latest trends in energy, - infn sezione di ferrara · latest trends in energy, environment and...

LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14)

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and Transportation (UPT '14)

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems, Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14)

Salerno, Italy June 3-5, 2014

Scientific Sponsors:

University of Salerno, Italy

Kingston University

London, UK

International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Parco Nazionale del

Cilento Vallo di Diano e Alburni- Geopark, Italy

Energy, Environmental and Structural Engineering Series | 25

ISSN: 2227-4359 ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9

LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14) Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and Transportation (UPT '14) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems, Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14) Salerno, Italy June 3-5, 2014 Published by WSEAS Press www.wseas.org Copyright © 2014, by WSEAS Press All the copyright of the present book belongs to the World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Editor of World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society Press. All papers of the present volume were peer reviewed by no less that two independent reviewers. Acceptance was granted when both reviewers' recommendations were positive.

ISSN: 2227-4359 ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9

http://www.wseas.org/�

LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14)

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and

Transportation (UPT '14)

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems, Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14)

Salerno, Italy June 3-5, 2014

Editors: Prof. Julia Griselda Ceron Breton, Autonomous University of Carmen City, Mexico Prof. Joseph Quartieri, University of Salerno, Italy Prof. Michele Guida, University of Salerno, Italy Prof. Domenico Guida, University of Salerno, Italy Dr. Claudio Guarnaccia, University of Salerno, Italy Committee Members-Reviewers: Vitale Cardone Leonardo Cascini Domenico Guida Joseph Quartieri Stefano Riemma Gianfranco Rizzo Mario Vento Yong Ding Manijeh Razeghi Igor Sevostianov Daolun Chen Chun-Hway Hsueh Y. Baudoin M. Dasenakis G. E. Froudakis R.S.R. Gorla A. Kurbatskiy S. Linderoth P. Lunghi C. Makris S. Ozdogan I. Poulios Fotios Rigas S. Sohrab A. I. Zouboulis Z. A. Vale M. Heiermann C. Helmis I. Kazachkov A. M.A. Kazim G. Kiriakidis Yoshihiro Tomita A. Stamou Luigi Nicolais Peter Chang Rui Vilar Yuanhua Lin Jing Zhang Mohd Sapuan Salit Jun Zhang Cheng-Xian (Charlie) Lin Kumar Tamma Pradip Majumdar M. Affan Badar Olga Martin Anastasios Lyrintzis Cho W. Solomon To Harris Catrakis Gongnan Xie

Seung-Bok Choi Jianqiao Ye Jan Awrejcewicz Yury A. Rossikhin Jia-Jang Wu Giuseppe Carbone Kim Choon Ng Marina Shitikova Ahmet Selim Dalkilic Bruno Capaccioni Milivoje M. Kostic Levent Yilmaz Ernst D. Schmitter Corina Carranca Hing-Ho Tsang Paolo Budetta Rui Pedro Juliao S. V. Dinesh Efthimios Karymbalis Hyung Hee Cho Jiin-Yuh Jang Robert Reuben Ali K. El Wahed Mihaela Banu Pierre-Yves Manach Ramanarayanan Balachandran Sorinel Adrian Oprisan J. Quartieri Marcin Kaminski ZhuangJian Liu Abdullatif Ben-Nakhi Ottavia Corbi Xianwen Kong Essam Eldin Khalil Jose Alberto Duarte Moller Junwu Wang Moran Wang Gilbert-Rainer Gillich Thomas Panagopoulos Jon Bryan Burley Cyril Fleaurant Biagio Guccione Jose Beltrao Ioannis Ispikoudis Giuseppe Genon Inga Straupe Jose Luis Miralles Carlos Guerrero Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli

Francesco Ferrini Sarma Cakula P. Pardalos Eduardo Mario Dias Germano Lambert-Torres Zhuo Li Shuliang Li Frangiskos V. Topalis Vincenzo Niola Myriam Lazard Jiri Klima Goricanec Darko Ze Santos Ehab Bayoumi Luis Tavares Rua Igor Kuzle Bruce Sharky Nikolay Djagarov Darko Goricanec Maria do Rosario Alves Calado Gheorghe-Daniel Andreescu Patricia Jota Bharat Doshi Gang Yao Lu Peng Pavel Loskot Aida Bulucea F. Akgun D. Kotzias J. Van Mierlo F. Rigas Claudiu Covrig Claudiu Mereuta Cledson Akio Sakurai Grabara Janusz Ioana Adrian Jose Manuel Mesa Fernández K.R.M. Vijaya Chandrakala Lucija Foglar Maria Bostenaru Dan Mojtaba Shivaie Noori Saady Nubli Abdul Wahab Nubli Wahab Rimma Shiptsova Sunil Kumar Suzana Yusup Abdelnaser Omran Alena Bumbova Ayca Tokuc Chandra Sekar Cornelia Aida Bulucea Dragos Ilie Dumitru-Alexandru Bodislav Farhan Abdul Rauf Francisc Popescu Georgios Tsantopoulos Hugo Rodrigues

Luis Loures Nelson Duarte Oprita Razvan Panida Sampranpiboon Radulescu Mihai Rodica Badescu Roman Mihai Daniel Rosli Abu Bakar Rusu Teodor Saad Bakkali Santhosh Kumar.B B Vishnu Pratap Singh Kirar Athanasios Galanis Bertrand Tchanche Catalin Popescu Lamberto Tronchin Muntean Mihaela-Carmen Nikolaos Eliou Nikos Loukeris Santoso Wibowo Tomas Ganiron Jr Valentina E. Balas

Table of Contents

Plenary Lecture 1: Interactive Simulation in the Field of Human–Machine Interaction in Transport Systems: Tools and Methods for Research, Training and Education

12

Petr Bouchner Plenary Lecture 2: Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems 13 Sadko Mandzuka Plenary Lecture 3: Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development 14 Calin I. Ciufudean Plenary Lecture 4: Sustainability According to the Viable Systems Approach. The Relevance of the Philosophical Values of the Kybernetes

15

Gandolfo Dominici Plenary Lecture 5: Innovative Energy System, Environmentally Friendly for Thermo-magnetic Appliance

16

Carmen Vasile Fuzzy Control of a Biomass-Fired and Solar-Powered Fluidized Bed Prototype as a Residential Cogeneration System

17

Michele Miccio, Bartolomeo Cosenza Atmospheric Wet and Dry Deposition of Trace Elements to a Mangrove Forest Site at the Southeast of Mexico

27

J. R. Carrillo, C. G. Carballo, R. M. Cerón, J. G. Cerón, E. Guevara, J. C. Zavala, A. Alderete, R. Brito, A. Ortinez, A. Cordova

Preliminary Consideration on GPS Signal Reconstruction in Real Driving Cycle Analysis 35 Livia Della Ragione, Giovanni Meccariello Geostatistical Analyst Using the Junction Risk Factor to Analyse and Prevent Urban Traffic Accidents

42

Ismail Bulent Gundogdu Assessing Radon in the Karst Spring Waters: The Case-Study of the Capodifiume Spring Mixed Waters, National Park of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni-European Geopark (Southern Italy)

50

Domenico Guida, Michele Guida, Biagio Capacchione, Albina Cuomo, Kay Knöller, Michael Schubert, Vincenzo Siervo, Aniello Aloia

Throughfall Deposition of N and S to Mangrove Ecosystems in the Southeast of Mexico 59 R. C. Escoffie, R. M. Cerón, J. G. Ceron, E. C. Guevara, C. G. Carballo, J. A. Benitez, J. C. Zavala, F. Anguebes, M. Ramirez

