landslide hazards: learning from global disaster laboratories
DESCRIPTION
Landslides Represent Permanent Deformation Caused By The Downward And Outward Movements Of Large Volumes Of Soil And/Or Rock Under The Influence Of Gravity. Landslides Occur Naturally. Landslides Can Be Triggered And/Or Exacerbated By: 1) Water (From Precipitation During A Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Or Typhoon), Or 2) Vibrations (From Ground Shaking) During An Earthquake. Millions Of Communities Are Not Resilient To Landslide Disasters. One Of The Myths Of Disasters Is That Landslide Disasters, Which Occur Annually In Every Nation, Should Be Enough To Make All Nations Adopt And Implement Policies That Will Lead To Landslide Disaster Resilience. But The Fact Of The Matter Is, This Premise Is Wrong; It Usually Takes Multiple Disasters Before A Stricken Nation Will Adopt Policies To Move Towards Disaster Resilience. Lesson: The Timing Of Anticipatory Actions Is Vital. The People Who Know: 1) What To Expect (E.G., Rock Falls, “quake Lakes,” Mud Flows, Etc.), 2) Where And When It Will Happen, And 3) What They Should (And Should Not) Do To Prepare Will Survive. The People Who Have Timely Early Warning In Conjunction With A Modern Monitoring System, And A Community Evacuation Plan That Facilitates Getting Out Of Harm’s Way From The Risks Associated With Rock Falls, Mudflows, Etc. Will Survive. Engineering To Stabilize Slopes Will Reduce Damage To Buildings And Infrastructure And Help Sustain Their Functions And Save Lives. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster ReductionTRANSCRIPT
LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
PART 1: LANDSLIDES
LANDSLIDES represent permanent
deformation caused by the downward and outward
movements of large volumes of soil and/or rock under the
influence of gravity.
LANDSLIDES represent permanent
deformation caused by the downward and outward
movements of large volumes of soil and/or rock under the
influence of gravity.
PHYSICS OF LANDSLIDES
• Landslides occur naturally.• Landslides can be triggered and/or
exacerbated by: 1) Water (from precipitation during a tropical storm, hurricane, or typhoon), or 2) Vibrations (from ground shaking) during an earthquake.
WORST LANDSLIDE: 1970 IN PERU
• A M7.7 earthquake that occurred offshore Peru in 1970 triggered a massive landslide of snow, soil, and rock in the Nevados Huascaran Mountains that buried Yungay, Ramrahirca, and several other villages, killing 18,000.
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO LATERAL SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
YOUR
COMMUNITY
YOUR
COMMUNITYDATA BASES AND INFORMATIONDATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
• INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION
LANDSLIDE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• FORECASTS/SCENARIOS• EMERGENCY RESPONSE• RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
LANDSLIDE HAZARDS (I.E., FALLS, TOPPLES, SLIDES,
SPREADS, AND FLOWS)
MILLIONS OF COMMUNITIES ARE NOT
RESILIENT TO LANDSLIDE DISASTERS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL LANDSLIDES
PREPAREDNES BEING ABLE TO ANTICIPATE THE EXPECTED AND UNEXPEDTED IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
QUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES CREATE “EARTH-QUAKE LAKE”
TANGJIASHAN, LARGEST OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES"
RISING WATER IN EARTH-QUAKE LAKE, MAY 31, 2008
ANTICIPATE LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREAS IN A COMMUNITY– BEFORE MAY 12, 2008
EARTHQAKE TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES: BEICHUAN, CHINA, MAY 12, 2008
LANDSLIDE: JINGXIU
LANDSLIDE: MIANZHU
LANDSLIDE: HANWANG
HURRICANE TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES IN HONDURAS
• HURRICANE STAN: OCTOBER 2005
• DEVASTATING MUDSLIDES WERE TRIGGERED BY PROLONGED, HEAVY PRECIPITATION.
FLOOD TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE IN CHINA: JULY 2007
TYPHOON MORAKOT-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE IN TAIWAN, AUG 10, 2009
QUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE: PADANG PARIAMAN, INDONESIA; 2009
TYPHOON PARMA TRIGGERED: MUD FLOWS; OCT 12, 2009
FLOOD TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE IN CHINA: JULY 2007
RAIN TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE: BAGUIO CITY—OCT 9, 2010
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL LANDSLIDES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE (E.G.,SEARCH AND RESCUE) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LANDSLIDE: WASHINGTON STATE; MARCH 22, 2014
THE MUDSLIDE
WALL OF MUD MOVED DOWN SLOPE AFTER HEAVY RAINFALL
DESTROYED HOME
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SAR: SLOW, DANGEROUS WORK
SEARCH AND RESCUE
IT’S TOO LATE; ONE WEEK LATER: SATURDAY, MARCH 29
WE BELIEVE A FLAWED PREMISE: LANDSLIDE DISASTERS, WHICH
OCCUR ANNUALLY IN EVERY NATION,
SHOULD BE ENOUGH TO MAKE ALL NATIONS ADOPT AND
IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT WILL LEAD TO LANDSLIDE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
FACT: BUT, THIS PREMISE IS WRONG; IT USUALLY TAKES
MULTIPLE DISASTERS BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT POLICIES TO MOVE TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSON: THE TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
• The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., rock falls, “quake lakes,” mud flows, etc.), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive.
LESSON: MONITORING, EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION SAVES LIVES
• The people who have timely early warning in conjunction with a modern monitoring system, and a community evacuation plan that facilitates getting out of harm’s way from the risks associated with rock falls, mudflows, etc. will survive.
LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES
• Damaged hospitals and medical facilities combined with lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality will quickly overrun the local community’s capacity for emergency health care.
LESSON: SLOPE STABILITY ENGINEERING SAVE LIVES
• Engineering to stabilize slopes will reduce damage to buildings and infrastructure and help sustain their functions.
LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY OFTEN PROVIDES AID
• The International Community often provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure disaster resilience.
THE CHALLENGE:
POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS LANDSLIDE RESILIENCE
POLICIES FOR LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCE
Preparedness
Urban Planning to Avoid Locales Susceptible to Landslides
Monitoring for Early Warning and Evacuation
Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Recovery and Reconstruction
CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR LANDSLIDE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND
ACCELERATE THE CREATION OF TURNING POINTS
CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR LANDSLIDE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS FOR POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY