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Land use and land cover change with special reference to the paddy

field” in Mundur Grama panchayat in Palakkad district of Kerala

-Prem V., Care Earth Trust, Chennai

-Rajan M., Integrated Rural Technology Centre, Palakkad

CHAPTER I

1.1 Abstract

Paddy is one of the wetland Eco-system which allows rain water to infiltrate very easily and recharges

the ground water table. Paddy field also pulls the migratory birds all over the world during winter

because of the food source. But in recent decade the paddy field in Mundur Panchayath, Palakkad district

of Kerala is declining rapidly due to which the migratory birds are declining as mentioned in Rajesh

Kumar’s paper and several other secondary sources. Hence the Remote Sensing and GIS techniques

were utilized to identify the landuse change that occur over a period of 10 years (from 2004 to 2014).

The satellite data for each were downloaded and using the Digital supervise classification the change

have been identified.

Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, Digital Supervise Classification, Landuse Change, Paddy field,

Ground water, bird migration.

1.2 Introduction

Land use is defined as the land put under use. The Land cover reflects the biophysical state of the Earth

surface including the soil material, vegetation and water. Man is a terrestrial animal. He lives only on

land. Therefore, increasing population has brought maximum changes / modification over land.

Nowadays, land use and land cover analysis plays an important role in the field of Environmental

Science and natural resource management.

Mundur Panchayat of Palakkad district has witnessed a remarkable expansion, growth and development

activities such as building road construction etc., and many other anthropogenic activities. Since the

construction of NH 213, the development is taking place rapidly. This has therefore resulted in

increased consumption and a modification and alterations in the status of landuse and land cover over

time. For ensuring planned development and monitoring the Land utilization pattern, preparation of

Land use and Land cover map is necessary.

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CHAPTER II

2.1 Study Area

Area: 28.77Km2

Latitude: 10˚48’36” to 10˚52’36”N

Longitude: 76˚31’38” to 76˚35’ 09”E

Physiography: Midland

Climate: South West Monsoon and North East monsoon influencing.(Annual Rainfall-211

cm)

Demography –Total population: 30648 (2011 census), Density-787 person/ Km2

Soil: Alluvial and Laterite soil

Landuse classes: Paddy, Mixed crop, Mixed tree, Rubber, Waste land and Paddy converted

in to other crops

Rice Variety: Palakkad matta (Thavalla Kannan & Chenkazhama etc)

Fig.2.1 Study Area Map

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2.2 Aim

• Analyse the spatial-temporal variations of Mundur Panchayat in order to detect the changes

that have taken place over a period of 2004 and 2014.

2.3 Objectives

• To prepare Land use/ Land cover map for the period of 2004 and 2014.

• To analyse the change detection for the period of 2004 and 2014.

• To analyse landuse change of the study area specially focused on paddy field.

2.4 Need for the Study

• The land use/ Land cover changes are increasing at local, regional and global scale. This is

due to population pressure and other environmental change occurring in and around the

country. It is also influenced by population pressure in rural and urban areas. In this situation,

the paddy land is converted into rubber plantation and mixed crop by the farmers.

• Paddy field is basically a natural reservoir and allows rain water to penetrate in to ground

and recharges the ground water table.

• Paddy field is one type of wetland ecosystem which is the food source for birds.

• During winter season migration birds from various countries and other parts of world arrive

for food resource but in recent past years, birds migration declined due to the decrease of

paddy field in Mundur.

2.5 Limitation of the study

• This project is mainly based on secondary data availed from various sources

• The study carried out on the basis of satellite imagery of 30 meter spatial resolution.

• Limited time frame.

2.6 Data Product

• www.lsgd.kerala.gov.in/htm/main.php-Kerala LSGD Maps for Panchayat boundary

• earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ -Landsat-30 meter spatial resolution for 2004 and 2014.

• www.openstreetmap.org -for obtaining District boundary.

• Software package: Quantum GIS 2.8 and ELWIS 3.3 were used for analysis and mapping.

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2.7 Methodology

.

Fig.2.2 Flow chart

• Review of prior work was carried out to have a clear knowledge about the landscape of the

place.

• Satellite data was downloaded for the year 2004 and 2014.

• Clipping technique was used to subset the study area from the false colour composite of

satellite data.

• Digital Super-vised classification technique was carried out to demarcate the landuse and

landcover of Mundur Panchayat.

