Late Pacer. Handout 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALISH AND NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES Universitv of Victoria. Auo. 13-15. 1987

COMPUTERIZED DICTIONARIES OF HALKOMELEM AND NOOKSACK: SOME DISCOVERIES SO FAR

Brent Gallowav

A research project. sponsored bv NEH. to comoile comouterized dictionaries of two Salishan Ianouaqes of B.C. and Washinqton has led to some interes­ting discoveries so far about Halkomelem (on phonological. morphological. syntactic. and semantic levels) and about semantics in general. First the project and its use of computers will be described, along with some samples showing the possibilities of completeness of indexing on all levels by the BANDSORT program within LEXWARE. Then some of the things discovered will be outlined. with examples.

Some discoveries so far include a more wide-spread presence of ablaut. metathesis. and infixing as both inflectional and derivational processes in Upriver Halkomelem. covert systems of aspect inflection. a new principle which may help in understanding the use of ablaut and metathesis in

~derivation. and a better idea of the membership of verbs. numerals, adverbs. ·~adjectives. demonstratives. and pronouns in semantic domains, beside nom­

inals and nouns. Some examples will be shown. followed by some examples of systematic semantic processes at work.

Interestinq discoveries" about semantics in qeneral include the fact that allosemes of a qiven word can be members of different semantic domains. and can also be members simultaneously of several semantic domains. Such interconnections probably facilitate the processes of thought. Semantic domains also appear to contribute at least one semantic component to each member (with the important logical consequences that entails). This all appears to be part of the brain"s information-filing system, directory paths, and information search and retrieval and processing systems. These networks of domains. subdomains, and linked components can be viewed more profitably as three-dimensional mobiles than two-dimensional diagrams.

• "rr~1V11I')( 0(..

SUIPLZ UPJUYZR IIJUJCCMELDI PORMM'2 DITRDS

ccta&.w:-l., dno. 11cax--xYel//, (Ix c-xah on .he &.eg, on .he 100.), CLO I'clot:h or V&nl _terial to wrap around the f'oot 'I, ASH (' .tockings' ), ...antic environaant ['poet- contact t~s, acculturated dress'), ACL 1'.tockings'l, syntactic analysi.. noainalo '

ccbOlythet., incs Ilci·y-eetll, (Ix c-theb Hcorne, ge.), 1IE'1'B I'vet quiet (of winc!), .top (of' wind)'I • ....antic environment ('vind'), syntactiC analysis. intransitive vem, attested by ADo

C~I ... la., dnoa IloO°vct"_1&II, (1xp probably c_la~ on .he .'£de 01 the heGel, bit the ear.), BZ I'canada lynx'l, BIder'. oc::a.nt. -a big white cat about a foot and

a half 101\9 that i. f'ound on the hipeat .,untains-. (' LII~ ccmodens'£.

canadens'£.' ), syntactic analyeis. nc.inal. attested by Jialy Peters of Katz .... rve, al80 c~.qwela., leO°ct"_la/. attested by .:JL.

cchc ... h .... , ds 11cct"-l.leq.pll, (Ix c-&l..tqep. sound, '£n sound), SD I'be loud in

lIOund, a loud lIOund (.,) 'I. syntactic analysis t pzabably vaj f'or example, cat. xve chqw&leqep., Iaf xwe cqw-alaqsp/, 1'8OUnd getting 10uder'l.

cchth'~J.a.., inca IIc:e-ll'8fla/l, .Us, (c-ll. come, flO, 11 •• , become, '£ncep"t£l1e,

<-at ... '£dd&.. 11O'£C.), PSB I'.pearinv ~ (silver spring salmon) in clear vater af'ter waiting !'or thea'l, ilynUctic analyeist vi, attested by EL cOlth·~~., dnan 11c8-1l-wt//, (gr_tical aca.ent. zero deriva- tion), PLW I'a point or bald hill on Harrison River where people waited to spear silver spring salmon 'I,

Sample Entries for Nooksack Dictionary.

<.'.'nu, •• nu>, d". ".?'nu", I.?'nu .... nu/, DEM, prob. I'in one place'l, (GS) ,.,)<.,) .. '.')<0') here, syntactic analysis: demonstrative, syntactic comment: suffixed (or postposed) to demonstrative roots or stems as in <~w.'.'nu> ,,~w •• ?'nu", I~w.?'nu/, Il'this here [in one place]'II, attested by GS; <~l'l .. nu), IIhl' ..... 'null, Hl' ... nu/, Il'that (bunch), those tin one place]'II, attested by GS; <lhl ... 'nu> "I.l ... ' •• 'nu", 111 ... 'nu/, Il'this here, right here'll attested by LT:LG, also Il'this one'll attested by LT:GS.

<twt"'nu>, <tw.'o'nu), d. "kw •• ?'nu", Itw.?'nu .. tw.?'nu/, DEM Il'this here [in one place]'II, prob. root <tWt> demonstra­tive article, syntactic analysis: demonstrative, attested by GS. Examples: <~"I ~t .~h'u'.' Ihl' ... ' twt'.'nu> II~". ~, •• ru'.? 1.1 ... ' tw •• ?'nu", II 'There are a lots of bones here. 'II, attested by GS, from I'there are lots' 'the"nominalizer-bone' 'here [in one placeJ, this'l. <.'Ill.lh. lhl ... " ~w""nu>, 11'1.'.10·1. 1.1 ... ''1 tW,.?'null, II'Lie down right here! 'II, from I'lie down-imperative 2 sg.· 'here, this"this here [in one place]'I, attested by GS. <~w.'o'nu ~l't l'lh •••• n.'~xw •• ll' .... ~l"~l' .. uxwulhl ... nl'n ••••• Iwl ... '.'>, Iltw •• ?'nu " '11'1· •• ?.·n.'·~.· ••• ~.1' ..... ~l'?'.R'.) .. ux··ull ? .. ·R4·n.'·n ••• ••• ·1 ... '.'111, Il'This is what the old people called it; they still call it a myth. 'II, from I'this tin one placeJ is"that"which-they' 'stative-name-causative-they subj. "that' 'nom.-person-plural­past tense/deceased:; 'continuative, keep on-diminutive-name­lack of control transitivizer-3rd person passive or impersonal subject"nom.-tell a myth [of the Transformer eraJ'I, attested by GS. <h."lh. ~w •• 1'tl.', ... ~'t', ~xw(') •• l' tw.'.'nu xwlhl ... '. ~. oh'hl1h.'w(~).w ~.w.l.">, Ilh.'?I •• tW ••• 1''1·,1.', ., ... ·4.', ~.·.(?) •• 1' t· •• ?'nu x·.I·l ... '·. ~ •• ahlr •• 'w(~)x· ~'.w •• l.'"" II'It's good that you folks come together to this place here where your church will be.ll, from I'is good-3rd person subj. "that-subord. clause marker"come-2pl.dependent subj. "continuative, keep on-gather"toward-come to"demonstrative tthis, hereJ-[in one place]"where-this-3rd person subj.' 'the' 'worship-building"demonstrative (nominal)-you pl. 'I, attested by PA:GS.

