Landscape Approaches: The Place of Agroforestry afforestation andof Agroforestry, afforestation and

reforestation in REDD+

Peter A Minang, Meine van Noordwijk and Valentina RobiglioRobiglio

ASB Partnership at World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

Forest Day 5, Durban South Africa04 December 2011

The Starting Point!!!!The Starting Point!!!!• Agroforestry,Agroforestry,

reforestation and afforestation constitute very relevant strategies for alleviating

f tpressures on forests and significantly contributing to REDD+contributing to REDD+ co-benefits in a landscape approach to p ppREDD+.

Mosaic Landscapes in Indonesia and h d lKenya: The dominant Reality

Landscape ApproachesLandscape Approaches • For Analyzing and • For Planning and

Understanding REDD+

f

Implementing REDD+• Jurisdictional

Implementation• Drivers of deforestation beyond the forests

Implementation (Province- DRC; District-Vietnam; Around protected Areas• Interactions at

various scales-Individuals,

protected Areas, Community Forests-Kisagau, Kenya)d dua s,

“communities”, sub-national, national, global trade etc

• Bundled ecosystem services e.g. watersheds-CARE Ulugurus in global trade etcTanzania

Discussion Point No 1Discussion Point No. 1• Agroforestry• Agroforestry,

Afforestation and Reforestation canReforestation can be part of REDD+ depending on thedepending on the definition of forest in a givenforest in a given country

Forest Definition Vs AgroforestsAgroforests Parameters: • Natural Forest TO logging

TO into fastwood plantations Minimum tree crown cover between 10 and 30%

TO into fastwood plantations = NO Deforestation

d i Minimum tree height between 2 and 5 m

Minimum land area

• Most tree crop production and agroforestry systems do meet the minimum requirements of forest; Minimum land area

between 0.05 and 1.0 hectareT il t k d

requirements of forest;

• Swiddening and shifting l i i d i f Temporarily unstocked

areas (without time limit to ‘temporarily’) remain ‘forest’ as long as a forester

cultivation not a driver of deforestation, as long as the fallow phase can be expected to reach minimum treeforest as long as a forester

thinks they will, can or should return to tree cover conditions.

to reach minimum tree height and crown cover;

10% 20%

6700 km2 = 2.8% of land area 36,000 km2 = 14.9% of land area

30%

Implications of forest definition 1-A/R Uganda

69,300 km2 = 28.6% of land area

Zomer et al. 2008

Discussion Point No 2Discussion Point No. 2

•Agroforestry can•Agroforestry can support programs t t lto controldeforestation as a sustainable intensification strategy

C I ifi i f ?Can Intensification spare forests?

• Higher Yield =Higher Yield more food on same land area

• Therefore sparing more land for forest conservation

• Therefore i ll lpotentially resolve

Agriculture – REDD conflict?????Rudel et al 2009 conflict?????Rudel et al., 2009

Reflections I: what does i ifi i ?intensification mean?

• Increasing yield per hectare( possibly with increase costs in labour and capital inputs;

• Increasing cropping intensity (i.e. two or more crops) per unit of land or other inputs (e.g.

)water);

• Change land use from low-value crops or commodities to high value market priced commodities (Pretty et al 2011)commodities (Pretty et al. 2011)

In the 1990’s loss of natural cover increased the amount of ‘low C‐stock’/low economic value land; tree (crop)value land; tree (crop) planting was 28% of the loss of natural forest area

After 2000 planting of tree (crop)s equals 90% of concurrent loss ofof concurrent loss of natural forest; the amount of low C‐stock/low economic value land decreases

Change in cereal production due to change in area and yield

Sub- Saharan Africa Asia

Food Security Benefits?Food Security Benefits?

Carbon and Profitability-C l 3Column 3

Discussion Point No 3Discussion Point No. 3• Increased production of

timber and fuelwood on-farm and in rotational wood-lotsrotational wood-lots can potentially reduce emissions from forest degradation especially in instances of restricted access torestricted access to forests or limited supply in “open access” pp y pforests.

Trees timber and wood trendsTrees, timber and wood trends‘The proportion of trees on farms and in forests

aries considerabl among co ntries b tvaries considerably among countries, but two trends seem almost universal in the tropics:

-- the number of trees in forests is declining, and

-- the number on farms is increasing’

FAO 2005 State of the World’s ForestsFAO. 2005. State of the World s Forests

Planted Forests from afforestation growing at 5 m ha Per year (FRA 2010)

A growing on-farm domestic timber sector in Cameroon (Ghana, Sri Lanka, Kenya????)…

3 0

2.0

3.0

Millions

m3

1.0

M

0.0

2000 2005 2010

Official productionf l d

Once SSL production is included the

SSL informal production

Robiglio, V. et al. 2011. Submitted to Small Scale

18

Once SSL production is included the overall value of national timber production doubles!

Forestry .

Timber increasingly sourced from g yagricultural / non-forest units

f ll i l d

19

fallows, perennial crops and annual crops

Discussion Point No 4Discussion Point No. 4• Planting trees is not

enough. An enabling legal and policy environment thatenvironment that guarantees tree rights and ownership,rights and ownership, investments in and a market infrastructure for agroforestry and tree-based systems iis necessary.

Intensification, multifunctionality and i d d (1)investments needed (1)

• Intensification not• Find mechanisms to

d f tIntensification not magic bullet-Potentially counter

reward agroforestry, afforestation and reforestation for

REDD• Multiple policy

environmental services• Carbon sequestration

instruments NeededL d l l

• Water quality• Biodiversity

ti• Landscape level planning (Cross-sectoral)

conservation• Adaptation (what

units- how tosectoral) units how to measure?)

Intensification, multifunctionality, policies d d d ( )and investments needed (2)

• Rights and ownership of trees, carbon andRights and ownership of trees, carbon and land need to be addressed

• Adequate market infrastructure needed for qtimber, non-timber tree products

• Increase economic incentives for ecosystems yservices– Payments/ Rewards

• Address technical aspects (pests, diseases, invasiveness, seeds and credit)

• Address potentially dangerous trade-of challenges

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