landmarks in the history of indian logic

8/10/2019 Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic

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LMRKS N THE HSOY OF A OGC

By ch auwlln

In the eld of ndian phlosophy reigns even at present great uncer

tainty regardig chronoogical questions. Aga an agan wideydierent dates are given to dierent authors, so that it becomes almost

ipossibe for a man unacquainted wth the probems form a clear

judgement for mself In the foowng pages I sha therefore enea

vour to show for a smal section of ths eld how things stand an on

what our knowege is base Shou have oveooke some imptant

ponts or gone wrong I sha be gratel for suggestions and coections

which be pubished in a ater issue of this ournalLet me at he ver outset mae a few metodoogical observations

These are fact t a great extent self-event principles Bt they

are so often olate that it s necessay make some mention of them

eteg the date of the authors of te earer perio we

have often to epen upon a reative cronology that is o say we

can only state that they are oer or younger than certan authors

and s edce which period they must have ive We can reach anabsoute conology only we succee ascertainng for certain

authors undisputed dates with the hep of reiable testimoes Ony

on the basis of these dates can we proceed to establish the cronoogy

of othes But to base an uncertain date on another uncertain d

only ceates confusion

For ascertaining the cuedates it is necessary to go back to the

original souces Secondhan sources even excerpts and translationscan mslead us he opnons of experienced schoars may be of vaueeven when they are not based on rm evidence ut to quoe mee

ufounde suppositions as authoity only eads us astay Data om

works such as Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana's Hstoy of an Lgc

Cacutta which aboun erors and naccuacies must not beutse wthout a thorough eamnaton

n the case of the sou�ces hemsees we must stgush between the dierent accounts To ou most valuabe sources for the oder perod beong the Chnese an Tibetan accounts But we have to distin

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gush carefully whether a Cnese plgrm speaks of s ow experenceor whether he reproduces what he heard fro others. We he spesfrom hs personal eperence he deserves to be beved to a very greatextent If he reproduces what he heard from others, then we must

nque whether he bases hmself on relable nformants these nformants are not know, the nformaton has to be used wth cauton Butt s completel to msjudge th� state of ars and deprve ourselves ofone of our most mportant and best sources f we deny all value to theCese testmoes, as has happened on ccount of the fact thtY-tsng alowed hmself to be deceved b ncoect ormaton regardng the year of death of Bhathari

The same s to be sad conceng the Tbetan sources. ontemporar Tbetan accounts or accounts gong back to contemporar souresdeseve our credence o the geatest etent ut the normaton gvenby u-ston or Trantha based on ndan sources whch are not precisekown are to a very great ent valueless and to be used only wththe greatest precauton

4 There s lttle use n bng oneself on unpublsh sources The

utlsaton of such sources s possble onl the relevant portons of thementoned souces are proposed at least n such a wa that the scholaswong n the same eld can eamne them and form an opon ofther on. For t has too often been found that sch normaton s basedon mstakes. n genera t can be sad that reference to unpublshsouces, nstead of furtheng research ony hnder t. And i most ofthese cses the best thng to do s to eave such nformaton asde for

the te beg5. Secal attenton s to be pad to certan sources of eor whch

lead agan and agan to the stoton of the tradon or eamplewe observe ver oen tha course of tme unmpotant persos areforgotten and onl the memoy of really

'mportant personalt

preserved The gaps n the tradton thus created are brdged such a

wa that the persons who re stll remembered are brought to relato

wth each other In our eld ts s especally observed n the relatonof teacher and pupl If therefore, a famous uthor s sad to be te pup of another famous man, t s a pror suspcou� d suc dstor



tions of the tradition are wont to happen, in most cases, eady in theearler stages. But i we nd an othewse uknown person mentioneas teacher of a famous man, then it is most probably a genuine tradition

To the same phenomenon, namely that umpoant personalitiescease to be remembered, is also to be attribed the fact that a whole

lot of works are ascibed a famous name, whle broad gaps le in betwn In many cases the naes of unmporant authors are therebyforgotten and their wors are ascribed to a famous name Here too,when there are two trations, the name that is ess nown has geaterclaim to our credence

6. Attention is to be - paid to the frequent cousion of authors beang the same name The traditions regarding he earlier perodof Indan philosophy are so poor, hat we often know oy a few uthorsand works for a period of sever centures hsof course, does notcoespond rety Where the tradtion more abundant, as in the case of the Jains we not oy come across a reater number ofavable works, but we aso get to know th names of numerous lost works and authors At the same tme we oen meet wth the same

name nd at present it has become a selfedent mportant task distngish between the dierent authors of the same name, wheworkng on Jan literature But we have no reason to suppose that hecontions were dieent in other eds where the tradtion is lessfavourable Iwe, therefore assume derent authors of the same namefor explaning contradictions of the tration it is as things are, no way a soution arived at meey o get out of a ifculty, though,

of couse, doig so no misse must be allowed t seems to be mchmoe questionable to jup o the conclsion, as it was fomely thecusom to do, that the same name appeang n totay dierent strataof tradition mst refer to the same person

7 In ascertang the reative chonology of dierent authors weare often left to concude the dependance of one author on anotherfrom the mention or refutation of cerain doctrnes, since in the earler

period names are rarely mentioned Whie dog so the rule that suchconclusions are valid oy the aeged doctrines are tpica of theauthor in question, is often not paid atention If one adduces doctrnes

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which he follows the opinions of another, then nothing is proved

regarding him.

8 Special care has to be taken i one ntends to prove from the

omission of an author's name n a source that the author is younger than

the source. this case, a comprehensive acquantance wth and use

of the literature by the autor of the source is presupposed" a fact n

no way self-evdent. Again, the more abundant tradtion of the Jains

shows that often authors o the same time know and use quite dierent

sections of the extant literature. This may be due to dversity of places

or some other incidental fact. In any case, the best thing do wll be

to set store by the omission of an authors name only if some additional

reasons can be brought forward.

