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“Land Use Policy Implications of Mangrove Afforestation in Accreted Char-lands of Bangladesh Coastal Areas:
A Case Study from Hatiya Island of Noakhali District”
KISINGER Chakma (201326034)
Supervisor: Professor MASUDA Misa Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
Tsukuba University
15 December, 2014
CONTENTS
• Background • Research Hypothesis and
objectives • Location of the study area • Methodology • Preliminary Results • Primary discussion • Future Works
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Planted mangrove forest in Hatiya island
Clearing mangroves for agriculture and habitation in Nijhum island of Hatiya
3
Background: Forest coverage of Bangladesh
Mangrove plantation has been continuing in the accreted lands by the BangladeshForest Department (BFD) since 1965
Forest Coverage (% of Total land area): 11.1% (World Bank, 2013a) 11.26% (BFD, 2011) Deforestation Rate: .2% (World Bank, 2013)
Non forest area
88.74%
Planted mangroves 0.89% Non-mangrove
forest 6.29%
Natural mangrove
forest 4.08%
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Background: Land accretion and formation of Island in the Bay of Bengal
0 2375 4750 7125 9500
1973-1979
1979-1984
1984-1990
1990-1996
1996-2000
1973-2000
Area (hectare)
Per
iod
Accretion Erosion
Annual net land gain in the Meghna Estuary: 18.82 km2
Formation of new Islands (Accreted land) in the Bay of Bengal
Mangrove afforestation to stabilise the new land
[Source:The Meghna Estuary Study (MES), Ministry of Water Resource, 2001] 4
Background: Settlement and afforestation in the accreted lands
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Accreted lands or Char-lands
Afforested Mangrove forest
Resettled river erosion victim
Extraction of Resources
Mangrove afforestation started in 1965-66 by Bangladesh forest department (BFD, 2011)
Prioritized in the National Forest Policy, 1994 Mangrove Plantation 196,000 hectare
Resettlement started in 1985 under Rehabilitation Program of the Government (Matin, 1986)
Prioritized in the National Land Use Policy, 2001 (GOB, 2001)
Resettled Victims 28,000 (2001-2013)
Background: Problem Statement
Why and How it declined?
[Modified from Hasan et al. 2013]
452.44
486.79
441.45
413
425
438
450
463
475
488
500
1976 2000 2010
Man
grov
e (1
000
heta
re)
Year
Mangrove Cover Change in Bangladesh
Research Questions? 1. Does resettlement program affect mangrove afforestation? 2. Do the priority components of the national land use policy (NLUP) and the forest policy (NFP) affect each other?
3.12%
3.34%
3.03%
6
7
Objectives of the Study: • To examine the impacts of the government’s resettlement program of
river erosion victims on mangrove afforestation in accreted lands around Hatiya Island.
• To Review policy framework for accreted land management and mangrove afforestation in Bangladesh.
Background: Hypothesis and Objectives
Location of the study area
Geographical Location: 22008‘01.93"N to 91004’43.19“E Hatiya Island is located in the Northern tip of the Bay of Bengal and a part of the central coast of Bangladesh under Noakhali District. Area: 1507 km2 Population: 452,463; Density: 300 per km2 (BBS, 2011)
Accreted Land area: 380,000 acres (Hatiya + adjacent islands) Area of Mangrove afforested Land: 196,788 acres
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Methodology
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Planted mangrove forests (Soneratia apetala) Local name: Kerfa/keora
Village 3: Batayan 44 households 264 HH members Estd. 1988
Village 4: Ananda 30 households 171 HH members Estd. 1988
Village 1:Zorekhali 19 households 110 HH members Estd. 1998 Village 2: Borodail
35 Households 221 HH members Estd. 1998
Hatiya Main Island
Nijhum Island
Structured questionnaire Survey (n=128 HHs)
Interview Of district land & forest officials
Data input and analysis
Result and discussion
Secondary Data from government agencies and previous studies
Result: Sex ration and household size of the respondents
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Male 49%
Female
51%
Respondents’ gender feature (N=128)
Indicates large family size <large consumption of resources>
[Source of the district and national average: BBS, 2011]
6.31 5.79
6 5.7 5.95
5.2 4.4
0 1.75 3.5 5.25 7
Borodail
Zorekhali
Batayan
Ananda
Average in…
District average
National Average
Average Household size (individuals) (N=128)
HH Size
Result: Literacy status among the respondents
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Can Sign only 23%
Neither sign nor
read 77%
Literacy status of the respondents (N=128)
Indicates high rate of illiteracy <lack of awareness on sustainable resource use>.
