large animal internal medicine - universitas airlanggas1.fkh.unair.ac.id/images/ppt/cardiovascular...
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Cardiovascular
Diseases Nusdianto Triakoso
Hardany Primarizky
Large Animal
Internal Medicine
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History and signalement
• Aged
• Sex
• Environment
• Management
• Use of the animal
• Problem with other animal in contact with affected animal
• Vaccination and deworming, previous illness
• Information on the animal appetite, attitude and symptoms
• Time of onset of the current problem, attempted treatments and disease pregression
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Physical examination
• Examine all body system. Animal’s attitude, body weight, body condition
• Examine mucous membrane (color), moisture, CRT, determine distension of peripheral veins. The level filling of jugular vein and the patency of vein. Peripheral arterial pulse (quality, rhythm)
• Evidence of edema along ventral abdomen, brisket, submandibular, over pectoral muscle. Edema of limbs (horse), udder (cow) are less reliable signs of heart disease
• Auscultation (most important) Rate, Rhythms, Murmurs
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Physical examination
• Type of heart sound– The first heart sound (S1) is caused by the initial
ejection of the blood from the ventricles, the closureof the atrioventricular (AV) valve, and the openingof the semilunar (SL) valve
– The second heart sound (S2) is associated with closure of SL valve, rapid reversal of blood flow (blood stop moving out of heart) and the opening of AV valve
– The third heart sound (S3) is associated with the end of the rapid filling the ventricles with blood
– The fourth heart sound (S4) is associated with atrial contraction. It is closely followed by S1
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Physical examination
• Heart sound– In pigs, goat and sheep only S1 and S2 are heard
normally
– In horses and cattle, all four heart sound can be heards
• Heart rate– Varies dependent on the animal’s age and species.
The young animals tend to have a faster heart rate than adults.
– Sinus arrythmias are common in normal sheeps, goats and young animals, but uncommon in adult cattle
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Physical examination
• Cardiac murmurs
– Prolonged audible vibration that occur during a normally silent period of the cardiac cylce
– Classified : time, intensity, radiation and quality
– In some large animal (horse), cardiac murmurs and arrythmia are common
– Interpretation should be made in context : history, physical examination finding, result ancilliary tests
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Physical examination
• Cardiac Murmurs :
– Pitch (frequency), sound vibration. Low,
medium, high
– Quality, determined by frequency, amplitudo,
duration
– Intensity (amplitudo), the loudness of the
cardiac murmurs. Quantified by grading
system
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Physical examination
• Cardiac murmurs– Grade
• I, Barely audible, requires careful auscultation
• II, Faint, but clearly audible after a few second
• III, Immediately audibe over a wide area. Palpable thrill
• IV, Very loud murmurs. Palpable thrill
• V, Loudest audible, remain audible when stethoscop removed. A prononced thrill is always present
– Timming and duration• Pansystolic murmurs encompass both S1 - S2
• Holosystolic murmurs occur between S1 - S2
• Holodiastolic murmurs are heard between S2 - S3
• Presystolic murmurs are heard between S4 - S1
– Radiation describes location of the PMI (point of maximal intensity)
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Ancilliary tests
• Electrocardiography (records electrical impuls that systemathically flow through the heart and are responsible for cardiac contraction—structure and function [heart rate, rhythm and conduction times]). Useful for cardiac arrythmia
• Echocardiography (safe, non invasive to assesses chamber sizes, wall valve motion, wall tickness, blood flow and intracardiac hemodynamics).
