lan teorikoa ingelesez

manufacturing processes and methods of components

4

PROXIMITY OF THE CITIZEN

CONSTRUCTION = DIFFERENT INDUSTRYmicroprocesator

ITEM 4 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND METHODS OF COMPONENTS

Authors: Ioritz Aginako, Izarne Elgezabal, Unai Etxebarria, Unai Jauregi, Iker Martínez, Gemma Martínez, Aitzol Perez, Ander Rodriguez


2. CLASSICS FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

3. BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS PRODUCTION

4. RELATIVE YIELDS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

CONSTRUCTION AS AN ASSEMBLY ACTIVITY

1. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDING PROCESSES

2. WET PROCESSES VS DRY CONSTRUCTION

3. TRANSPORT OF PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS

4. AUXIALIARY MEANS IN WORKS

1.1. DIFFERENTIALS ASPECTS


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. THE WORK AND THE FACTORY

UNICITY OF EACH WORK

ENTAILMENT TO THE LAND

INST DEFICIENCY. OF COVERS

USE OF STONY MATERIALS

DIRTY ATMOSPHERE (WORK CLEANING)

SPECIFIC ASPECTS

Mat.stony

“Dirty” work

UNTIL NOW NO PROPOSAL EDIFICATORIA SEPARATED OF ITS OWN ATMOSPHERE HAS GOTTEN TO PROSPER (EXCEPTION DONE OF THE MOBILE-HOME)





1.1. DIFFERENTIALS ASPECTS

MECHANICAL PROCESSES CHENGE FOR THE PROCESSES MANUALS

INCREASE OF THE YIELD

GREATER PRODUCTION

1.2. HAND WORK AND FACTORY

mechanic

manual









BIBLIOGRAPHY


2 GROUPS:

1-GROUPS OF PRODUCTION IN FACTORY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

LESS WORK PROCESSREDUCTION OF THE COSTEASY CONTROLMORE QUALITY

MORE COMPLEX TO SECURE THE FINAL ELEMENT





1.3. USE OF EQUIPMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION

MORE VERSATILELIGHTERMORE EFFICIENTIT REDUCES THE EFFORT

CHANGE OF ORGANIZATIONDIFFICULT TO ARRANGE

2-GROUPS FOR THE EXECUTION AND WORK ASSEMBLY










BIBLIOGRAPHY


THE PRODUCTION IN FACTORY OBTAINS A YIELD SUPERIOR TO THE REALISED ONE IN WORKONE IS DUE TO PROJECT SO THAT THE PRODUCTION IS REALISED IN FACTORY AND THE WORK IS THERE OF ASSEMBLY AND MECHANIZED

IN WORK [LITTLE MANIPULATION, ONLY ELEMENTS WITH CONTINUITY]

conductionsisolations waterproof





1.4. YIELD AND FACTORY









BIBLIOGRAPHY


INDUSTRIALIZED COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS COMPATIBLE:

-INDEPENDENCE BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND FUTURE-ASSEMBLY SIMPLICITY-COMPATIBILITY (WITH MODULATION P.EJ)-AVAILABLE IN A CATALOGUE-A PERMANENT STOCK MUST EXIST-SIMPLICITY OF PUTTING IN WORK

CONDITIONANTS:

-DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS ADAPTED TO THE TRANSPORT-EASILY MANIPULABLE-WELL-KNOWN MATERIALS-NEW MATERIALS ENTER SLOWLY






“THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION MEANS THE ACTION TO CONSTRUCT BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO THE TYPICAL METHOD OF THE INDUSTRY”

R. CRESPI

“INDUSTRIALIZATION EXISTS WHEN THE UNCONTROLLED, TYPICAL MARGIN OF ERROR IS EXCEEDED OF THE CRAFTSMANSHIP, TO ARRIVE AT THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE ASSEMBLY AND THE TOLERANCES IN THE ELABORATION”

MARIO OLIVERI









BIBLIOGRAPHY


METHODS OR SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

1. THE CLOSED SYSTEMS OR METHOD OF THE “MODELS”

2. THE OPEN SYSTEMS OR BY COMPATIBLE COMPONENTS

-MECHANIZATION.