<.O'~WU' >, dt 11 •• '(.)~·u?ll, l.a'~·u?l, , •• '~·I'o"), WETH Il'snow on the ground'll, possibly compare root forms CqWU"> l'water'l, SJ's pronunciation of this form with 1.'1 may show Lushootseed influence, cpo Upriver Halkomelem I •• '~.I I'snow on the ground'l, Lushootseed Ib.'~·u?1 'snow (noun)', Proto-Central Salish ' •• 'qu? (Galloway 1982:27); Northern Straits, Halkomelem and Nooksack all shifted from •• ' to a front vowel 1.',.'1 so Nooksack should have 1.'1 here; the I~·I may also be from Lushootseed influence as Halkomelem, Squamish and Straits cognates have I~/; the Comox cognate has I~·I with metathesized syllables; syntactiC analysis: nominal, attested by SJ.

Comments: drs, ds, and df are stem-type labels for "derivational suffix", "derived stem", and "derived form (root or derivational affix unclear)". DEM: semantic subdomain of DEMONSTRATIVES (probably sub­sumed under the domain of DIRECTIONS), WETH = WEATHER domain. GS = my transcription of George Swanaset from tapes, LT:LG = Laurence Thompson's transcription of Louisa George, LT:GS = Laurence Thompson's transcription of George Swanaset, PA:GS = Pamela Amoss's transcription of George Swanaset, SJ = my transcription of Sindick Jimmy. [_Rt_) = infixed plural -C1V1Ct- reduplication. This sample also shows the incorpora­tion of a source reference (Galloway 1982:27) and of forms from other languages •. Semantic (morphosememic) derivation of the sentence meaning //'There are lots of bones here. '1/ is shown from the combination of sememes /'there are lots' 'the"nominalizer-bone"here tin one place], this'l. A more interesting example is the morphosememic derivation of the sentence meaning I/'This is what the old people called it; they still call it a myth. 'II, including a nominal in the past tense, a stative + causative verb, a diminutivized lack-of-control verb in the passive, and a nominal with [-etic] semantic detail. (In the last main entry [q-I') means weak labialization or half-rounding.

..

~:

3.2 OR~ANIZATIOH & REPRESENT1TION OF ENTRIES 30

r ---------------------------------------, I. h w ahu I I I I I I I j

I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I j

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I j

I I I I I

•• hil

•• h w

1 ps n. 1df heap, mound

2df sacred mound used in certain rites 2i1 Tohinqa mauritanga 0 papa ma ki mna ki

te ahu (K. 248).

3ps 3df 3i1

v.t. heap UP

(w. Katahi ka ahu raua i ta raua tuaahu v, 75).

4ps a. 4df heaped up 4il He mea ahu nqa onepu e nga ringaringa

o te tohunqa (M lxxxiii).

ahunq3. ps n. df heapinq up i1 te ahunqa oneone, te aponqa ki punqa ra

(M.127).

whakaahu lps ldf li1 lil

v.t. heap up, lay in a heap Whak~ahua koe ki te ahi rarauhe (ft. 5). Whakaahutia he aruhe ki runqa ahi. ,.

2ps v.i. I 2df swell up I

I 31f be displeased, dissatisfied I 3i1 Xatdhi te tangata whakaa~u ki aku kai. I

--W!lakaahu ana au i T.e pUKapuka a Henare: , ko ta~u whakaahu tenei, te haere ia ki I Wharekahi~a kati mai ai. I

I •• ~~ a~u~~u •

1ps v.t. I 1td! heap up I lli1 He ~ea ahuahu nqa puke hei taunga mol

a ratou teka. I 1

12d= eacth-up crops, etc. I I

2p 5 n. I 2d f the process of E:art hing up I 2i1 I u mai a ?3.ikea ki anai motu ••• i tel

w~ i tupuketia ai te ahuahu (W. iii, 35). I ~--- -----------------------------------------------~

.:5~ Sop, NS() ~ Llx-",A (l!7 Fiq'.1re 3. 7 W.A.llJA L-

~<4i::.ioll 1.5, Jll~Y, 1985. =or:Ud.tt.~d July 5, 19t3S

M

A

ABDP

aBPC

HI

ACL

adem alt Ala

»O\A

AIWS

lUmP

ADS

AIOUt

ant· apu apel asin ASH

ASP

aug avop avps bens bds

BLDG

BOT

BSJt

ON

attested by

anilu.l body dysfunctions (incl. human)( subdOlDiUn ) animal body functions (incl. human)( subdoatain ) animal (incl. human) body insult. (subdomain) acculturated (post-contact) _aning ..sv.rb1al demonstrati¥e alternative name anatcaay anatcaay-animal. (subdomain) anatcaay-biJ:d (subdomain) anatcmy-fillh (.ubdoIDai n ) anatcaay-human (subdomain) anatcaay-nptile (subdomain) antonym Utbiguous past advemial particle, as in (exampla of affix in a word)

all~

.. pect (subdC8tain of TIME)

augmentative active verb abject pzonoun past -.!verbial benefactive stem bound st_ (zoot + affix( as) which still fona a bounc! fona) buildings (names, parts, functions, how to aake them)( subdomain) botanical scientific name (in Latin) basketzy (types, parts, functions, how to make)(-subdomain) canoes and other transportation (types, paRs, functions, verbs

. for lllilking, repairing and' canoeing (strokes, etc.»( subdomain ) cau causative contJ::ol (purposeful) caus causative contzol stem edia ... dialect fona (fewer dialects have this form or dialects

which are not the original source of the main fona) cf compare with form cfr compare with zoot cfs compare with stem CH Christianity (subdomain) chr characteristic chrs characteristic stem cj conj~on

5

•

---t

CJ conjunction. and logical operator. ck check Indian form ex check Engli.h form CLO clothing and ornament. (names, parts, functions, how to make,

way i.ncl. W as aubsubdomain)( .ubdomain )

01 lingui.t • a connentary ClDdf a .. aain dialect fona (thi •. fona ie f9und in IIIOre dialecte or

in a dialect which ia the original aourc8 of the word) CONY

cpds cptv cpv

cpve

CST

conver.ation and apeech (domain) compound .tam campletive aspect CCIIIp&rative ooasparative .tam chanqe of phyaical atata (inanimate)( damain? )

CSTR constructions other than buildings (nama., parts, functions, how

to con.truct them)( aubdcmain ) ct continuative aspect ctr cte D DEN

dema dame

demp

DESC

df di DIR elm

dmn

dins

dmv

dnOill dp drs drv

ds dst dur dura

ED

EFAM

contraet (with fol,lowing word or word. of aimilar meaning) continuative atam dia.lect:al. limitation demonstrative (domain)( prab. eubaumed under DIR) demonstrative article demonstrative conjunction demonstrative pronoun descriptive worde (incl. diminutive)(domain) derived fona (root or derivational affix unclear.) derivational infix directions (general adverbs, prepositions and demonstratives)( domain) diminutive diminutive nominal diminutive atam diminutive verb derivecJ nominal derivational prefix

derivational auffix directive (may on.l.y be in Nooksack)?

derived .tam (root and affixes clear)

distributive durative aspect durative etam ethnobotany (coamon names)( domain of flora) emotions, feelings, attitudes, mental processes, interjections

7

(domain)

E'l'B ethnoqraphic int'orma~ion

EZ ethno&ooloc;w (OOIIIDOn NUDeS)( domain of fauna. incl. man)

PINt: fire f .. ~ures and func~iona (domain) POLK follt cla.asifica~ion (qroupinqs and hierarchies)

POOD food (domain) PR borrowed from (lise. language name, then "Indian word")('" - cap6)

PRP possibly borrowed f:rom frq frequen~~ive .. pec~

frqs frequen~~ive at:em PSH fishinq (devices, parts. func~ions, processinq the ca~ch, JDaking

the devices)(subdomain)

fu~ fu~ure tenae G qloss (of aingle-woJ:d example)

ca qramaaatical analysis

caM games (domain)

