land water ecosystems
DESCRIPTION
Contributions:Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); KeithShepherd (ICRAF); Patrick Dugan(WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI);Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐NairobiTSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF);Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel(IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF)TRANSCRIPT
LandWater
EcosystemsEcosystems
Contributions:Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); Keith Shepherd (ICRAF); Patrick Dugan (WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI); Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐Nairobi TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF);TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF); Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel(IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF)
Drivers ofDrivers of Land &WaterLand &Water UseUseOther Water Pressures
Drivers of Drivers of Land & Water Land & Water UseUse
UrbanizationUrbanization ‐‐ Cities are projected to use 150% Cities are projected to use 150% more water in 2025, encroach on more water in 2025, encroach on agag landland
A i lA i l I d d l dI d d l dAgricultureAgriculture –– Increased water use and land Increased water use and land expansion behind production increasesexpansion behind production increases
Population & DietPopulation & Diet food grain productionfood grain productionPopulation & DietPopulation & Diet –– food grain production food grain production projected to increase by 100% by 2050projected to increase by 100% by 2050
EnergyEnergy –– Hydropower andHydropower and biofuelsbiofuels compete forcompete forEnergyEnergy –– Hydropower and Hydropower and biofuelsbiofuels compete for compete for water and landwater and land
Climate ChangeClimate Change –– Shifting patterns of waterShifting patterns of waterClimate Change Climate Change Shifting patterns of water Shifting patterns of water availability availability –– potential yields decline in Africapotential yields decline in Africa
L d d d ti li it d ti it
Limits – Reached or Breached
Land degradation – limits productivityRiver basins closed – Colorado, Murray Darling, Yellow, I d A D dditi l t l ftIndus, Amu Darya ……… no additional water left
Groundwater overdraft – in agricultural breadbaskets
Fisheries – ocean and freshwater at a limit, aquaculture will become more prevalentwill become more prevalent
Livestock – limit on extent of grazing land, more will f d d d l d dcome from mixed and industrialized production
Water Scarcity 2000
1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity
Land Health
Widespread degradation is reducing productivity, impeding development, damaging the environment
The capacity of land to sustain delivery of essentialThe capacity of land to sustain delivery of essential ecosystem services (the benefits people obtain from ecosystems)ecosystems)
Land degradation & Soil nutrient depletionLi i l d d d i iLimit land and water productivity
Soils from northern Tanzania
MP Addresses Interrelated Global h llChallenges
• Water ScarcityWater Scarcity
• Land Degradation
Agricultural research
has a central role in
delivering solutionsdelivering solutions
Global initiatives and accompanying investments are urgently needed for nine billion to be
Soil and Water
are urgently needed for nine billion to be adequately nourished by 2050:
Soil and Water: Restore and enhance soil fertility with organic compost and manure fertilizers; nitrogen fixing crop rotations; and reduced tillage practices; rainwater retention, groundwater
h t d t tili ti th h l i lrecharge rates and water utilization through agro-ecological farming practices and improved land rights for farmers.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Promote the y ydiversification and integration of crops and livestock under a Multi-Functional Agricultural System.
Energy and people: Invest public funds in participatoryEnergy and people: Invest public funds in participatory agro-ecological research and extension to build scientific and traditional knowledge.
IPCC 2008IPCC 2008• "the relationship between climate change and freshwater resources is of primary concern and p yinterest"; so far, "water resource issues have not been adequately addressed in climate change analyses and climate policy formulations"; and, according to many p y ; , g yexperts, "water and its availability and quality will be the main pressures, and issues, on societies and the environment under climate change". g
• CC Adaptation is about water
From GCARD 2010 White Paperp“… regions could either become self –sufficient and meet their nutrition, health and food needs, or , ,become a potential hot spot for poverty because of:
(i) shortage of irrigated land, ( ) g g ,
(ii) shortage of water,
(iii) adverse effects of agro‐chemicals used on their land ( ) gand the proportionate increased need of water each year and contaminating of subsoil water, ……”
MP5 Objectives• Increasing and safeguarding access to water and land resources for smallholder women and men producersand men producers
• Increased land and water productivity of crops/livestock/fish/agro forestrycrops/livestock/fish/agro forestry
• Reverse trends of land and water degradation to support poverty reduction g pp p yand productivity gains
• Do above in a way that contributes to ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services
What’s new?What s new?