Finally, I should lke to oserve that it would be better for research

if thngs already said are not repeated again and again. For, by doing

so, the general view is lost, facts already ascertained are overlooked,

and it even happens that things already recognised as true are again

supplanted by wrong ones.

As for the following exposition, I choose as start�ngpoint the eld

of logic, especially that of Buddhist logic, since the conditions here are particularly favourable. For it is in tis eld that C�ese and Tibetan

accounts come to our aid in greater numbers 1. I have, of course, also

brought in authors of other elds where it seemed necessary or desirable

In particular, I proceed n the followng way I begin with authors

about whom evdence is aailable so that we can f their date de tely

Ths evidence is put forward n a concise form. a certan case an

elaborate discussion is necessary, I bring it as an excursus at the end of the paraWaph Thereafter I deal wt those authors whose relative

chronology can be ascertained through their relation wth those already

spoken of In order to faclitate the workng wth the derent da tes I

gve them in round numbers; for thus they are more easily retained

1 Som orks frqunty quotd r istd bibiogrphy t th d

of this rti I sh quot thm by th numbr of th bibiogr phy pr d d

by B; thus B I, B t T m s trstion For th hrono ogy o f th odr priod hv not md s of th J in domns b s t

muh mtri s sti to b publshd nd muh sms doubt to m.

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in the memory and more easily compared with eac oter. Werenothng is mentioned about the duration of ife of an autor I assuan average of sixty years and I calculate the tme-distance betweenmaster and pupl t about twenty to tirty years Al this is of coure,

only a reckoning of probablity and alows a certain latitude . Brst of all a useful workg basis must be establised Then we w beable gradualy to arrive at greater correctness and accuracy snce agreat amount of material stll remains to be published and utlzed toits ful extent n a few cases shall point out te way ow in my opi ion one could make furter advance I do ope tat my exposition will contribute to facilitate and foster te scientic work in tis eld

1. Vasuban (c. 400-480)

The rst clearly ascertanable personality in the eld of Buddhistlgic is Vasubandhu As I ave dealt with the problem of s date na special publication 3, I shal not ere deal ith it at length

he difculty in determining the date of Vasu bandhu les notso much in the lack of data as in te ct tat data whic deserveequal crebility lead one t two derent dates I have tried to solve

te dfculty i te folloing wayhe ordnary tradition knows of a famous Vasubandhu a broter

of Asaga who at rst as a Hnayna teacher composed te Abiharma koa was then converted to Mahyna by hs brother and now enterednto an extensive literary activity on its bealf But as we kno fromreliable autorities especiay throug the testimony of Yaomitra in

is Sputrt Abhidharmakoavykhy 4 there were two persons with te name ofVasubandhu te autor of the Abhdharmakoa andan olde Vasubandhu vddhcrya Vasubanhu) ave assumed tat te data cncernng these two Vasubandhus in te ordiary traditionave been mixed up and tat not the athor of te Abhiharmakoa

2 C the remarks i my monograph on the ate of Vubdhu (c he foowng n

e)

3 E. Frauwalner On the date o the Budhist Master of the Law Vau- bandhu (Serie Orinae Roma ) Roa 5

Cf. oc cit p f

129



w te broter of sanga, bu s oder Vasubadu. Tus e dicu ies arrisig rom te dvergece o rados cocerg e dae oVasubadu are eaed. Te oraos wc speak or aeaer dae reer o e brer o Asaga e oder Vasubadu Te

accous ta ead us o a aer dae coce e autor o e daroa e youger Vasubadu avour o s soluo s aso e act ha we ca d races o

s couso o te wo Vasubadus eve e radt regardgte e o Vasubadu t�e bograpy o Vasubadu adeddow uder e ae o Paara we are a rs od o e acesryo e ree broers Asaga Vasubadu ad Vircvasa Te

oows a og accou o e org o e bdaraoa ad o e oer ees e e o s auor Vasubadu up o e ewe e deced a debae Sagabadra owg o is od ageI is woe seco saga s o eoed a a Te a a ocete actty o asubadu o Haya s take up aga geeral ers ad we are od ow e was certed by s broer Asaga oMaya o bea o wc e woe exesey Te accout s

ceary dded o ree eerogeous pars ad we are orced oassue a we ave ee a bioapy o te ode Vasubad, o e dde o wic a accou o te youger aubadu, e auoro te Abidaraoa s sered ac a axcep o e bograpyo e oder Vasubadu s presered K-sag's commeta ryadeas aasra wic tis de ecio is ssgO e corary, e acves o te oder Vasubadu or e Hya

are recoued. Here s reaed a e coposed 5 aya woswc were aer os ad are ot aded do a ac o wc eograpy o e youger Vasubadu s set But o eio ateer s ade o e daraoa

O e sreg o ese acs I ave red o x e daes o boVasuadus: or te oder Vasubadu, e broer o Asaga about

6 C o t p 1. osopato fa hua T 20497 o o co T 827; cf lc p 9

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320-380 A. , and for he younger Vasubanu, te author of theAbdarmakoa about 40080 A

The ogician aubandu the author of Vdavidhi Vdavidnam

and Vdasra is he younger asubanu . We have therefore to

x his period of aciiy beween 00 and 80 A D.

gas ts distincon beeen the broher of saga and hecoposer of th Abhidharaoa P S Jaini has rased in a ecture

given a the h Inernaional Conress of Orietasts Munch 957and ater in a specia paper 9, the objecion hat accorng o the

estony of a ney discovered Abhidhara or naey he Vbh�

rabhtti the auhor of the Abhdharaoa aer changed oveto he Mahyna hic accodng to the raiton as the case thAsaga's brother

This obection does o aect my staements since I had areadearer epressed the opnion hat also he unor Vaubandh inhis od age had competey changed over o the Mahyna Ts inno ay improbabe for it as a rend of the te in hich the Mah

yna bcae increasingy romnent e he schoos of Hnayna ere to a ea etent aeady etnct or in decine Beides in hs ay the confusion of he to persons becomes a the more undersandable

