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IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Large Scale PV
and the Environment
PV and Utility Workshop
Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Keiichi KOMOTO
Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., Japan
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Relative PVPS Tasks
• Task 8– Study on Very Large Scale Photovoltaic
Power Generation (VLS-PV) Systems (concluded in 2014)
• Technical, financial, environmental and socio-economic aspects
• Future visions and potential
• Task 12– PV Environmental, Health & Safety
Activities• Recycling, Life-Cycle Assessment, safety
issues
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Energy from the DesertFeasibility of Very Large Scale
Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV)
Systems:
Published in 2003
Practical Proposals for Very
Large Scale Photovoltaic
Systems:
Published in 2007
Very Large Scale Photovoltaic
Systems, Socio-Economic,
Financial, Technical and
Environmental Aspects:
Published in 2009
Very Large Scale PV Power-
state of the art and into
the future
Published in 2013
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Energy from the Desert
Very Large Scale PV Power Plants for Shifting to Renewable Energy Future (February 2015)
Available at the IEA PVPS website: http://www.iea-pvps.org
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Amanecer Solar, Chile
Kathu Solar Facility, South Africa (DC)
Tehsli Bap, India
Xiangshui, China (DC)
Jiayuguan, China (DC)
Xitieshan I-III, China (DC)
Longyuan, Qinghai, China (DC)
Chengde PV Project Phase I and II, China
Nyngan, Australia
Jocksdorf, Germany
Perovo I-IV, Ukreine (DC)
Toul-Rosieres, France (DC)
Sakri PV Power Plant, India
Arlington Valley Solar Energy II, USA
Tambol Huawai, Thailand (DC)
Templin, Germany (DC)
Campo Verde, USA
Catelina Solar Project, USA
Mesquite Solar I, USA
Copper Mountain II, USA
Neemuch PV Power Plant, India
Neuhardenberg, Germany (DC)
Meuro, Germany
Solarpark Senftenberg, Germany (DC)
El Centro, Imperial Vallay, CA, USA
Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I, China (DC)
Mount Signal Solar, USA
Charanka, India
Antelope Valley Solar, USA
Copper Mountain III, USA
California Valley Solar Ranch, USA
Agua Caliente, USA (AC)
Germud, Qinghai, China (DC/AC)
Longyangxia Hydro-solar PV Station, Gonghe, Qinghai, China (DC/AC)
Desert Sunlight, USA (AC)
Topaz Solar Farm, USA (AC)
Solar Star Projects, USA
[MW]
DC/AC means that AC capacity will be almost the same as DC capacity.In some cases, the capacity is not identified as AC or DC.
PV Power Plants in the World
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMMETopaz Solar Farm, AZ, USA
provided by First Solar, Inc.
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Largest PV power plants
Longyangxia, Qinghai, China
provided by the Yellow River Hydropower Company
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMMEShenguang high concentrating PV (HCPV) power station
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Impact categories for utility-scale
solar PV
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. World Wildlife Fund, Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature, 2013
Category Sub-category Low Score High Score
Community Dust Little regard for dust
generation, no control efforts
High regard for dust generation, worker
education , control methods (palliatives, focused
water use)
Visual Arrays adjacent to property
lines or high traffic roadways;
no screening or landscaping;
night illumination
Completely out of sight from roads and neighbors
Noise Equipment backup alarms,
post driving, heavy
equipment, close to property
lines or receptors; night work
Significant distance buffer; equipment selection;
equipment noise shielding; weekday/daylight
hours work only
Stakeholder
Engagement
Little to no engagement Active local engagement through community
organizations and governments; local educational
or college programs tours; public outreach
activities (meetings, tours)
Labor Non-local workers; minimum
wage; minimum safety
requirements
All local workers; prevailing wage; full personal
protective equipment and extensive safety training
and oversight; maximizing local economic
development and job creation; focus on aboriginal
and indigenous engagement and employment
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Impact categories for utility-scale
solar PV (cont.)
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. World Wildlife Fund, Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature, 2013
Category Sub-category Low Score High Score
Biology Species,
Plants, etc.
