landscape) risk (slobodan mickovski) definition: systems...

WG 4: Glossary on RE and LQ: Stand: 5 October 2016 COST is supported by EU Framework Program Horizon 2020

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(Landscape) Risk (Slobodan Mickovski)

Definition:

Landscape risk is the chance of harmful effects to human health or ecological

systems, or renewable energy systems (assets) resulting from exposure

(vulnerability) to a hazard arising from any element of the systems involved.

Synonyms (if any)

Some Keywords:

Probability, hazard,

vulnerability,

mitigation, impact

assessment

Source

Environmental

Protection Agency,

2016.

https://www.epa.go

v/risk

Photo (or any other kind of graphic

demonstration/description)

Figure 9. Risk can be thought of as the intersection between

hazards and assets. Assets is a term that encompasses all the

things that make a landscape livable including the people,

land use, and RE facilities, and primary infrastructure such as

transportation corridors, electrical transmission lines, dams,

etc. (Source: Wood, N., 2011, Understanding risk and

resilience to natural hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Fact

Sheet 2011-3008, 2 p.; available at:

http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/hazvu/hazards-

assets.htm ) *national further terms/synonyms


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Landscape sensitivity – Na’ama Teschner

Definition

The possibility and the extent to which landscape systems respond to external effects (both

natural as well as human- induced) on different time and spatial scales, and the ability of these

physical systems to resist or absorb such perturbations.

Synonyms (if any)

Landscape resilience; Landscape fragility; Landscape vulnerability

Some Keywords

Source

Thomas, D.S.G. &

Allison, R.J. (1993)

Landscape sensitivity,

New York.

Figure 1. Tel-Aviv, Israel (Photo: Yarkon River Authority, 2016)

*national further terms/synonyms


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Landscape Sensitivity – Olaf Schroth

Definition Please note that different definitions of landscape sensitivity are in use (SNH & The Countryside Agency, 2002). The main debate is about the question whether landscape can be sensitive in its own right or only sensitive to a particular type of change. However, common definitions refer to sensitivity as:

“the sensitivity of the landscape resource (in terms of both its character as a whole and the individual elements contributing to character);

the visual sensitivity of the landscape, assessed in terms of a combination of factors such as views, visibility, the number and nature of people perceiving the landscape and the scope to mitigate visual impact” (SNH & Countryside Agency, 2002: 4).

Synonyms (if any)

Some Keywords Source Scottish Natural Heritage, & The Countryside Agency. (2002). Landscape Character Assessment - Guidance for England and Scotland. Topic Paper 6: Techniques and Criteria for Judging Capacity and Sensitivity. Cheltenham & Edinburgh.

Figure 1. Steps in a landscape sensitivity study (Land Use Consultants, 2011) *national further terms/synonyms


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Alternative Figure:

Figure 1: Sketch on sensitivity with regard to the skyline as landscape element, part of a student assignment on

landscape sensitivity (O. Damsell, S. Griffiths, X. Jiao, G. Passarelli, 2014).


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Landscape Services (José M. Rojas)

Definition Landscape services have recently been defined as the “contributions of

Landscapes and their components to human wellbeing” (Bastian et al, 2015).

According to the same authors, the use of Landscape Services as a concept

complementary to that of Ecosystem Services is of especial significance in

circumstances under which the scalar, cultural or social-ecological nature of the

process and functions that underpin the delivery of services and benefits dictates so.

In addition to the former definition, a classification and related taxonomy of

Landscape Services for use in planning also exists (Valles-Planells, Galiana & Van

Eetvelde, 2014). Despite of the rise in the use of the term over the past couple of

years (Porto, Correia & Beja, 2014; Ungaro, Zsada & Priore, 2014; Fang et al, 2015)

Landscape Services as a concept has a longer trajectory in the scientific literature and

its use expands for almost a decade now (Thermoshuizen & Opdam, 2009; Willemen,

Hein & Verburg, 2011; Muller, de Groot & Willemen, 2011).

Synonyms (if any) Ecosystem Services at the Landscape Scale

Some Keywords

Landscape Scale;

Landscape

Functions;

Landscape

Processes;

Source Bastian, O.

Grunewald, K. Syrbe,

R-U. Walz, U.

Wende, W. (2015).

Landscape services:

the concept and its

practical relevance.