Nevertheess there is one essena derence be aken no

accoun Whe the senior asubandhu as onveted reativey eary o Mahya and si omposed penty of Mahyna ors the

converson of he unior Vasubandhu too pace ony i hs advanced

8 Cf my article on "Vasubdu's Vavihi i o 1 o his jou P S Jani, On he heory o he wo Vandhus (Bullet o he

Shoo o Oenta and Aic Sdies Vo 2/958 p 48-53)10 D e Wetiaur iogahisches iahistoichs ud bio

hsches Lexko heausg on E Fauwae H Gesch ud EHeze d Wien 954 S 849; E. Faae Die Phosohe des

Bdsms e 956 S 5 he adiion handed do by Ktsa seaks o Mhayan oks adion t he 500 in ya oks Ths was he eason why he as aed he Mase o he housd Manuas

9* 13



age 2 and his iterary actvity for the Mahyna was imited a fe

works. Accorngy, aso the writngs anded down uner the am

of Vasubandhu are to be vided between both the bearers of this

name In my opinon the mass of commentares on the Stras and on the oder Mahyna works beongs the oder Vasubandhu Oy a

few works especiay the Viatik and Triik Vijaptimtratsid-d can caim the junior Vasubandhu as their author Furthe

think that we can tace dierences in the doctrine of the senior and

the uior Vasubandhu Sti further researches are of course, to be made here But th

tim for it has not yet come as important materia is yet to be pubishedThe Sanskrit originas enabe us to make more exact acertainment

than the Chinese and Tibetan transations But ony a sma portion o

the Sanskrit works discovered by R Syyana has been pubished

The eition of Abhharmakoa by Prahad Pradhn has not yet

appeared nor has the edition of bhidharapadpa and Vibh�

prabhvti by P S Jaii so the Bhyam on the Madhynta

vbhga ikewise discovered by R. Sltyyana sti awaits pubi

cation Oy when these texts ae pubished can the foundaton fo

new successfu researches be aid

2 Dhrp c 530-56)The next date that can be decided with certainty is that of the

famous Yogcra teacher Dhamapa H. Ui cacuates it in the fo

owg way

One shoud keep mnd he ac o hs esng o ake pa n adeae wh Sa!ghahada on accon o hs od age

he Ti s sad o hae een hs s wok Deah pevenedhm om wg a comenay on as he had paned c ouekcheng we che ouen chou k 83 0 p 3 a )

4 C my Phosophe des Buddhsmus p 35

ndo esugaku kenky o ky 99 p 830 o e

hese daa o he kndness o Po Demve snce unounay hwok o H U s no accesse o me) C he sma cacuaon heace "A popos de dae de asuandhu y No Pe BEFEO o/9 p 383)

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Accordig o he Chiese rdiio he Chiese pilgri Hius g ws his rriv in d i he yer 633 A D. wrmyreceive d by he oldes persoge of he mosery here very odmo by me Slbhdr (Kii-hie) d he received isruciosfrom h im for yer or wo This Slbhdr ws h ime 106 yersod I his yoh he hd bee pupil of Dhrmp Hiusgrees he folloig icide which oo plce h ime Dhrmpl w s oce chlleged o debe by lered Brhm om ouhIdi He however ssiged i his plce Sbhdr who wo brillvcor y over his oppoe d wih he rich rewrd giv by he ruerfoud ed mosery Sbhdr ws h ime 30 yers old

Be sides i is so reed of Dhrmpl h he ws he so of mi iser of Kcpur i ouh Idi h he becme Buddhismo d h he we o Nld where he obied he greesfme s scholr A he ge of 29 he reired o he Bodhiree d s he es of his ife i mediio d i he composiio of severwor s He died he ge of 32

T he bovemeioed debe of Slbhdr wih he Brhmin oplc e s we sid i is 30h yer mely i 558 A D If we supposeh Dhrmpl ssiged Sbhdr o e his plce i he debebec use he hd he ieio of rerig uder he Bodhiree i folows h he ws h ime i his 29h yer h is o sy oe yer youger

T t>ang ta ts ngn ss s tsag a ch tchoan, T 2053, k 3

P . 236 c 3 (T

B 4, p. 44); c T t>g ko san tsang hian tsng a ch hing, T 2052, p 2 6 a 28; Si kao sng tchoan, T 2060, k 4 p 45 c 27.; Fo tso i tai t>ong tsai, T 2036, k. , p 569 26.

Th Chins socs mntion this ya Nw calclations bd on th dat o Siyki wold show ths ya to b 637 A. D

His nphw Bdhabhada (Kiohin ) too was alady mo thn 70 ya s

1 B 5, k. 8, p. 94c 295a 2 (T B 6, vol I p. 45 455; c B 7,vol. II p. 09.)

B 5, k. 8, p. 94c 20 B 3, k. 4, p 24 c 324 (T B 4, p. 90.) B 5, k 0, p 93 c 7 7

(T B 6, vol II p 9. ; c B 7, vol II, p 226 & 228); Tch>ng wi ch lon cho ki, T 830, k. , p 23 c 76; Tch>ng wi ch lon tch>o yao , T 83, p 608a 24

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han 8abhara Thus we can x he dae o hs th as 530 and of hsdeah as 561 A. .

he daa whch Om he bass o hese calculaions go back, henal analyss, o Huan-sang and 8lahadra hemselves and hereore

consue rshand inormaion whch mus e held as vald as lngas no conincing arguens are brough orward agains Slhnaccuraces or varaons n h numerica daa are no o much mporance n he resen sae of igs

. Authors between Vasubandhu and Dharmpla: urta (c 040)Brthar c 45050 and Dignga (c 480540