GC gramaaatical COIIIDent (incl. .,rpholoqical categories)

DRV harvesting (device., parts and funci:iona. t:echniques, how t:o make

the devices, processing the harvest)( subdomain )

BA'l' human age t:erms (subdomain)

bbt habitual .. pec~ BHG household qoods (names, parts, funct:ions, how t:o make)( subdomain,

prob. subsubdomain under BLDG)

hiatorical past tense hpaa

BUMC ca~89ories of humans (domain)( includes subdomains: BA!l'. XIN. S'l'A'l'. N) BUNT huntinq (devices, parts. func~ions • techniques. how t:o JDake devices,

processing the catch)(subdomain)

IC informan~'s oommen~

icsp independent clause subject pronoun lDOC Indian doct:orinq (subdomain)

ie in-context example (phrase or sentence)

iecs indirec~ effec~ control stem

ii inflectional infix

ij in~erjection

IL illustration (t:o show source)1

imp imperative

inc inceptive aspect

incs inceptive stem

ind indirective 1

inom inp

ins

indefinite nominal

independent nominal pronoun

instrulDBntal (creates woJ:ds for devices, etc.)( need better label) 1

inas iopv ip ipp

.i.J:9 is it ita ivp :lsa

KIN

LMD

LIT

LO

lx

Me

inatr\ament;a.l .tem independent object of prepositional verb inflectional prefix independent possessive pronoun irregular forme s )

inflectional suffix iterative aspect iterative .tem independent verbal. pronoun intranaitivi&ed stem lti.nterms (subdoma; n ) land features and functions (domain) ( -sMM ) literal .. anin9 (tri9gers 88J!18!11.ic notation /. -/ ) loanword (probably not needed, PR bane:! will auffice)1 lexical a£fix (not to replace aemological hand as asain entry) ma.terial culture (doma:in)( incl. aubdoma.i.ns. BLDG, BSK, CAN, CLO,

CS'l'R, PSB, BARV, BRG, 1ltJN'1', MUS, 'fOOL, W)

Dldl middle voice 1Dd1s aiddle voice stem NED aedical information (techniques, lB8dicines, functions, how to

prepare, IM.1nly aecular)(subdoma.1n, "rcJes at edge with REL.XDOC)

HJOD IIIOOds. interrog., subjunct., imperative, declarative (domain) mos IIOtion stem (in ye-)

mpcl lIIIOdal particle MUS IIlUsic (names, parts, functions, devices, techniques, techniques

for making the devices and uainq them)( subdomai.n ) MYC myth character name (subsubdoma.in of N)

N personal names (inherited, nicknames)( subdomain of HUMC)

nca ncm ncr

ncrs nCB

nct nctv ndem nJDps

HOG

nom

np-a npa npas

numeral classifier affix non-control middle 1 non-control root non-control reflexive stem non-control stem non-control transitive non-continuative aspect nominal demonstrative nominal past no 910ss nominal nominal phrase IIlinus article nominal phrase with apposition negative habitual past

8

npc npa npa nqpa

IIUII

numc nuar nums· o OC

OS

•• p pasf pasa pbf PSG pbr

nominal phr ... with conjoining nominal. phrue with -.odifier( a) aimp~. nominal. phrue lHI9ati". int:erJ:04)ative past numerala, i:heir funct:iona, and p~ur~a (doIna.in)

numer~ CXIIIIpOuncJ ? numer~ root ftUlD8r~ at:em or1:hoc)raphy

out-of-cont:zo~ ? other sourcea (givea source ref. and fODl) paragraph

past affi.JDad pasaive probab~e fozm probab~ g~oaa

probab~ root

,

l'C phonological COIIIII8~t (inc~. phono~OCJical proceaaeaa backing or fronting (hof), conaonant alternation (ca), consonant .. rger (CIIIr9), g~ott:al.iza.tion

and c!eg~ott:al.iza.t:ion (g~), labiUization and aelabia 1 i zation (lab),

_t:atheaia (N), .,~aut (A), ~~ .. rger (VIBr9), at:reaa-ahift (~, ':"), ~ngthenJ.ng (-a-, -a-), et:c.)

pc~ part:ic~e

per purpGaefw cont:zo~ root pc:ra

pca peaa pcai per pera phm phn p~

p~n

PUI

ph pa p~v

pnc pnca posf

POSG

pw:po_fu~ cont:ro~ ref~exi.ve at:em purpo_fu~ cont:ro~ at:em

puz:poaefu~ cont:ro~ atruct:urec! act:ivit:y purpo_fu~ cont:ro~ at_ inaniJaate object preferred persiat:ent persistent at:eaa phonemic t:ranacript:ion phonetic t:ranacription p~ural

p~urU nominal.

place name (aubdomain) p~ural root p~ural .t:am p~ural verb paycho~ogical non-cont:ro~

psyeJ:lo~ogical non-contro~ at_ poaaib~e fozm poaaib~e g~aa

po.r lION

ppl pre. pre. (prof PRlN

(prr (prv'

pn.l pav pavf Q

qaf qpu QtJAL

r rep

rcpe rej REI.

rf rfl

~ rfls rlcl rpt rsl r.ls S

.a ... abel SCG

aejs .cpv SERS

'l"CB )

.ij

.iz sjsp SMC

SHE

po •• ible zoot apirits and power. participle (-atati".) Proto-central Sali.h pre .. nt tense profe •• ional) pronouns (definite, indefinite, etc. )(doIIIain)

perhaps related to zoot) pre .. verative ?)

Proto-Sali.h posse •• ive po ..... ive pronoun affix questionable ?

interrogative affix interrogative paat qualifiera (general adverbial)( dcma.in)

root (bound root foza) reciprocal

reciprocal atem rejected font religion (cloIBa:in)(incl. aubdamain., CH, IIIOC, POW, SPD) root font (free root font) reflexive reflexive stem zelative clause repetitive aspect resultative resultative atem source reference structuzed activity structunci activity stem subordinate clause Salish cognate sentence + coordinating conjunction + sentence sentence ccmparative senses and perceptions C domain )( incl. subdoma..ins: LT, SD, SM, TAS'r,

.entence with interjection streaaed intranaitivizer subjunctive aubject pronoun semantic COIIIDBnt aemanticenvironment (which conditiona &1loaemea)( -old SIC band)

)

---t

SMN aemantic t:ranscription (narrow aema.ntic info., aemantic components, t:ri9ger& aemantic notation [. • 1 )( alloaemes could be listed here but are usually listed under domains as aubentries)

sna aentence With nominal in apposition spp aentence With prepositional phrase SPRD apiri t dancinQ (subdomain) (could use SPO)

SO posited aou.rce

s.jp aentence With subjunctive phrase

aspv' aentence auperlative st atative aspect (-ppl) M'A ayntactic ana.lysis M'AT atatus teJ:1ll8 (aoci.a.l, occupational, t:r1ba.l, national)( subdomain )

SOC aight be betterl STAT includes aoci.a.l Uansactions, etc. STe ayntactic CCIIID8nt stca stie stnc stpa stpn stvi stra stz su avpa

ayn TIS TIME tlc

atati". causati". control atem atati". indirect: effect control stem atati". non""'COntrol stem atati". purposeful. control stem atati". psychological non-control stem atati". int:ransitive verb stem atative zesultative ? stem atressed t:ransitivi&er see under atem aentence with verb phrase in apposition IJynOnyDl

t:ransitivi&era, intransitivi&ers, benefactives (subdomain) time periods and tenses (domain) t:ranalocational ?

tlcs tranalocational? atem 'l'N t:ranslation of .. ntenee example 'l'OOL tools for IIIilking things (names, parts, techniques for malting and

using)(subdomain) TVMO travel and motion (doma.in) uf us US OX

UXB

tJXG

UXH

UXP

UXPN

underlying form (morphophonemic, triggers / / / / notation) unanalyzable stem usage (sociolinguistic C'OIl'mBnts, etc.) unexplained form or problem unexplained botanical identification or info. unexplainedgrUlllatical detail historical or comparative notes unexplained phonological detail unexplained place name info.