Landscape Ecology

(2014) 29:1463–

1479

Figure 10. German Landscape (Photo: Steve Gibson, 2015)



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Landscape vulnerability (Slobodan Mickovski)

Definition:

The likelihood of change to or loss of an attribute, reflected as a measure of the

degree to which an attribute has a role to play (i.e. maintains a function) in the

landscape.

Synonyms (if any)

Landscape sensitivity

Some Keywords:

Impact models,

sensitivity,

development

constraints, risk,

hazard,

Source

Of the definition:

Can be a standard

work, can be from a

well-known article or

can be elaborated by

the RELY COST

Action members



Figure 11. Vulnerability concept within the spatial planning

context (Source: Golobic, M and Zaucer, L.B. 2010.

Landscape Planning and Vulnerability assessment in the

Mediterranean; http://www.pap-

thecoastcentre.org/pdfs/Landscape%20Vulnerability.pdf )



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Life cycle analysis (LCA) (Slobodan Mickovski)

Definition:

LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of

a assett’s life from cradle to grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through

materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and

disposal or recycling). LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental

concerns by:

Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and

environmental releases;

Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and

releases;

Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.

Synonyms (if any)

Life-cycle assessment, cradle-to-grave analysis, ecobalance

Some Keywords

Life cycle inventory,

gate-to-gate, wheel-

to-wheel, life cycle

energy analysis,

energy production,

energy recovery

Source

Bowe, Scott. 2010. A

gate-to-gate life-

cycle inventory of

solid hardwood

flooring in the

Eastern US. Wood

and Fiber Science,

March 2010. Society

of Wood Science and

Technology.

Retrieved 25

October 2011.



Figure 12. Product/asset life cycle, Source: GE Healthcare Life

Sciences, 2016;

https://promo.gelifesciences.com/gl/BP/UP_art4.html#.VvvP

euIrKUk )



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Public Participation (David Miller)

Definition: A process that directly engages the public in decision-making and gives full

consideration to public input in making that decision (US EPA, 2015).

Public: One or more natural or legal persons, and, in accordance with national

legislation or practice, their associations, organisations or groups (UNECE, 1998; and,

European Union, 2003).

The public concerned: The public affected or likely to be affected by, or having an

interest in, the environmental decision-making; for the purposes of this definition,

non-governmental organizations promoting environmental protection and meeting

any requirements under national law shall be deemed to have an interest (UNECE,

1998).

Synonyms:

Public engagement; community involvement; stakeholder involvement; public

involvement.

Note: The Aarhus Convention describes public participation in terms of: the public

affected comment on, for example, proposals for projects affecting the environment,

or plans and programmes relating to the environment, these comments to be taken

into due account in decision-making, and information to be provided on the final

decisions and the reasons for it. (Aarhus Convention, UNECE, 1998).

Some Keywords

Ladder of

Participation

(Arnstein, 1969)

Source (s)

Arnstein, S.R. (1969)

A Ladder of Citizen

Participation, JAIP,

35(4) pp. 216-224.

Public Participation

Guide: Introduction

to Public

Participation, US

Environment

Protection Agency,

www.epa.gov/intern

ational-

cooperation/public-

Figure 3. Ladder of Participation, Arnstein, 1969.


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participation-guide-

introduction-public-

participation.

United Nations

Economic

Commission for

Europe (UNECE),

1998, Convention on

Access to

Information, Public

Participation in

Decision-Making

and Access to Justice

in Environmental

Matters

European

Parliament and of

the Council, Public

Participation

Directive, 2003,

http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/EN/TXT/?u

ri=CELEX:32003L000

4 *national further terms/synonyms

http://live.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf









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Public Participation Process (Veronica Hernandez-Jimenez)

Definition

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

A cycle or iterative process for stakeholder engagement in the decision making process. It usually

starts with a contextual (social and territorial) appraisal followed by participatory analysis of the

situation and later on a phase in which action plans (alternative or future plans) are discussed and

built under a collective action.

Synonyms (if any)

PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS, PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT PROCESS

Some Keywords

Source

Of the definition: Can be

a standard work, can be

from a well-known

article or can be

elaborated by the RELY

COST Action members

Photo (or any other kind of graphic demonstration/description)

Figure 1. Title, Location (Photo: Author, year)

Has anyone a figure, visualisation?



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Public Participation Tools and Techniques (Veronica Hernandez-Jimenez)

Definition

To make any process of public participation happen we need a series of tools and techniques that can

be applied by action researchers. Some of these are listed here: sociograms (social maps), discussion

groups, SWOT analysis, semi-structured interviews, life stories, participatory cartography, future

scenario development, and participation stairway.

