TeachingTeachingLandingsLandings::

General Aviation:100 Years of Safety

Experience

What’s a landing?

A landing is the successful transition of an aircraft from flying … to a stop on the surface where the pilot intended.

What’s a good landing?• Helpful definitions:

• If you can walk away, it’s a good landing.• If you can reuse the airplane, it’s a great landing.

• Alternate definition:• Airplane on ground. Crew alive. Mission success.

Why am I here?

• Reduce the number of landing accidents, and

• Reduce the number of fatalities • Exchange ideas• Improve teaching

Landings Number Four on the NTSB List

• Landings are 30.3% of Accidents . . . and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents

compared to • Climb phase accidents are 2.9% of Total . . . and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents

How dangerous is landing?

Year 2009 per 2010 Nall report: • 348 landing accidents• Only 6 were fatal.

•TOO MANY FATALITIES!!!

•TOO MANY ACCIDENTS!!!

Why fatalities? -- NTSBYear 2006 per NTSB 2010 report:• Botched crosswind approach, hit tree on go-

around at approach end• Bounce, PIO, VMC roll on go-around (multi-

engine)• Botched water landing (seaplane)• Wheels-down water landing (seaplane)• Broken crankshaft, off-field

Who’s most likely to have an accident?

Accident Pilot Total Time in Aircraft Type 2006

184

35

20

36

24

34

44

71

111

176

565

93

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

>1000

901-1000

801-900

701--800

601-700

501-600

401-500

301-400

201-300

101-200

0-100

0-10

Fli

gh

t H

ou

rs

Which is more important, long life or check ride?

• Saving lives should be our first concern.

• It’s more important to teach safety than to prepare for the check ride.

• Do we agree?

Skill Retention ScoresPrivate Pilot Task Checkride 8 mo 16 mo 24 mo

Approach Stall 98 84 80 76Forced Landing 95 74 67 76

Traffic Pattern (Uncontrolled Field) 89 70 52 56

Landing (Uncontrolled Field) 94 68 55 51Short Field Landing 90 67 54 51Crosswind Landing 93 81 58 68Go-Around 100 90 85 78

Landing (Controlled Field) 94 68 65 54

Forum Priorities• Primarily, we’ll talk about preventing landing

accidents.

• How to teach the necessary skills so they won’t be forgotten.

• Afterwards, we can talk about making beautiful landings.

If landing is safe,what is dangerous?

• A badly executed approach• A botched go-around

• In 2008 one fatal undershoot• In 2008 three fatal overshoots

Two elements of landing

• Directional Control• Energy Management

What are the results of bad Directional Control?

• Directional Control problems lead to bent airplanes and bruised egos, but generally, not to fatalities.

• We’ll return to this topic

What is energy management?

• Use of• Throttle• Elevator

• To get the aircraft down to runway• At the right place• At the right speed

What are the principles of energy management?

• Landing will not occur if the airplane is going too fast.

• Arrival will be rough if the airplane is going too slow.

• Damage is related to kinetic energy.

What does it look like?

• “ . . . a constant angle glidepath towards a predetermined point on the landing runway.”

• “. . . during a stabilized approach the apparent runway shape does not change.”

What is a Stabilized Approach?

Reference Airplane Flying Handbook page 8-8.

Where should you aim?

• Aim 1/6 of the way down the runway• The descent angle should be controlled

throughout the approach so that the airplane will land in the center of the first third of the runway.

What is the right approach speed?

• What the manufacturer suggests• Or in its absence, 1.3 x VSO

What is the right approach speed in gusty conditions?

• What the manufacturer suggests• Or in its absence

• 1.3 x stall speed plus• Half the gust factor

Do you agree?

If you fly a stabilized approach at the right speed, you are unlikely to hurt yourself.

What do bounces and PIO have in common?

• Are they the result of a preoccupation with landing?

• … rather than maintaining a landing attitude at the runway ?

Secrets to the Perfect Landing

• There are three secrets to a perfect landing.

• Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.

How many crosswind approach techniques are there?

The Airplane Flying Handbook describes two:• Wing-low (sideslip) method• Crab method

Which do you teach? Why?

How many crosswind touchdown techniques are there?

The Airplane Flying Handbook describes one:

Wing-low (sideslip)

Even if using a crab, the approach must be converted to wing-low before touchdown.

What about special situations?

• When, if ever, do you retract flaps on a short-field landing?

• What is different in an engine-out situation?

What about particular airplanes?

• What is different about retractable landing gear?

• Do we need to talk about conventional gear?

• Any ski plane instructors here?• Any seaplane instructors here?

Any closing advice?• Every takeoff is optional; landings are

mandatory.• NOT SO.

• Every landing is optional, unless you are on fire or out of gas.

• If in doubt, GO AROUND.

SummarySummary

• Retention of pilot skills• Energy management• Stabilized approach• Different crosswind techniques

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Thanks

Thank you to Robert Hadow, BEST in FLIGHT,for his insight, time, and expertise in developing this Forum.

Please give credit to these organizations when using the presentation or material from the presentation.