language: more than a line on your cv?
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Language: more than a line on your CV?. Richard Hudson Mander Portman Woodward Nov 2013. What language?. Your own language e.g. English Familiar school languages e.g. French, Russian Unfamiliar languages Big: e.g. Japanese Little: e.g. Manam. Language or languages?. Languages - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Language: more than a line on your CV?
Richard Hudson
Mander Portman Woodward
Nov 2013
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What language?
• Your own language– e.g. English
• Familiar school languages– e.g. French, Russian
• Unfamiliar languages– Big: e.g. Japanese– Little: e.g. Manam
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Language or languages?
• Languages– studied one at a time
• Language– all languages studied together– 'How do humans learn language?'– 'How do languages change?'– etc.
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My message
• Language is interesting in its own right.
• Full of links which are– surprising (like astronomy)– humanly interesting (like literature)– matters of fact (like chemistry)– complex (like physics)
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Etymology
• glamour– derived from grammar
• surprising
• humanly interesting– grammar was associated with
• learning
• magic
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The factual evidence
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What's gramarye?
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complex
grammar
'writing skill'
learning
wizardry
gramarie
glamour
flashy appeal
'corruption'
mea
ns
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So what?
• Language is full of surprises.• Language has its experts and facts.• Language is all about connections.
– words connected to each other– words connected to meanings and forms– languages connected to each other.
• And that's why linguistics is fun– including etymology
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Word meaning
• Our words reflect our culture– e.g. glamour, cricket, party, fun,cool
• So language is connected to culture.
• Sometimes this connection is very weak
• but at other times it's very strong.
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Different languages - different messages
Translate into French (or Spanish):
He walked into the room
• Not: Il a marché dans la chambre.
• But:
Il est entré dans la chambre (en marchant).
manner of movement
direction of movement
direction of movement
manner of movement
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What about German?
Er ist in die Kammer hinein/herein gelaufen.He is into the room hither/thither in run/walked.
• manner in verb – but basic contrast = with/without vehicle
• direction in obligatory particle hin/her– but basic contrast = from/to here
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Languages are different
• English puts manner into the verb– direction is optional
• French puts direction into the verb– manner is optional
• German forces a choice: 'hither' or 'thither'?– direction and manner are obligatory
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So what?
• The language doesn't just code the message– Different languages allow different messages.– So perfect translation is impossible.
• So do French, German and English speakers think differently?– certainly when they're speaking– they have to make different choices– but probably not otherwise.
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How to discover language structure
• Grammars and dictionaries are reports– on research into how the language works– so someone has to do the research– that's linguistics: the study of language
• But you can do the research yourself– thanks to the Linguistics Olympiad!– e.g. Manam
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Manam Island, Papua New GuineaThe sentences below tell us where Onkau, Kulu, Mombwa, Tola, Sulung, Sala, Pita and Butokang live. Can you work out who lives where?
uklo.orgauta = North ilau = South
ata = West awa = East
5.
3.4.
DEAD END!
THINK AGAIN!
Sala
Tola1.
2. Sulung
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What's up in Manam?
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Where's North in Manam?
Is the sun always in the North?
Until recently, there were
• no maps
• no compasses
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What are they like in Manam?
They're like us.
They enjoy a day at the seaside.
And they don't know where North is.
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What's where in Manam Island?
The sentences below tell us where Onkau, Kulu, Mombwa, Tola, Sulung, Sala, Pita and Butokang live. Can you work out who lives where?
uklo.org
auta = up ilau = down5.
3.
Sala
Tola
New idea: When relating two places, imagine standing between them facing uphill!
4.
6.Sulung
Pita
8.
Butokang
7.1.
ata = left awa = right
2.Sulung
4.
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So what?• A language expresses and teaches a culture
– including 'folk geography'– relevant parameters for directions
• Is English 'normal' in contrast with Manam?– Where is 'up' in English?
• Birmingham: up or down?• Brighton? • Bristol?• Leicester Square? • 'Downtown'
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A puzzle for Indiana Jones uklo.org
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Where is Cleopatra? uklo.org
Cleopatra
t
rp a a
p
tcl
e o
o l
e
Ptolemy
• Spot the pattern!
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Ulwa (Nicaragua)
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Zooming in on Ulwa
-ni = "our (inc)"
-ma = "your (sing)"
-kana = "their"
-mana = "your (plur)"
'infix'suffix
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Clitics
• Clitic = word realized like an affix – you are => you're– *de le => du– *de el => del– *von dem => vom– *dar te lo => dartelo
• Clitics may change normal word order – *je connais le => je le connais
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Ulwa in context
• Ordinary clitics …– *gaad ni => gaadni– *bilam kana => bilamkana
• … but some behave like infixes– *diimuih kana => diikanamuih
• Infixes?– e.g. Beja, my PhD language …
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Meet the Beja 'Red' Sea
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… and their clitics and infixes
• uu-kaam 'the camel'
• kaam-uuk 'a camel of yours'
• i-kaam-uuk 'your camel'
• kitba 'write!'
• iktib 'he wrote'
• kantiib 'he writes'
clitic
infix
clitic
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So what?
• Language is all about links– within one language, e.g. grammar – glamour– between languages, e.g.
• verbs of movement: surprisingly different• clitics: surprisingly similar
• Education is all about links• So language is much more than a line on
your CV.