Local Emergency Works for Coastal Risk Defense 66 Michele Greco, Giovanni Martino Aspects of Modeling and Simulation of the Traffic Management Quality Sustainable in an Urban Intersection

74

Amelia Bucur, Liliana Georgeta Popescu, Mihai-Victor Zerbeş

Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development

ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 7

Industrial Settlements Acoustic Noise Impact Study by Predictive Software and Computational Approach

80

Claudio Guarnaccia, Joseph Quartieri, Alessandro Ruggiero, Tony L. Lenza Gamma Distribution Function as a Tool for Monthly Precipitation Generation in the Bashkortostan Republic, Russian Federation

88

Tcvetana Volkova, Antonia Longobardi, Nataliya Krasnogorskaya Chemical Streamflow Analysis as a Support for Hydrograph Filtering in Small Size Watersheds: The Ciciriello Experimental Catchment (Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni European and Global Geopark)

96

Antonia Longobardi, Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Paolo Villani Indirect Growth Rates of the Information Model for the Traffic at the Service of Sustainable Development of Maritime Tourism in Croatia from 2012 to 2018

103

Vinko Vidučić, Snježana Pivac, Jelena Žanić Mikuličić Atmospheric Radon in the Surface Layer: A Box Model Constrained with Meteorological Data 109 Natalia De Luca, Eleonora Coppari, Piero Di Carlo, Giovanni Pitari Neural Network Prediction of the Electricity Consumption of Trolleybus and Tram Transport in Sofia City

116

Silviya Popova, Svetoslav Iliev, Milen Trifonov Classification of the Cilento, Vallo Diano and Alburni National Park-European Geopark Coastland

121

Domenico Guida, Aniello Aloia, Alessio Valente Additional In-Car Warning System for Safer Grade Crossings 127 Petr Bouchner, Martin Leso, Arnošt Matlafus, Dmitry Rozhdestvenskiy, Stanislav Novotný, Dušan Kamenický, Jana Kadlecova, Josef Mík

Levels of BTEX and Criteria Pollutants in Ambient Air of San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico during Summer 2013

132

Carballo-Pat C. G., Cerón-Bretón J.G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Ramírez-Lara E., Aguilar-Ucán C. A., Montalvo-Romero C., Guevara-Carrió E., Córdova-Quiroz A. V., Gamboa-Fernández J. M., Uc-Chi M. P.

Assessment of Rating Curve through Entropy-Based Manning’s Equation 141 Domenica Mirauda, Michele Greco Driver’s Aggressive Behavior – Experiments on the Driving Simulator 148 Petr Bouchner, Stanislav Novotný, Dmitry Rozhdestvenskiy, Jana Kadlecová, Anna Čechová, Jan Suchánek, Jan Florián

Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in Soils from the Kuçova Oilfield, Albania

154

Gerti Xhixha, Marica Baldoncini, Giampietro Bezzon, Giampaolo Buso, Ivan Callegari, Tommaso Colonna, Giovanni Fiorentini, Gazmira Gjeta, Mariola Goga, Enrico Guastaldi, Fadil Hasani, Fabio Mantovani, Liliana Mou, Carlos Rossi Alvarez, Virginia Strati, Merita Xhixha Kaçeli, Alessandro Zanon


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 8

The Right to a Healthy Environment, Fundamental Human Right, Constitutionally Enshrined 161 Florin Fainisi Monitoring and GPS Controls, over Time, of the Active Fault in Castrovillari 169 Vincenzo Barrile, Giuseppe M. Meduri, Giuliana Bilotta A Hybrid Framework for Modelling and Simulation for Deshopping Behaviour and How Companies Respond

176

Shawkat Salim Rahman, Shuliang Li Landscape Planning and Biodiversity Conservation of River Habitats Require Vegetation Analysis and Mapping: The Case of Cilento National Park (Italy)

182

Maria Rita Lapenna, Leonardo Rosati, Giovanni Salerno, Mariacristina Villani, Simonetta Fascetti, Leonardo Filesi

Multifactor Productivity, Financial Performance and Economic Value Added of Agriculture in the Czech Republic after the Economic Crisis

191

Ondřej Machek, Jindřich Špička Evolutionary Kinematics and Geological Features of the Large Pisciotta Rock Slide (Cilento Geopark, Campania, Southern Italy)

197

De Vita Pantaleone, La Barbera Giovanni, Carratú Maria Teresa Land Cover Change Analysis Using CORINE Land Cover Data: A Case Study of the Peripannonian Region in Bosnia and Herzegovina

205

Tatjana Popov, Marko Ivanisevic, Neda Zivak, Goran Trbic, Dejan Djordjevic NORM Assessment at Gas and Oil Fields in Ukraine 213 Т. Pavlenko, М. Aksyonov, O. German, М. Friziuk, Е. Fedorenko, А. Mikhajlenko Levels of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere of one Urban Site Located at the Northeast of Mexico during Winter 2013

217

Ramírez-Lara E., Fernández-Delgadillo S., Cerón-Bretón J. G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Guevara-Carrió E., Alderete-Chávez A., Carballo-Pat C. G., Anguebes-Franseschi F., Peva-Pamplona Inry, Ortínez-Álvarez J. A., López-Chuken U.

The Importance of Education and Economic Growth - Comparative Analysis Romania-Japan 226 Daniela Neamt, Carmen Nastase, Ana-Maria Cozgarea, Calin Ciufudean Using Radon as a Naturally Occurring Tracer in the Bussento River Karst Systems (National Park of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni - European and Global Geopark, Southern Italy)

233

Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Michele Guida Petrology & Geochemistry of Precambrian Metagranites and Their Enclaves from Core Series of Menderes Massif, in Buldan (Denizli, West Turkey) Area

240

Kerim Kocak, Huseyin Şenol, Celalettin Uyanik Norm and Tenorm Management and Decontamination Procedures 244 Giacomo Zambelli, Davide Di Pietrantonio, Carlo Oppici, Alberto Ciarmatori, Francesco Carnaccini


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 9

Driver Vigilance Monitoring – Impact of the Long Tunnels 251 Akshaya Jayakumar, Mirko Novak, Josef Faber, Petr Bouchner Natural Radioactivity in Dust Storm Samples from Al-Najaf, Iraq 257 Ali Abid Abojassim Al-Hamidawi Levels of Carbonyls, CO, O3, NO, NO2, NOx and SO2 in Ambient air of Monterrey, Mexico during Winter 2013

262

Cerón-Bretón J. G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Ramírez-Lara E., Aguilar-Ucán C. A., Zavala-Loría J. C., López-Chuken U., Montalvo-Romero C., Anguebes-Franseschi F., Carballo-Pat C. G., Durán-Díaz M., López-Gil L.