-THE MASS PRODUCTION.

-THE STANDARDISATION.

-THE MODULATION.

-THE AUTOMATIZATION.

-THE ROBOTITATION.

-THE CAD-CAM.

PARALLEL DEVELOPMENT

PARALLEL DEVELOPMENT















BIBLIOGRAPHY


- Greater capacity of production- Smaller dependency of human work

Steam engine Watt

2.1.1 Century XVIII. Development of the mechanical machines





2.1. MECHANIZATION

OLD MACHINERY

- BIGGER ELEMENTS

- HEAVIER ELEMENTS

LIGHTENED BY THE EVOLUTION

SPECIALIZATION OF THE WORKER

INCREASE OF PRODUCTIVITY

INCREASE OF PRODUCTIVITY

- ADJUSTMENT OF SECTIONS

- DIFERENTES DIMENSIONES

GREATER YIELD









BIBLIOGRAPHY


The mass production: logical consequence of the introduction of industrial procedures.

TAYLORISM _ Imposition of a proportional wage to the value that adds to the productive process.

FORDISM _ Mass Production

S. XIX, S. XX

To improve of the yield:





2.2.MASS PRODUCTION

Mass production

WHEN THERE ARE MACHINES TO MAKE SPECIFIC JOBS

SUBSTITUTION OF WORKERS BY MACHINES

IMPROVEMENT OF THE TOTAL PROFIT









BIBLIOGRAPHY


18TH CENTURY

ENTRANCE OF THE TYPIFICATION AT PRODUCTIVITY

- REPETITIVE ELEMENTS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROFITS

Metallic sectionsEiffel tower



2.3. TYPIFICATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


THE MODULATION IS THE ARRAGEMENT OF SPACES AND DIMENSIONS BASED IN A STANDARD SIZE.

THE MODULATION:IMPROVEMENT OF BUILDING SYSTEMATIZATION: STANDARIZATION OF MODULES.

MODULATION SYSTEMS: GOLDEN NUMBER AND LE CORBUSIER’S MODULOR.



2.4. MODULATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


MODULATED FAÇADES



2.4. MODULATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


EXAMPLES-STRUCTURES



2.4. MODULATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


ADVANTAGES

•PRIZE: THE EXPENSES AT THE PRODUCTION POINT ARE SMALLER.

•DESIGN AND SIZE CHANGES: THE BUILDING CAN GROW AT HEIGHT AND SURFACE

IN THE FUTURE.

•EASY CARRYING: THE PREFABRICATION OF THESE MODULES AND THEIR RELATIVE

LIGHTNESS ALLOWS AN EASY CARRYING WITH A SIMPLE TRUCK.

•BUILDING SPEED; THE ASSEMBLY IN FACTORY ALLOWS REDUCTION OF BUILDING

TIMES AND A HIGHER SECURITY ABOUT THE FINAL QUALITY OF ALL OF ITS

COMPONENTS.

•SMALLER ENVIROMENTAL HIT: THERE IS A SMALLER NUMBER OF BUILDING

RESIDUES.

•INNOVATION:NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING EXPLORED FOR THEIR APPLICATION

IN THIS KIND OF BUILDINGS, MATERIALS, SHAPE VARIETY...



2.4. MODULATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


“Substitution of human work by machines”

AIM: to improve the qualitative/quantitative profit

HISTORY

Simple machines changed an effort form in another managed by human being(to lift up a heavy weight with a pulley or a lever system)

machines substituted human energy by natural ways of renewable energy

(wind, tides, water flow...)