II

UXQ adjustments required between files ?

uxz vadv vaj VALJ

vaux vdem

vir

via

VOle

vpad

unexplained zoological identification or info. adverbial. verb adjectival verb value jud(Jemants (domain)

auxiliary verb demonstrative verb intransitive verb root intransitive verb stem 'lrOice (active, middle, reflexive, reciprocal, pa8sive)(subdomain) verb phrase with adverbial. verb, adverbial. particle, or adverbial.

demonstrative vpmd verb phrase with modal particle

verb phrase with neqative verb phraae with past tense verb phrase with yes/no interrogative

pronominal. verb, - verbal pronoun prepositional. verb verb phrase with auxiliary interrogative verb

lIA'l'R vater features and functions 1IE'l'H weather features and functions WV weaving (techniques, devices, parts, dyeing, designs, functions)

(prob. aubsubdomain) xpaa auxiliary past ZOO acientific zoological. name (in Latin)

I~

rivun 5,

.0

rf

DIR S'1'A

A

OS

1al.t lpha1

lome sample opriver Balkom8lem Entries

cbOaJtv caoJtW -far, __ -far_away, -far_off, way-1n...the_-distance yac!v

EB, BJ, .Ie, others a, __ /ca°JtW/

cbOkv aik-

10k IIC, D, others 218 11, c::hOkw 2phID 11_ chw

13

2tIC by • ngular .,rphophone.ic rule a su.ssec! full ~l + achwa (bez:e J-.interzogative, oayes/no_-questiOD I suffix _ /_/) -. the full vowel + length

2'1W Is it -far? 2A .Ie

:aie 11 bI chOJtw :aphID ~i ta c&kw 3TH It's -far~y., It's -there_(-c!iatant). D

:aUS 4ie 4phm

.Ie, EB

this woulc! _ the answer to the question in the example just pz:evious 11( ,) chOkw te 1&1_ qa (- q' a) 11, stetis ~i_ ch- ta 1.1 ...... q. (- ci.) li-a _R.ate t-Ai-ls

4'1'H -Is -his -house -far -or isJL-nearhy? 4tIC -aent:ence--.t:ress changes the stress from IchOkw I to IchOkw I after

stressed .interzogative li(, ),- length on li is clropped in -alleqro_ speech; in slow pronunciations by .Ie li is attested as liye, showing the _ J"Y8s/no_-question I suffix

•• 0 chOchekw cpva possibly ca. [-Rs-lk-ck

OC

1ie 1phm

1IC 1'l'H

••• 0

dl'lCllll

lx EB

8O'l'

ley xwchOchekw - ley Jtv' e chOchekw possibly 1. xw-ca t-Rs-~kw - 1. Itw. ca t-Rs-lk­speakers are unsure about the form of this sentence It's 90inq -farther. chocbkwO ales ca t-Rs-lkw-a °l.s -o.l.s lin-the_-.yesl -goa1:8bearc!

-Aruncus_aylves't:er

......,

SMN a plant with white blooma in June which can be ... n from far away, thua its name, lltera.l.ly ,"farther..!ILthe_"eyes, or '''far_away_iILthe_''eyes,

lIED used _ eye ID8cUcine

S'l'A

A

• .0

ds lx DIR S'l'A

A

• .0

.Us ines lx .is '1'YII)

DIR S"1'A

1ie 1pbm 1'l'1f l.LI'r

• •• 0

incs J.x '1'VI«)

DIR S'l'A

A

• .0

pcs J.x

is '1'VI«)

OIR

STA

A

la1t lphm

nom BP, AD

telchOJcw tal-c8kw

tel- ,"from,

• from....· far..away ¥adv

JIB'lWrc

cbekv!lem c&kw-!l_

-!l '''go •• come •• get. ·become, "inceptive, _ '''Dd.c:kUe_voice,

·9O_"far_away

vi 8wechexv we' 01 chekv!lem ?~ va-?a.l. cakw-!l-em

Don't <"not "imperative~ "90 ·too "far (away). don't-you contrast-just/too farwgo-oneself xwetskv! I lam xwe-c:aJcw-! . l-em

:xwe- '''go •• come, ·Cgo).....; .. far.J&W&y

vi 'AC

choJc:w! I It: caJcw-! . 1-'1'

-ill '''go, "come, "get, "become, -t(h) '''purposefu~''contro~''t:ransitivizer, "fol1ow...be~s-o, .. tra.i~-o

vt

IH'rrC

chokwUllt caJtw_! [-AU-:! • 1-'1'

10 Chill., 'rait l Peters and Lorenzetto families on Peters Reserve or Squat:it:s Reserve (Slew' at:ets)

~

loA

2 .. in 2phID 2G 21alt 21phm 210 2lA ••• 0

eta

ii '1'YI«)

DIR

S'1'A

D

lUin lphID lG 1A

2uin 2phID 2G 2A

3asin 3phID 3G •• 0

AC, .n., IfJ

cha1ad.ltl'aOxa. c&k--{·l~&xY-•• aBe a£ol1owed ....

cbo1cwU.lthoxe. , ~, , caJcw_~ [wAu-l ° l-"1'-axY-e. Chill., ftit. Peter. and Lorenzetto £amilie. at Skv,atet. DI'1"!C

ehaJaN.lt ear-! t-.u-l 'loJ!'

u--ablaut: I.continuativel ·£olloving_8-0

vt Chil1., 'l'a1t, Petertl and Lozenzet:to £ULilies at: Skv'at:et:s chalr:wU.lte. c8Jc--{ t-AU-l·l-'l'-e. ___ va8_·£01loviqg_·it

AC

c:bo1cwU. 1t:bOxa. c8Jc--! t-AU-l °l-"1'-axY-e. -se1·._·£011oving_ .... El.ders 3/15/72 (prob • .n,)

cho1aN .1t:bOme c8Jc--i [-AU-l . 1-"1'-_ "chaaift9-a£ter..JD8 ("£oll.oving..JD8, "tz:a1ling_) choJcwe1.81qaa

ds c8Jcw.a1"'laq a. lx _1 I"go, ·come, "get:, 1I'becoIae, "incept:ive I, -e1eq proccupat:ionall, ... ItaLidd1e_voice I or ,t"int:ransit:ivizer I

HUNT "t:rackill9-&n-animal. DIR STA

A

1.'l'VIIJ

l.A

•• 0

"E011.ow_aEt:er, -cowi.nCJ,...behincL( t:he_one_aheadJtnows )

EB

xwcbOJc:we1 ds XW-c&Jcw_1

lx xv- .. aning unc1ear heze unless ,t"int:errogative I, _1 ,t"come, "go, .get, ~, -incept:ivel ~ -whez:e~s __ -o_"going?, -where_is_s-o_"t:rave11ing?,'-wheze_ls_s-o_

*headeCLEor?