The Impact of Structural Changes on Tourism Market on Business Specialization of Subjects of Tourist Offer in Destination

269

Iris Mihajlović Bioremediation of Ni2+ Polluted Soils by Plant-Associated Bacteria in Heavy Metal Phytoremediation Process

281

Corneliu Mihaita Pohontu, Ioan Gontariu Assessing Radon-in-Air from Streamflow, Comparing Two Study Cases: Labso-Laura and Capodifiume Springs (Campania Region, Southern Italy)

287

Domenico Guida, Michele Guida, Maria Lettieri, Vincenza Tirri, Biagio Capacchione Geochemical Characteristics of Oceanic Plagiogranite and Basic Dikes at the Sheeted Dike Complex of Central Anatolian Ophiolites at Bozkır (Ortakoy-Aksaray/TURKEY) Dam

296

Kerim Kocak, Bernard E. Leake, Riza Sogut Contribution to the Development of the Simulation Model of the Port-Transshipment System 300 Josko Dvornik, Srđan Dvornik, Vinko Vidučić Simulation of 137CS Radioactive Contamination Due to an Accident in a Biomass Plant for Energy Production: The Importance of Decision Support System (DSS) in the Emergency Planning

308

Andrea Malizia, Claudio Cafarelli, Laura Milanese, Simona Pagannone, Amedeo Pappalardo, Massimo Pedemonte, Daniele Di Giovanni, Mariachiara Carestia, Orlando Cenciarelli, Fabrizio D’amico, Leonardo Palombi, Carlo Bellecci, Pasqualino Gaudio

Productivity Benchmarking in Incentive Regulation of Public Utilities: Evidence from Czech Gas Utilities and Implications for Post-Communist Countries

315

Ondřej Machek, Jiří Hnilica Variations in Criteria Pollutants and Deposition Fluxes of Trace Elements in Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Mexico

321

R. M. Cerón, J. G. Cerón, E. Ramírez, C. A. Aguilar, C. Montalvo, U. López, C. G. Carballo, J. A. Benítez, J. R. Carrillo

Spatial Interpolation of Average Long-Term Annual Precipitation in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russian Federation

329

Ivan Afanasev, Tcvetana Volkova, Alexey Elizaryev, Antonia Longobardi


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 10

"Intelligent Cities" - Interdependent Time Series Graphically Analyzed. Strategies in Traffic Control and Street Lighting

337

Claudiu Silvasan, Ioan Borza Application of 222Rn as Partition Radiotracer in Petroleum Reservoirs 344 Jaqueline Martins De Paulo, Rubens Martins Moreira Energy Consumption and Economic growth in Iran: Cointegration and Causality Analysis 348 Soheila Khoshnevis Yazdi, Nikos Mastorakis Laboratory Combustion of Coal with Admixture of Limestone: Effect on Elemental Volatility 355 Lucie Bartoňová Renewable, CO2 emissions, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Iran 360 Soheila Khoshnevis Yazdi, Nikos Mastorakis Investigating Relative Contributions of Various Precursors’ Ratio in TTHMs Profiling in a Proto-Type Distribution Rig Using Central Composite Design (CCD)

371

Sajida Rasheed, Imran Hashmi, Luiza Campos, Qizhi Zhou, Jong K. Kim Groundwater Evaluation by Using Environmental Isotopes in the Northeast Missan Governorate, South of Iraq

382

Ali Riza Söğüt, Hussein B. Ghalibal-Hawash Infrared Spectral Measurements in Remotes Sensing and GIS to Asses Factors Controlling Flora Diseases in Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya

385

B. M. Suleiman, S. I. Elmehdy, M. Mohamed, S. Hamad, R. Alhendaw An Investigation of VARMA Modeling for the Representation of Feed-In Tariff Revenue of Wind-Based Microgrids

393

Guzman Dıaz, Blanca Moreno, Jose Coto, Javier Gomez-Aleixandre Assessing and Modeling the Contribution to Indoor Radon from the Building Materials: The S.I.R.E.M.© Model

398

Simona Mancini, Michele Guida, Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Pierfrancesco Fiore, Enrico Sicignano

Authors Index 408


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 11

Plenary Lecture 1

Interactive Simulation in the Field of Human–Machine Interaction in Transport Systems: Tools and Methods for Research, Training and Education

Associate Professor Petr Bouchner Head of Department of Vehicles at Faculty of Transportation Sciences

Driving Simulation Research Group Czech Technical University in Prague

Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Problems of reliability and safety of interaction between the human operator (driver) and him/her controlled artificial system (machine, vehicle) are the crucial research tasks within the scope of safety in transport. Most of the accidents happened due to the failure of a human factor. It can either happen when controlling (driving) the machine (vehicle) but also when maintaining it or even sooner when it is manufactured or designed. A failure is often caused either by a bad design of the system or an insufficient or unsuitable training of the human operators. Since the only communication between the operator and artificial systems is realized via the interfaces, just the field of interfaces is the topic of our contemporary research performed in our laboratories. The lecture introduces problems of the Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) research field as well as problems of user interfaces in systemic point of view. These will be discussed in general, seamlessly moving towards the field of driver- vehicle interaction reliability and safety. The objective approaches and measures to investigate in the reliability of operator-machine interaction are discussed as well as mathematical modeling tools. Beside those general approaches, the lecture introduces in more detail our main research focus - ergonomics and human factors in vehicle control. The presentation shows and explains main principles of the research tools – the advanced interactive ground vehicle simulators, which are continuously being developed by the Driving Simulation Research Group at Czech Tech Univ. It encompasses passenger cars, two-wheelers, trucks and/or rail engines. This field of R&D deals with simulation technology but also scenario and experiment design and mainly measurement tools and methods, which are fitted for particular experiment types. Indisputable role in this area is played by measuring devices, especially those which work with so called psychophysiological measures. The data measured during the experiments are usually hard to be interpreted in a straightforward way, mainly those which have biological nature - therefore also some advanced analytical and classification tools are discussed. At the end of the presentation most recent and/or most valuable results and conclusions, which presents outputs of almost 15 years research effort in this area, will be shown. The lecture is accompanied with vivid videos. Brief Biography of the Speaker: Academic career: 2003 - Master Degree at CTU Prague (Faculty of Electro-engineering), specialization in computer engineering, 2007 - Doctoral Degree at CTU Prague (Faculty of Transportation Sciences) “Driving simulators for HIM research”, 2011 degree of associate prof. (doc.) at CTU Prague. Since 2003 researcher and university teacher, since 2007 Head of Driving Simulation Research Group, since 2008 deputy head of Laboratory of Systems Reliability of FTS,CTU and Institute of Informatics of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, since 2011 head of Department of Transporting Technologies. Scientific activities: research activities in interactive and driving simulator construction and development, HMI in vehicles, human factors in transportation, measurements and analysis of complex data, implementation of virtual reality tools into the experiments, design of experiments and their analysis, member of editorial board of scientific journal Neural Network World. Since 2003 wrote several tens of papers, chapters in journals, book chapters, research report with topics on interactive simulators, human factors in transportation, ergonomics, driver’s attention and fatigue, worked in expert groups of PIARC and European Committee. Main solver of several national scientific and applied research projects (grants).


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 12

Plenary Lecture 2

Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems

Professor Sadko Mandzuka Faculty of Traffic Science

Department of Intelligent Transport System University of Zagreb

Croatia E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is an holistic, control and ICT upgrade of classic transportation and traffic systems which significantly improves system performance, traffic safety, efficiency in transportation of goods and passengers, increases passenger protection and comfort, reduces pollution, etc. A particularly potent approach was recognized in the possibility of application of cooperative systems in traffic. The main characteristics of a cooperative approach are: a) Considers the driver, vehicle, infrastructure and other road users as a unique system, b) Considers operational and management needs of the entire system, c) Integrated approach to safety of traffic and all participants, d) Applies technology in a coherent manner in order to support overall integration of system parts. Currently we recognize next systems onto which the cooperative approach can be successfully applied: navigation systems and travel information systems, warning systems, emergency services’ vehicle management, priority management in urban public transport, intelligent systems for speed management, support systems for endangered transport users and others. In the narrow sense of the cooperation definition, the following communications were recognized: V2V – vehicle to vehicle, V2I – vehicle to infrastructure, V2P – vehicle to pedestrian, I2P – infrastructure to pedestrian etc. Brief Biography of the Speaker: Prof. Sadko Mandzuka is currently Head of Transportation Telematics Chair at the Department of Intelligent Transportation System, Faculty of Traffic Science, University of Zagreb. He has wide experience in the area of floating vessels control theory, Intelligent Transport System, artificial intelligence, traffic incident management system etc. He had the opportunity to work both in academic and industrial environments including Brodarski Institute, Consulting in the Innovation Area for SME’s, etc. He is currently setting up a spin-off company providing consulting services for Intelligent Transport System (Incident Management System and other) while at the same time advancing his academic career. He is a founding member of Croatian Robotic Association, President of ITS-Croatia, and Collaborating member of Croatian Academy of Engineering. He is a member of Technical Committee on Marine Systems (Coordinating Committee on Transportation and Vehicle Systems - IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control ). Finally he has served in the program committees and as reviewer at several international Congress and Conferences. He is author of more than 100 internationally reviewed publications.


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 13

Plenary Lecture 3

Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development

Associate Professor Calin I. Ciufudean “Stefan Cel Mare” Universtity of Suceava

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department of Automatics and Computers

ROMANIA E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development expounds upon an important chapter of artificial intelligence; respectively, discrete event systems applied for modeling and simulation of control, logistic supply, chart positioning, conservation and protection of natural resources in order to have a clean and healthy environment capable to ensure a sustainable development of modern global society. All these factors allow for a new design of artificial social systems dotted with intelligence, autonomous decision-making capabilities, and self-diagnosing properties. Artificial social systems were defined by Y. Moses and M. Tennenholtz in their work ”Artificial Social Systems,” www.home.cs.utwente.nl: ”An artificial social system is a set of restrictions on agents’ behaviors in a multi-agent environment. Its role is to allow agents to coexist in a shared environment and pursue their respective goals in the presence of other agents.” Heuristics techniques, data mining planning activities, scheduling algorithms, automatic data identification, processing, and control represent as many trumps for these new systems’ analyzing formalism. This lecture aims to provide relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings. Social simulations grounded on solid conceptual models from the social sciences, such as discrete event social simulations, provide a fully traceable implementation of these concepts that readily accommodate the varying timescales in gaining a better understanding of the complex, adaptive system that is society. The tutorial introduces real, e.g. implemented by the author, approaches and frameworks for modeling and simulation process, kinematic constraints of the trophic closed loop chains as well as modern issues for automatic control of diverse pollution systems. We challenge the reader to reveal the development stage of social networks appliance upon environmental issues and to anticipate their future evolution in respect to technological and climatic changes. Brief Biography of the Speaker: • Academic Positions: Assoc. Professor Ph.D. Eng., Dept. of Automatics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Romania. • Fields of Scientific Activities: Discrete Event Systems, Complex Measurement Systems, Reliability and Diagnosis of Control Systems, Environmental Management. • He published 11 books, 14 patents and over 170 scientific papers in conference proceedings and journals. • Honor Member of the Romanian Society of Electrical & Control Engineering - Member of the Romanian Technical Experts Corp. • Technical Expert of the Romanian Ministry of Justice. • President of the Romanian Society of Electrical & Control Engineering, Suceava Branch. • He is a member of the editorial boards of several international scientific journals and conferences of control systems and electric engineering science. He was designated chairmen at 27 international conferences.


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 14

Plenary Lecture 4

Sustainability According to the Viable Systems Approach. The Relevance of the Philosophical Values of the Kybernetes

Professor Gandolfo Dominici Vice President and Scientific Director Business Systems Laboratory (Italy)

Tenured Assis. Professor of Business Management Dep. SEAS – University of Palermo

Italy E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: An organization is viable if it survives, remains united and is complete; it is homeostatically balanced both internally and externally and furthermore has mechanisms that allow it to grow, learn, develop, and adapt, and thus become increasingly more effective in its environment. The more the organization is able to preserve and regenerate, the more possibilities it has to maintain viability in the long term. Therefore viability assumes the relevance of "time" as an important factor in decision-making and action. If we consider the organization to be a dissipative system, then in order to counterbalance the consumption of relevant resources, it is necessary to think ahead to a time horizon that extends beyond the mere achievement of functioning resources in the short to middle term. Therefore, we can consider sustainability as systemic viability in the long term. This broader time horizon entails that the role of the "kybernetes" not be limited to the quest for functioning resources within a limited timeframe but rather must be developed in a more general way as a philosophy guiding the kybernetes in every decision and action. This implies that it is essential to involve "values" in the decision-making and action-taking processes. For these reasons, the kybernetes’ role, values and education are of extreme importance to the sustainability –and thus the long-term viability – of human organizations. Brief Biography of the Speaker: Gandolfo Dominici is a Ph.D. in Business Management at “Sapienza” University of Rome in 2004. In 2003 he was visiting researcher at the Faculty of Economics of Nagasaki University, Japan developing a research about the cultural roots of Japanese Toyota Production Systems. Since 2005 he is Assistant Professor of Business Management at the University of Palermo (Italy), where from 2006 he holds the Chair of Marketing and from 2008 of Systems and Organizational Processes. He got his tenure at University of Palermo in 2008. He is co-founder, Vice President and Scientific Director of the scientific nonprofit association Business Systems Laboratory (B.S.Lab - www.bslaboratory.net), board member of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetice (WOSC- http://wosc.co/) and the Consorzio Universitario di Economia Industriale e Manageriale (CUEIM - www.cueim.com). He is author of about 50 published articles and books and member of the editorial board of 14 international peer reviewed journals. His main research interests are: Systems Thinking, Managerial Cybernetics, Marketing, Consumer ethnography, SCM and Innovation Management. For further information: www.unipa.it/gandolfodominici/


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 15

Plenary Lecture 5

Innovative Energy System, Environmentally Friendly for Thermo-magnetic Appliance

Associate Professor Carmen Vasile LGECO - Design Engineering Laboratory

INSA - National Institute of Applied Sciences Strasbourg, France

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Our aim and the goal of this innovative thermo-magnetic technology is to improve the energy efficiency of our equipments and to preserve our quality of life, by having access to all refrigeration and heating technologies, without damaging the planet. This innovative energy system is based on the concept of the thermo-magneto effect which will be presented. The description of the prototypes design and the results for temperature span between negative -20°C up to +60°C, will be presented as well. Energy conversion and thermal exchanges are in the heart of our daily life through the household appliances as fridges, freezers; at home: the air conditioner; in shops: the refrigerated show cases, beverage dispensers, cold room; in the food-processing industry: storage of foodstuffs, cold chain; in companies: industrial process; in motor cars: 90 % of new vehicles integrate an air conditioning system, etc… For all these applications it is possible to completely eliminate the refrigerant gas system and to use instead the thermo-magnetic system, which is already in the pre-industrialization phase. The presentation will show that the thermo-magnetic technology meets all the needs for versatile next-generation equipment for cooling and heating, because it is environmentally friendly; because it emits no greenhouse gasses and no toxic fluids (using a water/glycol mix for cooling circuits); because is energy efficient: 40% to 60% less energy consumption compared to classical systems; and also for economical reasons: initial costs are similar to existing systems, maintenance costs are lower. We are convinced the energy is clearly one of the critical global challenges facing humankind, and we must put in work all our forces in order to find efficient sustainable solutions. Brief Biography of the Speaker: Carmen VASILE MULLER is Associate Professor at INSA (Graduate School of Science and Technology) the Department of Energy, Heating & Air Conditioning and researcher at LGeCo (Design Engineering Laboratory) in Strasbourg, France. She has a PhD in Energy Engineering (expertise in Systems and Heat & Mass Transfer). She performs since 1990 research activities and academic teaching in the field of heat and mass transfer, fluid dynamics, energy efficiency, magnetic cooling, renewable energies. Her research work is visible in an important number of international scientific journals and in national and international conferences all over the world. She is member of different scientific societies and she leads the subgroup of machines inside the Standardisation Group for Magnetic Refrigeration Working Party of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIF-IIR).