Fom he daes o Vasuandhu and Dharmala is ossble odeermne he erod o gnga, he eal ounder o he Bddhsschool o logc and esemology gnga menions asubandhu byname and aacks hs vews 22. Besdes, harmala wroe a commenryon gnga's Aamanaark� 23 ence gnga mus have ledbeween asubanhu and harmala hs relavely long erod anbe urher narrowed down on acoun o he relaon o gnga o he

ammaan BharharFormerly Bharhar as eleved o e daed wh ceray n

h srengh o a saeme o he Chnese lm Y-sng, who en he year 69/2 A ha Bharha had ed 40 years ago encehe yar o hs deah was calculaed as 65 A Bu hs saemenhas roed o e alse eher on accoun o an error n he aon orowng o a msake o sng hmse or o hs norman gna

quoes a he end o he 5h chaer o hs Pamasamuccaya overses rom Bharhars kyaayam (II v 60 and 57) 25 Besds

22 He woe omenes o Vdavhh ad Vdiham Frh he eos he dones o Vasbandh � a he hapes of hs r m}asaaya efes hem.

Ko so y a he 62 Bess he lbpa by Dign was anslaed no Chnese by Paamha who ame o Kanon n 56 A Wo sang sse hen ouen T 169).

8 k. p 2b . (

B 9 p. 18)5 Cf espeay . R Ranaswamy yena hah D a(JBRAS New Sees vo. 2695) p. 7-19); ajme aka :abean Cos o Bhaha's eses d he oblem of hs Dae Ses

4



hs Traikyapa� is based on Bhat!har's Pakam 26 Further,Dharmapla wrote a commetary o Bharthars rakram, as theChese tradto ad above all Y-tsg hmself forms us 27. HeceBharthar must have lved before gga ad Dharmapla.

We ca deteme Bhat!ha's date stl moe xactly the fol· lowg way At the ed of the second chapter of hs Vkyapayamv 490, Bharthar makes meto of hs teacher (guru) ad thecommetaor PUyaja gves hs ame as asurta . hs fact hasbee comed by the Ja athor Shasr who h commetaryo Maav's Nayacakram aso desgates asrta as the teacher ofBharthar 29 A grammara by ame Vasurta s kow to us from

the bography of asubadhu by aramrtha Paramrtha arrates that Vasbadhu ater the completo of Abhdharmakoa, wasattacked by a reowed grammara amed Vasurta P'oseouloto)the brotherlaw o the youg Gupta kg Bltya, o accout ofthe aguage of h work ad that he refuted hm a detae reoderI a obablty th Vsurta was the teacher of Bharhar Sceaccordg to the accout of Paramrtha, the abovemetoed cdets

cured the late perod of asbahu ad the brotherlaw ofthe youg kg Bldtya could ot have bee a od ma we caassme the letme of Vasurta to be about 430-490 A. Thus tfollows that hs pup Bharthar lved about 40510 A

gga must therefore have lved betwee ths tme ad the tmeof harmapa But the follow fact speas agast too eary a dategga attacks h Pramasamuccaya amo other thgs, the

in Idoogy and Buddhoogy Presented in honour o Proessor SusmYamaguch on the Occaso of hs Sxteth Brhday, yoto 955 p 22

26 Cf my artice "Dgga se Werk und seine Entickng n Vol 3of ts jona, p 83 4

2 B 8, k 4, p. 229 b 5 Durvekamira ges the tte of this commenryas Prakravtt i hs Dharotaraprapa , p 35, 28'

2 n the edton of the Benares Sanskrt Seres p 28, s; cf p 284 9285, 4 and 290,

29

The Dvadasharanayachakram, ed by Acharya aya Labdh SurPart II Shri abdhsurshar a Granthamaa No 35 Chhan 957 p 80 ad 802 (in the edton by ambuviaya 58 1 and 595,

30 B 1, P 90b 2229 r = B 2, p 44f)

135



iews of the Sa�hy techer Madhv Hiun-tsng in his trvels tells of monstery in Mgh, which ws erected to commemortehe ctory of the Buddhist mster GUmti over Mahv ndgives detiled informtion s how this discussion ws cried on

The dte of Gmti in its trn is known us through his pupilSthrmti

Sthirmti, the most importnt mong the contemporries ofDhrmpal withn the Yogacar school ws, ccordng to the Chineseccounts, somewht older thn Dhrmpal nd eld of ctivityws in Vlbh For more exct computtion of his time we hve

the folowing dt. First o ll, we know from inscriptions tht king

Guhsen of Vlbh, wh is kno to hve rled from 558-5 A. D.,hd monstery erected for him. Further Hiuntsng tells us thtwhile he ws t Nalnda he visited fmous mster Jysen, nd tht e studied with him for some time he ltter hd been in his youth pupil of Bhdrruci nd Sthrmti but lter he hd gone to Nnda become pupil of lbhdr. Eidently Dhrmpaws lredy ded by tht time At the time of Hiuntsng Jysen

ws bout 100 yers old. Moreover, t the sme time there ws livngin Vlbh n old monk nmed Pjagupt, who hd been the techerof three genertions of kngs of Vlbh He tohd been in his youth pupil of Sthirmti though lter on he chnged over to the schoolof Samtys 36 Tking ll ths into ccount we cn sy tht Sthrmti

1 PramQasauccayavtti: f. 24a 5 107 7 (N ahartng); f 23 b 1(Derge).

2 B 5 k. 8 p 913c 13-914c 1 ( B 6, vol. p 441451 cf.B 7 vol. p 108 f). Tcheng wei che louen chou ki T 1830, k 1 p 231 c 1619 Cf. Sylvain Lvi Les donations religiees des rois de Valabhi (Biblio

thque de lEcoI des Hauestudes sciences religieuses tudes de critique et d'istore 2 srie 7 vol. p 75100)

5 B 3 k. 4 p 244 a 724 (Tr B 4 p 212214) cf B 5 k. 9 p. 920 a15b 3 (T B 6 vol p.f. cf B 7, vol. p146)he same Jayen ais also entioned as a pupil of Nanda (Tcheng wei che louen chou ki T 1830k 1 p 231 c 26f.).