• Integration to find new ways of producingIntegration to find new ways of producing more from less water and land resources
• Integration across scales• Integration across scales
• Beyond crops – fish, livestock, agro‐forestry, iecosystem services
Livestock water productivity (Uganda “Cattle Corridor”)
Community corralling of cattle for 2 weeks permits pasture establishment
Local organizations invest in up‐scaling of pasture regeneration
Termites destroy any attempt to reseed degraded pasture
Land Health Surveillance
A science‐based approach
•Identify and locate land health blproblems
f k l d h l h•Quantify major risks to land health
••Target land management interventions
•Evaluate outcomes on ecosystem services
Research Highlights: SLM ProgramResearch Highlights: SLM Program
African Digital Soil Map: AFSISAfrican Digital Soil Map: AFSIS
~18.1 million km2 of continental SSAcontinental SSA
Spatially stratified random sampling approach
Soil fertility d ti t i l
consisting of 60 sites
recommendation trials installed in 5 countries
Eco‐Efficient Agriculture for the Poor
New capability for digital soil mapping
el) C
ref
al (site
‐leve
Loca
10 km
What’s new?What s new?
• Underexplored water and land pgovernance opportunities – iemanaging groundwater, and revitalizing irrigationg g
• Basin and landscape implications of actions taken at farm scale.
• Policies outside of agriculture and water – implications and opportunities
MP ComponentsMP Components1.1. Delivering greater water productivity
h d f d f1.2. Enhancing and safeguarding water access for the poor
2.1. Improving Land Health, water quality and ecosystem services
2.2. Improved Soil management
3 Water and Land management for ecosystem3. Water and Land management for ecosystem services
Integrative Land, Water, Ecosystem Topics
• Tradeoff analysisP f i l i• Payment for environmental services (PES)E i d ili• Ecosystem services and resilience
• Drivers of change• Scaling out interventions• Multi‐functional and multiple use systems
• Political ecology and economy
SURFACE FLOODEDSURFACE FLOODED
Tradeoffs: Water for crops or water for fish or both?
10
12
14
16
EVEL
FLOODED
10
12
14
16
EVEL
FLOODED
Reduced numbers of fish produced
0
2
4
6
8
WA
TER
LE
0
2
4
6
8
WA
TER
LE
Reduced growth period for fish that remain
20
Opportunities
An Opportunity – Upgrade Rainfed Lands• Largest opportunities to reduce poverty and improve land and water productivity are in rainfed landscapes (from the Comprehensive Assessment)Wh t? A f ti• What? A range of practices– Water harvesting, supplemental irrigation, water lifting deviceslifting devices
– Soil and water conservation– Improved soil nutrition
• How? The research question
Impact ‐200 million livelihoods improved in 20 years
Ag Water&Land Management SolutionsThe Target
200M farmers livelihoods improved across Africa and S. Asia from water harvesting, soil & water
The Target
conservation, water lifting, watershed management, storage, water productivity
The OutputSuitable AWM solutions identified tailored forParticular situation, women and men, communities
The Output
Investments in AWM, policy interventions, improved business models and supply chains,
The Outcome
community empowerment
PartnershipsProducers development communityProducers, development community, researchers, policy makers, investors
Women, Water and LandWomen, Water and Land
• Women and men haveWomen and men have different priorities about water and landwater and land
• Need to involve women in the planning researchthe planning, research, implementation cycle
PartnershipsPartnerships• Must cross several scales: local, national, regional, global changes at one system level are the keyglobal ‐ changes at one system level are the key that unlocks the other levels
• Boundary spanning role goes well beyond agriculture – broader water, climate change, energy, trade and environment sectors
• New capacity needed, new way of thinking and doing, a new cadre of land and water specialistsg, p