-,

DIR

S"1'A "q

SHE asked Eor example as you He the peraon headi.nc; Eor hi.e car, wonderinq where he i.e goinc; today

A AD, D, AC, others l.aBin

1phm 1(;

lA

llalt 2ie 2phm 2'1'N

2A

3ie 3phm 3"1'H

3A 4ie 4phm

4'1'H Q

.0

us 1x r DIR •• 0

.clls 1x TVM:)

S'l'A

A

•• 0

pers dms

dp

1x

xwchCkwelchexw xw~l-c-axw Where are you uavelli.nc;r?, Where are you goinq? D

xwchO .kwelchexw echxw ye xwc::hOkwel ?a-c-xw ya ZW-C:&kw_l Where are you headed for? D

echxw y&lh xwchOkwel - echxw ltv"e Ulh xwchOkwel ?a-c:-xw ya ~ zw-c:a:tcw-al - ?a-c-zw Jtwa ?U~ XW-C:aJcw_l Where are you c;roinc; -now_( -thJ.s_t:ima )? D

11 xwechOkwel 1i aw( a )-c:&kw_l Where is he goi..nq?

AC

chO 11 (bound fO%1ll) *a·(_)l probably .. 1 ,-go, -come, -get; -become, -inceptive I possibly cho( .) as in chO.ltv - cbOkw ,-far, -distant I possihly -c;ro_a...dist;ance I cbO.lqem ca·l-laq-am -eleq ,-occupational I , -em 'W'JDiddle_voice I or prinuansitivizer I -follow_alon9-after_(the_one_ahead~)

vi EB

chichelOqtel R.-ca-la[-Ma-Jq-T-al

R.- (here chi-) ,-diminutive, .. leq ,-occupational I , -metathesis a (switches preceding two vowels)

I-continuative, f\!(.j rro,~t

_1 '-~l":itre' is -t(h) ,-pw:posefu~-contro~-transitivizer" TVM:) -walkin9--single-flle PC -metathesis

•

.'1th srA ivp. vpro ....... UPRIVER HAL~Of1ELErI 8ANDSORT. Tilt Gf CSHAND. DIe - I

f . ,." ---rrrr-=--~'·iTrfi-· '.' a' &1ina ... a a 'Ii ..

• [! -.': ItW. - ~ AI'

G. • ••• a'l.l .'a'litil

-- . -'- .. -.--- ---'--DTA - . Ivp.--vp'R'

STA h STA noli STA nOIll STA fiGiII _ - f))

Ci .·.l.·t. aTA nOIll -.~ ' .... -. ~fiTt~~TtS •• r------- -~Bnl~Ar-~n~o~.r--------------------------·----

e Q: .·.·1' •• 1 BTA no. 1- i'.Ii',. ---.-. ·STA nClM·-·----·-----·-·--·

- III e L +J

.h •• ·.·llh.lh BTA nOIll ··-.'Iii· -. -------- -------sTlII·-na..--·---·-·-------·-----------

• '1 •• > .1'.'1.. aTA no. .TT~.h •• '.'I.. BIA noM .'1 •• > .h •• '.I'.'I.. BTA no.

--crt .. '1i'i - - -- - -. - .--------.STK-IfDM .. --------.---------. e ......

-.0 --------_ ..... -

• '7-- •

--.. --. ------ _. --_._---_._-_._----

• •

-. - _._--------------------------•

.... -- . •

. ~ ch.·I.·. > ch.lch.·I.'. BTA no. je - C --fU': lili! - --. .-.-------. ~'lnIII· ------.--------.. -.--.-. _._. -- - ----_ .. _------_. __ ._ .. _. __ ... --- . 9- t •• ·I,) t •• l.o·:_·: Ihp BTA no.

- Itt L -.' 581M "0 •. -1.,'11111' .... ·'IY.·"' •. ,Iolotl. , •• -net-30 CT' po •• iIl1V Ch.lch.'!i ·th 8TA no.?

- 0 -'-;;;cfili -- ---- --. - -----------~iIl·--"'za----------------

~ AI.' ••• > AI.· ••• a.a· •• lt BTA np.

i a

i-!

• I- --;-' -liiiiClii'·:T-·· .. -- ·---------238T.---,,.0 vt lno.« "'-va-w"J) -'-.-'''-' -.--.•.. --- .

o -.' BTA p.vl - -.' 81M ,a'

_ ~ .l.'t •• > t.l'.I.·t.. 3BTA •• JP' .1.0 .ith *r.l.tiv.~*ind.'init.~*pronoun - ~: - ali I"ii - -.- - -... - -. - .--------. STill va'"" -- -- ----.-.. -~ ch.'ch. aTA V.J

_ - ;':;cfiili·.f7-nl(n;I~~ v-·------- ---srIlr-"VlIJ-r---------·

.... L -ch. <ZBTA vd... c J - a. _ •• , OJ C ....

• I •• lft DIA vI .':1... STA vi ...•. ': I ,iii .~ r~ .. ----·-·-----------STiIl---vt'----

-ch. taTA vi -------------- .-.- - ... _ .. _ .. -

• .. -.-.-----.

• •

--..J - iiiU1IA' ! I ,- ~"r-: .... ......- -a~---vt------------------ ---_._--- .. _._-----------_._--_._-- . _0

-I-' • -c 0 ....

• .JJ tti - L

• 2 'M

......

• - Ul C

• • • • ..

_ t"u L f-

t •• 'I, aTA vi ~~ft > I': 1.lln STill vi, nO •• ft., d •••

••• hi' •• l BTA vi. vedv • --~U'- ... - ---- - ------ """4!I"T'iIIAr--"v"p",··ow------------·------- --------.-- ... -----.---.I.'t.. aTA vq

-.te·fU~ ·Ul .... a ... t'. --tSTA vI( ---_._-_.- _ .... --.. -------. -----.. _ .. - ----- • -ch. 3BTA vq -eft. 6STA vI(, wtv1 .I.'t •• > .I.·t ••• t.... BTA vt • -.·lii'Yt -. -·------·---S,..-~ ••• che':1 > cho': It BTA vt

-liiiC1iA~·l"""·l1nIn t #~1 t· STA --,rt---------.----.-----. ._.- .---- . ch.I.'.' BTA vt .-... biM i, •. , •• UI

-~---- --------. aTe'· .fUn. "0 "". WOI II tno. lIetnn • .,..Un-- ... ,t-el •• · wlttelt ·"..C'H .. -tft........,.,.ttta.··IHt •• ..-.H • or v.rb .ubordin.t.d

---·artf1i1i~ ·t'r.· ...... tt ..... ·---·--------·--Sfe--·-·vrrtv· OCCOI .... ft-wr,,"'p_ittonet-...,~b.·-- - -.--.-.---- .. n - ___ n __________ •• _____ _

-.' BTC .... ntic.II' .illliler to the cl ••• o •• dv.rbi.1 p.rticl ••• nd u •• d It •• th •• but • .a"l .... alii u, ... h ... . ' BTC subJ.ct pronouns ar •• u"i •• d to this

---n'·'TI(7-eIi.~--- . t tSTC'--,.,n1:er-vrobeltly- ·tn--'1"1"01"-v.rb to 'or •• p •• • r •

Some Interesting Halkomelem Finds So Far: PHONOLOGY: more widespread ablaut, metathesis, and infixing than thought 1. See handoLlt pp. 19-22 ~ k v • " as in Ik v • ' , .. t I, I k v ik v ~? e ' t I , ItVa"Sat/, Iskvakva"tal/, Ikva"lxv/, Ikva'la'ma't/, Ikve'la'mi't/, Ikv,ra'S,t/, Ik va'r8,t/, Ikva~k"a'r8~t.ws/, and Isk"i'k"'x~all