Digital computers’ evolution too us the concept of practical automatization allowing the management of any kind of job



2.5. AUTOMATIZATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


ADVANTAGES

• Repetitivitive• Closer quality controls• Higher effectivity• Integration at empresarial systems• Improvement of the productivity • Work reduction

DISADVANTAGES

•A need of a great capital•Lack of flexibility•More maintenance and reparation will be needed



2.5. AUTOMATIZATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Robots role at building :

Change of the human worker in dangerous jobs +

Complementation of the work by the automatization of different processes, giving more power, resistance and accuracy, with

the planification and the control of the worker

“Automatization´s evolution”

AIM: a safe job and the improvement of the productivity and the quality of the processes

Robot that lifts up climbing shutterings



2.6. ROBOTIZATION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


CAD COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGN

CAM COMPUTER ASSISTED MAKING

THERE IS NO NEED OF TAKING INFORMATION MANUALLY

HUMAN INTERVENTION INTELECTUAL (DESIGN)

Pieces design by computer



2.7. CAD-CAM PROCESSES









BIBLIOGRAPHY


CAD: COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGNCAM: COMPUTER ASSISTED MAKING-Great revolution at the production processes, reduction of unneeded steps.-Using CAD/CAM processes for production the productivity increases in a 35,5 percent comparing with the traditional system.-Metal-mechanic industry was the first using these technologies.

Process:- The database developed during CAD is saved.- Then the database is processed by CAM to get the needed information and instuctions to operate and to control the production machines, the material management team and the automatizated inspections to establish the quality of the product.

- An important function of CAD/CAM in machine operations is the chance of putting the path of the tool for several operations as lathing or numerically controlled drilling.



2.7. CAD-CAM PROCESSES

Fabrication machine









BIBLIOGRAPHY


To give shape or to work a material, it is the oldest system. Its materials or tools are inespecific. Its an artisan job.



3.1. CARVING1. THE WORK AND THE FACTORY









BIBLIOGRAPHY


MOLDING: it is the process by which pieces are got by throwing fused materials to a mold.

Basic parts of a mold:



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Molding processes:

•Molding in dust

• Molding in a unique operation

• Jet molding

• Melt molding

• Inyected molding

• Air inyection molding

• Gum bag molding

• Shaking molding

• Transference molding

• Before polymer molding

• Rotatory molding



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


•Ceramic molding with lost wax

It consists of straining metal in the cavity of the ceramic mold got by the fusion of a wax model.It allows to get aluminium, zamak or brass prototypes.It is useful to get a great variety of accurate pieces, small pieces and pieces with difficult shapes.

STAGES:

• Model working

• Mold creation

• Melting process

• Desmolding and finishing



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Equestrian statue of Marco Aurelio



3.2. MOLDING

• Ceramic molding

• Molding with shell

• Molding with pins

• Plastificant inyection molding by screw

• Pulp molding

• Molding in an autoclave

• Barbotine molding

• Two times molding

• Cold molding

• Molding in cavity

• Molding in metallic coupled mold









BIBLIOGRAPHY


• Shell molding

Used materials: - sand

- resin

- model plates for shell moldingAdvantages: - the surface finishing is very good

- high mechanization, speed and uniformity

- no necesita de mano de obra muy especializada

- se pueden colar toda clase de metales

Disadvantages: - it is only economical in great serial making

- the pieces can’t be big

- the model plates always are metallic

Car industry



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


•Shell molding

Used materials: - sand

- resin

- model plates for shell molding

Advantages:

- the surface finishing is very good

- high mechanization, speed and uniformity

- specialized work is not needed

- all kind of metals can be strained

Disadvantages:

- it is only economical in great serial making

- the pieces can’t be big

- the model plates always are metallic



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


1. To make the mixture2. To dust off the internal surface

of the box with some kind of component that doesn’t allow the adherence of the sand.

