Late Nineteenth CenturyEuropean Thought and Society

1850(-ish)-1900

The Second Industrial Revolution Began in the 1850s

First Industrial Revolution was in developments on textiles, iron, and steam power

Second Industrial Revolution was in steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil

Internal combustion engine replaces the steam engine

Leads to invention of the automobile: G. Daimler, German engineer w/ French patent

Consumer society takes shape:

The Second Industrial Revolution Depression of 1873

European economies expanded 1850-73 Technological advances lower food costs But competition slows down economy Bad investments cause banks to fail

Causes ripple effect throughout economy Workers unemployed Growth of trade unions and socialist parties

New industconsumer goodsincr D brings econ out of stagnation

The Second Industrial RevolutionMiddle Class (bourgeoisie) continues to

expand Middle class gains political power Rise of “white collar workers” (petite

bourgeoisie/petty bourgeois) Higher social mobility through public education Politically and socially Conservative

often afraid of losing status because of economic downturn

More on the further divisions w/in M.C. Topmost: Banking, industry and large scale

commerce. along w/ aristocracy accounts for about 5% of pop.

Have “aristocratic” aspirations. Quid pro quo: trade titles, homes, elegance for $

Middle MC: moderately successful industrialists, merchants, lawyers, doctors Additions: experts w/ specialized knowledge—

engineers, architects, chemists, accountants Training, certification, prof. orgs to defend and promo

their interests Also public and private managers:bureaucrats

Slicing the MC pie. “white collar workers” (petite bourgeoisie/

petty bourgeois) Higher social mobility through public education Traveling salesmen, bookkeepers, store

managers, clerks, elementary school teachers, nurses, dentists.

Politically and socially Conservative often afraid of losing status because of economic

downturn

Middle class valuesThe Victorian era of morality and

proprietyStrict and demanding: traditional

Christianity reaffirmed. Drinking and gambling=vices; sexual purity, fidelity=virtue

Know right from wrong and act accordingly

Servant-keeping classes:$ expenditures

10% meat25% on food and drink50% of income on food and servants at

all levels of m.c.--.dinner partiesEducation: more crucial educ=adv. ed.=

expenseCulture/leisure: books, music, travel.

Read novels, attend symphony and opera, dutiful daughter @ piano, packaged foreign tour.

Working classes About 80% belonged to working classes W.C.: people whose livelihoods depend on on

physical labor and who did not employ domestic servants

Some are still small landowning peasants and hired farm hands. GB:8% Germany:25% Fr:50%

highly skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled hierarchy exists

Highly skilled About 15% of w.c. “labor aristocracy” Earned about 67% of what low mc did but 2Xs

what low wc did printers, masons, construction bosses, factory

foremen, cabinetmakers, jewelers Under stress/pressure by increased mechanization

of craft in factories Very strait-laced, puritanical values and behavior.

Distinct from lower w.c. and shared w/ m.c. Family, frugality, education. Temperance and

fidelity. “the path to the brothel leads through the tavern”

Semi skilledSome factory workers. Carpenters,

bricklayers, pipe fitters,Very complex compositionHighly volatile

Unskilled Day-laborers: longshoremen, wagon drivers

(teamsters), teenagers, “helpers. Also largest group:domestic servants. In GB 15% (1911)

Morality the drink, sports (gambling), music halls (mixed; cf opera and theatre of mc)

Christian yes, but not active. Conservative institutions. “not our kind of thing.”

The Second Industrial Revolution

Urbanization continues late 19th century More people from the countryside move to

cities Governments introduce urban planning

Housing for workers Better sewers Public health (better w/c health/housing=m/c

better health and political stability Public works—jobs! Wide blvds—less danger of revolution barricades

Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe

Women still considered property of husbands and fathers Fathers still arranged marriage Earnings went to husbands and fathers Unable to own property until late 1800s Birth control illegal Educational opportunities still unavailable

until late 1800s Teaching only career option for women

Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe

Middle Class women Cult of Domesticity

Middle class women expected to stay home Women considered “morally superior”

Charged with religious instruction of children Sexual repression?

