language change
TRANSCRIPT
Language Language ChangeChange
Ma. Fernanda Ma. Fernanda HerreraHerrera
Liza Guerra NegreteLiza Guerra Negrete
Language ChangeLanguage Change
• Diachronic ApproachDiachronic Approach
The Linguist Study related to language The Linguist Study related to language and it’s development over time.and it’s development over time.
e.g. e.g.
Historical Linguistics which study Historical Linguistics which study language change.language change.
Language ChangeLanguage Change
• Synchronic ApproachSynchronic Approach
The Linguistic Study related to language The Linguistic Study related to language which analyze language in a particular which analyze language in a particular
period of time.period of time.
e.g.e.g.
The analysis of the lexis during de The analysis of the lexis during de 19301930
in Englishin English
Types of ChangingTypes of Changing
• Incremental ChangeIncremental Change
Is the creation of new vocabulary used Is the creation of new vocabulary used to designate some physical invention, to designate some physical invention, new social motivation or new items of new social motivation or new items of knowledge.knowledge.
e.g.e.g.
Before the discovery ofBefore the discovery of
the new world, the word America the new world, the word America
did not exist in Europe.did not exist in Europe.
Types of ChangingTypes of Changing
• Decremental ChangeDecremental Change
words that are not used anymore words that are not used anymore since the object is not longer used.since the object is not longer used.
e.g.e.g.
Words related to falconry and Words related to falconry and archery are not commonly use archery are not commonly use nowadays.nowadays.
Types of ChangingTypes of Changing
• Replacement changeReplacement change
Is the replacement of words or Is the replacement of words or structures, but both ways actually co structures, but both ways actually co exist in the language used.exist in the language used.
e.g.e.g.
‘ ‘rooves’rooves’ as the plural of ‘ as the plural of ‘roof’roof’ in in place of standard English ‘place of standard English ‘roofs’roofs’..
Language Change
DialectDialect
• What is Dialect?What is Dialect?• Dialect as a barrier of communicationDialect as a barrier of communication• “ “related language”related language”
Language ChangeLanguage Change
The differences between two dialects of The differences between two dialects of a same language could be:a same language could be:
• External or sociolinguisticExternal or sociolinguistic
political and socioeconomic political and socioeconomic boundaries that creates those boundaries that creates those differencesdifferences
• Internal or linguisticInternal or linguistic
physiological aspect of the speakers physiological aspect of the speakers created dialect differencescreated dialect differences
Examples of external and internal Examples of external and internal changes from Old English to changes from Old English to
Modern EnglishModern EnglishPhonological ChangesPhonological Changes
11stst The change from [k] to [ The change from [k] to [č] after the front č] after the front vowel [vowel [II]in the southern dialect of old English.]in the southern dialect of old English.
22ndnd The loss of The loss of k k before consonants that before consonants that produced the variants [i:] and [produced the variants [i:] and [IIk] in the k] in the northern dialect.northern dialect.
33rdrd The replacement of [ The replacement of [IIk] by [I:] in the nothern k] by [I:] in the nothern dialectdialect
44thth The change in the pronunciation from [i:] to The change in the pronunciation from [i:] to [aj] in the transitional period[aj] in the transitional period
Language Change…
“All Languages show considerable linguistic variation at any given point
in time”
Constant and unavoidable
Comparative method
A technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison
Diachronic Linguistics
The study of a language at different historical stages
Synchronic Linguistics
The study of a language at a single point in time without references to early stages
Historical Linguistics
A subfield of linguistics that studies language change
Language is unique and innate in humans.
How this capacity have originated and evolved?
Speculations • Bow How Theory: Humans begin to mimic sounds of nature• Vocal Language Theory: Language evolved from
spontaneous cries of emotions• Gestural Language Theory: Language evolved from a
system of hand gestures and signals.• Human Brain Theory: The evolution of human language is
closely related with the development of human brain.
• Thesis• “Early parent”
The Reconstruction of an “Earlier Parent”
•Similarities among languages• Sir William Jones •Sanskrit•Proto Indo European Language (India and Europe)
How do Linguists establish historical relationships How do Linguists establish historical relationships among Languages in order to learn among Languages in order to learn about their early forms?about their early forms?
EXERCISE…Compare these three Languages
What do they have in common?What do they have in common?
Lang AOne
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Lang BŁáa’ii
Naaki
Táá’
Dį́�į́ �́ ’
Ashdla’
Hastą́� ą́� h
Tsosts’id
Tseebíí
Náhást’éí
Neeznáá
Lang CEka
Dva
Tri
Catur
Pañca
Sas
Sapta
Asta
Nava
Dasa
1. All are numerals
2. A & C have some phonetics similarities
• Six out of ten words begin with the same consonant
• Only 1 & 8 begin with vowel
• Most of the words in A & C have the same number of syllables
English Navajo Sanskrit
Genetic Relationships • Pay attention to the following: If there are similarities among Languages it
could be due to three reasons.• Chance overlap in sound & meaning: similarities in sound structure and in word for
common objects such as water, numbers, etc.
• Borrowing: Incorporation of words from another language. Mainly about religion, government, culture, technology and cuisine.
• True historical relationship: using the comparative method, you can establish a true genetic relationship. A group of words in each language that share phonemes, phonological rules, common words and related meanings.
The Indo European Language Family
• All Languages are related• A group of Languages that have a true historical
relationship.• Proto Language • Series of changes over time
Do you know how many languages Do you know how many languages are spoken around the world?are spoken around the world?
a. Between 4 & 5 thousandb. Between 7 & 8 thousandc. More than 9 thousand
The correct answer is A.Half of the world’s population speaks Indo European languages
Changes: Causes and Mechanism
• There are two ways to see Language change– Individual change: an spontaneous change in a language
on the part of a single speaker. E. g Grammar simplification
– Community change: the transmission and sharing of changes among speakers in a linguistic community. E.g lexis, morphology, syntax or phonetics.
Are these type of changes making languages decay or improve?Are these type of changes making languages decay or improve?
English Language: Changes
• Old English period 5th to 11th century• Middle English period11th to 15th century• Modern English 15th century up today
Examples of these changes
• Lexical change» Addition: new words have been incorporated
from other languages. E.g. French, Latin, Greek.• Phonological change
» Applicability: in old English fricatives became voiced when they occurred between voiced sounds. Not longer present.
• Morphological change» Addition: the “able” rule for suffixes have
created new words. E.g. doable, washable.• Syntactic change
» Loss: adjective agreement is not longer a rule in modern English.
The Graphic The Graphic representation of representation of
LanguageLanguage
PictographicPictographic
IdiographicIdiographic
LogographicLogographic
CuneiformCuneiform
Syllabic Writing SystemSyllabic Writing System
HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics
The EndThe End