The illustrations purpose in this instance, is to make the exercise instructions more concise. As well as this by using illustrations instead of text, the instructions can potentially be easier to understand. The illustrations may also be used as an accompaniment to the text, simply showing a visual of what the text is already explaining.

In this photograph the illustrations are used effectively. The illustrations are for the exercise on the previous page and follow the photographs of the exercise being performed by a gymnast. The illustrations are clear and easy to understand and provide arrows to make practicing the exercises, even easier to understand.

There isn’t really any difference in the typography for this example. ‘The Front Drop’ sub-title is bolded to signal the change in exercise being explained. Even if there is little to discuss regarding typography, the three words that are bolded execute it’s intention of moving on to a different exercise, effectively.

Clarity is a necessity in books, even the book is difficult to read for whatever reason, it immediately defeats its whole point of existence; to be read. These specific pages are clear and easy to read. There seems to be extra spacing than what is normal in other books given. As well as this a line is used to separate the pictures form the text on the right hand side page. This gives the page the upmost clarity. Conciseness saves time and can eliminate useless information. I way of doing this is by using pictures. These are often used in instruction manuals and as seen here, is especially prominent in describing exercise drills. Conciseness is used effectively in this example. The exercise shown has many different moves in it and therefore could take up many pages when describing it through text. This itself could upset the rhythm of the book.

Accuracy is very important when doing sport exercises. Readers need to be confident that the exercises they are doing are correct. After consulting several sources I have found the exercise being explained, to be correct. Avoiding ambiguity is an essential part of a factual book such as the sport exercise book I am using as an example. However in a fictional book being ambiguous may add to the plotline and add a sense of mystery to a character.

Bias is a technique used by publications and media outlets amongst many others. Bias can be used when discussing certain issues to suit the opinion of said publication’s (in this case the Daily Mail) audience. Bias can also be used subtly over time to make opinion seem like facts and alter an audience’s mindset to one that suits the publication. In this article The Daily Mail have posted statistics stating, that their survey showed that 80% of the British public opposed future immigration. This was bias as the newspaper, firstly, did not state the source of the survey which could have been made up. It is most likely that the survey will have been taken from the Daily Mail website, mostly used by it’s readers and predominantly right wing and anti-immigration. These statistics have been twisted to represent something they are not. Fair, impartial and legitimate statistics representing the whole brutish public. The Daily Mail know this, however, it is their best interests to post these statistics as it suits their audience. This is also an example of evidencing of an argument, both sides of the argument have nor been given. The technique has worked for the Daily Mail. Statistics have been created by way of biased audiences, giving the results that the Mail want for a paranoid and panic driven headlines. Something that the Mail thrives on and something it’s readers live their life in. It could be interpreted that the Daily Mail are actively breaking their journalistic codes of practice. Perhaps if challenged the Daily Mail could be seen to be breaching codes set by the ASA, NUJ or editors codes of practice. If the Daily Mail were to lose a case like this it would not only damage the newspaper financially, but also reputation wise.

Register is something that should be considered considerably when creating a leaflet. The formality or informality can potentially disinterest or interest a reader. The Talk To Frank campaign advertises mainly 13-18 year old school or college students. In an effort to ‘relate’ to them Frank often use humour and informal adverts as away of reaching their target audience.

As can be seen in this leaflet example, the language is not overly formal. A quote is used from a person of a similar age to the target audience. In this published quote, the words “nuts” and “crazy” are used to describe emotions. In a higher brow leaflet, perhaps targeting parents of teenagers, these words may not be used. However by using these words and maintaining a sense of informality, Frank create a friendly sensibility to them. As well as this it is more likely that someone out of their target audience will therefore read the leaflet, thus proving their register technique, effective.

Referencing statistical sources is very important for media outlets such as newspapers. If a newspaper fails to publish the relevant sources, it can damage the newspapers integrity and can lead to a lack of trust in it’s readership. In this article on an apparent drop in obesity number in the U.S, the author has quoted it’s statistical source as “researchers at CDC”. This can give the readers a chance to either believe the figures and remove doubt of falsification. By stating the source of the figures, readers can research these figures further themselves, should they feel the need to.

It is vital for a published piece of work to stay inside legal boundaries and adhere to legal constraints. Specifically related to journalism, breaking theses rules could lead to a court case regarding many potential illegal practices. These practices range from libel, contempt of court and/or a breaking of a gagging order.

A court case for a company or person inside the journalism can be damaging for a number of different reasons. Firstly, a court case could be financially crippling for a small music website or magazine. A court case could gain a extremely negative reputation for a media outlet. This could lead to a loss of existing and loyal advertisers as well as act as a deterrent to potential investors.

NME, for example, suffered a damage to their reputation when they were interpreted by many, to have ‘twisted the words’ of esteemed vocalist Morrissey to depict the former Smiths front man, as a racist. NME also did no favours for themselves by taking 5 years to publish an apology in their magazine.