2. See handout p. 16 Ica"leuml Ilca"(I):l,q=~mll II'follo~J along after (with the person ahead's knovJledge) 'I -> Icicila'qtall IIR4. ca '=la[.Ht.)qet,111 II'walking single file'll < I'diminutive =follow=occupational=purposeful control=reciprocal'l

3. ~k"'l I 'grasp 'I as in Ik"a'I=lax"l 'get something, catch it (disease), have something' (=lax" I'non-control transitivizer (happen to, accidentally, manage to)'!), Ik"al."tl Ilk",lea[eR"'e)tll Il'grasp s-th, hold s-th' (=at I'purposeful control transitivizer'l, e "-ablaut infixed /'durative aspect'l, I k" u ' , 1 s I II k " ,[ e R u ' , = ) I = I s II I I 'hang onto s-o' I I (= Is I'psychological non-control transitivizer'/), Ik"al=t=a" 11 II'to wrestle'll (=t ;'purposeful control transitivizer'l, a"l I'reciprocal"!), Ikvi'k"alta"ll IIR'-k"il=t=a"lll II'wrestling'll (reduplication type 4, Ci'- usually diminutive, here I'continuotive aspect'), and Ik"ik"i"l~all Ilk"i"-k"a[=Ht=)l=ta"lll II'play-fighting'/1 with metathesis type 2 (switches preceding vowels) I'diminutive'l

MORPHOLOGY: complex systems of aspect and control inflections and det-'i vati ons

4. see examples just above SYNTAX: use of adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and pronouns as

main verbs (for focus) or modifiers 5. vaj: Ihi'k"-c-.l-cil 1/'1'11 be big.'ll 'Is. rt.a hi'k" x"a'tlls

masti'YiX"1 Il'a big heavy person'll 6. 'ladv: Iwi=ya"S ~"i-l-s ~i'[-~i-)k'''=atl II'I'm alvJC"t.ys biting it. '// lit. I'it's always that-I-nominalizer am biting it'l 'Is. 1?('lhl-c-x" ,""ml II'You're really fast. "11

7. vpl"'ep: Itcoli'-c-al ~"a PE'st.all II'I'm fr'om ArnericC< .. ··// VS. Ilco k"."=t-com tali' ti qic.l=E'wtx"l II'He was let go ft-om jail., He WC<.S set free/turned loose from jail., They let him go fY-om jC'!.il. 'II < I'past let go-purposeful control transitive-3rd person passive from the apprehend/detain-building'l

8. vpron: Ileo'wa-s-I.I II'Let it be you~ '/1 < /'be you-::;:;rd per-son sub-­ject-2 person sg. imperative'l vs. 11. 'm-c-cox" t.E-l"'Wi!ll II'You're goi ng. ' ;' I < /' goi ng-·non-subord. SLlb j. -2 sg. the-you sg. (emphasi s)' I

SEMANTICS: systematic semantic shifts (with pattern congruity) applying to body parts, place names, kinterms and words for people, etc.;

9. The set of 32 body part suffixes have allosemes which all shift in parallel fashion in certain semantic (semetic) environments; there are at least four allosemes for each suffix: [' (body part) (usually subject of the verb root they are attached to) 'J in the environment (subdomains) of body function/dysfunction wards and many place names--with place names the suffixes have allosemes [' (feature in shape of body part) 'J (neck of land, throat of cliff, head of river, nose/point of land, etc .• ~

['of the (body part) (partitive) 'J in independent words for body parts,

icgb

and ['on or in the (body part)'] elsewhere (lit. thousands of examples). 10. -(.)1 /'past tense'/ has alloseme ['deceased, late'] within the semetic environments of ['kinterms, personal names, demonstrative pronouns, people, fauna']

11. All te~ms for flora which can appear with or without the suffix -.lp /'tree, plant'/ have allosemes ['fruit of the plant'] when the suffix is absent

different allosemes of a morpheme or word being members of different semantic domains;

12. Ikw.l.t'xv.LI ['shoot s-o/s-th with arrow'] in domains of -HUNT, SOC, in free variation with ['shoot s-o/s-th with gun'] in semantic (semetic) environment of TIME circa 1850-1900, replaced by the latter alloseme in environment of TIME circa after 190P, ['sting s-o/s-th'] in domain of ABFC (animal body function) for ex. with ['bee, snake']

13. III 'q •• ml ['whisper'] in domains of CONV, SOC with ['human'], ['hiss'] in domain of ABFC for ex. with ['snake, feline']

14. Iskwi'xvi ['personal name'] in domain of N, ['place name'] in domain of PLN, ['wofd for s-th'] in domains of CONV, SCH (conversa-tion and speech, schooling) for ex. with ['inanimate'] .

15. Ikwi'xv •• LI ['name s-o in ceremony'] in domains of SOC, REL, MED, ['call s-o's name'] in domain of CON V , ['read s-th'] in domain of SCH

individual allosemes with simultaneous membership in more than one semantic domain;

16. Is.kw.'ll ['water-fall'] in domains LAND-·, WATF: 17. Is=?i'·~wl ['lost and presumed dead'] in DIR, SOC, ABDF (direction, social relations, animal body dysfunctions).

18. l?i'4 w •• LI ['rub s-th off, wipe s-th off'] in domains Me, C~O, REL, GAM, MED, TCH, ABFC (material culture, clothing, religion, games, medicine, touch, animal body functions)

semantic environments conditioning many allosemes being statable, those conditioning many others being deducible by inform~l logic from domain membership and/or knowledge of the language and culture and/or pragmatics during use

19. see examples above

"3D Semantics": A suggestion for notation for three levels of semantics: Semetic: ['alloseme, componential analysis, semetic information'] Sememic: /'sememe, range of meaning of a word or morpheme'/ Morphosememic: //'morphosememe, new meaning resulting from shifts of

sememes in combination within a word or phrase'//

Page jr ...

r ~ entries from HKWl file Srlowing e:,:amples of ablaut, infi:-:ing, reduplication, aspect, control, allosemes, domains, sememes, morphosememic changes, semantic environments

,0

rf HOOD CK STA A lie lphm lTN lA 2ie 2phm 2TN 2LIT 2A

twa ' k "e ' *anwwaWI lever, <fnew_information as in NSt~aits)

IIlpol EB, others twa'lhchxw kwa'xw stl'Hl'~elh ?iWi-i't-o-X" t", '-x" s=R4=~i~=a! *~erenlt_wou evtr a fchild? EB Lsel twa' welh la'm 0-11 t"E' Wit 1, '=m I *betan to Ito, I anwway lalready to EB

,0 twa': r t",": ,,0 twa'lL ~ kwa't pos RBFC SOC

~ ..' lie lphm lTN lA

t",":T'" t"E'=T *leL_to_of_s·th/s·o, *drop.s·Lh, *set.s-o.ffrte,

vt EB, Elders Group Lsel Ie twa':t o-al li t"e"=T I stt him free" [I turned him loosl>,) EB

2ie laohxw twa't te stame'stlwo 2phm le-c-x" t"a'=T La s=LEm=a's·Vwa 2TN Let to of IsomeLhint! 2LIT woulre «toint.to! leL to of it *whatever.it.musL.be 2Pt L'wo ~*evidently, Imust_be, I_*tuessl is usually pronounoed tlwa

by most speakers; Lhe <0> lal here may be Thompson influen,oe sinoe Thompson lal corresponds to Halkomelem leI historically in a number of words

2A EB 3ie 3phm 3TN 3STA 3A 4 i e 4phm 4TN 4A 40k 4hlL 4iA

o pors ABFt LI,.