Design and construction with
no regard to local
biodiversity
Detailed surveys conducted; special interests and
other stakeholders consulted; design and
construction with high regard for biodiversity;
appropriate mitigation measures; ongoing
monitoring of impacts; maximizing buffer areas
around the active site, providing improved habitat
potential, visual buffer, etc.
Environmental
Impact
Studies
Not performed; no
awareness of any
environmental issues
Environmental Impact Study /Assessment
conducted, mitigation plan developed with
stakeholder involvement
Soil Protection Little regard for protecting
the grassland or site soils
Rigorous fire protection plans; topsoil conserved
or replaced; adequate seeding of native grasses;
compaction and permeable surfaces support
growth
Water Usage Little regard for water use Usage measured and reported; ambitious water
reduction goals set; Construction methods
implemented to minimize water use
Storm Water Little regard for storm water
or runoff onto neighboring
properties
Appropriately sized and protected protection and
conveyance measures (retention ponds; rip rap;
silt fencing; etc.), effective measures to counter
stormwater flow and runoff are in place; post
event performance and condition assessment
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Impact categories for utility-scale
solar PV (cont.)
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. World Wildlife Fund, Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature, 2013
Category Sub-category Low Score High Score
Design &
Construction
Site Selection Prime agricultural, biological,
or cultural land used
Use of disturbed or previously used sites;
superimposed on existing structures (roofs,
landfills, parking lots, etc.); greenfield or prime
agricultural land avoided, worn agricultural or
contaminated land used to restore biodiversity;
consider potential for ‘dual use’ of sites (e.g.,
agricultural/grazing) – this will depend on local
climate and farm practices
Grading Heavy cut and fill; stripped
topsoil; invasive seeds
introduced; long-term
drainage or dust issues
Minimizing grading, installation follows existing
topography, minimizing built roads/gravel,
minimizing trenching; topsoil retained or restored;
no standing water or dust areas
Footprint/
Layout
Inefficient use of space Minimize project footprint with careful balance of
ground coverage ratio, row spacing, module
height, etc.
Decommissioning/
End-of-Life (EOL)
Site
Restoration
No consideration of land
restoration after project life
Ensure that a site can be restored to its original
state (or better) at the end of project’s useful life
Recycling No take-back and recycling
at module EOL offered
Take-back and recycling of EOL modules and
Balance of System products considered and
addressed as part of project development and
permitting phase
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Environmental Benefits
• PV power plants can contribute to:
– Mitigating GHG emissions
– Saving fossil fuel consumption
– Decreasing ecological footprint
– Saving water consumption
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Life-Cycle Carbon Footprint
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. IPCC (2011)
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Life-Cycle Carbon Footprint in
Europe
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. Mariska de Wild-Scholten (2013), IEA PVPS Task8 (2015)
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
Ca
rbo
n fo
otp
rin
tg
CO
2-e
q/k
Wh
Note: Southern Europe for PV, Norway for hydropower, and European average for other technologies
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Energy Payback Time and Carbon
Footprint of rooftop PV systems
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. IEA PVPS Task12
Note) Estimation from the currently available LCI data for European production and installation. The estimates are based on Southern European irradiation of 1700 kWh/m2/yr and performance ratio of 0.75.
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Energy Payback Time and CO2 emission
rate of PV power plants in China
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. IEA PVPS Task8
Note) Assumed module efficiency: mc-Si 13,9%, sc-Si 14.3%, a-Si/sc-Si 16,6%, thin film Si 8,6%, CIS 10,1%
2,2
2,8
2,4 2,6
2,1
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
mc-S
i
sc-S
i
a-S
i/sc-S
i
Thin
film
Si
CIS
Energ
y P
ay-b
ack T
ime [
year]
52
62
53
71
59
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
mc-S
i
sc-S
i
a-S
i/sc-S
i
Thin
film
Si
CIS
CO
2em
issio
ns rate
[g
-CO
2/k
Wh]
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Contribution to sustainable
societyDecreasing ecological footprint
= implementing sustainable ecological balance
Human community
BiocapacityEcological Footprint
Environmental reclamationresources
wastes
Low biological productivity land type
consumption
High biological productivity land type
Human community
BiocapacityEcological Footprint
Environmental reclamationresources
wastes
Low biological productivity land type
consumption
High biological productivity land type
0 5 10 15 20 25
VLS-PV:10,000GW
Without VLS-PV
VLS-PV: 1,000GW
Without VLS-PV
VLS-PV:1,000GW
VLS-PV: 680GW
VLS-PV: 500GW
VLS-PV: 100GW
Without VLS-PV
Ecological Footpring & Biocapacity [gha/cap]
cropland pasture forest fisheries built space energy
Biocapacity
China
World
China,
Mongolia
& Korea
0 5 10 15 20 25
VLS-PV:10,000GW
Without VLS-PV
VLS-PV: 1,000GW
Without VLS-PV
VLS-PV:1,000GW
VLS-PV: 680GW
VLS-PV: 500GW
VLS-PV: 100GW
Without VLS-PV
Ecological Footpring & Biocapacity [gha/cap]
cropland pasture forest fisheries built space energy
Biocapacity
China
World
China,
Mongolia
& Korea
Ref. IEA PVPS Task8
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Provided by Dr. Garvin Heath, Task12 Operating Agent, NREL, USA
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Life-Cycle Water Consumption
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. J. Meldrum, S. Nettles-Anderson, G Heath, and J Macknick, Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates, Environ. Res. Lett., 8:015031, 2013
Provided by Dr. Garvin Heath, Task12 Operating Agent, NREL, USA
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Operational Water Consumption
Rates
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ref. J. Meldrum, S. Nettles-Anderson, G Heath, and J Macknick, Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates, Environ. Res. Lett., 8:015031, 2013
Provided by Dr. Garvin Heath, Task12 Operating Agent, NREL, USA
“Low Carbon” Technologies
Natural Gas
Combined
Cycle
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Ambient Temperature and
Humidity
Site Characteristics(vegetation, traffic,
air pollution)
GlazingCharacteristics
(texture and coating)
Factorsinfluencing
dustsettlement
PV System tilt-angle and orientation
(includes exposure to sun and wind)
Dust Properties(type, shape, size,
weight)
Wind Velocity
Machine/Robot with water
Machine/Robot with dry brush
Manual wiping with water
Manual with dry Brush, trolley
LaborHigh Cost
Low Availability
WaterLow Cost
High Availability
LaborLow Cost
High Availability
WaterHigh Cost
Low Availability
Other Considerations:Night Cleaning Only
Equipment CostPlant Site Size
Fixed Tilt & Tracker Structures
Restoration
Prevention
Washing
Mechanical methods
Water
Liquid such as chemical
Wiping
Air flow
Vibration
PassiveSurface modification and
coating
Changing surface direction
Vibration
Electric field , such as EDS
Active
Majority
Wet
Dry
Options for ‘Cleaning’
Ref. IEA PVPS Task8
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Recent Task12 publications
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
Available at the IEA PVPS website: http://www.iea-pvps.org
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Remarks
• The PV system is an alternative energy
technology and one of the promising technologies
for climate change mitigation.
• The EPBT (Energy Pay-Back Time) of large scale
PV power plants will be within ranges of 1 to 3
years. Assuming 30 years lifetime, PV can
produce 10 to 30 times more energy than the total
energy consumed throughout its life-cycle.
• Carbon footprint of large scale PV power plants
will be very small and it is one-tenth or one-
twentieth of average rate of coal-based country.
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Remarks (cont.)• The Ecological Footprint (EF) is expressed by the capability of
ecosystem required to purify, absorb and mitigate the impact of
human activities. The EF is compared with the Biocapacity
(BC) which means a capability of ecosystem.
• PV power plants can contribute to making or improving balance
between the EF and BC. The environmental effect can be
further exploited if the development is coupled with
afforestation and agricultural development in the surrounding
area.
• PV technologies consume water at the production stage to
some extent, but little during their operation. Clearly, PV power
plants will contribute to saving ground water use by substituting
conventional power plants inland.
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015
IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME
Thank you for your attention!
Komoto: Large Scale PV and the Environment, PV Utility Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 3 September 2015