6 Tcheng wei che louen chou ki T 1830 k 4 p 351a 21 cf _ 7 p 500 c.; B 3 k 4 p 244 c 21. and p 245c 2 (Tr B 4 p 220 .d 226f.)



must hve been st tve bout 50 A D. he sttement tht he wsoder thn Dhrmpa does not therefore men tht he died ererbut tht he ws born erer Hs fetme n thus be xed s 50-50

A D

we ssume tht there ws no exepton derene of ge betweenhm nd hs teher GUmt then GUmt's vitory over Madhvhrdy fs before 50 A. D. Nor n the poems of Dgnag under

these rumstnes be put s erer thn 500 A. D. kng into onsderton these ts I oud suggest s workng hypothess the ifetme of Dgnag to be bout 8050 A D 36&.

4 Drmkirt (. 600660)he next ue s oered by the gret ogn Dhrmkrt whose

fetme n be nferred from Chinese soures hough the betnworks of Buston 37 nd arnath ontn desrptons of the ie oDhrmkrt the Inn trdton n them s so muh dstorted thtony n rre ses n nything usefu be gened from t

he foowing onsdertons mgh hep us in estbshing the

perod of Dhrmkrt's fe. He s not mentoned by Huntsngwho otherse nforms s of tehers of ny mportne he hdome to know of As Huntsng eft Ind n the yer A. D Dhrm

krt nnot hve heve ny renon t tht tme On the ontrryYtsng who stye t Nanda from 5 t 85 A D mentons himn s Nn h koue ne f thoun 39, where he remrks tht Dhrm krt brought bout further progress n the ed of og fter Dgnag 40.

In enumertng the fmous tehers Ytsng sses them underderent perods: the oer the mde the reent nd the presentWhe dong so he mentons Dhrmkrt mong reent tehers Hene

& Serous difcuies coud be raised agans his dae f he KRacariam ascrbed o Saudragupa shoud prove genune u I have no ye had he oppouniy of havng a ook a nor has as ar as ow serousiscussion been sared concernng i.

7 11 vo. p. 152155.38 12 p 134144 (r 13 p. 1751).9 k 4 p. 229b 1 (Tr 9 p. 11) k 4 p. 229b 20 (Tr = 9 p. 12)



Dharmakrt wa no onger ave hen Ytng wa tayng at NUandBt h death cannot have een very mch earer nce t Ytng tme ogc n Nand wa not tded accordng to the work of Dharma krt t thoe of Dgnga . Therefore Dharmakrt had at that te

not yet fy made h way whe ater on h work had amot compe tey repaced thoe of Dgnga. Frther i we take nto conderaton that Dharmakrt accordng to h on tatement faed to acheve recognton for any year then we may x h fetme from aout6 to 66 A D

Agant th date t may e argued that accordng to Trantha 4

Dharmakrt wa ordaned a monk y Dharapa Bt Trantha tatement are totay nreae epecay when t a qeton of nkng together famo peronate Bede th the ence of Han tang od have to e expaned f the date of Dharmakrt phed ack However the argument ought forward y R tyyana 3

a an expanaton are nconcve He enmerate the foowng po te that at the tme of Han-tang tay n Nand Dharmakrt

wa aready dead 2 that Hantang knoedge of Buddht ogc wa not o deep and that he wa not ch ntereted n that uect that the comper of the fe of Hantan prpoey avoded the menton of Dharmakrt, nce t wod occpy th chef pace n the pctre n Hantang gory wod grow dm

To thee we aner a foo Mot of the renowned teacher mentoned y Huantang were at h te aready dead We do not

ee hy on th grond he houd have omtted ut Dharmakrt2 That Han-tang had qte a good knowedge of Bddht ogc

hown y h tranaton of the Nyyamkham wch a dcut work and not at a t "a ma mana and frther y the knowedgee commncated to h pp Koek henta and Houetchao

B 8, k 4 p. 230a 6 ( B 9, p 86f)

B 2 p 35 (T

B 3, p 63 Dhaak' Vanyya wh he cenay f naaa e by Ra kyyana (Appenx JBOR Vl 2 & 22 n cn p Vf

8



Bede we re tod tht whe t Nnd he twce went throgh thoroghy the Nyymuhm (yn mng oen) nd the Pra�aa

ccy (t eng oen 5 Moreover, he ed every occon to per fect hmef n the ed of ogc Th he tded n Mho the

Prm1mccy nder he gdnce of Brhmn who new th wor epecy we 6 I h trve Hn-tng not ony gve detot Dgng , t o menton Bhdrruc ogcn of renownt h tme 8 Frther he roght th hm to hn thrty wor on ogc from nd 49. Tht he dd not trnte them qtendertne For, thogh he w n tonhngy do trn tor, yet to trnte more thn prt of the wo he roght wth

hm from nd w ove hmn cpcty Huntng thereforecnnot e reproched ether for not nowng o not tng fcent

nteret n ogc 50 . The ppoton tht the thor of the fe ofHntng hd prpoey omtted the menton of Dhrmrt for fer of dmming the gory of Hua n-tsa ng is uttery rdco A the fmo peronte of the pt nd preent e mentoned n the trve nd the ogrphy of Huntng wth dmrton nd pre;

why hod Dhrmrt oe e gnored Agn wtne who hn other repect wy een condered ree nd concento not ghty to e upected of dhonety ch rtry rguent fr from dong cence ervce ony crete greter confon t ony grtng to note tht R tyyn hef reect th t ppoton

Where the words "y g louen desgnae no logc n generalbu a parclar work of Dgnga (cf B 5 k 10 p 930c 7f.; Tr B 6vol II, p. 09) mos probably he Nyyaukha s ean