3. To fill and compact the sand at the both sides of the open box till they are full.

4. To put the metallical soul in a box at the middle of the half-pin.

5. To wet the surface of the half pins to make easier the joint of the sand of both. Then put one up the other.

6. When it is dry, the half pins will be joint..

7. Then, the box will be opened and the pins will be withdrown.

• Molding with pins



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


The autoclave consists of a high presure steam boiler with a automatic presure regulator and a security valve.It should have a heat escape valve that serves to eject all the steam presure remmanent at the end of the colding period.

A pump of resin transference in front of an autoclave. The high capacity pump inyects resin in specific molds that are introduced in a furnace, in a autoclave or in the plates of a stuffing box.

• Autoclave



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Advantages: - when the pieces’ walls are thin and with the same thickness.. - it is a economic process for small productions..

1) Preparation of a ceramic metal in dust and a in suspension liquid called barbotina.

2) The barbotine is poured out in a porous mold that allows the partial absortion. As far as the barbotine is eliminated, a cape of half-hard material is being formed at the surface of the mold.

3) When the ideal thickness is reached the process is finished and the excess of the barbotine is ejected.

4) The material should dry till the needed resistance is reached and it is removed from the mold.

5) To make the ovening to obtain the wanted properties and structure.

• Barbotine molding



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


These machines usually are used to filter alloys with lead, tin or zinc base with until 450ºC fusion temperatures, are exceptionally for aluminum or magnesium.It got a fusion oven that form part of the machine and transfer automatically the liquid alloy to a foundation recipient where it stay in the same level of temperature.The fill up of the cavity of the mold is made with help of grafter mechanism, witch is totally or partially submerged in the liquid metal and graft with pressure of compressed air or plunger.The machine can be used by one person, making productions of 1000 pieces per hour in automatic machines an about 250 in semiautomatic machines.

• Hot camera machines :

ITEM 4 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND METHODS OF COMPONENTSITEM 4 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND METHODS OF COMPONENTS


3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


The grafter mechanism is colder than the temperature of liquid metal alloy and the contact with it is instantaneous, because it is melted in apart oven and it is filtered in compression compartment with a spoon or with the help of an automatic mechanism of feeding, witch only puts in the necessary quantity of alloy for each piece. Then a plunger grafts in to the cavity of mold with hydraulic pressure.

• Cold compartment machines :



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


First, apply the polymer in a mold, an it is jellified in a hot bath, on a temperature about 200-230ºC. the time inside the bath depends of the required thickness. The non jellified polymer is extracted, finishing later the jellified of polymer inside the mold.Finally it is taken out of mold. The application for this process includes auto parts and masks.

• Mold in cavity :



3.2. MOLDING

• Mold with connected metallic molds. ( Hydraulic press):









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Generic term for conformation techniques of plastic to produce objects of large and forms made of fusion of polyethylene dust, usually against the inside of a hoy mold.

The procedure to form thermoplastic articles submerging a mold in a solution or dispersion of the resin and evaporation the dissolvent to make a plastic film affixed to the mold.

•Mold in one operation:

The production of urethane plastic foam in witch the isocyanine, polio and the catalyst and other additives are mixed directly and is produced immediately the foam.

• Spurt mold:

Mold method where the most part of the hot is apply to the material to mold when passes of a towel or spurt and not along a normal heating cylinder.

•Mold by dissolvents:

• Mold with dust :



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


This mold technique is the more used with polymeric materials. The popularity of this method is explained with the versatility of the pieces witch can be made, the fast fabrication, the impeccable design and the possibility to made hard geometries that will be impossible with other techniques. Discontinuous technique: the fill up of the mold with pressure.+ cooling + take out the mold.Application:Crystalline and amorphous thermoplasticHard plastics (full time in mold for reticulation) Plasterers ( full time in mold for reticulation)

• Mold by graft:



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Generic name for the conformation technique of plastics to produce objects with different forms and larges by means of the polyethylene dust fusion, usually against the inside of a hot mold.

Method of conformation of refractory blocks in witch a mold that contains the weight prepared is shacked mechanically to consolidate the material.