• Cardiac catheterization (pressures in blood vessels and heart chambers, and oxygen tension, saturation and content in the cardiac chamber)
• Radiography (lateral-detecting large changes in heart size and shape, pulmonary pathology secondary to heart disease can be imaged)
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Pathogenesis
• Uncompensate heart disease become
heart failure
• Mechanical inadequacy of the heart, result
in elevated venous and capillary
pressures, leading to congestion and
edema formation in the tissues,
inadequate cardiac output or both
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Pathogenesis
• Left-sided HF (pulmonary edema, signs of
respiratory compromise [coughing, exertional
dyspnea])
• Right-sided HF (ascites, tissue edema involving
the brisket, sub mandibular, ventral area, liver
congestion, prominent jugular distention, jugular
pulsation, weak arterial pulse)
• CHF (referable to edema formation [pulmonary
edema, peripheral edema) = heart failure
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Congenital cardiac disease
• Abnormalities of cardiac structure or function that are present at birth
• Caused by maternal viral infection, use of pharmacologic agents, exposure toxins, nutritional deficiencies in early pregnancy, heredity
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• Atrial septal defect (ASD)
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• Tetralogy of Fallot
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Acquired valvular disease
• Left AV insuficiency (mitral regurgitation)
• Right AV valve insuficiency (tricuspid
regurgitation)
• Aortic valve insuficiency
• Pulmonary valve insuficiency
• Bacterial endocarditis
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Congenital
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
• Tetralogy of Fallot
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VSD
• Ventricular Septal
Defect
• Is the most common
congenital heart
lesion in large animal
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VSD
• Clinical signs– More commonly apparent in young
– Small defect : asymptomatic, murmurs
– Large defect usually problematic (exercise intolerant, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, stunted growth, CHF)
• Diagnosis– Systolic murmurs over right heart
– EchoCG, VSD >2cm visible
– Differential : PDA (bilateral systolic murmurs), Tetralogy of Fallot
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VSD
• Treatment
– No treatment. Palliative
– Euthanasia
– Treatment pulmonary hypertension and CHF
• Prognosis
– Small to moderat : defect <2,5cm (have satisfactory
athletic performance), defect moderat (pleasure only)
– Large, stunded : exercise intolerant, shortened
lifespan (horse)
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Tetralogy of Fallot
• Common in calf than in foals
• Pathophysiology– VSD, aorta displaced to right, right ventricular
hyperplasia, pulmonary stenosis
– Stenotic pulmonary causes right to left flow across VSD
• Clinical signs– Develops very early in life. Poor growth
– Severe hypoxemia, cyanosis
– Exercise intolerant (dyspnea, worsening cyanosis, collapse)
– Syncope, CHF, suddent death
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Tetralogy of Fallot
• Murmurs– Grade IV-V
– With right ventricular hypertrophy and rising right ventricular pressure, impaire TV and may regurgitation (loudest on the right side over TV)
• Diagnosis– Left-sided heart base systolic murmur (>grade III)
– Confirm Tetralogy of defect with 2 D echoCG
– Radiography : Right ventricular enlargement, decreased pulmonary vasculature, prominent of ascending aorta
– Hematology : PCV↑, RBC↑,
• Therapy– No treatment
– Prognosis : infausta
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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PDA
• Rarely occur as single defect in large animal
• Signs :– Stunted growth, exercise intolerant, signs of CHF, cyanosis
– Clinial signs depend on length and diameter of defect, the direction of the shunted blood, and the presence of other cardiac defect. Murmurs is usually continuous and high pitch. If defect is very large, no murmur. Palpable continuous thrill.
• Diagnosis– Thoracic radiography : enlarge cadiac silhouette and prominent
pulmonary marking
– DD : VSD, endocarditis (not produce continuous murmurs)
• Therapy– Surgical repair is possible
– Pharmacologic closure of PDA : inhibitors prostaglandin synthesis (human, no report in animal)
– Prognosis : large defect, poor. It is not known wether small defect impar survival (undetectable, undiagnose)
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Atrial Septal Defect
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ASD
• Report in horse, cow and swine
• Defect may conjunction with other defect
• Signs :– Small defect in atrium inapperant except presence cardic murmur
– Low pressure : L-At to R-At through ASD. Murmur result from increased volume ejected across the pulmonic valve
– High pressure : produce diastolic murmur over tricuspid valve.
• Diagnosis– Radiography : increase pulmonary blood flow, produce increase
pulmonary vascular marking. PA may enlarge
– Echocardiography
– DD : functional murmur dissapear with exertion, whereas holosystolic murmus of ADS does not; VSD (bilateral systolic murmur); PDA (murmur on both side of the thorac, continuous murmurs)
• Therapy– No treatment. Prognosis good if asymptomatic.
