadmus’s query, in fact giving advice about the future. Expect future tense verbs, second person singular, and imperatives. Since these are less frequently seen forms, let's review them here.

future 2nd singular -bis, -es, -beris, -eris

future 3rd singular -bit, -et, -bitur, -etur

imperative singlar present stem (-a,-e,-i,–)

'bos tibi' Phoebus ait 'solis occurret in arvis, 10

nullum passa iugum curvique inmunis aratri.

hac duce, carpe vias et, qua requieverit herba,

moenia fac condas Boeotiaque illa vocato.'


You will notice two unfamiliar verb forms: the imperative fac next to the subjunctive condas: you must supply ut for an indirect command. Also, vocato is a form you may not know, the future imperative, which is used to indicate long-term advice rather than immediate action. (Note the use of an ablative absolute without a participle: hac duce.)

Phoebus ait, “bos occuret tibi in solis arvis,

Phoebus said, “A cow will meet you in the lonely fi elds,

[bos] passa nullum iugum –que immunis carvi aratri.

[a cow] having suffered no yoke and un-touched by the curved plough.

hac duce, carpe vias et, qua requieverit herba,

with this cow as your guide, seize the paths, and, wherever she will have rested on the grass,

fac [ut] condas moenia –que vocato illa Boeotia

make it that you establish your city walls and call them Boeotian.

Employ these strategies in the following passage.

Vocabulary for Passage B

vix (adv) scarcely, hardly

Castalius, -a, -um Delphic, of the Castalus river

‡ descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum

to descend, disembark

antrum,-i (n) cave

incustoditus, -a, -um unguarded, unwatched

lentus, -a, -um slow

iuvenca, -ae (f) cow

‡ servitium, -i (n) servitude

cervix, cervicis (f) neck

‡ subsequor, -sequi to follow

premo, -ere, pressi, pressum to hold back, restrain

Publius Ovidius Naso


vestigium,-i (n) footstep, track

‡ taciturnus, -a, -um quiet, silent

‡ adoro, -are to praise, give thanks to

vadum, -i (n) strait, shallow

Cephisus, -i (m) river in Boeotia

Panope, -is (n) town in northern Boeotia

evado, -ere, evasi to pass through/by

arvum, -i (n) fi eld

tollo, -ere to pick up. lift

speciosus, -a, -um beautiful, splendid, handsome

frons, frontis (f) forehead, brow

mugitus, -us (m) mooing, bellow, lowing

‡ impello, -ere, impuli to drive, push

‡ respicio, -ere to look back at

comes, comitis (m) companion, comrade

tergum,-i (n) back, rear

procumbo, -ere, -cubui to lie down, sink down

tenerus, -a, -um tender, mild

latus, lateris (n) side, fl ank

submitto, -ere, -misi to lower, let down

herba, -ae (f) grass, turf

grates, gratium (f.pl) thanks, gratitude

peregrinus, -a, -um foreign

osculum, -i (n) kiss

fi go, -ere to fi x, affi x

ignotus, -a, -um unfamiliar, unknown

saluto, -are to greet, hail, reverence


Cadmus’s story continues

vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,

incustoditam lente videt ire iuvencam

nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.

subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu

auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 5

iam vada Cephisi Panopisque evaserat arva:

bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis

ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras

atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes

procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba. 10

Cadmus agit grates peregrinaeque oscula terrae

fi git et ignotos montes agrosque salutat.

1. Genre: Epic poetry in dactylic hexameter

2. After you have learned the vocabulary, take this short quiz. Basic meaning is all that is required.

1. tollo

2. cervix

3. speciosus

4. iuvenca

5. comes

6. tergum

7. vestigium

8. saluto

9. mugitus

10. lentus

P A S S A G E

B

continued on next page

Cadmus fi ghting the dragon. Painting from a krater in the Louvre Museum.


11. frons

12. antrum

13. arvum

14. vadum

15. peregrinus

3. What lines would you translate together in manageable sections?

1. line to line

2. line to line

3. line to line

4. line to line

4. Skim through the sections and fi nd important grammatical features. Then try to piece it all together, taking it slowly, being sure to rearrange the words in your mind with the view towards expected English word order (possibly subject—verb—direct object—other).

Use the following example for the rest of the exercises.

1. vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, incustoditam lente videt ire iuvencam nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.

a) Castalio… antro: ablative of separation

b) videt ire: indirect statement: he sees that the cow is going

c) iuvencam gerentem: present active participle

d) interlocking word order: gerentem nullum signum servitii cervice

(vix bene) Cadmus descenderat Castilio antro,

scarcely well had Cadmus descended from the Delphic cave

Map of the topography of ancient Thebes


videt incustoditam iuvencam (lente) ire

he sees that an unguarded cow is going slowly

[iuvencam] gerentem nullum signum servitii cervice

[a cow] wearing no sign of servitude on its neck

2. subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. iam vada Cephisi Panopisque evaserat arva:

a)

b)

c)

3. bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba.

a)

b)

c)

d)

4. Cadmus agit grates peregrinaeque oscula terrae fi git et ignotos montes agrosque salutat.

a)

b)


E X E R C I S E SI. Identifying genre. Label each passage as one of the

following common Latin literary genres:

Prose: oration Poetry: epic, satire (dactylic)

letter elegiac (couplets)

history / commentary

lyric lines (hendecasyllabic etc.)

lyric stanzas (Sapphic, Alcaic)

essay

1. Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola eius loci, nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum cum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo 5

deductura erant, aversos boves eximium quemque pulchritudine caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia 10

ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex loco infesto agere porro armentum occepit. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fi t, relictarum mugissent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca boum vox 15

Herculem convertit. Quem cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus claua fi dem pastorum nequiquam invocans morte occubuit.

GENRE

2. Quaeritis, unde mihi totiens scribantur amores, unde meus veniat mollis in ore liber.non haec Calliope, non haec mihi cantat Apollo. ingenium nobis ipsa puella facit.sive illam Cois fulgentem incedere cogis, 5

hac totum e Coa veste volumen erit;seu vidi ad frontem sparsos errare capillos, gaudet laudatis ire superba comis.

GENRE

Hercules and Nessus, 1599, Florence, by Giambologna


3. denique per maria ac montis fl uviosque rapacisfrondiferasque domos avium camposque virentisomnibus incutiens blandum per pectora amoremeffi cis ut cupide generatim saecla propagent.

GENRE

4. Librum quem novissime tibi misi, ex omnibus meis vel maxime placere signifi cas. Est eadem opinio cuiusdam eruditissimi. Quo magis adducor ut neutrum falli putem, quia non est credibile utrumque falli, et quia tamenblandior mihi. Volo enim proxima quaeque absolutissima 5 videri, et ideo iam nunc contra istum librum faveoorationi, quam nuper in publicum dedi communicaturus tecum, ut primum diligentem tabellarium invenero.Erexi exspectationem tuam, quam vereor ne destituatoratio in manus sumpta. Interim tamen tamquam 10 placituram — et fortasse placebit — exspecta.

GENRE

5. Si quis, iudices, forte nunc adsit ignarus legum,iudiciorum, consuetudinis nostrae, miretur profecto, quaesit tanta atrocitas huiusce causae, quod diebus festis ludisque publicis, omnibus forensibus negotiis intermissis unum hoc iudicium exerceatur, nec dubitet, quin tanti 5

facinoris reus arguatur, ut eo neglecto civitas stare non possit; idem cum audiat esse legem, quae de seditiosis consceleratisque civibus, qui armati senatum obsederint, magistratibus vim attulerint, rem publicam oppugnarint, cotidie quaeri iubeat: legem non improbet, crimen quod 10

versetur in iudicio, requirat; cum audiat nullum facinus, nullam audaciam, nullam vim in iudicium vocari, sed adulescentem illustri ingenio, industria, gratia accusari ab eius fi lio, quem ipse in iudicium et vocet et vocarit, oppugnari autem opibus meretriciis: Atratini illius 15

pietatem non reprehendat, muliebrem libidinem comprimendam putet, vos laboriosos existimet, quibusotiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse.

GENRE


6. Do tibi naumachiam, tu das epigrammata nobis: vis, puto, cum libro, Marce, natare tuo.

GENRE

7. sed me per hostis Mercurius celerdenso paventem sustulit aere, te rursus in bellum resorbens unda fretis tulit aestuosis.

Ergo obligatam redde Iovi dapem 5

longaque fessum militia latus depone sub lauru mea, nec parce cadis tibi destinatis.

GENRE

8. Quam ob rem disces tu quidem a principe huius aetatis philosophorum et disces quam diu voles; tam diu autemvelle debebis, quoad te quantum profi cias non paenitebit.Sed tamen nostra legens non multum a Peripateticis dissidentia, quoniam utrique Socratici et Platonici 5

volumus esse, de rebus ipsis utere tuo iudicio—nihil enim impedio—orationem autem Latinam effi cies profecto legendis nostris pleniorem. Nec vero hoc arroganterdictum existimari velim. Nam philosophandi scientiam concedens multis, quod est oratoris proprium, apte, 10

distincte, ornate dicere, quoniam in eo studio aetatem consumpsi, si id mihi assumo, videor id meo iure quodam modo vindicare.

GENRE

9. visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberumnarrantem loca, facta nationes,ut mos est tuus, applicansque collumiucundum os oculosque suaviabor.o quantum est hominum beatiorum, 5

quid me laetius est beatiusve?

GENRE


10. venio ad epistulas tuas; quas ego sescentas uno tempore accepi, aliam alia iucundiorem, quae quidem erant tua manu. nam Alexidis manum amabam quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae, litteras non amabamquod indicabant te non valere. cuius quoniam mentio 5

facta est, Tironem Patris aegrum reliqui, adulescentem,ut nosti (et adde, si quid vis), probum. nihil vidi melius.itaque careo aegre et, quamquam videbatur se nongraviter habere, tamen sum sollicitus maximamquespem habeo in M. Curi diligentia de qua ad me scripsit 10

Tiro et multi nuntiarunt.

GENRE

II. Predicting word order. For each of the following excerpts, try to rearrange the words into expected English word order. For example,

adverbial conjunctions/ablative absolutes + subject + verb + direct object + other

1. Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent.

2. nam Alexidis manum amabam quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae, litteras non amabam quod indicabant te non valere

3. visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberumnarrantem loca, facta nationes,ut mos est tuus, applicansque collumiucundum os oculosque suaviabor.

4. Erexi exspectationem tuam, quam vereor ne destituat oratio in manus sumpta.

5. Quaeritis, unde mihi totiens scribantur amores, unde meus veniat mollis in ore liber. non haec Calliope, non haec mihi cantat Apollo. ingenium nobis ipsa puella facit.

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