• Mold by insufflated air graft:

Mold procedure of plastic in witch form a hollow plastic tube by means of graft mold.

•Mold by gum bag:

Plastic method over wood in curve forms in witch the pressure of liquid, working along a flexible surface, or bag, compress the material to mold against a hard die.

•Mold by shaking:

•Mold by air graft:



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Urethane foam production system in witch one part of the poliol reacts previously with the isocyanine to form a liquid polymer with high viscosity an witch can be bombed; when it is mixed with a second mix that got more polio, catalyst or over heat agent, the two components react and they produced a foamy plastic.

In this procedure, the materials in the rough are heated a liquated in a first cavity. Then, the material in liquid form is transferred to the mold by means of graft, where is compressed, and takes the form. During this, are aggregated the additives components to make better the physical properties, modify the color…the plastic takes the form in the mold where at the same time is produced the polymerization. This procedure is usually used to make objects of wood or metal recovered with plastic, like electric connectors or the recovered of Formica wood.

•Prepolymer mold:

•Mold by transference:



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


It is a technique to process the polymers that allows to make pieces of middle large to high larges with a shore quantity and good establishment of all materials.The rotational mold consists in a mold that makes turn in two surfaces simultaneity, this mold contains inside the plastisol or the liquid thermoplastics, witch takes form in the mold when turns, with the help of centrifugal force.

• Rotational mold



3.2. MOLDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


It’s the oldest method to form metals.

Automatically forging system

Tool used in manual forging

Egypt age objects

In architecture, generally is used to decorate or in urban furniture.

Railings, doors, fences…forges of Gaudi.



3.3. FORGING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Hydraulic press: very used.Pressing: partial deform of the piece. Utilities: screws.

In engraving: more modern and complex; control in the cooling time. Utilities: pieces.

TYPE OF PROCESES:

Free forge: most old technique. Utilities: hand tools.



3.3. FORGING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


The forge can be worked in cold and heat, but the mechanical properties of the last one are better.

MACHINERY OF TODAYMACHINERY TO FORGE IN HEATMACHINERY TO FORGE IN COLD

COOPER IRONLATERMATERIALS



3.3. FORGING

ADVANTAGES

-Improvement of the properties with the orientation of the fibers.-To get the wanted form.-Is economical and competitive.

-The apparition of cracking surfaces.-Incorrect volume -Radius in cavity-Wakes for tiredness

Forge defects









BIBLIOGRAPHY


It’s a process to form plastic that means to pass a metal along the matrix.

The material goes out from the matrix with a constancy section.

It has three important parts in its process: the material to extrude, the matrix or block and the presses.

It works to compression.



3.4. EXTRUSSION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


KINDS OF PROCESS

DIRECT EXTRUSSION : The material gets out in the same way of the pressure.

UNDIRECT EXTRUSSION FOR PRODUCING A SOLID SECTION.

UNDIRECT EXTRUSSION FOR PRODUCING AN EMPTY SECTION.

HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSSION: it is made in cold with a fluid of fragile pieces.

In the undirect extrussion the material gets out in the opposite way of the pressure.



3.4. EXTRUSSION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


EXTRUSSION BY IMPACT: It could be made in a direct or indirect manner.

EXTRUSSION IN HOT: It is utilized when it hasn´t got enough softness for being extruided in cold.

EXTRUSSION IN COLD: More resistance than in hot.



3.4. EXTRUSSION









BIBLIOGRAPHY



_ HIGH PRODUCTIVITY

_ A GREAT VARIETYOF SHAPES.

_ HIGH MECHANICAL RESISTANCE.

_ APPEARANCE OF SUPERFICIAL

CRACKS

_ FISH TAIL OR TUBE

_ INTERNAL CRACKS_ PRECISION

_ AN ACCURATE SUPERFICIAL FINISHING.

_ LOW WASTE OF MATERIAL

Funnel creationTube creation



3.4. EXTRUSSION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Rubbing areaPressure graphic

UTILITIES

_ DIRECT EXTRUSSION: tubes, girder and estructural elements.