It kwa': ttnl III t"e"=T·im He toL turned loose" He was set free, xpas, pass EB D'wtchxw la'mexw temkwa't ?o'w.-c-x" le'=m-ax" ta.m=k"a'=T IDon't let him to Iyet! EB 6/24/76 correctint Ltm= :<Hinle.tol -> :<t!wetl? Donlt to wet!, Hold on! Elders Group 6/16/78 kwo':thtt k"i[=Ra=)":T-it to.ltallop Stt oneself free, loose oneself

ft!'tntrits from HKUl fil. S.I ~{nt txa.pl.s of ablaut, infixint, r.duplication, asp.ct, allostll'l's, do.ains, Stlltll'ltS, lfIorphostilltll'lic chant.s, s'lI'Iantic di o·ablaut ~*dtrivationall drs .t ~IPurpostful.lcontrol_transitiviz.rl is ·.t ~Ir.fl.xivel STA vi A At •••• 0

ct. phn ABFt ip STA A la lt lphll'l 11 it llphll'l llTN llA

kw.kwo':t.h.t RS·k"I[.~a=)'·.T·it. k"ut"a'·e.t. Itallopint R·· ~loont.inuat.iv.1 vi At tw.two't.h.t. RS·t"e[=Aa=)'=T·it. tw.two't.h.t. t.. stiqi'w t".t"a'eat. t. s.tiqi'w Th. Ihors. is tallopint. EB

••• 0 twitw.'a't dll'lv R4=k"[=.?=)a'=T phn t"it".?I't. SOC Il.av •. s·o.alon., Ist.oP.lptst..rint.s.o

control, tnvironll'l.nts

de"' R4= ~Idill'linut.ivel ~ •• 1 (a')= ~Icoll'lparat.ivel or this .av be lI'Ier.lv a phonolotical '"", /

alt..rnative to a'i (pres.rvint I for: and IlI'Ietath.sizint) drs =t ~Ipurposeful.lcontrol.ltransitivizerl lie skw'a'y tws tu twikwe'a't.s t. sqiqa'qs lphll'l s=k'''e'y k"·s tu R4=k"jII?e'=T·.s

ta S=R4=qE 'q·s lTN H. In.v.r stops p.st.rint Ihis 'litt.le.lbroth.r., H. n.v.r

ltav.s his lit.tl. brother alon •. lllT it.lcan't.b. Ithat..h. Ir.ally he stops p.st.rint him/he leaves

him alone th,.llI'Iale his.llittl •• lyount.r.*siblint lA AD, EB ., ,0 stw.kwo':t.l reps s·Rs=k"e[=Ra=)'·=T=.l stpc phn KIN SOC ip dp di drs STA A la11-lphll'l 1 '

ncs ABFC

sk"uk"a,·till Is.parat.d.in.lmarriat.

s· ~lstat.iv.1 R~= ~lcompl.t.iv.?1 o·ablaut ~Id.rivat.ionall .t ~Ipurpos.ful.lcontrol.ltransitiviz.rl, =.1 ~Ireciprocall vi Elders Group stw.kwo't..l s·Rs=k"e[=Aa=)'=T=al EB kwo":lK., k"e[=Ra'=)'=lix" IdroP.5·th.(laccidentally), Ilet..s·o.to

•

'~l .ntri •• frolll HKWl filt · )wint .xaaplt. of ablaut, infixint, r.duplication, a.p.ot, allostlflts, dOlllains, s.a.IUS, lJIorphos.III.lllic ohant •• , .... antic di o'·ablaut Xldtrivationall drs altxw Xlnon·1oontrol.ltransitiviz.rl STA vt. A AD lalt. tuo'lxu lph", tw,.Aa'.l.x w lA EB 111sin two'lxw.s llphlll tWI=Aa'.l.xw •• s llphn tWa'lxw.s llG H. dropp.d it, llA EB 2asin 2phlll 2G 2A 21alt. 21phm 21A • •• 0

two'lo ....... tw,cAa'.l·a'm.' l.t ... to Df twa'lo"",." t W, '.l·a'ml' EB two'lo ....... t

ncrs tW,=Aa'_l.a' ... 't

Palt 2i

oontrol, .nvironmtnt.s

TVHO l.soap •• <from.1slav.ry.for •• x,), It.t.out.<from.b.int.snow.d.in.

)

or.snatt.d.in.riv.r.for •• x,) ~" ~ May bt us.d for ptopl. oth.r than the sp.attr in contrast to . J · lwa'lo"a.'t which .. ay bt us.d by t.h. sptaktr tscapint hims.lf/htrstlf IC probably us.d for oth.rs [than on.s.lf) <AD) SHE pr.viously trapp.d by tht physical or sooial .nvironm.nt: snow.d in,

.natt.d in a riv.r in ont'. cano., as a slav., ttc, di o'-ablaut ~ldtrivationa11 drs al al10morph of .1txw ~lnon·lcontro1.ltransitiviz.rl, =o"m ... t

X*r.fltXiv'l STA vi A AD, E1d.rs Group 3112 li. kwo'lo"m.'t a'llht.1 lphm tWa=Aa'=l=a'm,,'t ?e"ltll lTN ITh,y .scap.d, lA AD lIC she has heard this us .• d • • ,0 kwa'lo"m.'t. ncrs t WI'=l.a'ml't TVHO I.scap., Ilet._out SHN may bt used by the sp.aktr about him/h.rs.lf, in contrast to

kwo'lo'm.'t which may b. us.d about p.op1. oth.r than the sp.ak.r IC probably us.d for on.s.1f SHE pr.vious1y trapp.d by physical or social .nvironm.nt: snow.d in,

snatt.d in the riv.r in on.ls cano., as a slavt, .tc, drs .1 a110morph of .1.xw t l non- l contro1.ltransitiviz.rl, =O'III ... t

X1r.fltXiv.1 ST'I vi

, ,0

ines

AD kwtthl.'t.h.t kV • '.At.~=t'8tt

• " ..

Pal. 22 R-l\ .nlri.s froll HKl-ll fil. S' lint .xaIlPl.s of ablaul, infixint, r.duplicalion, asP.cl, conlrol, allos ••• s, do.ains, S.II •• tS, lIorphos •••• ic ohant.s, s •• anlic tnvironmtnls phn kWtl.'8.l RBFC start_lo_lslruttl., slarl_lo_1flip_around_lo_.scap. (fish ,sP.) drs .-ablaul ~Id.rivalionall, =ll' •• anint unknown (Ist.m-.xt.nd.r?),

=.'thtt Xlinc.ptiv., Istart_tol STA vi R IHTTC ••• 0 kwo'll'lh.t ots kWI[-Aa-)'=1=8.t RBFC Iflippint_around_(of_fish), Istruttlint_(of_anwthint_aliv._ lrwint_lo_t.l_fr •• )

