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Language Arts The Eight Units of Grammar Review The Eight Units of Grammar Review

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a word that states a word that states b A b A Person b An b An Idea (Abstract Nouns) b A b A Thing Place

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Kinds of Nouns

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A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement Linking Subject predicate be verbs

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b Action verbs express mental or physical action. Something is being done by someone or something. Action verbs are TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE! Action verbs can have a direct object or both a direct and indirect object. Action Verbs Action Verbs

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Linking Verbs Linking Verbs b Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. Linking verbs are INTRANSITIVE! Linking verbs contain a predicate noun or adjective. Pay attention to irregular verb forms!

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Verb Forms (using to work) Verb Forms (using to work) b Principal Parts Base form workBase form work Present Participle (is/are) workingPresent Participle (is/are) working Past Tense workedPast Tense worked Past Participle (has/have) workedPast Participle (has/have) worked b Perfect Tenses Present Perfect has, have workedPresent Perfect has, have worked Past Perfect had workedPast Perfect had worked Future Perfect will have workedFuture Perfect will have worked

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Verb Forms (using to work) Verb Forms (using to work) b Progressive Forms Present Progressive is/are workingPresent Progressive is/are working Past Progressive was/were workingPast Progressive was/were working Future Progressive will be workingFuture Progressive will be working b Progressive Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Progressive has/have been workingPresent Perfect Progressive has/have been working Past Perfect Progressive had been workingPast Perfect Progressive had been working Future Perfect Progressive will have been workingFuture Perfect Progressive will have been working

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Modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun. Is that a wool uniform? There are five branches on that bush. Did you find your mechanical pencil? Answers these questions:

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Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions: How? Bob ran quickly. Sue left yesterday. When? We went there. Where? It was too cold! To what degree or how much?

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Degrees of Comparison Comparative Compares two. Can be formed with er or more. Superlative Compares three or more. Can be formed with est or most.

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b Interjections Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation point.Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation point. Wow! I loved the movie. Oh, I made a mistake. b Proper Nouns & Proper Adjectives Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are capitalized.Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are capitalized.

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b Commas Use a comma to separate items in a series.Use a comma to separate items in a series. Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives that come before a noun.Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives that come before a noun. Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in a compound sentence.Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in a compound sentence. Use commas after words, phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of sentence.Use commas after words, phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of sentence. Use commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct address, or interrupters.Use commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct address, or interrupters.

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b Dates and Letters Use commas to separate:Use commas to separate: The month and the day from the year Between the city and the state After the state if the address is within a sentence Use a comma after the greeting and after the closing in a friendly letter.Use a comma after the greeting and after the closing in a friendly letter. Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter.Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter.

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b Titles Use quotation marks for the titles of short worksUse quotation marks for the titles of short works Short story, poem, chapter of a book, magazine or newspaper article, or title of a song. Underline the titles of long works.Underline the titles of long works. Book, magazine, newspaper, play, musical, movie, TV series, painting, albums, or musical works Capitalize all important words in a title.Capitalize all important words in a title.

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The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. Personal, Possessive, and Reflexive /Intensive Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it, its we, us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc. Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those

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The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. Subject Pronouns I You He She It We You They These are used for the subjects of sentences or after linking verbs. Object Pronouns Me You Him Her It Us You Them These are used within the predicate as direct or indirect objects and objects of a preposition.

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A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun, or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object of the preposition. They received a postcard from Barry telling about his cruise to Alaska.

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The preposition never stands alone ! preposition noun pronoun object of preposition object can have more than one object object can have modifiers You cant see the dirt under the carpet. Her text message to Ali and Raven brought good news. It occurred during the last hurricane.

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Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without

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b Prep Phrases as Adjectives Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronounBegins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun Used to modify a noun or pronoun.Used to modify a noun or pronoun. Usually follow directly after the noun or pronoun.Usually follow directly after the noun or pronoun. b Prep Phrases as Adverbs Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronounBegins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun Used to modify a verb, adjective or adverb.Used to modify a verb, adjective or adverb. Can be ANYWHERE within the sentence.Can be ANYWHERE within the sentence.

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b Participles A verb form used as an ADJECTIVE.A verb form used as an ADJECTIVE. Use the present participle or past participle form of a verb as the verbal.Use the present participle or past participle form of a verb as the verbal. b Participial Phrases Is made up of a participle and its accompanying words and functions as an ADJECTIVE.Is made up of a participle and its accompanying words and functions as an ADJECTIVE. May contain a direct object, prepositional phrases, and adverbsMay contain a direct object, prepositional phrases, and adverbs

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b Gerunds A verb form used as NOUN.A verb form used as NOUN. Subject, Direct Object, Object of a Preposition, Predicate Nouns Use the present participle form of a verb as the verbal.Use the present participle form of a verb as the verbal. b Gerund Phrases Is made up of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a direct object, or a prepositional phrase.Is made up of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a direct object, or a prepositional phrase. Functions as a NOUN (subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate noun)Functions as a NOUN (subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate noun) Use a possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.Use a possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.

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b Infinitives A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB.A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB. Formed with the word to and the base form of the verb.Formed with the word to and the base form of the verb. b Infinitive Phrases Is made up of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning.Is made up of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning. Functions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERBFunctions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB

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Clauses Clause a group of words that has a subject and a predicate. Phrase contains a subject or a Predicate but not both Subordinate clause doesnt express a complete thought and cant stand alone

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Adjective Clauses Modifies a noun or pronoun A relative pronoun such as who, whom, whose, which, or that usually introduces the clause Where and when may also introduce an adjective clause

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Essential & Nonessential Clauses An essential clause identifies the noun or pronoun it modifies AND its not set off by commas. A nonessential clause gives extra information about the noun or pronoun it modifies AND its set off by commas.

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Adverb Clauses A subordinate clause used as an adverb. A subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb clause. Use a comma after an adverb clause that begins a sentence.

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Noun Clauses Is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Use who and whoever as subjects of noun clauses. Use whom and whomever as objects in noun clauses.