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Left AV insufficiency
• Mitral regurgitation
• More commonly in horses and cows
• Signs : – Intermittent fever, dyspnea, tachypnea, poor return toresting respiratory rate after exercise,
coughing and signs CHF
– Murmur usually grade III or higher (holosystolic, over mitral area[fifth intercoasta, horse; fourth intercostal, cows])
• Diagnosis– Thoracic radiography : cardiac enlargement, pulmonary venous distension, pulmonary
edema, pulmonary vascular distension
– Echocardiography : lession on mitral valve, prolapse mitral valve into left atrium during systole
• DD– Primary respiratory disease (no heart murmur)
– Neurologic disorder (no heart murmur)
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (echocardiocgraphy can used to distingush)
• Therapy– Long term antimicrobials. Diuretics and Antioagulant
– Prognosis depends on mitral defect and aged of patient. If developes CHF, poor
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Right AV insufficiency
• Tricuspid regurgitation
• Most commonly in horses and cows. 16% thoroughbred, cows : valvular endocarditis
• Signs :– Exercise intolerant, weight loss, intermittent fever, weakness
– Jugular pulse, syncope, ascites, venous distension, pulmonary hypertension. Righ-sided holosystolic murmur (over tricuspid area)
• Diagnosis– Thoracic radiography : right-sided heart enlargement
– Echocardiography : valve tricuspid lesion, valve thickening or shorening or prolapse the valve into the right atrium during systole
• DD : – VSD (echocardiography)
– Mitral stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation reveal concurrently
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (echocardiography)
– Primary respiratory (no heart murmur)
• Therapy– Same as Left AV insuffiency
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Terima kasih…Matur nuwun…
Gracias…ありがとう
Merci…
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R-R (heart rate)
P-R (delay in conduction atrial ventricular)
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Sinus Tachycardia and
Sinus Bradycardia• Sinus tachycardia (simple tachycardia) is an increase in
heart rate caused by detectable influence– Pain, excitement, exercise, hyperthermia, a fall in arterial blood
pressure, administration adrenergic drugs.
– The heart rate returns normal when the influence is removed or relieved
– Adult horse 48 bpm, adult cattle 80 bpm. More than 120 bpm, patologic
• Sinus bradycardia (simple bradycardia) is a normal heart action at a decreased rate due to a decreased rate of discharge from the sinoatrial node– Highly trained, increased in arteral blood pressure, increased
intracranial pressure, hypothermia, hypoglycemia
– Vagus indigestion, diafragmatic hernia
– Adult horse 26 bpm, adult cattle 48 bpm. More below, patologic
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Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Cardiac arhythmias or dysrhytmias are abnormalities in rate, regularities or site of origin the cardiac impulse or disturbance in the conduction of the impulse
• Pace maker and conductivity– Sinoatrial node (SA node)
– AV node
– Bundle of His
– Right and left bundle branches
– Purkinje network
• Classification– Autonomic source
– Cardiac source
– Extracardiac source
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• Classification– Physiologic arrythmia, first and second degree AV block, sinus
bradycardia
– Pathologic arryhtmia, supraventricular arryhtmias (AF, advance second or thrid degree AV blocks)
– Ventricular arryhtmia, frequently pathologic (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular premature depolarization)
• Incidence– Without any sign, >25% of horses
– Accompanied by other cardiac problem, 40% of horses
• Diagnosis– ECG : characteristic pattern, abnormalities pattern, rate of
occurrence of the pattern
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• Diagnosis
– Waves and complexes, basic pattern seen on ECG
tracing are the P wave, the QRST complexes, T
wave. Normally single P, followed within 200-550 ms
by single QRS complex which followed within 300-
600 ms.
• P = atrial contraction. M shape (horse)
• QRS complex = various depolarization across the ventricles
• T = ventricular repolarization, ventricel return to its normal
resting electrical state
– Intervals. P-R intervals, R-R intervals
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• Interpretation. Normal, P wave and QRS complex recur at regular intervals, and have same appearance each time.– P wave with different shape = multiple pacemaker (ectopic atrial
pacemaker)
– QRS complex with different shape =ectopic ventricular pacemaker (because all supraventricular impuls conduct through the same system lead to the same QRS appearance). Abnormal QRS wider than usual, have bizzre appearance, occur independent of a preceding P wave
– P-R represent delay in conduction between the atria and ventricles. Can be lengthened by high vagal tone, drugs that slow conduction (tranquilizers, anesthetics) or pathology
– R-R represent heart rate. One or more P waves or QRS complex before time predicted (premature contraction or paroxysmal tachycardia). Absence of an anticipated beat (dropped beat). An abnormal QRS complex that occurs after prolonged R-R intervals (escape beat)
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Bradyarrhythmias
• First- and second-degree AV block
(incomplete block)
• Advance second- and third degree AV
block
• Sinus arrhythmia, sinoatrial block, and
sinus arrest
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Bradyarrhythma
• First and second degree AV block (incomplete block)
• Impaired impuls conduction.– Specific cause is unknown.