Synonyms (if any)

PARTICIPATORY TOOLBOX, PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES

Some Keywords

Source

Of the definition: Can be

a standard work, can be

from a well-known

article or can be

elaborated by the RELY

COST Action members

Photo (or any other kind of graphic demonstration/description)

Figure 1. Title, Location (Photo: Author, year)

Has anyone a figure, visualisation?



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Renewable Energy Landscape Impact (Veronica Hernandez-Jimenez)

Definition

Meeting EU climate mitigation targets requires widespread deployment of renewable energy (RE) in

European landscapes. This involves the physical installation of renewable energy related landscape

features (RELF), the physical structures necessary for RE deployment. As with any other physical structures

RELF have landscape impacts, which will be dependent on the technology as well as the particular

implementation context. RE landscape impacts may be visual, physical, functional, long-term, short-term,

easily reversible or not, etc. Impacts may include changes to existing infrastructure, land conversion and

agricultural productivity impacts, ecosystem modifications and habitat and biodiversity reduction,

aesthetic changes and adjustments to recreational potential. Some spatial impacts, such as the negative

impacts of wind turbines on bird populations (ecological impacts), landscape visual quality (aesthetic

impacts) and disruption to food supply from transforming agricultural land to biofuels (direct land use

impacts) are widely known. Other related aspects, such as land use intensity, indirect land use change and

land multi-functionality have received less attention in the literature. Landscape impacts are generally

spatial in character, though not necessarily, noise (e.g. from wind turbines) being one example of a non-

spatial landscape impact. Identification of landscape impacts of RE is necessary for their proper

integration into spatial planning.

Synonyms (if any)

SPATIAL IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Some Keywords

Source

de Boer, C., Hewitt, R., Bressers, H., Alonso, P.

M., Jiménez, V. H., Pacheco, J. D., & Bermejo,

L. R. (2015). Local power and land use: spatial

implications for local energy development.

Energy, sustainability and society, 5(1), 1-8.

http://energsustainsoc.springeropen.com/art

icles/10.1186/s13705-015-0059-3



Figure 1a (left). Wind turbines in Galicia, Spain, (Photo:

OCT, 2013). Figure 1b (right). Solar photovoltaic (PV)

installations, Tenerife, Spain, (Photo: OCT, 2013). *national further terms/synonyms


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Scenarios (David Miller)

Definition: Plausible descriptions of how the future may develop based on a coherent

and internally consistent set of assumptions about key relationships and driving

forces (Nakicenovic and Swart 2000).

Synonyms: (i) Envisioning future pathways and accounting for critical uncertainties.

(ii) Addressing real-world questions for which the future is subject to human actions

and choices and not preordained.

Some Keywords

Consequence

assessment; early

warning and

guidance; proactive

strategy

formulation;

envisioning aspects

of possible or

desired future

(Ringland, 2010).

Source (s)

Nakicenovic, N.,

Swart, R. (2000)

Emissions Scenarios

2000 - Special report

of the

Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate

Change, Cambridge

University Press,

Cambridge.

Ringland, G. (1998)

Scenario Planning,

Chichester, John

Wiley & Sons.

Raskin, P. et al.

(2005) Global

scenarios in

historical

perspective,

Millennisum

Ecosystem

Assessment, UNEP.

Figure 2. Scenarios of alternative development pathways for

land use. Developed from the UKCIP/Foresight socioeconomic

scenarios; Brown and Castellazzi (2014) Scenario analysis for

regional decision-making on sustainable multifunctional land

uses. Regional Environmental Change 14(4): 1357-1371.


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Social impact assessment (SIA) (Stanislav Martinat)

Definition: Social impact assessment (SIA) might be defined as a process of analysing,

monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences (either

positive or negative) of planned interventions (policies, programmes, plans, projects)

and/or any social change processes invoked by those interventions. It´s primary

purpose is to bring a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human

environment.

Synonyms (if any)

Some Keywords

Social

consequences,

effects of

interventions

Source

International

Principles for Social

Impact Assessment

(Vanclay, 2003)

Figure 1. Social Impact Assessment (Photo: Stanislav Matinat,

year) *national further terms/synonyms

landscape) risk (slobodan mickovski) definition: systems...

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