late paleozoic climates, paleogeography, distinctive...
TRANSCRIPT
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Earth History, Ch. 15 1
Today’s agenda
• Late Paleozoic climates, paleogeography,
distinctive sedimentary deposits and
mountain building
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Earth History, Ch. 15 2
Late Paleozoic paleogeography
and climate (1)
• Mississippian:
– Minor glaciation in Southern Hemisphere
– Crinoidal limestone deposition in the tropics
– Early development of coal swamps
– Gondwanaland, Euramerica, and Siberia are
approaching one another—the beginnings of
supercontinent Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 3
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
Devonian
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 4
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
Mississippian
Deposition of crinoidal
limestone in tropical seas
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Earth History, Ch. 15 5
Late Paleozoic paleogeography
and climate (2)
• Pennsylvanian to Early Permian:
– Increase in latitudinal climate gradient
• “Icehouse world”
• Full-scale coal swamps in tropics
• Collision of Gondwanaland and Euramerica
– Hercynian/Alleghenian Orogeny (final pulse of
Appalachian mountain building)
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Earth History, Ch. 15 6
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
Pennsylvanian
Paleotethys Ocean
Ural Mountains
Great coal deposits in
tropical coastal areas
Early Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 7 Early Permian
Paleotethys Ocean
Tethys Ocean
Seasonal climate in
continental interiors
Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 8
Late Paleozoic paleogeography
and climate (3)
• Late Permian: Nearly complete assembly
of Pangaea
– Siberia joined to eastern Europe along Ural
Mountains
– Southeast Asia only remaining isolated
landmass
• Huge Pangaea landmass and new mountain
belts caused strong seasonality of climates
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Earth History, Ch. 15 9 Late Permian
Paleotethys Ocean
Tethys Ocean
Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 10
Midcontinent “cyclothems”
• Pennsylvanian was a time of glacial
advances and retreats in Gondwanaland
– Result was cyclical rise and fall of global sea
level: deposition of “cyclothems”
– 20,000 yr to 400,000 yr cycles; up to 100 m
fluctuations in sea level
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Earth History, Ch. 15 11
Pennsylvanian
midcontinent
seaway
southern glaciers
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Earth History, Ch. 15 12
shoreline at
highstand
shoreline at
lowstand
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Earth History, Ch. 15 13
Midcontinent cyclothems
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Earth History, Ch. 15 14
Midcontinent
cyclothems
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Earth History, Ch. 15 15
Permian Basin of west Texas &
New Mexico
• “Permian Basin complex” includes Glass Mountains, Delaware Basin, and Guadalupe Mountains
– Foreland basin located north of Marathon fold belt
– Permian reef system is one of world’s largest, best known fossil reefs
– One of largest oil-producing regions in United States
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Earth History, Ch. 15 16
Permian
Basin
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Earth History, Ch. 15 17
Permian reef complex
• Reef development began in Middle Permian time
• Reef community included calcareous sponges, algae, bryozoans—with aragonite cement
• Reef growth was very rapid
– Reef crest rose 600m (2000 ft) above adjacent sea floor of Delaware Basin
• Demise of reef occurred in Late Permian time when Delaware Basin dried out and was filled with evaporite deposits
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Earth History, Ch. 15 18
Permian reef complex
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Earth History, Ch. 15 19
Permian Basin
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Earth History, Ch. 15 20
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
Pennsylvanian
Paleotethys Ocean
Ural Mountains
Early Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 21
Allegheny orogeny
• Pennsylvanian collision of Gondwanaland with
Euramerica caused third episode of orogeny
along eastern margin of Euramerica
– Present-day Appalachian Mountains (“Valley and
Ridge province”)
– Ouachita-Marathon foldbelt of Arkansas, Oklahoma
and Texas
– Another episode of clastic wedge deposition in the
foreland basin
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Earth History, Ch. 15 22
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Earth History, Ch. 15 23
Alleghenian
Orogeny
Three pulses:
Alleghenian
Acadian
Taconic
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Earth History, Ch. 15 24
Ouachita/Marathon foldbelt
• Continuation of Allegheny deformation
extended down and across Alabama,
Mississippi into Arkansas, Oklahoma,
and Texas
– Ouachita Mountains (Arkansas and Oklahoma)
– Marathon Mountains (west Texas)
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Earth History, Ch. 15 25
Ouachita-Marathon foldbelt
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Earth History, Ch. 15 26
Ancestral Rocky Mountains
• Also in Pennsylvanian time:
– Front Range and Uncompahgre uplifts
created ancestral Rocky Mountains
– Vertical uplift of Precambrian ingeous and
metamorphic rocks!!
• Erosion of these uplifts produced thick alluvial fan
deposits of coarse-grained sandstones (arkose)—
the present-day “flat irons”
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Earth History, Ch. 15 27
Ancestral Rocky Mountains
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Earth History, Ch. 15 28
Ancestral Rocky Mountains
granitic crust
sedimentary veneer
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Earth History, Ch. 15 29
Ancestral Rocky Mountains
alluvial fan deposits
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Earth History, Ch. 15 30
Ancestral Rocky Mountains
Front Range uplift Uncompahgre uplift
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Earth History, Ch. 15 31
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Earth History, Ch. 15 32
Western U.S.—continental
accretion
• Island arc system continued to exist off
western margin of Euramerica (Pangaea)
– Continuation of Antler-type orogeny
• During late Permian time, several small
plates accreted to continental margin
– Exotic terranes from California to Alaska
– Exotic fossil assemblages (resemble distinctive
ones known elsewhere from SE Asia)
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Earth History, Ch. 15 33
Western U.S.—accretion
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Earth History, Ch. 15 34
Global tectonic summary
Steps in the development of
supercontinent Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 35
Late Proterozoic 600 Ma
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 36
Latest Proterozoic 560 Ma
Siberia
Laurentia
Baltica
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Earth History, Ch. 15 37
Early Cambrian 540 Ma
Siberia Laurentia
Baltica
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Earth History, Ch. 15 38
Late Cambrian 500 Ma
Siberia Laurentia
Baltica
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Earth History, Ch. 15 39
Middle Ordovician 470 Ma
Siberia
Laurentia
Baltica Taconic arc
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Earth History, Ch. 15 40
Silurian 430 Ma
Acadian orogeny
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 41
Early Devonian 400 Ma
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 42
Late Devonian 370 Ma
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Antler
orogeny
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 43
Mississippian 340 Ma
Euramerica
Gondwanaland
Onset of Late Paleozoic ice age
Siberia
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Earth History, Ch. 15 44
Pennsylvanian 300 Ma
early Urals
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Earth History, Ch. 15 45
Early Permian 280 Ma
Paleotethys
Tethys
Pangaea
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Earth History, Ch. 15 46
Late Permian 260 Ma
Paleotethys
Tethys
Pangaea