– Possible cause first degree AVB : cardiac glycosides, procainamide, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia.
– Possible cause second degree AVB : infection, xylazine, digitalis, electrolyte imbalance, AV nodal disease
• Signs : slow heart rate, irregular rhythm, regular s4 that are not associated with s1 and s2. – First AVB does not cause clinical signs.
– Second degree AVB : jugular pulse, arterial pulse deficit, absence s1, s2 or s3 is noticed when block occurs
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Bradyarrhytmia
• Diagnosis :
– First degree AV block : normal heart rate, normal PQRST
complexes and prolonge P-R interval (horse >0,44 seconds)
– Second degree AV block : Mobitz type I (P-R interval gradually
prolonged until QRST dropped). Mobitz type I more common in
horse. Mobitz type II (P-R interval unchanged, block beat are
unheralded).
– Both type, first post-block : decreased P-R intervals, T wave
amplitudos, reduction in the negative deflection of the T wave.
Sinus arrythmia acompanies II-degree AVB in horses.
• Treatment : no treatment. Both these blocks disappear
with exercise. Prognosis fausta, provided there is no
underlying cardiac disease
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Bradyarrhytmia
• Advance second and third degree AV block
(complete block)• Advance II-degree AVB : persists with exercise and heart rate does
not increase appropriately in response to exercise, excitement,
atropine. Absence s1, s2, s3 when block occurs
• III-degree AVB : complete block or isolation of the ventricle from
atrial. Pulse rate slow (10-20 bpm), pulse quality is poor, heart beat
does not increase appropriately in response to exercise, excitement,
atropine. Heart rate regular, intensity s1 variable. High central
venous pressure
– Uncommon. Associated with severe exercise intolerant and
syncope
– Clinical signs : no clinical signs at rest
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Bradyarrhytmia
– Diagnosis :
• Advance II-degree AVB : p wave not followed by QRST complexes.
P-R interval consistently > 0,66 seconds
• Third degree AVB : P wave are not associated QRST complexes
and slower junctional or ventricular escape rhythm is present.
Junctional escape rhytm : normal QRST complexes with slower rate
(20-30 bpm). Ventricular escape rhythm : QRST complexes
abnormal, rate only 10-20 bpm. P-P interval is regular
– Treatment :
• Cardiac pacemaker; Stall rest and corticosteroid (inflammations)
III-degree AV Block
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Tachyarrhytmia
• Supraventricular tachyarryhthmia
– Atrial premature depolarization
(supraventricular premature complexes) and
atrial tachycardia
– Atrial fibrilation (AF)
• Ventricular tachyarrhythmia
– Ventricular premature depoalarization and
tachycardia
– Ventricular fibrillation
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APC
• Impulses originating in atria but outside of SA node or from AV junction sooner then expected
• Rare APC maybe normal (after light exercise)
• APC abnormal if– Myocardial disease (EHV1 or other respiratory disease)
– Abnormal electrolyte
– Toxemia or septichemia
– Cardiac disease causing atrial enlargement
• Atrial tachycardia refers to more than 4 premature complexes in a row or sustained
• Clinical signs– Suclinical
– Signs usually reflect underlying causes
– Auscultation : APC (hear an irregular beat earlier then expected, followed by a normal diastolic interval)
– If run of APC or atrial tachycardia –increased rate
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APC
• Diagnosis
– ECG : premature P wave of different conformation than those from that originate SA node, normal QRS complexes, if singgle, P-P interval following APC, increased rate with atrial tachycardia
• Treatment
– If rare : normal
– If occasional , rest for 2 mo or try corticosteroid treatment if suspicious of viral myocarditis