5 5 3 1
12
6
22
9
5
4
3
3
13
4
16
17
0
9
18
27
36
45
Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
Villages
Gender based literacy status among the respondents (N=128)
Male Litrates Male IlitratesFemale Literates Female Illiterates
literate: 29 Illiterate: 98
Result: Income range and sources
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Sources of Income: Fishing Agriculture Daily Labor Firewood Collection Small Business
20
9
27
20
16
10
17
10
0
7
14
21
28
35
Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda0-50,000 BDT50,000-100,000 BDT
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
Annual Average Income of respondent households (N=128) Per Capita Income: 829 USD (World Bank, 2013b) 1JPY= 0.7446 BDT ( Exchange rate of 31 Aug 2014) (http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/JPY-BDT-exchange-rate-history.html)
(74 HHs)
(54 HHs) [<641 USD]
Result: Respondents’ previous settlement
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Migration trend was Southward where accreted and afforested lands exist
Respondents’ first habitat was in the Northern part of the Island and adjacent Islands
[Developed by imposing the survey data on the map of the www.bangladepedia.org ]
Result: Consumption of Mangrove for construction
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CEILING
Only Wood 28.13
% Wood and Log
71.88%
ROOF
Corru gated Sheet 68%
Straw 32%
DOOR
Wood Only 55%
Wood & Log 45%
WALL 5%
59% 5%
32%
Corrugated Sheet
Bamboo
Straw & Log
Result: Sources of Wood and Log
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Stock of Mangrove logs at house yard
Cut off logs MRT 35.16
%
RT 7.03%
Mangrove 57.81
%
Wood source for house construction (N=128)
MRT 19.53
%
RT 27.34
%
Mangrove
53.13%
Log source for house construction
MRT: Mangrove & Roadside Tree together; RT: Roadside Trees only
Indicate indiscriminate use of mangrove trees for construction and repair
Result: Consumption of Mangrove as biomass fuel (firewood, twigs, leaves)
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Cooking frequency and firewood requirement (N = 128)
03 Times Cooking
92%
04 Times Cooking
8% 73.71
75.79
82.72
76.66
0. 22.5 45. 67.5 90.
Borodail
Zorekhali
Batayan
Ananda
Weekly biomass fuel consumtion/household ( Kg)
Villa
ges
stud
ied
Average household size: 5.9
Weekly average consumption by a household: 77.22 kg or 11 kg/day
Indicate large consumption of mangroves as biomass fuel
Result: Preferred part of a tree for firewood
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Only Branch Users 14%
Branch & Leaves Users 68% Whole Tree
Users 18%
Indicates that branch and leaves of mangrove trees are mostly used for fuel. Use of whole tree shows tendency of cutting whole tree.
N: 128
Result: Mangrove consumption for cattle rearing
Composition of a Cattle sheds in the study area Average Cattle Number per family: 7.5
Cattle Sheds
Indicates around 58% cattle sheds are composed of woods and logs being collected from the planted mangroves (n: 128).
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Result: Perception of the respondents on mangrove decline and reasons
20
26
15
34
23
9
4
10
7
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda
Num
ber o
f res
pond
ents
Villages
Perception on Mangrove decline
Yes (98 HHs) No (30 HHs)
57
34
30
5
1
0 15 30 45 60
% of Respondents (n:98)
Perception on the reasons for mangrove decline
Indicates that encroachment of forestland by clearing mangroves for agriculture is the principal reason for mangrove decline in accreted lands.