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 16

Authors Index Afanasev, I. 329

Cosenza, B. 17

Guida, M. 50, 233

Aguilar, C. A. 321

Coto, J. 393

Guida, M. 287, 398 Aguilar-Ucán, C. A. 132, 262

Cozgarea, A.-M. 226

Gundogdu, I. B. 42

Aksyonov, M. 213

Cuomo, A. 50, 96

Hamad, S. 385 Alderete, A. 27

Cuomo, A. 233, 398

Hasani, F. 154

Alderete-Chávez, A. 217

D’Amico, F. 308

Hashmi, I. 371 Al-Hamidawi, A. A. A. 257

De Luca, N. 109

Hnilica, J. 315

Alhendaw, R. 385

De Paulo, J. M. 344

Iliev, S. 116 Aloia, A. 50, 121

Della Ragione, L. 35

Ivanisevic, M. 205

Anguebes, F. 59

Di Carlo, P. 109

Jayakumar, A. 251 Anguebes-Franseschi, F. 217, 262

Di Giovanni, D. 308

Kaçeli, M. X. 154

Baldoncini, M. 154

Di Pietrantonio, D. 244

Kadlecova, J. 127, 148 Barrile, V. 169

Dıaz, G. 393

Kamenický, D. 127

Bartoňová, L. 355

Djordjevic, D. 205

Kim, J. K. 371 Bellecci, C. 308

Durán-Díaz, M. 262

Knöller, K. 50

Benitez, J. A. 59, 321

Dvornik, J. 300

Kocak, K. 240, 296 Bezzon, G. 154

Dvornik, S. 300

Krasnogorskaya, N. 88

Bilotta, G. 169

Elizaryev, A. 329

La Barbera, G 197 Borza, I. 337

Elmehdy, S. I. 385

Lapenna, M. R. 182

Bouchner, P. 127, 148, 251

Escoffie, R. C. 59

Leake, B. E. 296 Brito, R. 27

Faber, J. 251

Lenza, T. L. 80

Bucur, A. 74

Fainisi, F. 161

Leso, M. 127 Buso, G. 154

Fascetti, S. 182

Lettieri, M. 287

Cafarelli, C. 308

Fedorenko, E. 213

Li, S. 176 Callegari, I. 154

Fernández-Delgadillo, S. 217

Longobardi, A. 88, 96, 329

Campos, L. 371

Filesi, L. 182

López, U. 321 Capacchione, B. 50, 287

Fiore, P. 398

López-Chuken, U. 217, 262

Carballo, C. G. 27, 59, 321

Fiorentini, G. 154

López-Gil, L. 262 Carballo-Pat, C. G. 132, 217, 262

Florián, J. 148

Machek, O. 191, 315

Carestia, M. 308

Friziuk, M. 213

Malizia, A. 308 Carnaccini, F. 244

Gamboa-Fernández, J. M. 132

Mancini, S. 398

Carratú, Maria Teresa 197

Gaudio, P. 308

Mantovani, F. 154 Carrillo, J. R. 27, 321

German, O. 213

Martino, G. 66

Čechová, A. 148

Ghalibal-Hawash, H. B. 382

Mastorakis, N. 348, 360 Cenciarelli, O. 308

Gjeta, G. 154

Matlafus, A. 127

Ceron, J. G. 27, 59, 321

Goga, M. 154

Meccariello, G. 35 Cerón, R. M. 27, 59, 321

Gomez-Aleixandre, J. 393

Meduri, G. M. 169

Cerón-Bretón, J. G. 132, 217, 262

Gontariu, I. 281

Miccio, M. 17 Cerón-Bretón, R. M. 132, 217, 262

Greco, M. 66, 141

Mihajlović, I. 269

Ciarmatori, A. 244

Guarnaccia, C. 80

Mík, J. 127 Ciufudean, C. 226

Guastaldi, E. 154

Mikhajlenko, A. 213

Colonna, T. 154

Guevara, E. 27, 59

Milanese, L. 308 Coppari, E. 109

Guevara-Carrió, E. 132, 217

Mirauda, D. 141

Cordova, A. 27

Guida, D. 50, 96, 121

Mohamed, M. 385 Córdova-Quiroz, A. V. 132

Guida, D. 233, 287, 398

Montalvo, C. 321


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 408

Montalvo-Romero, C. 132, 262

Popov, T. 205

Suchánek, J. 148

Moreira, R. M. 344

Popova, S. 116

Suleiman, B. M. 385 Moreno, B. 393

Quartieri, J. 80

Tirri, V. 287

Mou, L. 154

Rahman, S. S. 176

Trbic, G. 205 Nastase, C. 226

Ramírez, E. 321

Trifonov, M. 116

Neamt, D. 226

Ramirez, M. 59

Uc-Chi, M. P. 132 Novak, M. 251

Ramírez-Lara, E. 132, 217, 262

Uyanik, C. 240

Novotný, S. 127, 148

Rasheed, S. 371

Valente, A. 121 Oppici, C. 244

Rosati, L. 182

Vidučić, V. 103, 300

Ortinez, A. 27

Rossi Alvarez, C. 154

Villani, M. 182 Ortínez-Álvarez, J. A. 217

Rozhdestvenskiy, D. 127, 148

Villani, P. 96

Pagannone, S. 308

Ruggiero, A. 80

Volkova, T. 88, 329 Palombi, L. 308

Salerno, G. 182

Xhixha, G. 154

Pantaleone, D. V. 197

Schubert, M. 50

Yazdi, S. K. 348, 360 Pappalardo, A. 308

Şenol, H. 240

Zambelli, G. 244

Pavlenko, T. 213

Sicignano, E. 398

Žanić Mikuličić, J. 103 Pedemonte, M. 308

Siervo, V. 50

Zanon, A. 154

Peva-Pamplona, I. 217

Silvasan, C. 337

Zavala, J. C. 27, 59 Pitari, G. 109

Söğüt, A. R. 382

Zavala-Loría, J. C. 262

Pivac, S. 103

Sogut, R. 296

Zerbeş, M.-V. 74 Pohontu, C. M. 281

Špička, J. 191

Zhou, Q. 371

Popescu, L. G. 74

Strati, V. 154

Zivak, N. 205


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 409

Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in soils from the Kuçova oilfield, Albania

GERTI XHIXHA

1, MARICA BALDONCINI

2, GIAMPIETRO BEZZON

1, GIAMPAOLO BUSO

1,

IVAN CALLEGARI1, TOMMASO COLONNA

3, GIOVANNI FIORENTINI

1, GAZMIRA GJETA

4,

MARIOLA GOGA4, ENRICO GUASTALDI

3, FADIL HASANI

5, FABIO MANTOVANI

2,

LILIANA MOU1, CARLOS ROSSI ALVAREZ

6, VIRGINIA STRATI

2, MERITA XHIXHA

KAÇELI2, ALESSANDRO ZANON

1

1 Legnaro National Laboratory

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Via dell’Università, 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova, ITALY

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Department of Physics and Earth Sciences

University of Ferrara

Via Saragat, 1 - 44100 Ferrara, ITALY

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

3 Center for GeoTechnologies

University of Siena

Via Vetri Vecchi, 34 - 52027 San Giovanni Valdarno, Arezzo, ITALY

[email protected]; [email protected]

4 Faculty of Mathematical Engineering & Physical Engineering

Polytechnic University of Tirana

Square Nënë Tereza, 4 Tirana, ALBANIA

[email protected]; [email protected]