– Atrial tachycardia (>100 bpm) : quinidine 5 mg/kg via NGT q 12 h, digoxin if CHF, magnesium sulphate
Atrial Premature Contraction
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AF
• Predisposing factor– Atrial enlargement (CHF, valve regurgitation, myocarditis)
– Slow atrial rate
– Electrolyte dearrangement
• Idiophatic or beging form in young forms
• Clinical signs– 60% AF in horse
– Dyspnea, epistaxis, Colic
– 12% AF in horse present with CHF
– Signs in cattle generally reflect GI disease
– Auscultation • Rate (normal/slightly increased), 40-60 bpm (horse), 70-100 bpm (cattle)
• Underlying cardiac disease: rate >60 bpm, significant murmur (mitral regurgitation)
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AF
• Diagnosis
– ECG : absence p wave, irregularly irregeular R-R interval, relatively
normal configuraton to QRS complex
• Treatment
– Idiophatic/benign AF (5 mg/kg quinidine via nasogastric, monitor ECG
continously, if not converted in 2 hours give another dose, continue to
monitor every 2 hours until signs of toxic or conversion, usually nor
exceed 50 grams per day, helpful add digoxin at 0.11mg/kg PO q12h for
1-2 days
Atrial fibrilation
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AF
• Treatment
– Signs of quinidine toxicity in horse : GI upset, diarrhea, nasal mucous edema leading to respiratory obstruction, ataxia, behavior change, seizure, tachycardia, other arrhythmia, prolongation QRS complexes, hypotension, collapse, (treat toxicity with bicarbonate, digoxin if tachycardia, lidocain if ventricular tachycardia, phenylephrine if hypotension)
– If heart rate >60 bpm but no underlying cardiac disease and normal electrolyte, consider the following protocol :
• Give one loading doseof digoxin first, then quinidine
• Be careful increased risk of digoxin toxicity
• Quinidine is not riskless
– If electrolyte abnormalities, correct first
– Cattle with LDA, correct first
• Prognosis
– 50% succes in the absence of underlying disease
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VPC
• VPC are ectopic beat originating from ventricular focus and occuring earlier than expected
• Ventricular tachycardia is 4 or more VPC in row or sustained
• Clinical signs– Rare VPC are less common than APC and maybe normal
– Occasional VPC and ventricular tachycardia (VT) are abnormal
– Auscultation : irregular rhythm with a beat occuring earlier than normal, followed by a compensatory pause, more regular rate and faster than normal with ventricular tachycardia that may interrupted with normal sinus rate if not sustained
– Underlying myocarditis or electrolyte disturbance (endotoxemia in horse with GI disease, sustained VT is likely to be accompanied by signs associated with the development of heart failure)
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VPC
• Diagnosis
– ECG : early QRS that is not preceed by a P wave, QRS normal
to widened and may look bizzare, T wave deflection in opposite
direction of QRS complexes
ventricular tachycardia
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• Treatment
– Rare VPC maybe normal
– Occasional VPC with normal rate, stall rest
– Ventricular tachycardia (VT) with rate >60 bpm sholud be treated
– Digitalis, eliminate ventricular ectopic contraction. Can be used in CHF
– Lidocaine HCl (0.5-1 mg/kg IV),helpful for arresting ventricular
premature
– Quinidine suphate 20 mg/kg PO q 6h or 6 mg/kg IV rate 0.5 ml/kg/hr
– Magnesium sulphate, succesful treat ventricular tachycardia in horse
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Myocarditis
• Myocarditis– Inflammation of myocardial caused by bacterial, viral, parasite or
thrombophlebitis caused by these organisms
– Degeneration of myocardial caused by toxin (monensin in horse, coffe seed in cattle), vit E and selenium def. or Cu def.