Result: Perception on forest encroachment and official action
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5
6
6
0
23
9
32
20
0 9 18 27 36 45
Number respondents (N=101)
Perception on Forest Official’s action over encroachment
Yes (17) No (84)
28
15
38
20
7
4
6
10
0 9 18 27 36 45
Number of Respondents (N=128)
Encroachment by clearing forest seen by the respondents
Yes (101) No (27)
Indicates lack of monitoring of the forest officials
Resettlement trend in accreted lands
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[Developed on the basis of the data obtained from the Hatiya Sub-district Land Office, Noakhali district, Date: 02 September, 2014]
Note: Applied Victims: The erosion victims who have applied to the govt. for resettlement Resettle victims: The erosion victims who have already been resettled with land entitlement by the govt.
Increasing trend of both applied and resettled erosion victims
Indication of increasing migration trend towards accreted land
0 4500 9000 13500 18000 22500
2000-20012002-20032003-20042004-20052005-20062007-20082008-20092009-20102010-20112011-20122012-2013
Number erosion victims
Year
Applied Resettled
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Resettlement in the “Reserved Forest”
Declared as Reserved Forest in 1977 and handed over to forest department for 20 years for mangrove plantation
Nijhum Island was declared as National Park & protected area in 2001
Martial law administration (1982-1990)
The government started resettlement of the migrant erosion victims in Hatiya Island in 1985 (Matin, 1986).
Breach of the section 29 and 30 of the Forest Act of 1927 (amended in 2000)
Overlap in institutional management
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State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 (amended in 2006)
The Survey Act, 1875 (amended in 1982)
The Khas land (State-owned land) Settlement and Management Rule, 1997
Responsible for management of the accreted land
Ministry of Land Ministry of Environment & Forest
Department of Forest is held responsible only for afforestation in accreted land
The Forest Act, 1927 (Amended in 2000)
Reserved Forest & Protected Areas
Imposed dual administration over forest land
Institutional Mandates
& Jurisdiction
Lack of inter-agency coordination and monitoring
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The High Court’s stand against the government’s resettlement program in the reserved forest on accreted lands
[source: The Daily Star (2014, 23 October)
The High Court’s stand indicates the existence of overlap in legal and institutional jurisdiction of the forest and land administration agencies of the government.
No further land allotment (resettlement) or any construction in the Nijhum Island
Primary discussion
Overlap in legal mandates and government’s priority program resulted in the resettlement
of erosion victims in the reserved mangrove forest. Scope of resettlement by the
government and natural land gain insisted erosion victims to migrate into the accreted
lands. The resettled respondents were found to have direct use of mangrove trees for
housing, biomass fuel and cattle rearing in indiscriminate manner which gradually led to
destruction of mangroves.
Future works • Policy framework analysis • Statistical interpretation of tabulated data and result • Discussion and Compare with other relevant works • Conclusion • Writing
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Reference: Adnan, S. (2013). “Land grabs and primitive accumulation in deltaic Bangladesh: interactions between neoliberal globalization, state interventions, power relations and peasant resistance.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(1), 87-128. BBS (2011). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Population and Housing Census 2011, Ministry of Planning. Bangladesh BFD, (2011) Mangrove Plantation. Bangladesh Forest Department. [Online] Available from: http://www.bforest.gov.bd/index.php/forest-category/mangrove-forests [Accessed: 02 December 2014] Matin, N. (1986). “Landless mobilisation and development of coastal areas of Bangladesh.” Volume II: General area profile. Dhaka: Nijera Kori and War on Want. World Bank, (2013a) The Little Green Data Book 2013. Washington, DC: World Bank. [Online] Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/14396/9780821398142.pdf [Accessed:03 December 2014] World Bank, (2013b) GDP per capita by country. World Bank Data Bank. [Online]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD [Accessed: 01 December 2014] Meghna Estuary Study (MES) (2001). “Hydro-morphological dynamics of the Meghna Estuary.” Meghan Estuary Study (MES) Project, Bangladesh Water Development Board. Mamun, M. (2014) Resettlement of landless people in char lands of Hatiya. [Interview]. 2nd September 2014. The Daily Star (2014) HC halts allotment of Nijhum Dwip land. October 23rd. Available from: www.thedailystart.net [Accessed: 23 October, 2014]
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