5 Kosovo Agency for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (KARPNS)

Office of the Prime Minister

Ish-Gërmia - 10000 Prishtinë, KOSOVO

[email protected]

6 Padova Section

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Via Marzolo 8 - 35131 Padova, ITALY

[email protected]

Abstract: - Oil and gas exploration activities belong to the industrial sectors involving the production of NORMs because of the enhancement in radium isotopes concentrations recorded in industrial residues. According to the European recommendations of the new Basic Safety Standards for radioprotection, each member state shall identify NORM industries and estimate their environmental and human impact. In this framework, the concentrations of uranium and thorium decay series, as well as of 40K were measured in soil, sludge and oil sand samples collected in the Kuçova oilfield (Albania) by using a high resolution gamma-ray

spectrometer (HPGe). The levels of radioactivity in soil samples were found to be comparable with the world mean activity concentrations. Oil sand samples showed the highest 40K and 226Ra activity concentrations, indicating the presence of shale traps, which are generally rich in natural radionuclides. No strong evidences on disequilibrium were observed from the ratio of 228Th and 228Ra activity concentrations. The concentration of


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 154

mailto:[email protected]

















radionuclides in produced water and crude oil were found to be minimum detectable activities. From the radiological point of view, the excess of annual effective dose rate from industrial residues was estimated to be much lower than the recommended limits for population and workers. Key-Words: -NORM; Natural radioactivity; Oil and gas extraction; Gamma-ray spectrometry, Radium isotopes; Kuçova oilfield; Albania

1 Introduction Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) are residues enriched with radionuclides of natural origin as a consequence of industrial processes [1]. The main sources of natural radioactivity are 238U, 232Th and their progenies and 40K radionuclide which are present in the Earth’s crust, in soils and in waters at varying abundances. The concentrations in soil and water can be enhanced by industrial processes, such as oil and gas extraction, production of phosphate fertilizers, coal mining and combustion, cement production, which are listed in [2] as industrial sectors involving

NORMs. Therefore, the identification and monitoring of industrial processes involving NORMs should be carried out by countries for assessing the exposure of workers or members of the public.

During the last years, particular interest has been devoted to unconventional methods of shale gas extraction known as “fracking”, which causes

NORMs to be brought to the surface as part of the flowback and production brine. In oil and gas industry, specific attention has been dedicated to the contamination of oil equipment and oilfield environment with NORMs (e.g. scale, sludge and produced water). In particular, these residues are enriched in radium isotopes originating from

uranium and thorium present in reservoir rocks. Indeed, while both uranium and thorium present in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks are essentially insoluble under reducing conditions, their progenies 226/228Ra concentrate in formation waters. For this reason, 226/228Ra are unsupported by the long-lived uranium and thorium parent radionuclides and, due

to their half-lives of 1600 yr and 5.75 yr respectively, they tend to accumulate in formation water. The produced water (i.e. water brought in surface) may contain in solution various cations like barium, calcium, and strontium, as well as sulfate and carbonate anions, whose concentrations depend on the solubility of the original salts, which in turn is influenced by cation/anion ratio, pH, temperature

and pressure. Since radium is chemically similar to Ba, Ca and Sr, as produced water is brought in surface and temperature tends to drop, it can

consequently co-precipitate as radium sulfates or radium carbonates: this can lead to the subsequent formation of scales, depending on the concentration

of ionic species in the produced water [3, 4]. 226Ra and 228Ra concentrations in scale can reach values as high as 1500 × 104 Bq/kg and 280 × 104 Bq/kg respectively, as reported by IAEA [5], but typically highly variable concentrations are observed [6].

The petroleum exploration and production in Albania began in early XX century with the

construction in the Kuçova area of the oldest and the second biggest oilfield of the country. The primary oil extraction technique in Albania uses beam pumps, which allow for exploiting the pressure of the gas in the reservoir to force oil out and into the well. Since statistically 25 to 95% of the original oil has not been extracted after the well consumed the reservoir’s natural drives, water and steam-drive

improved recovery generally follows, in order to raise fluid level and pressure in the wellbores and reduce oil viscosity. Recently, several secondary recovery techniques, such as water and steam injection, have been employed in pilot wells in the Kuçova oilfield in order to increase the oil production rate. Several environmental studies have

shown that the release of produced water in oil well surroundings, in decantation plants and in oil spillage sites can result in serious soil, water and air contamination due to BTEX compounds or crude oil [7, 8, 9]. However, there is a leak of data on the possible soils contamination and pollution with NORMs associated to the extraction processes of oil

and gas in Albania. This study is the first attempt to investigate the

radioactivity concentration in soils of the Kuçova oilfield surroundings and in the oil industry by-products, such as oil-sands and produced water. The Kuçova oilfield is located in the South Central region of Albania, approximately 30 kilometers northeast of the Patos Marinza field. The field was

discovered in 1928 and had over 1,700 wells drilled (with a typical maximum depth of approximately 1500 m), resulting in a cumulative production of 23.2 million barrels of heavy oil (13-16° API gravity) by the end of 2006. The actual oil extraction process may produce a weak


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 155

enhancement of natural radioactivity, since moderate temperature variations and low amounts of produced water are involved. Considering that secondary recovery techniques may result in relatively high enhancement of natural radioactivity

in residues, these data will provide precious baseline information concerning the presence of natural radioelements in the investigated areas. This will allow also for an estimate of the environmental and human impact of oil industrial activities on the Kuçova area. Moreover, these results will open the way to possible implementations in the Albanian

legislative framework of the European recommendation regarding the Basic Safety Standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation [2].

2 Material and methods

2.1 Geological setting of the study area The onshore petroleum exploration in Albania is mainly located in the Ionian Unit (ION) and in the Durrës basin, also called the Peri-Adriatic Depression (PAD) (Fig. 1). Their hydrocarbon potential is mainly related to the Neogenic molasse deposits located in the peripheral southeastern part

of the PAD. These deposits are characterized by the presence of transgressive sequences on the top of underlying Mesozoic and Paleogene limestones. The oil currently explored in the Neogenic reservoirs results from a secondary migration from underlying limestone reservoirs (ION). In fact, the generation in situ of hydrocarbons was precluded in the molasse deposits. As a result of the lithological changes, the

oil was accumulated mainly in stratigraphic traps of the PAD clastic deposits, which comprise a considerable number of sandy-clayey mega-sequences. In some cases these megasequences become more complete, beginning with

conglomerates and clastic limestones and ending on the top with clays, shale, coal or gypsum. The thickness of the molasses increases from southeast to northwest, reaching a maximum of 5000 m [10].

Fig. 1. a) Simplified geological map of Albania, modified from Havancsák et al [11]. Geological units labels are as follows: AAL: Albanian Alps unit; ATT: Albanian-Thessalian trough; GAS: Gashi unit; ION: Ionian unit; KOZ: Korabi unit; KRA: Krasta unit; KRU: Kruja unit; MIR: Mirdita unit; PAD: Periadriatic depression; SAZ: Sazani unit;

VER: Vermoshi unit. The red rectangle highlights the location of the Kuçova oilfield. b) The cross section III modified from Silo et al [10] is obtained by a seismic line located in the Kuçova region. PAD and ION are in yellow and green, consistently with panel a).


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 156

2.2 Sample collection and preparation A total of 21 soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm

depth in the surroundings of oil wells in the Kuçova oilfield (Fig. 2). Furthermore, 10 samples of oil sands and 3 samples of sludge (mixture of crude oil, oil sand and soil) were collected during the periodical pipe cleaning process. Samples were homogenized to a grain size of less than 2 mm and dried for at least 24 h at a temperature of 105°C till reaching constant weight. Produced water and crude

oil were collected in polyethylene bottles directly from the decantation plants.