_ EXTRUSIÓN INVERSA: tubes, girder…

_ EXTRUSSION BY IMPACT: tubos plegables, botes …

_ HYDROSTATIC EXTRUSSION: profiles



3.4. EXTRUSSION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1 Plating processes

There are several plate types:

-Plane plating-Plating mills-Other operations

-Plating in ring-Thread plating



3.5. PLATING PROCESS









BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1.1 Plane plating

In the plane plating two rollers are used to diminish the thickness of the used material. Here, The piece is introduced between the two rollers. The thickness is reduced and the width is increased by several repetitions.

Types of plane platingPlane plate in coldPlane plating in hot












BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1.1.1 Plane plating in cold

This is the metalic plating in atmosphere temperature, for diminishing the thickness or endurecer the surface. In this way we obtein a good finishing and the better resistance against the fatigue. With this technique better tolerances than in hot are got.




Plating in cold










BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1.1.2. Plane plating in hot

It’s a plating process when the bars, metalic plates are still hot. The pieces are heat up to quit the shells. After the plating, the pieces are being colded step by step for mantaining the properties.




Plating in hot









BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1.2 Plating mills

The plating mill are clasificated by the number of the roller:

Plating mill

Types of plating millsPlating mills with two or three rollers.Plating mills with four rollers.

3.5.1.2.1. Plating mills with two or three rollersThey are used in the plating in hot in the beggining of the process. The three times plated mill can change the direction diminishing the width.

3.5.1.2.2. Plating mills with four rollersThey are utilized for diminishing the plating power with the smallest roller, for diminishing the width.












BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.5.1.3. Other operations

Other kinds of platingPlating mills with two or three rollers.Plating mills with four rollers.

3.5.1.3.1 Plating in ringThey are utilized in the first phases of the hot plating. The plating mill with three phases can change the direction diminishing the width.

3.5.1.3.2. Thread platingThis process is achieved in cold, and the straight and conical threads are plated. The form is given when it passes between the rollers (dados).

Plating in ring, process

Thread plating process












BIBLIOGRAPHY


Advantages:-Escellent mechanical resistance-Great productivity -Precission in the obtention of the pieces (uniform fabrication)-It’s quite cheap but the machines are expensive. However, it’s quickly profitable.-A good finishing surface.

Disadvantages:-Superficial faults, as shell, corrosion,stripes, bites and fissures.-wavy edges, because of the roller flexion.-Fissures

3.5.3 Plating advantages and disadvantages

Typical platind faults: a) wavy edges. b) Fissures in the center of the piece with sharp form. c) Fissures in the edges. d) Skimmings

3.5.2 Plating properties

-Reduction of the used material’s size.-Great resistance in corrosion -size toleration-rough of surface or wrinkled.












BIBLIOGRAPHY


Welding is a fabrication process where is made the alliance between two materials (generally metals or thermoplastics), normally archieved by the coalescence (unification). The pieces are welded defrosting and adding a defrosted charge material.

Kind of Weld

-By arch

-by gas

-by energy beam

-by solid condition



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Welding by arch

These processes use a power supply for the welding for creating and manteining a electric arch between a electrode and the base material for melting the metals in the welding point.



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Welding by arch (coated electrode)

The electric current is utilized for creating an arc between the base material and the rod of the consumable electrode, that is of steel and coated with a flux for protecting the welding area against the oxidation and contamination with the production of gas CO2 during the welding process.



