CHAPTER 7IMMIGRATION

AND URBANIZATION

Late 1800’sThrough

Early 1900’s

The United States The Golden Door

The American Dream

East Coast Immigration Before 1890, immigrants from Western

and Northern Europe After 1890, Southern and Eastern Europe

Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary

West Indies Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico

Ellis Island, New York-immigration center

o Pass physical examo met legal requirementso after 1909, had to have $25 in pocketo 1892-1924, over 17,000,000

West Coast Immigration Chinese

Gold, Farming, Railroad, Mining, Domestics Japanese

Hawaii—U.S. annexed in 1898, continue to West Coast

*Mexico-fled for jobs and political turmoil

Angel Island, San Francisco, California-immigration center• Asians, majority Chinese• Harsh conditions,• unfriendly staff

• extensive questioning, long detention

Response to Immigration Melting Pot? Mixture of people from

different cultures and races blending together by giving up their native languages and culture

Nativism—overt favoritism toward native born Americans

Protestants vs Catholics & Jews Anti-Chinese sentiment-accept lower

wages 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act limits

immigration of Chinese, supposed to last 10 years, extended in 1892, made indefinite in 1898, repealed in 1943

1907-Gentlemen’s Agreement w/Japan

Urbanization—Challenges

Urbanization-growth of cities Americanization movement-assimilate

foreign cultures into the American culture Migration-large movement of:

Rural residents to the cities for jobs African-Americans from the south to northern cities

WHY? Increase technology in agriculture machinery made the need for manual laborers less

Urban Problems 1. Housing-not enough

Tenements-multi-family dwellings Unsanitary-trash, human waste

Urban Problems continued2. TRANSPORTATION 3. WATER Struggle to expand

and repair quickly Mass Transit-

transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Lack of safe drinking water Filtration 1870 Chlorination 1908

4. Sanitation Keeping cities clean Horse manure Sewage in open gutters Factory smoke

By 1900 cities developed sewer lines and sanitation systems

5. CRIME 6. FIRE More people = more

crime New York City – 1st

full time salaried police force

Lack of water system to fight fires

Use of candles & kerosene

Politics in the Gilded Age 1870-1890 Greed & self-indulgence/Social Darwinism

The political machine-an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

Gained voter support within city blocks

Helped poor and gained votes by doing favors or providing services

Sometimes mayor, controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses, influenced courts

Presidential Reform

Civil Service - government administration, working in government jobs

Patronage – giving of government jobs to people who helped a candidate get to office People not always qualified for positions given

Spoils system - Andrew Jackson Corruption, politicians wanted reform, reached

presidency

Stalwarts vs. Reformers 1880 Chester Arthur,

stalwart, V.P. on Garfield ticket

Garfield shot, Arthur changes his position and becomes reformer

With patronage gone, money for elections has to come from somewhere? Big Business takes over

1876-Rutherford B. Hayes wins election

Upsets stalwarts, doesn’t run in 1880

1880 -James Garfield, wins presidency, assassinated by stalwart when not given govt. job

By 1901, 40% of government jobs civil service