Middle class women begin to have fewer children Children begin to be more expensive So there would be more money for consumer goods

Women in Late Nineteenth Century Europe

Rise of Women’s movement Middle class women get involved Demanded political equality

Suffragettes in Britain demand the right to vote Similar movements in France and Germany

Women demanded reforms in public health and working conditions

Stop here for now (ch. 22 and ch. 24 DBQ EXAM!

Thanks! And good luck!

Jews in Late Nineteenth Century Europe Discrimination against Jews for most of

European history Jews gain “emancipation” during the 19th

century in parts of Western Europe Able to live where they liked Full legal and political rights Allowed to enter professions

Anti-Semitism also becomes popular Zionist movement begins. Herzl

Workers in Late Nineteenth Century Europe

Workers demand better working conditions Demand better wages, better hours Demand social legislation Demand the right to organize into unions

Workers gain voting rights throughout most of Europe Marxism remained popular to workers

Reaction to Marxism Ideas of Marxism spread throughout

Europe International Working Men’s Association

Endorsed by Karl Marx Governments in Europe and US afraid of

MarxismSocialism

Economic system calling for government ownership of industries

Reaction to MarxismBritain

Unions become legal in 1880s Fabian Society

Believed in gradual ownership of industries Interested in government ownership of gas and

water Believed in social legislation

Reaction to MarxismFrance

Marxism a great influence on French labor movements

French workers resorted to strikes Labor unions did not participate in the

government

Reaction to Marxism Germany

Social Democratic Party (SPD) Formed in 1875 Advanced ideas of Marx

Bismarck considered SPD a threat Banned the SPD as a political party Passed social legislation in 1883 to undermine SPD

Health insurance Workers compensation Old age pensions

Reaction to MarxismRussia

Industrialized much later than Western Europe

Encountered the same problems Absolute monarchy prevented necessary

reforms No constitution or representative government No civil liberties

Reaction to MarxismRussia

Government repression encourages revolutionary movements

Social Revolutionary Party wanted to end industrialization

Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) wanted liberal reforms

Reaction to MarxismRussia

Government repression encourages revolutionary movements

Social Revolutionary Party wanted to end industrialization—return to rural life

Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) wanted liberal reforms

Social Democrat Party—Marxistssplit

Reaction to MarxismLenin (1870-1924)

Original name Vladimir Ulyanov Brother executed for plot to assassinate

Czar Alexander III Joined revolutionary groups

Arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1895 Lived in exile in Switzerland in 1900

Became leader of the Bolsheviks, a Marxist revolutionary group

Reaction to Marxism Russia

Revolution of 1905 Defeat in war with Japan adds to worker unrest Czar’s troops fire on workers demonstrating on the

Winter Palace Showed workers and peasants no longer trusted the Czar

Leads to government reforms Constitution and parliament Some land reforms But no one is satisfied

Late 19th CenturyEuropean ThoughtScience becomes dominant in

European society Religion starts to go in decline

State becomes in charge of education Gets into conflict with churchesKulturkampf (Culture Struggle)

Bismarck saw Catholic Church as a threat to government

Late 19th Century European Thought Literature

Writers describe life as it really is--realism Reaction to industrialization Shaw, Ibsen, Flaubert

Music Composers look for new musical forms

Stravinsky, Debussy

Philosophy Reaction against Enlightenment forms of rationality Reaction against traditional views of morality

Conclusion Industrialization continues to affect

European societyWomen begin to demand equal rightsGovernments react to Marxism in

different ways Industrialization affects European

culture

Kagan, p. 821 “In 1889, the Eiffel Tower was built, originally as a

temporary structure for the international trade exposition of that year. Not all the new structures of Paris bespoke the impact of middle-class commerce and the reign of iron and steel, however. Between 1873 and 1914, the French Roman Catholic Church oversaw the construction of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart high atop Montmartre as a act of national penance for the sins that had led to French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Those two landmarks—the Eiffel Tower and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart – visibly symbolized the social and political divisions between liberals and conservatives in the 3rd Republic”

If you were asked to compare these two structures as reflections of the social and political tensions present in late 19th century France, what evidence would you use from these readings.

Compare.

Evidence.