3.6. WELDING1. THE WORK AND THE FACTORY









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Arc welding (gas arc welding)

Gas metal acr welding (GMAW) also known as inert metal gas welding or MIG welding, is an automatic or semiautomatic process which uses a continious supply wire as electrode and a mixture of inert gas to protect the soldation from the pollution. As the electrode is continious the welding speed is higher than the one reached with covered electrode welding. Because of the smaller size of the arc required the soldation in difficult possitions, as welding under the structure, becomes easier

“Soldadura por arco con nucleo de fundente “FCAW”Autor: Oscar Javier Herrera Melo http://www.monografias.com/trabajos46/soldadura-por-arco/soldadura-por-arco.shtmlWork published in Monografias.com”



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Arc welding (tungsten metalic gas arc)

The tungsten gas arc welding, or the tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) (sometimes wrongly known as heliarc welding) is a manual solding process whic uses a continious tungsten electrode, a mixture of inert gas and a separated filling material. Specially usefull to weld thin materials, this method is characterized by a stable arc and a high quality welding, but needs a skilful operator and can only be made quite slowly.

Arc welding (inmersed arc)

This is a high production method in which the arc is inmersed under a layer covered with flow. This increasses the quality os the arc since the flow layer blockes the pollutants. The deposition of the welding is big, due to the slag left by the welding and the use of a continious wire supply. The working conditions are better than in the rest of arc welding processes since the flow hides the arc and it does not almost produce any smoke.



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Gas welding

The most common gas welding process is the oxygen-acetylene welding, also known as autogenous welding or oxy-fuel welding. It is one of the oldest and most versatile soldering processes, but lately has not been very popular in industrial applications. It is still very used to weld pipes and in repair works. The required equipment is slightly cheap and simple. Generally we use a combustion of acetilene and oxygen to produce a 3100ºC welding flame.



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Electric resistance welding

The resistance welding uses the heat generated by the electric current going through two or more metalic surfaces. As the current increasses (from 1.000 to 100.000 A) small metal pools appear on the weldin surface. The electric resistance welding processes are efficient and produce little pollution, but their applications are limited and the equipment could be expensive.



3.6. WELDING

Point welding

http://www.inser-robotica.com/robotsPanasonic_S_Resistencia.htm

This is a very common electric resistance welding method used up to 3 mm-s thic metalic sheets. Two electrodes are used concurrently to hold the metal sheets and make the current pass throuhg. The efficient use of the energy, high production, easy autamation and not to need filling materials are some of its advantages. The strenght of the welding is bit smaller than in other processes making this method only usefull for some applications. It is veri used in the car industry.









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Energy ray welding

Energy ray welding methods, called laser beam welding and electron beam welding, are quite new precesses which have become very popular in high produccion aplications. Both precesses are very similar but they have a different energy source. The laser beam welding uses a very focused laser beam, while the electrone beam welding is made in vacuum. Both have a high energy density makin possible a deep welding and minimizing the welding area. These processes are very fast and easy to automate becomeing them hifhly produvtive.

http://www.es.trumpf.com/206.img-cust/T_3087_big.jpg http://www.es.trumpf.com/206.img-cust/T_2885.jpg



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Solid state welding

As the first welding process, forge welding, some modern welding methods do not involve melting of the materials being joined. one of the most popular, ultrasonic welding is used to connect thin sheets or wires made of metal or thermoplastic, making them vibrate at high frequency and under high pressure. The equipment and methods involved are similar to those of resistance welding, but instead of electric current, vibration is provided by power source. Welding metals with this process does not involve the melting of the material, the weld is formed by introducing mechanical vibrations horizontally under pressure.



3.6. WELDING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


PLANE DIE

The die consists of:

-basis of a matrix with more resistance than the blades that produce the piece

-Cleaving or cutting strips. Functions:· cut_ either to delineate the outer shape or to Fabrice interior windows and

openings.· cleave_ to make folds. · drill_ for easy tearing· slitting_ perform a partial cut not to break through the piece.

-Gums. Thick blocks that are placed next to the blades. Its function is to separate by cutting excess pressure.

ROTARY DIE

http://www.lobecor.com/piezas/troquel%20punzonador%20multiple.jpg

http://www.esprint2006.com/unidades-aplicadoras-parches.html



3.7. PUNCHING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


STAMP:

Is the cold forming process which transforms a sheet into a form defined by a die cutting and benting with a hydraulic press. During this process the sheet should not change substantially in thickness.