• Area of both the output calculated and compared to find out the ratio between the landuse

map of 2004 and 2014 respectively.

• Overlay analysis technique was carried out to find out which area of paddy is converted to

other crops or plantations.

• On the basis of the result obtained from the above analysis management plan was discussed.

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CHAPTER III

3.1 Review of Literature

Priyadharshini.J (2013), have been found study of land use/ land cover change using GIS technique

in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu. The study highlighted the land use/ land cover change for

the periods from 2003 and 2007.the main objective of this paper is to detect the change of land use

and land image interpretation technique used for the satellite data using ERDAS imagine 9.2

P. R. Patekar (2014), Land Use-Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Techniques; Solapur District of Maharashtra, India. the present study an attempt is made on Solapur

district to bring out the quantitative information through the study of satellite imageries purchased

in the department and those freely available at Global Land Cover Forecasting (GLCF) site. The

results obtained through this study using imageries of 1992, 2002 and 2012 of Solapur district are

presented.

Rajeshkumar, N (2013), “Land-use change pattern and bird diversity of Puliyampully watershed,

Mundur Grama Panchayath, Palakkad, Kerala” - The total count (Urf i et al., 2005) method was carried

out to enumerate the bird population in the Puliyampully watershed. He and his team had taken 20 acres

of Paddy and 20 acres of Rubber filled to enumerate the bird population and identifying the land use

pattern. A substantial decline in the area under rice cultivation, besides a drastic increase in coconut

and rubber cultivation is paramount in this respect.

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CHAPTER IV

4.1 Analysis

Fig.4.1 Landuse Map - 2004

Fig.4.2 Landuse Map - 2014

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Fig.4.3 Landuse Change – 2004 and 2014

Landuse Change in Hectare

Landuse 2004 2014

Area (Ha) Percentage Area (Ha) Percentage

Paddy 718.83 24.99 571.14 19.85

Mixed Crop 822.2 28.58 829.59 28.84

Mixed Tree 409.18 14.23 209.64 7.29

Waste Land 106.47 3.70 196 6.81

Rubber 660.32 22.96 877.86 30.51

Builtup Land 160 5.56 192.77 6.70

TOTAL 2877 100.00 2877 100.00

Table.4.1 Landuse in Hectare

24.99

28.58

14.23

3.70

22.96

5.56

19.85

28.84

7.29 6.81

30.51

6.70

Paddy Mixed Crop Mixed Tree Waste Land Rubber Builtup Land

LANDUSE CHANGE

2004-2014

2004 % 2014 %

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Fig.4.4 Distribution of Paddy - 2004

Fig.4.5 Distribution of Paddy - 2014

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Fig.4.6 Paddy conversion

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CHAPTER V

5.1 Result and Discussion

On the basis Remote Sensing technique and secondary data sources we have we found that the

landuse change occurred particularly on paddy in the Mundur Grama Panchayath, mainly because

of unprecedented increase in the price of agricultural inputs, An average daily wages of paddy farm

labours are high, high rate to purchase seeds from private farmers due to poor quality of the

subsidized seeds from cooperative societies and high cost of weedicides, insecticides and pesticides

lead to High cost of production, Labour shortage ,Untimely and late monsoon, and frequent crop

failure due to plant diseases and wide spread of crop destruction due to natural calamities. Thus

Paddy reclamation caused to Paddy cultivating area has shrinked considerably leads to Production

also declined and naturally penetration of ground water subsequently decreased which resulted to

ground water depletion and finally to scarcity of drinking water due to drying up of wells during dry

season mainly in the months of March to May. This Paddy reclamation also affect the local birds

generally and migratory birds particularly, as paddy is main source of food resource to birds. On this

context, through provide subsidy for paddy cultivation can increase the production to a greater extent

and high yield varieties of seeds will increase the paddy production and the proper mechanization

will reduce the labour shortage.

5.2 References

1. Priyadharshini.J, (2013) International journal for research and development. They have been

found study of land use/ land cover change using GIS technique in Tiruchirappalli district of

Tamil Nadu

2. Rajesh kumar (2013) Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries Vol. 2/2014/ pp. 522 to 533

Land-use change pattern and bird diversity of Puliyampully watershed, Mundur Grama

Panchayath, Palakkad, Kerala.

3. Dr. R.Ravikamar and Suddeesh.B (2013) EPRA International journal of economic and

Business review- online journal: Economies of Paddy cultivation in Palakkad district of

Kerala.