Fig. 2. Approximate locations of soil samples collected in the study area.

Samples were then transferred in cylindrical

polycarbonate boxes of 180cm3 volume and sealed hermetically. Samples were left undisturbed for at least four weeks prior to be measured with the HPGe gamma spectrometer, in order to establish radioactive equilibrium in the 226Ra decay chain

segment.

2.3 Gamma-ray spectrometry measurements Samples were measured at the Laboratory of Nuclear Technologies Applied to the Environment

at the University of Ferrara (Italy), using the MCA_Rad system described in Xhixha et al [6]. The fully automated spectrometer consists of two 60 % relative efficiency coaxial p-type HPGe gamma-ray detectors, with an energy resolution of ~1.9 keV at 1332.5 keV (60Co). The absolute full energy peak efficiency of the MCA_Rad is calibrated using

certified standard point sources (152Eu and 56Co). The overall uncertainty in the efficiency calibration is estimated to be less than 5%.

The radionuclides studied in this work are 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 40K. The presence of 137Cs in soils was also investigated. The 226Ra activity

concentration was determined by analyzing the two main gamma emissions of radon progenies 214Pb (at 352 keV) and 214Bi (at 609 keV) and calculating the weighted average. 228Ra was determined through its direct progeny 228Ac gamma emissions (at 338 keV

and 911 keV). The 228Th activity concentration was determined by analyzing the two main gamma emissions of radon progenies 212Pb (at 239 keV) and 208Tl (at 583 keV). The activity concentration of 40K and 137Cs were determined from their respective gamma emissions at 1460 keV and 662 keV. The acquisition time was set to 4 hours for soil, oil sand

and sludge samples and 24 hours for produced water and crude oil samples. 2.3.1 Quality control Certified reference material containing contaminated bulk soil from Syrian oilfield (IAEA-

448) [12] was used for quality control. In general 226Ra, 228Ac, 212Pb, 208Tl and 40K activity concentrations agreed within 3-10% with the reference values.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Activity concentrations The results on 226Ra and228Ra activity concentrations with ±1σ standard deviation (in Bq/kg) in soil, oil sand and sludge samples are shown in Table 1. The activity concentrations of 226Ra are generally higher at ±1σ standard deviation for oil sand samples respect to soil samples. On the other hand, the activity concentrations of 228Ra in oil sands are

typically comparable within ±1σ standard deviation with concentrations in soil samples. However, regarding the environmental legacy issue, only 226Ra has long-term concern, since after 25 year only approximately 5% of 228Ra still remains.

Several studies on activity concentrations in soil samples from oilfields show a great variability for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively up to 9 Bq/kg and 11 Bq/kg in Tunisia [13], 42 Bq/kg and 28 Bq/kg in Kuwait [14], 52 Bq/kg and 34 Bq/kg in Nigeria [15], 248 Bq/kg and 29 Bq/kg in Nigeria [16], 10×103 Bq/kg and 260 Bq/kg in Canada [17], and 438×103 Bq/kg and 987×103 Bq/kg in Egypt [18]. The highest values of activity concentration in soil

samples were reported in cases of study where higher concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra in scale was present. In cases of study similar to the Kuçova oilfield or when lower concentration of 226Ra and


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 157

228Ra in scale was involved, the concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra in soil samples are comparable to our measurements. Table 1. Concentration expressed in Bq/kg at ±1σ

of 226Ra and 228Ra in soil, oil sand and sludge samples.

ID 226Ra Bq/kg

228Ra Bq/kg ID

226Ra Bq/kg

228Ra Bq/kg

Soil Soil

S1 18.5 ±0.8 22.2 ±2.8 S17 13.5 ±0.7 15.5 ±1.1

S2 22.8 ±1.0 35.5 ±1.9 S20 18.3 ±0.9 19.7 ±1.8

S4 17.4 ±0.6 22.2 ±3.5 S21 11.9 ±0.9 11.1 ±1.0

S6 16.8 ±0.6 17.2 ±1.4 Oil sand

S7 16.5 ±1.3 20.7 ±2.2 OS22-1 22.2 ±0.6 22.4 ±1.8

S8 15.0 ±0.6 15.7 ±1.3 OS22-2 23.5 ±1.4 25.2 ±3.2

S9 13.7 ±1.8 14.7 ±1.3 OS22-3 24.6 ±1.3 25.0 ±1.5

S10 16.6 ±0.6 18.0 ±2.7 OS22-4 24.4 ±0.7 25.3 ±1.6

S11-1 17.3 ±0.8 20.1 ±1.7 OS22-5 25.0 ±1.1 26.0 ±1.4

S11-2 16.8 ±0.6 16.6 ±2.1 OS23-1 20.6 ±0.6 19.3 ±2.0

S11-3 19.2 ±0.6 23.1 ±2.5 OS23-2 20.4 ±0.7 20.4 ±1.4

S11-4 16.1 ±0.9 18.3 ±1.2 OS23-3 22.4 ±1.8 22.9 ±1.5

S11-5 16.5 ±0.8 16.0 ±3.0 OS23-4 21.7 ±1.0 23.3 ±1.4

S12 17.5 ±0.6 19.7 ±2.2 OS23-5 20.7 ±0.7 21.6 ±1.4

S13 18.7 ±0.6 23.5 ±1.3 Sludge

S14 17.3 ±0.6 17.4 ±1.3 SL3 17.8 ±0.7 25.6 ±1.7

S15 18.2 ±0.6 19.7 ±1.3 SL5 22.8 ±0.8 22.9 ±3.6

S16 18.1 ±0.6 17.7 ±1.2 SL19 15.4 ±1.2 17.2 ±1.4

In Table 2 the average activity concentrations

±1σ standard deviation and the range are summarized for all studied radionuclides. Produced water and crude oil are not reported since all radionuclides measurements correspond to minimum detectable activities (MDA), equal to 0.4,

1.1, 0.4, 1.4, and 0.2 Bq/kg respectively for 26Ra, 228Ra, 228Th, 40K and 137Cs. The results for soil samples are found to be lower or comparable to the world median activity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th, which are respectively 400 Bq/kg, 35 Bq/kg and 30 Bq/kg [19]. 137Cs was detected only in soil and sludge samples, showing high variable

concentrations. Indeed, for undisturbed soils with high presence of minerals, 137Cs vertical migration is rather slow and the greater fraction of activity

concentration is expected in top soil (0-10 cm). The non-presence of 137Cs in oil sands can be used as a tracer for discriminating oil sand from soil samples. On the other hand, oil sand samples show a higher activity concentration of 40K and 226Ra with respect

to soil samples. These concentrations are reasonable considering that oil traps in the Kuçova oilfield are commonly shales, which are known to have abundances of uranium and thorium. Furthermore, it is known that shales contain high abundances of ilmenite and K-feldspar, and therefore high abundances of K.

Table 2. Average activity concentrations (±1σ) and ranges for 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 137Cs in soil, oil sand and sludge samples.

Sample type N°

40K Bq/kg

226Ra Bq/kg

228Ra Bq/kg

228Th Bq/kg

137Cs Bq/kg

Soil 21 297 ±48 206÷384

17 ±2 12÷23

19 ±5 11÷36

20 ±5 11÷35

6 ±4 1÷13

Oil sand 10 549 ±12 532÷562

23 ±2 20÷25

23 ±2 19÷26

24 ±3 21÷29

n.d.

Sludge 3 348 ±115 220÷443

19 ±4 15÷23

22 ±4 17÷26

23 ±6 17÷28

7 ±6 2÷14

n.d. states for “not detected”

Fig. 3. 228Th/228Ra activity concentration ratios for

oil sand samples. The equilibrium condition, corresponding to the case in which both radionuclides have the same activity, is shown with the green line and the maximum ratio assuming transient equilibrium with the red line.