5 B 3 k 3 p 239 a (Tr B 4 p 64).6 B 3 k p 24 b 0f. (Tr B 4 p S7)7 B 5 k 10 p 930b 12-c 9 (Tr B 6 vo p 060)8 B 5 k p 936a S (Tr B 6 vol II p S.).9 B 3 k 6 p 252 c 0 (Tr B 4 p 295)50 Tha Huansang was well versed dan logc s shown for sance

by he acco of K>ouek wheren we are old how cleverly Huansangcorreced a fauly syllogs of Jayasena (Y ng jou cheng I louen couT S40 p 2 b 20)

9



5 Author beween Dig ga and Dmakr: Sakarm 55Bhrau 5157 ad Isvara 54)

Ol a few aes ae ow to us o the peiod betwee Daad Dhati The Ciese tadito etios Saaas adBhadauci whie te Tbeta taditio tells us of aasea. Noeof the is of eat ipotace ad theefoe a few wods o eahshoud sufce

The oldest of the s Saaas the autho of the Napaeaasta. The ipotce o this o e i the fact that tas a coeiet hadboo fo techg puoses fo Digga had lefto o of ths d ad hs wos ee too difclt fo a de teachgactt Koue sas of Saaas o the basis of the ifoatio of Hatsag that he was a pesoal pupi of Da ad that hs wo closel foowed the teachigs of is aste a casfo Hiuatsa he alead beloed to the eote pat We a, theefoe x his ifetie i the st half of the th cet aelabout 50050 A D

Bhadauci is ow us ol thouh the Chiese accoutsccod to the ata of Kouei whch ae ased o the ifoatioof uatsa he ied 0 eas befoe the lattes aial Nladad was the ost eaable loicia of his te Thus it folos that his fetie eteded fo about 510 50 . D. This is aeet h the fact that the aleadetioed aasea ho asabout 00 eas old whe he et Hiua�tsag had hi as his tache Besides, Hiatsag, hie descbg Maa spes f

Bhadaucis cto oe a eowed Bah teache Noe of thewts of Bhadac hae coe dow to us S

About aasea we ae told that he wote a coea o thePaasaucaa of Dga He was hs tu attaced b

51 Y mg jo cheg i oe co, T 1840 p 91c 26 92a . bid. T 1840 p. 94b 23- 2553 See above p. 13654 B 5, k 11 p. 935c 23- 936 28 (T B 6, ol. II p. 156160 . 11 p. 52 Fthe he eioed by Dveka i his A rca �

ok p. 40 by he sde o edabd, the atho o Viaaml� a a commeay o Dggas P mccaa ps m Tibeta rasaio

lO



ence of mghty mster who were oppoed to Bddhm Later onhe hook o th inence, and at the ame tme, nvted Starak�tao Tbet Thogh he hd to m h afte a hor tme o account of ndgeno oppoton, he caled m back agan after a few yea

In any cae Sntarak�ta wa n Tbet whe the kng tarted to bld the temple and moatery of Bam-ya Whe the cotrcton wa over, Sntaak�ta became the rt abbot of the monatery ad ordaned the rt Tbeta monk He ded, n de coure, everl year before the cotrovere wth the Cnee lne of Bddm Tbet ad t protagont, the H va-a Mahyna, made t neceary to call h ppl Kamalala to Tbet

The date of thee event can be etablhed a follow: Khr-ro lde-btan a born the hore year 2 A D63 He aceded the throne at the age of thrteen, that to ay, n the heep year A D 64The event whch caed the change over of Khrrodebtan toBddhm took place h tweteth year accordng to one of the

edct preerved Dpaogtgphreba Choby 65 The change the government related the Annal of Toehoang nder the

hae year 6 A D may be coected wth th 66A regard the date of the fondato of Bam-ya the tatemet

how conderable dcrepnce 67 Accordg t! the majorty of orce the contrcto wa tarted a hare year, wch wa n all probablty the year A D The ordaton of the rt Tbeta monk wchook place on the compleon of the monatery wa performed accord ng

B p 86; B 0 p 26 (T p 5: bn po sro i an bag du) bltam.

B p 8; Godp p 5; B 0 p 56 (T p 63 h ee eoded de he oke e 56 A Ban-pomtsanKh soLdebtsanduond absdphyagdubzes = The Bpo' e wpbhed o Ldeb; he ook he govee hd

5 cr G. Tcc The Tob of he Tbe K (ee Oee Ro Ro 950 p 4f

66 B 0 p 60 (T p 66

The qeo of he de of fodo h ofe bee de whThe oe o de wh ge de w G T Mo Bddhe II (ee Oee Rom 2 Ro 958 p 2832 dp285

142



to rabe od accot a heep year by whch ony the year A Dca be eat 68 If the accot that Starak�ta ded after a thrteeea' tay am-ya deeve be beeved h death wod fa n the year A D whch qte pobe ad may be accepted a a

workg hypotheTh we obta the foowg date cocerng Starata He

came to Tbet for the rt tme abot 6, came back a ecod meafter a hor terrpto ad ved om t n amyace he wa at the tme of h rt ca to Tbet no oger a yog ma bt aready a reoed teacher e may x h brth a abot 2 A. D

Of h greater work Tattvaagraha ad Vpactrt Vda

yyak aoe have bee pbhed o far 69. Of thee the Tattva agraha the oder oe nce a referece to t made the Vpactrth 70 d ce the greater part of Starak�ta' terary actvty

fa a probabty before h rt ca to Tbet t may have bee wrtte before 6 We may therefore ame that the work qoted the Tattvaagraha a before 6 A D 7 ore exact data w poby be obtaed whe the other work of Starak�ta are pbhed

ad h phoophca career acertaedAbot amaaa the pp of Sntarak�ta we are tod that he

a caed to Tbet after the death of Starak�ta whe the hee e of ddhm n Tbet threateed to gan premacy over theda tred 72 A geat rego debate took pace th the chef

rpreentatve of the Chnee tred the Hvaa (uhyayM Ma

68 Cf G cc loc c., p 25 2859 vgh of wh h o of Kmll,

E Khch (Gkw' Ol o 303o 926. Dhk' V wh h o of · R (Appx o JBOR, Vol 2 & 22 93536

70 f Vpch p 84 28: ati tu paa m andakatvam antatva' c t vta1ktam anatrhJ. s c ol o h l co h Dvphp of vgh!