– Myocardial infark or fibrosis
• Cardiomyopathy is subacute or chronic disease of the ventricularmyocardium in the absences of valvular diseases, congenital malformation of the heart vessels or pulmonary diseases
• Can altered conduction and arrhythmia; reduced myocardial function, chamber dilation, insufficient AV valves and failure
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Myocarditis
• Clinical finding
– Some clinical finds are referable to other organ system involvement (reproductive tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory system, nervous system, musculosceletal system)
– Complaint : depression, weakness, anorexia, intermittent chronic fever, weight loss, reproductive failure
– Tachycardia with gallop rhythm, dyspnea and other respiratory signs
– Subcutaneous edema of the brisket, ventral thorax, submandibular area and occasionally limbs maybe noted
– Thoracic-auscultation : cardiac arrythmias, murmurs, weak or muffled heart sounds
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Myocarditis
• Cattle :
– Bacterial : Hemophilus somnus, Clostridiosis, S. aureus, Mycobacterium sp
– Viral : picornavirus (FMD)
– Parasit : Toxoplasmosis, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis
• Horse :
– Bacterial : C.cauvoei, S. equi, S. zooepidermidis
– Viral : EIA, EVA, Equine influenza
– Parasit : Strongylosis, Onchocercosis
• Swine :
– S.aureus, S. suis, picornavirus (FMD)
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Myocarditis
• Diagnosis
– Increase cardiac troponin
– Echocardiography (normal or chamber enlargement)
– Cardiac catheterization (intracardiac pressure ↑)
– Differential :
• Others cardiac disease :
• Septichemia, toxemia
• Chronic pneumonia, high altitude disease (cattle)
• Clinical pathology
– Histology, bacterial culture
– Myocardial enzyme : AST ↑, CK ↑, LDH ↑
– Pericardial or Pleural effusion : protein ↓, mononuclear cells ↑
– Specific test : bovine leukosis infection, nutritional deficiencies, Cu concentration (serum/liver), monensin, influenza, EIA, EVA, herpesvirus
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Therapy
• Treatment– Treatment underlying cause/disease and control cardiac complication
(CHF, shock, dysrhythmia)• Corticosteroid : severe toxemia
• Rest : until signs of systemic illness has resolve, ECG changes have returned to normal
• Positif ionophores (digoxin), diuretic, vasodilator
– Drainage : pleural, pericardial, abdominal fluid
– Supportive : fluid therapy, electrolyte-acid base, NSAID’s, control cardiac dysrhythmia
• Prognosis– Fausta :If there are no signs of HF, Dysrhythmia control succesfully
– Dubius Signs of HF
– Infausta : Dilated cardiomyopathy, BLV-induced lymphoma, Cattle with inherited cardiomyopathy may die at 6 mo., other animal maybe asymptomatic until 2-4 y.
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• Primary pericardial disease are rare in veterinary species
• Acquired (bacterial, viral infection, neoplasia and trauma) and
congential
• Pericarditis in cattle
• Pericarditis in horse
• Pericarditis in swine
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Pathogenesis
• Causes cardiac diastolic dysfunction with minimal alterations in systolic function
• Elevated intrapericardial pressure inhibits diastolic cardiac filling, resulting in reduction preload for a given a venous filling pressure
• As a result of reduction in preload, there is decrease cardiac out put if there are no compensatory changes in heart rate
• Pericarditis : pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis
• As pericardium accumulates fluid or wall pericardium sac become tickened
• A cardiac temponade : pericardiac pressure exceeded the cardiac filling pressure, causing diastolic filling to be impaired.
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Pericarditis
• Etiology– Trauma (common in cattle). Uncommon in horse
– May septic, non septic, neoplasia, idiophatic
– Bacteria (Actinobaccilus equuii, Streptococcus, Actinomyces pyogenes)
• Clinical signs– Weakness, anorexia, weight loss, depression
– Hyperpnea, prominent scleral vessels, fever, right–sided CHF
– Auscultastion : tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, with fluid auscultable. Pericardial friction rub. Lung sound maybe absent in the ventral thorax
– Decrease rumen motility. Abdominal pain, reluctant to move. Colic in horses
– May also have arrythmias
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Pericarditis
• Diagnosis– Radiography thorac and cranial abdomen :
• Gas-fluid interface within pericardial sac
• Heart large, globoid silhouette
• Linier metallic foreign body in caudal thorax, cranial reticulum, or both
– ECG : decrease amplitudo QRS complex, ST segmen elevation. Sinus arrythmia
– Echocardiography (pericardial fluid and collapse RA)
– Pericardiocentesis (cytology, culture)
– Cathetherization. Elevated of central venous pressure or right atrial pressure
– Hematology : leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperglobulinemia (if infection or inafalmmation)
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Pericarditis
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• Treatment
– Pericardial drainage
– Antimicrobial therapy
– Anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy
– Rumenotomy or pericardiotomy to remove foreign body in cattle if present with RPT
– Treat arryhtmia and cardiac failure if present
• Prognosis
– Dubius to fausta with treatment
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Terima kasih…Matur nuwun…
Gracias…ありがとう
Merci…
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