However, radium isotopes are generally

unsupported in formation water and, since during oil extraction a fraction of them can precipitate in oil sands, an enhancement of concentration, as well as disequilibrium in the decay chain can occur. Disequilibrium in 228Ra decay segment was studied in terms of the ratio between activity concentrations of 228Th and 228Ra (Fig. 3). We observe ratio values

systematically greater than unity: however this is


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 158

not a strong evidence of disequilibrium within the standard uncertainties.

3.2 Radiological assessment The absorbed dose rate (D) in air from external gamma radiation at 1 m above ground level due to the presence of uniformly distributed natural radionuclides in measured soils is calculated according to UNSCEAR [19]:

D (nGy/h) = 0.0417AK + 0.462AU + 0.604ATh (1) where AK, AU, ATh are the activity concentrations (in Bq/kg) of 40K, 238U (as 226Ra) and 232Th (as 228Ra). Secular equilibrium was assumed for the dose calculation. The average (at ±1σ uncertainty) outdoor absorbed dose rate in the Kuçova oilfield

area is 32 ±5 nGy/h. The maximum and minimum calculated values are 21 and 46 nGy/h. This dose is lower than the population weighted average absorbed dose rate in outdoor air from terrestrial gamma radiation (60 nGy/h) [19]. Radiation exposure of workers in the oil-gas industry can occur by increased gamma dose rates due to the

relatively higher radioactivity content in oil sand residues. Assuming that oil sands are uniformly distributed over the top soil, the absorbed dose rate was estimated to increase on the average of about 50%, i.e. to increase up to a maximum value of 47 ±5 nGy/h.

The radiological hazard regarding workers and population living in the Kuçova oilfield area is

evaluated in terms of annual effective dose rate (AEDR). The evaluation of the annual effective dose rate was performed adopting an outdoor time occupancy factor equal to 20% and a conversion factor of 0.7 (Sv/Gy), which accounts for the dose biological effectiveness in causing damage to human tissue.

AEDR (mSv/yr) = D × 10-6 (mGy/h)

× 8760 (h/yr) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 0.2 (2) In Table 3 the results concerning the radiological assessment are summarized. The obtained annual outdoor effective dose rate of 0.04 ±0.01 mSv/y in

soils is lower than the worldwide annual effective dose value of 0.07 mSv/y reported by [19]. The excess of dose due to eventual systematic dispersion of oil sand residues in this area, assuming uniform distribution, would lead to an increase of annual effective dose rate of approximately 0.02 ±0.01 mSv/y. This value is negligible considering the recommended limit of excess of effective dose for

the population (1 mSv/y) and for workers (6-20 mSv/y). Table 3. The average (±1σ) and the range of absorbed dose rates (D) and annual effective dose

rate (AEDR) for soil, sludge and oil sand samples.

Sample type N° D nGy/h

AEDR mSv/yr

Soil 21 32 ±5 21÷46

0.04 ±0.01 0.03÷0.06

Sludge 3 36 ±8 27÷42

0.04 ±0.01 0.03÷0.05

Oil sand 10 47 ±2 45÷50

0.06 ±0.01 0.05÷0.06

4 Conclusion The results of this study are the first ever attempt on

identifying industrial processes in Albania that may involve the enrichment of NORMs. In this framework, the Kuçova oilfield is chosen as study pilot area, where recently secondary recovery techniques of oil extraction have been introduced. The results will reveal the baseline information for local environmental legacy policies. The activity

concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 137Cs in soil samples collected in the Kuçova oilfield are 297 ± 48 Bq/kg, 17 ± 2 Bq/kg, 19 ± 5 Bq/kg, 20 ± 5 Bq/kg and 6 ± 4 Bq/kg, respectively. The 40K and 226Ra activity concentrations in oil sand samples are approximately 85% and 35% higher with respect to values measured in soil samples. These anomalies

may be related to the presence of shale traps which are the oil reservoir. However the excess of dose due to eventual systematic dispersion of oil sand residues in this area, assuming uniform distribution, would lead to a negligible increase of annual effective dose rate of population and workers. From a radiological point of view, nowadays, processes of oil extraction do present risks neither for worker nor

for the environment. References: [1] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for

the safety radiation sources. IAEA Safety Series No.115, Vienna, Austria, 1996. ISSN 0074-1892

[2] Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 Dec. 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing

Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom,


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 159

96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom. L13, Vol. 57, ISSN 1977-0677. doi:10.3000/19770677.L_2014.013.eng

[3] AL. Smith, Radioactive scale formation, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 39,

1987, pp. 697–706. [4] SF. Jerez Vegueria et al., Environmental impact

studies of barium and radium discharges by produced waters from the “Bacia de Campos” oil-field offshore platforms, Brazil, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 62, 2002, pp. 29–38.

[5] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry. IAEA Safety Reports Reries No. 34, Vienna, Austria, 2003. ISSN 1020–6450

[6] G. Xhixha et al., The worldwide NORM production and a fully automated gamma-ray

spectrometer for their characterization, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, No. 295, 2013, pp. 445–457.

[7] The Regional Environmental Center (REC), Country Report Albania: In Strategic Environmental Analysis of Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia, REC Albania, 2000.

[8] I. Beqiraj et al., Environmental problems in Albanian fields of production and processing of the petroleum, Natura Montenegrina, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2010, pp. 673-685.

[9] A. Guri et al., The Impact of Oil Development Activities on Environment and Sustainable Development in Fier Area, Academic Journal

of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2013, pp. 626-634.

[10] V. Silo et al., Hydrocarbon evaluation aspects in Neogene clastic reservoirs, Vlora-Elbasan Region, Albania, Italian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 132, No. 2, 2013, pp. 220-227.

[11] I. Havancsák et al., Chromite-hosted Silicate Melt Inclusions from Basalts in the Stravaj Complex, Southern Mirdita Ophiolite Belt (Albania), Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, .), Vol. 21, 2012, pp. 79–96.

[12] International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA, Certified Reference Material, IAEA-448 Radium-226 in soil from oil field, RS_IAEA-

448_Rev.2, Vienna, Austria, 2013. [13] H. Hrichi et al., Evaluation of radiological

impacts of tenorm in the Tunisian petroleum industry, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 115, 2013, pp. 107-113.

[14] FH. Abdullah et al., Investigation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Oil Fields and Oil Lakes in Kuwait, Society of Petroleum Engineers, International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and

Gas Exploration and Production, Nice, France 2008.

[15] GO. Avwiri and CP. Ononugbo, Natural Radioactivity Levels in Surface Soil of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Oil and Gas Fields, Energy Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2012, pp. 92-101.

[16] NN. Jibiri and C.M. Amakom, Radiological Assessment of Radionuclide Contents in Soil Waste Streams from an Oil Production Well of a Petroleum Development Company in Warri, Niger Delta, Nigeria, Indoor and Built Environment, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2011. pp. 246-252.

[17] R. Saint-Fort et al., Evaluation of TENORMs field measurement with actual activity concentration in contaminated soil matrices, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Vol. 42, 2007, pp. 1649-1654.

[18] S. Shawky et al., Characteristics of NORM in the oil industryfrom Eastern and Western deserts of Egypt, Applied Radiation and

Isotopes, Vol. 55, 2001, pp. 135–139. [19] United Nations Scientific Committee on the

Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources. UN, New York, 2000.


ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9 160

latest trends in energy, - infn sezione di ferrara · latest trends in energy, environment and...

Documents