71 A f I h h Vpch o Kll'vghpk oh wok qo h h vsgh!

2 B p, 996

143



yn, in he soced Counci of Lh-s o Bsm-ys , in which Km cme o vicoious Theefe Km composed ue heie of Bhvm hee wos deing ih he opic o whihhe conovesy ws pincipy cened, nmey h pocess of meion h eds owds enighenmen . hoy fewds he wsmudeed

n scening he ifepeiod of Km i is impo, sof , o x he de o he Counci of Bsm-ys ccoding o hehoough eseches of P Demivie his oo pce bewee 92 nd94• Fuhe, Km ws edy pupi of Sni inndi, efoe he e wen o Tibe He my heefoe, hve ived

om bou 40 o 95 . D

P Demile h dealt ith it elaorately, utilisg the docments from Touehouang, in hs excellet book: Le cocile de Lha. Ue contro erse sur e quitisme etre boudhstes de l'de et e I Chne au Veicle de l're chrtiene (Bibliothque de l'stitut es Hautes tue chnoses, vol 7), Paris 952 Since the debate took p lace ot Lhasa but Bsamyas, it s better to speak of the concil of Bsamyas (cf G Tuccior Buddhist Texts, Part p 32

74 The rst d the third Bhakrama are presere Sanskrit. Besides, there are Tibe trslations of all three (Nos. 3915, 3916 4567 3917), a a Chnese translatio of the rst one (T 1664 The Sakrit text of the first Bhankrama, together ith th Tibeta trslation hs bee edite by G Tucci, Minor Buhist Texts, Part (Serie OrientaleRoma X/) Roma 958 a brief sketch of the cotents of the Chnes, translatio as gie b P Demiille n his book o the coucil of Lhasa p. 333335 The Sanskrit text of the third Bhkrama is presered nLeningrad, but has not yet bee publhed (cf. E Obermiller, A Saskrit

M from Tibet - Kamalla's Bhankrama, Jol of the Greaterdia Society I/1935, S. 1- 11) The Tibetan translatio has bee edite by Sh Yoshma, Tbeta Budhtloy he B Origa ext ofHistorical amaism Bhankrama by Kamalla ith llstrations d troductory Note, Kyoto 95 A French translation, folloing th e Tibetan, by Et. Lamotte is coned in the book of P. Demiille, p. 336 353.

Cf G Tucci, Mor Buddhst Texts, Part p. 45. Le cocile de Lhasa, p. 177



7 uo bwn Daat a Snaa�ia Dndabuddi(c 630-690) , Slaai (c660-720) und Ka'ago

Altough Sntarakita and Kamaaa make mention o any

authors, tey do not speak o even a snge :uddst ogician woseie-time als between Dharmakti and Sntaraita Tis is notitou good eason. Te s notewoty Buddist ogician aterDamakti is Dharmottara, wo ived ater Sntarakita. Those wowent beore im are more or ess good commentators o Darmakrti,but are, rom te piosopica point o vew, wtout sigance bre mention o a ew o the most impotant shoud, tereore, be

sucient.Te odest o tese commentators is Devendabuddi who olowigcosey Darmaktis own commentary on the st chapter o the Pramavrttikam, ote a commentary o the oowng tee captes He is said to have been a pesona pupi o Dharmakrti, a act wicis in itse worty o cedence. He must, tereore, ave ived about630690 D.

On Darmakrti's and Devendabuddi's Pamavrttikattiwas composed a sub-commentary by Skyamati (or Skyabuddi He is usualy mentioned as a discipe o Devendrabuddhi 0 wic maybe accepted as worthy o beie n any case he beongs to quite aneary time, and we migt f his ieperiod rom 660 to 20 . D.

this connection is aso to be mentioned KarJakagom, the autoro a sub-commentay on Damaktis Vti on the st chapter

o PramJavrttikam, wich has been discovered and pubsed byR ktyyana R Gnoi as so te cose agreement o Skya-

Tshadmaam<gl gy<gl pa (amavttkavtt) No 4217C m y aticl on Dvndabddhi Vol 4 o th onal p 119- 123

B 11, p. 154, Bo B 12, p 143 s (T B 13 p 18 ) Tshadmaam<lgybad (amavttka �k) o 4220so B 11, p 155, 0; B 12 p 143,

T = B 13, p 187 ) Now and

thn S amati s cald a psonal ppl o Dhamakt c B 12 p 143, T B 13, p 18, )

cyadhaakt amavttika svopaavtty Kaaka gom viactay takay ca sitam lhbd 1943

0 145



mat wth KarJagom, and has hence ra the concluon thatSkyamat was dependnt on m 2 Thus Karagom also eongso ts eary perod.

