landscape with merchants (1630), by claude lorrain
TRANSCRIPT
Landscape with Merchants (1630), by Claude Lorrain
Reformation created Opponents & ConflictProtestants and Catholics
battled for territory & authority
No room for compromise“only one TRUE faith”
Compounded by MonarchiesOne Ruler promoting One
FaithBelief of Nobles?
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)Monarchy, vast majority of
subjects were CatholicHalf of nobility were
HuguenotsFrench Protestants
influenced by CalvinPeasants side with
Huguenots. Why?
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre(1630), by Francois Dubois
French Wars of Religion (cont.)After many battles, Huguenots
winHenry of Navarre
Political leader of HuguenotsTakes throne as Henry IVConverts to Catholicism, why?Edict of Nantes (1598)
Catholicism still official religion…But Huguenots free to worship,
hold public office
Henry IV
Philip II, the “Most Catholic King”, wanted more control over his landsUsed religion to do soResistance in Spanish Netherlands
Calvinists destroy Catholic statues William the Silent, prince of Orange 12yrs of war = Dutch independence
Spain has large empire (where?) But also very large debt
King Philip II of Spain
Inherits throne from “Bloody” Mary
Repeals Catholic-Friendly lawsSought to balance power of
France and Spain If one seemed to be gaining power,
she favored the other
Led to war with Spain Spain wanted a Catholic England Spanish Armada fails
Queen Elizabeth I of England
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Battle over religion, politics,
territory Begins in Holy Roman Empire
Calvinists nobles (Protestants) Ignored by Peace of Augsburg
Hapsburg Emperors (Catholic) France, Spain, others get involved
Struggle for European dominance Devastated German people, land Peace of Westphalia (1648)
All German states able to choose religion
France now dominant, end of H.R.E.
Battle on the Charles Bridge (1648), Petri Krohn
Religious crisis creates need for stability Requires strong rulers that
resist change
Absolutism System where ruler has total
power “Who put this guy in charge?”
Justification: Divine Right of Kings King receives power from God Responsible only to God
Rise to power1643 Louis takes throne, age 5Cardinal Mazarin rules for him
Stops rebellion, strengthens crown
Dies when Louis is age 23 Louis XIV takes complete controlBuilds myth of “Sun King”
King Louis XIV, the “Sun King”
Palace at Versailles (VURH-sigh)Personal household of KingMany nobles moved in as
wellLouis encouraged it. Why?
Place where powerful subjects came to find favors, offices
Center of elite French cultureExamples?
The Palace at Versailles
King Louis XIV of France (cont.)Religious Policy
Goal: maintain religious harmonyAnti-Protestant policies
Hoped to Convert HuguenotsDestruction of churches, schoolsHuguenots flee
Economy & WarAdhered to mercantilistic policiesWaged four wars for fame, landOn deathbed: Regretted war,
overspending
Reception of Le Grand Condé at Versailles, by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1878)
War of Devolution 1667-1668Spanish NetherlandsGains 12 Dutch cities, costs $
The Dutch War 1672-1678Treay of Nijmegen=neutralityGains Comte-Franche (land); loses $
War of Spanish Succession 1700-1713Who will lead Spain? Hapsburg or Bourbon?Bourbon becomes King of Spain, but France
loses N. American territories and Netherlands
Pros:Efficient governmentIn touch with peopleWealth
Cons:Taxation systemPeasants and nobility
Reception of Le Grand Condé at Versailles, by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1878)
English Revolution Tudor Dynasty ends, enter James
I King of Scotland Believed in Divine Right of Kings Role of British Parliament?
Roots from Magna Carta Assumed King shares ruling power
Puritans (English Calvinists) Wanted less moderate Church of
England Gentry, landowners, Parliament
King James I of England and Scotland
English Revolution (cont.) Charles I
Supports Divine Right of KingsRefuses power to Parliament Imposes more religious ritual
Many Puritans head to America
1642: Civil WarCavaliers: support King
CharlesRoundheads: back
Parliament Led by Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Charles I
English Revolution (cont.) Oliver Cromwell
Defeats, executes Charles I Cleans house in Parliament
Abolished monarchy, declared England a commonwealth
Frustrated by Parliament, set up military dictatorship
Restoration Cromwell dies, monarchy
returns Charles II: Catholic sympathizer James II: Devout Catholic.
conflict?James II
Charles II
Glorious Revolution James II had 2 Protestant
daughters His successor would be Protestant had son with 2nd wife, a Catholic
William of Orange (Dutch) Son-in-law of James II (Mary) Invited by English nobles to
invade “bloodless” Glorious Revolution William and Mary are monarchs
Accepted a Bill of Rights from Parliament Legitimized role of Parliament Granted individual rights No Catholic could be monarch
Solidified Constitutional MonarchyWilliam and Mary
Fredrick William the Great ElectorSmall, open land, no natural
defenseBuilds 4th largest army in EuropeCreates General War
CommissariatLevy taxes, oversees armyRuns civil servicesBureaucracy = chief tool for
ruleSon becomes King Frederick I
The Prussian State & Frederick William, the Great Elector
Holy Roman Empire collapses
Expand south & east (defeat Turks)
Gain large territory, but never becomes full absolutist state…Many different national
groupsLack of common identity,
cultureSeal of the Hapsburgs
Absolutist Russia Continual expansion (p. 446) Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”)
First czar, Russian for “Caesar” Crushed power of Boyars
(nobles) “Time of Troubles” = anarchy Peter the Great, 1689
Claims Divine Right of Kings Determined to Westernize
Updates Army, founds Navy St. Petersburg = window to WestRussian Expansion, St. Petersburg, and Peter the
Great
Effects of Enlightenment in Eastern Europe Prussia
Frederick I Strong bureaucracy to serve King Strong state through strong army
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Big army to watch over bureaucrats Abolished torture Limited free speech & religion Kept rigid class system, serfdom
William I and William the Great of Prussia
Austria Maria Theresa (Empress in 1740)
Tried to centralize Austrian Empire
Give more power to stateease conditions of serfs
Joseph II, Maria’s sonAbolished serfdom, death penaltyAbsolute religious tolerationFailure, alienates those he tried
to help (too much too soon)
Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria
Enlightenment in E.Europe (cont) Russia
Catherine the Great (1762-1796) Open to Enlightenment ideas
of reform But does nothing, favors
nobility over peasants Absolutist ideals help gain
territory to the south and eastCatherine the Great of Russia