large format carbon enhanced vrla battery test results … 2009 peer review - large... · large...
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Large Format Carbon Enhanced VRLA Battery Test Results
EESAT 2009Funded by the Energy Storage Systems Program of the U.S. Department Of Energy (DOE/ESS) through Sandia
National Laboratories (SNL)
October 4 - 7, 2009Seattle, Washington
Presented by:Tom Hund
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, NM(505) 844-8627
*Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
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Objective
Test Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) technology for utility partial state of charge (PSOC) cycling applications. Utility applications may include:Wind farm energy smoothingPhotovoltaic energy smoothingUtility ancillary services
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Energy Storage System
East Penn Manufacturing Large format ALABC carbon enhanced absorbed glass
mat (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) for utility PSOC cycling applications
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Test Plan For Battery
Capacity. DC Ohmic resistance Float current Utility PSOC cycle test (10% DOD @
50% SOC) Final DC Ohmic resistance Final capacity
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Capacity Curve For Unigy II and Carbon Enhanced Battery
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Discharge Time (h)
Am
p-H
ours Carbon Enhanced Battery, (AVR85-25)
Unigy II Specification, (AVR85-25)
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Alber Cell Impedance After Indicated Cycles
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7 Cell 8 Cell 9 Cell 10 Cell 11 Cell 12
Cell #
Res
ista
nce
mic
ro-O
hm
0 Cycles5,547 Cycles7,734 Cycles8,529 Cycles
All Measurements at 100% SOCSum For All Cells = 2.2 to 2.7 milli-Ohms
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Ohmic Discharge Voltage Drop After Cycling
200 Amp Discharge After 8,529 Cycles100% SOC
25.60
25.70
25.80
25.90
26.00
26.10
26.20
26.30
26.40
26.50
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Time (ms)
Volts
-225
-200
-175
-150
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
Am
ps
VoltsAmps
Battery Discharge Voltage Drop100% SOC
25.70
25.80
25.90
26.00
26.10
26.20
26.30
26.40
26.50
26.60
26.70
26.80
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
Amps
Volts
8,529 Cycles7,734 Cycles0 Cycles
2.4 milli-Ohms
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Float Current
2.000
2.050
2.100
2.150
2.200
2.250
2.300
2.350
2.400
2.450
2.500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (h)
Volts
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
Am
ps
Cell 1 (V) Cell 2 (V) Cell 3 (V) Cell 4 (V) Cell 5 (V) Cell 6 (V) Cell 7 (V)Cell 8 (V) Cell 9 (V) Cell 10 (V) Cell 11 (V) Cell 12 (V) Current(A)
0.176 A @ 2.27 vpc
1.318 A
High V (Cell #2, 2.290V)
Low V (Cell #1, 2.247V)
Cell 11, 2.388V
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Utility PSOC cycle test at 200A(10% DOD @ 50% SOC)
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (h)
Volts
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
Volts, Cycle #8,529Volts, Cycle #1,371Temp, Cycle #8,529Temp, Cycle #1,371
Volts1,000 Cy
777 Ah1,008 Ah833 Ah, Cycle 1,371
&990 Ah, Cycle 8,529
305 Cy
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Utility PSOC cycle test at 400 A(10% DOD @ 50% SOC)
15.0016.0017.0018.0019.0020.0021.0022.0023.0024.0025.0026.0027.0028.0029.0030.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (h)
Volts
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
Volts, Cycle #5,547Volts, Cycle #1,909Temp, Cycle #5,547Temp, Cycle #1,909
186 Cy
Volts290 Cy
762 Ah802 Ah
780 Ah, Cy 1,909 &
795 Ah, Cy 5,547
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Capacity As A Function of PSOC Cycles
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
Cycle Number
% O
f Ini
tial C
apac
ity
East Penn Carbon Enhanced Battery (200A & 400A Rate)
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Initial and Final CapacityAt 200A
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Amp-Hours
Volts
Cycle #8,529Cycle #0
Charge
Discharge
32°C 32°C
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Summary
The East Penn ALABC carbon enhanced large format VRLA has proven to cycle well at a partial state of charge. Final capacity at 200A after 8,529 PSOC cycles was measured at
851 Ah at 32 C. This is 102% of initial capacity measured at 32 C. During PSOC cycling the capacity exceeded 120% of initial
capacity after 8,529 PSOC cycles. Capacity increased after 3,400 cycles from a low of 87% of initial
capacity to over 120% at 8,529 PSOC cycles Capacity measured during PSOC cycling was much higher than
capacity after an extended rest Ageing Performance degradation:
Higher operating temperature (from 9 to 12 C above ambient) Fewer PSOC cycles (about 1/3 to 2/3 of initial number) Increased Cell voltage divergence at end of PSOC cycling
Future work will include an energy storage system for photovoltaic grid tied energy smoothing.