More nterestng than these commentators of the earer pea the authors contemporary th ntara�ta or ng medateaer s tme Bt before we spea of them we mst st mentnanother surce whch s mporant for the determnaton of ther dasnamey the "Cataloge o Tanslatons o Lanka'

TM Ctlogue oj Trnsltons oj Ln-kr : SUbgpt (c. 72078

Ar ( 730790 nd Dhrmottr 750810 the Tbean Bstan-( s preserved a sa wor wth the

e atalogue of the ansatons of the Hoy cptures and Dotraracts kept n the Paace anar n odtha (pJ br 8tod tn kr gyi b d btn b gyu ro c g dkr hg, No 43oposed y parsegs akha<spo an others . It

a lst o woks whch wee trasated to Tetan durg and eda

tey aer the regn of ng rsroIdetsan The st tef daesfrom the year 800 or 82 A 4I have endeavoured a separate paper dentfy the wors whh

e catogued n the secton on logc tr phyOg l) and haetheey arrved at the olowg ret : Apart rom a ew wd ognga and hamt and seea ndentabe wks the oogathors are theren represented tough ther works :

82 R Gno, The Pravrtt of Dhaakti (See OetaeRom 23) Rom 19, X

83 Edted by Shyuk Yoshmua he Denka-ma an oldest caogueof the beta Buddhst Cos wth toductoy notes ukoku Unvsty Kyoto 195 othe edto ublsed by M Laou Les texesbouddhques au tems de hsoIdebcan Jol Asatque me 241/953 313 353

8& n my atce to be metoned in the foowg footnote have decdd favou of 8 A D G cc n a substa excurs n hs Mo ddhst exts at See ene Rom X/2) Rom 1958 46 n Iadvocates 8 A D

5 "Zu de buddhstche Texe de Zet sodebsa's Vol 1 of ths jo 95 13

46



Vadeva rogh hs Nyyabnd1k Sbanhapar�tkambanaparktk and Sann§narasiddht;

BUbhagpa hrgh hs Anyphasddh, Sarvajasdd air-myasdi hyhasddh and Ivarabhaga

rcaa hrogh s Hebnd Kamaaua ogh hs Nyyabndprvapasaepa Dharmoara rgh h yyabndtk nd Paraokasddh( 1}.

Of hese Vnadea s a mere cmenar h any sgncncef hs w. mporan on he cnrary are Bbhagpa ca andDharmoara, especay he las For was he as have areadyobseved wh was he rs mpoan personay afer Dhamakn he ed of ddh ogc s fee can be deermned n hefolong way e s no referred by Bnara and amaaaand, herefre, he s obvsy nr t hem Mreoer we know frma's Raaagn (I 498) ha he came r drnghe regn of kng Jayp<a (c. 775806 A D) Fnally seems mewrhy of noe ha n spe of he hgh repaon he enyed n Tbehe has very few wrks o s crei n he caaoge f Ldankar cmparedh nadeva and Bbhagpa Ths n my opnon ca be easyexplaned by he fac ha a he me of he rkng f he caage he as s ae and a k and a is e ny s earerworks were presened ransan. Takng n accn a hesecircmsances wd ssme he feperd f Dharara beab 750810 A D

Ts as ges s a e for he deermnaon o he daes of B

bhagpa and cata or accordng o he esny f son Dharmaa as he pp f Bhagpa and Dharmkaradaa bhagpa s repeaedly qed and aacked by naraka n heTaasagaha (p 551). He ms, herefre, hae been hs senrcnemporary and hs s feme fas abo 720780 A D Agan

h�e tied to desbe his esoat edtio of h Aohaa WZ /937 33-87).

o 155 lOf. otate aot te te soeof ths stateent Aodg to the tato b Obeie stosas : the Coe t s said that haoa was the of hamaadatta ad bhagta

10· 147



Dharmkaraatta as accord to the testmoy of rveka the ame reo of the oca rca e ca therefore asg him

to aot 3090 A D (To e coted

Bblography(Chnese texts I quote accordng to the Ta·sh edton of the Trp�aka

by J. Takaksu and K. Watanabe by the number of the work preceded bya T (e. g. T 2049). In quotng Tbetan texts I add the number of the workaccordng to the Complete Catalogue of the Tbetan Buddhst Canos(Bkagyur and Bstangy), ed. by H U, M. Suzk, Y. Kamakura,T Tada, Senda 934 (e. g. No. 4364) Tr meas trasaton.)

Paramrtha, P'o-seoupanteou fa che tchouan, T 2049. 2 J. Takaksu, The Lfe of Vasubanhu by Paramrtha A D. 49969)

(Tong Pao, Sere , vol. /904 269 296 & 620). 3 Ta tang ta tseu ngen sseu s tsang fa che tchoua, T 203 4. St Julen, Hstore de a ve de Houenthsg et de ses voyages das

lde par Hoeil et Yenthsong (Voyages des pler Bouddhstes,vol. I), Pars 83

Huan-tsang, Ta tang s y k, T 2087. 6. St. Julen, Mmores su les contres occdentales par Houen-thsang

(Voyages des plers Bouddhstes, vol. IIIII, Pars 87 88 7 Th. Watters, On Yuan Chwangs Travels n Inda, 629- 64 A. D. (RoyalAsatc Socetys Publcatons, Orental Translaton Fnd, NewSeres 4) London 904-.

8 Ytsng, Nan ha k koue ne fa tchouan, T 22. 9. J. Takakusu, A Rcord of the Buddhst Relgon as practsed n Inda

and the Malay Archpelago (A. D 67 - 69) by Itsng, Oxford 8960 J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas, Ch. Tossant, Document de Touenhouang

elatves a lhstoe du Tbet (Aales du Mse Gumet, Bblohd'tudes, tome ), Pars 940-946.

E Obermller, Hstory of Buddhsm (Chosbyng) by Buston, PartI II (ateralen zu Knde des Buddhsms, hg. von M. Walleser,Heft 8-9) Hedelberg 93 32

2 Tranthae de doctrae Buddhcae n Inda propagatone narato.Contextum Tbetcum ed. A. Scheer, Petropol 868

3. A. Schefner, Trantha's Geschchte des Buddhsmus n Inden, asdem Tbetschen bersetzt, St. Petersburg 869

88 Cf. Arca�loka (Gaekwads Orental Seres No. 3) p. 233 3 and 7 '89 Snce, accordng to Trantha (B 2 p. 66 20-22 Tr = B 3 2 9 -6) Arcaa was a natve of Kashmr, Dharmottara could only become acquanted wth hm after comg to Kashmr.

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