FSH HUNT ii o-ablaut Xlcontinuativ.I STA vi R IHTTC •••• 0 kw.tllkwo'tl'th.lDws plv R'.t We[-Aa-)'=1=8tt=.ws phn kW.lk wa'18.lows . NATR Iwat.r_IjuIlPint (as ~t to.s ovtr a routh boltom in a riv.r) dp R'= ~Iplurall or Xlfrtqu.nlativ'l or ~liltraliv'l ii o-ablaul ~Icontinuativtl drs .ll' lloss uncltar, =l ~Ipurpos.ful_*conlrol_transitiviz.rl, _~l X1r.fl.xiv.I, =~ws Xcn_lh'_lskin, on_th._lcov.rin~I ~ vi, nom? ASP, AK, AD (all on raft trip) ..... 0 Kw.ll'kwo'll'thttDws ds R'=kWI[-Aa-)'=I=T=.t.,ws PLN a_1str.tch_of_wal.r_in_lh._IFras.r_Riv.r_on_lh._C.N._sid._by_

IStrawb.rrW_Island STR nom R AK, SP, AD, IHTTC S plac. nam.s fil. r.f.r.nc. 1248 •• 0 skwi'kw.x.l dnom s.R.=kwE=X~.l or s=R •• kwl.R.=x~.l EZ IbabW_1sock.y._*salmon ZOO IOncorhynchus_n.rka dp s= XlnoMinaliz.rl, R.= ~ldiminutiv.1 lx .xtl Xon_lh._lfool, Ifoot, Itail_(of_fish)1 pcsx .-ablaut ~Idtrivalionall PC tithtr a shift lo Isohwa-Igrad. in lh. rool due lo the stressed

pr.fix, or derivational .ablaut STA nom A AC •• 0 l.mkwi'kwextl dnom l.II=R4=kwl=x~.1 or t.m=R •• kwe=A.=xVll TIME Itilll' of the Ibaby_1sookty.'s coming,

IApriLlloon EZ

.arlW_1sprinlt_(usually April),

l . ~ dp 11

Itill' the Ilitll._ont ttts_lfrt. (his) Itail m.ans "till. whtn lh. babw sock.w. fr •• lh.ir f •• l" t.m= ~Ilimt_of, Is.ason_ofl, R·= ~ldiminuliv.1 =x.l ~Ifoot, Itail_(of_fish)1

• , , •

Paae719 . )

• (1 q a' I t . rt qf"t

HED Iput.on.a.1poultio., Iwarm.it.[with.st.am .• sp.), (Ioook.or.lh.at. with.lSt.am)

FOOD STA prob. vi A D.min. and JL and NP (Fish Camp 7/19/79) SCG Squamish Iqat-a'nl ~'ivt a sttambath, oaus. to tak. a st.a.bathl

W7S1251, K871S53, k69179, Lushoots •• d root Iqa?t(a)1 ~l.t warm! as in Ill-qa'?t-lxVI ~(His body) is ,.ttin, warm now (that wou'v, liv.n him blank.ts). (Said as wou touoh him.)! and Iqa'?t-.dl ~warm it (as s-th on a stov., not an optn fir.)! H761372

lalt qa't lphm q& 't lA BHTTC ,.0 q.ta's df ql't=I[=Ht=)s FOOD Ibak •. lund.rlround, (Ist.am-oook.und.rlround, 1000k_in.a_1st.am-pit) SHN st.am-pits haul not b •• n us.d for about fiftw v.ars in th. StO'1 lD

ar.a, but w.r. du" in sand or li"ht soil and a fir. was built in th. bottom, wh.n it was burn.d down to ooals a f.w lon" stioks w.r. stood uprilht in th. pit and law.rs of skunk oabbal' or siailar l.av.s w.r. pil.d in, ~

--rlt.rnatin, with the food to b. oook.d, dirt, sand or rooks w.r. put on . J top and wat.r was pour.d down th. sticks to caus. th. st.am, st.amin, was oft.n don. ov.rni,ht; the tollowin. w.r. som. of th. thin,s st.am.cook.dl wild onions, bulbs ot ti,.r lily, chocolat. lilW, ric. root, wapato/arrowl.af, blur camas, ~wild caraway, sprinl told, dom.stic oarrot, black tr •• lich.n (prob. Brworia tr.montii) oft.n sw •• t.n.d with b.rri.s (it cook.d up into a licoric.-flavor.d "moss-br.ad", and probablw m.atsl many of th.s. th. v.".tabl. bulbs and corms w.r. roundish

lx =.s ~Iround.thinll on.th,.ltac.1 post •• tath.sis ~Id.rivationall or ~'r.sultativ.! or ~lnon-oontinuativ.1 PC Im.tath.sis STA A t •• 0

cts FOOD ii PC STA A 1 a lt lphm 1IC lA 2i. ""hm

IN

• t .0 dnom FOOD dp

vi BHTTC. E ld.rs Group q.'t.s q&[=RiI'.)t.,s Ibakin".lund.rlround .'-ablaut ~Icontinuativ.! ,'.Iablaut.on.root.a' vi BHTTC cu'cut.s ql'[-Rl_H=.s probably Eld.rs Group (1/25/78) i'lhts.l cu't.s. ?i'-l-c-.l q&(=R.'=)t=.s I was bakin" und.r,round. BHTTC sq.ta's s.=ql't=.[=Hr=)s stutt.lst.am.lcook.d.lund.r,round, what.is.lbaktd.und.r,round s. ~Inominaliz.rl

• ,

,< •

Z3

UPRIVER BALXOMELl!:M PINDERLIS'l' OF ALL BUT COMMENT BANOS

BL1C • TABLE

bottom of a tree, trunk of a tree:: • ' ale' ts •

twenty: I ts')c.w'. 'x.

upstream

used to

want

waterfall

where

(be) upstream: I ahi 'v - ehi' v. 90 upstream: I xwehi ' welt he's goinq upstream:: ahi'v - ehi'v.

I used to think: I , ,

a -..

do you want some' tea?: : -a(') - a.

8IDal.l waterfaJ.l:: Ci ' -.

I'm qOlinq to Ala'max so that we (can) pick hops.:: Ala'max. we ate::

, , a - e .

I know where he came (arriveld) from.:: tel'ale'tsa - tel'ele'tsa - tel:.'tsa - tel:e'cha (Ee) - te'ele'cha (Ee).

where (is it)?:: ale'tsa - l.'tsa (Ee). where are you from?:: tel'ale'tsa - tel'ele'tsa - telle'tsa -

tel:e'cha (Ee) - te'ele'cha (Ee). where did you make it?:: ale'tsa - le'tsa (Ee), ale'tsa - le'tsa

(Ee). where have you be I~n?: : ale' tsa - le' tsa (Ee). where is he (anyway)?:: ale' tsa - le' tsa (Ee). where is he frqm?:: tel'ale'tsa - tel'ele'tsa - tel:e'tsa -

tel:e'cha (Ee) - te'ele'cha (Ee).

v~ere is he/she/it from?, from where?:: tel'ale'tsa­tel'.le'tsa - teli.'tsa - tel:e'cha (Ee) - te'ele'cha (Ee).

where it is. I know vhere it is.:: ale'tsa - le'tsa (Ee).

wherever wherever he's qot it:: ale'tsestxwes.

References Galloway. Brent.

1977. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California. Berkeley.

1985. "Hardwar-e and Sof tware for a Sal ish Di cti onarv Project." Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter 4 (1):7-8. Feb. 1985, ed. by Victor Golla.

1987. "Computerized Dictionaries of Upriver Halkomelem and Nooksack." in The Use of Computer Techniques in Pacific Northwest Amerindian Linguistics, ed. by Guy Buchholtzer. special issue of the journal Amerindia, Paris.

Thompson. Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Robert Hsu. 1982. "A Computerized Dictionary of Thompson River Salish." a

paper presented to the 1982 meeting of the Canadian Ethnology Society, Vancouver, B.C., forthcomihg in the Amerindia volume.

)