3.8. STAMP

DRAWING:

Cold forming process that transforms by pressure a sheet into a hollow body adapting it to the form defined by the matrix .

It is a plastic deformation forming process, during which the sheet simultaneously undergoes stretching and washing up transformations. This produces variations in its thickness.

3.9. DRAWING









BIBLIOGRAPHY


MATRIX:

Tool or mold used for make prints on materials such as metals and ceramics.

3.11. FOLDING

FOLDING:

Conformation of a metal piece, by pressure, to get a curbed or angular piece, or stretching or squeezing it along a curved path.

METAL SHEET FOLDER

www.panteco.com/catalogoFX.asp?idcat=448



3.10. MATRIX









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Mecanic process in workshop

transport to the work

pre-assembly

assembly

Very few items are shipped to work after a mechanical processin the workshop, usually they are made of several components made mechanically through assembly processes.

Objectives:

•reduce the tasks in the work

•assembled immediately

•efficient installation

•reduction of labor

copyright Alchemy LLC http://weehouse.com/flash/SFWA_index.html#/weehouses/marfa/1/

copyright Alchemy LLC http://weehouse.com/flash/SFWA_index.html#/weehouses/marfa/3/



3.11. PRE-ASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY









BIBLIOGRAPHY


3.7. PREMONTAJE Y ENSAMBLADO

www.dynamicarchitecture.net

DYNAMIC TOWER (David Fisher)

Uses modulation and the pre-mounting workshop. The 90% is produced in manufacturing, improving worker safety. Each plant is completed in just 3 days, when it is usually 3 weeks.

Only 90 people are needed for assembly on site, instead of the 2,000 common. Construction time is reduced by 30%, making it possible to assemble a 22-month total.












BIBLIOGRAPHY


MECHANICAL PROCESS IN WORKSHOP

TRANSPORTATION TO CONSTRUCTION SITE

PRE-ASSEMBLY

ASSEMBLY OF SUBSETS


TRANSPORTATION TO CONSTRUCTION SITEMECHANICAL PROCESS IN WORKSHOP

Picture: Mecanicas Mallabi Picture: Sisteplant, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)












BIBLIOGRAPHY


PRE-ASSEMBLY IN WORKSHOP

PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATONS AND ROBOTS

Handle heavy elements

Task that require precision

The assembly is hard to mechanize. The incorporation of programmable automatons and robots is efective when series are big or the variety of tasks is limited.

PRE-ASSEMBLY IN WORKSHOP

reduces tasks in construction site

guarantee of quality

The subsets integrate elements produced by different manufacturer, but pre-assembly is only done by one workshop. The latter is the one that guarantees the final results of the product.

advantages


Mecanicas Mallabi Mecanicas Mallabi












BIBLIOGRAPHY


When there are factors that seriously impede the work mounting o or impossible to guarantee the quality of output is resorted for assembly of complex elements, authentic SPACE MODULE.

Each modular element is considered a partial building that is built into a system.

Puente ´´Arcos de Alconétar´´, en el Embalse de Alcántara (EIPSA)


http://www.eipsa.net/


3.12. COMPLEX PROCESSES









BIBLIOGRAPHY


It is difficult to assess the production processes due to the abundance of situations and high specificity.

However this analysis is crucial to arrive at defining a system with high performance.

SETTING THE PARAMETERS OF ASSESSMENT

depending

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

AESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS

ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS



4. YIELDS









BIBLIOGRAPHY


TRADITIONAL PROCESSES

Petreos

Hydraulic paste

Few techniques

Difficulty coordinating tasks

Wide variety of multilayered composites

Abundant technical

Working in series

-Materials and components:

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)

Picture: Sisteplant, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)

Picture: Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)

Picture: Eroski (Berango)



1. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH









BIBLIOGRAPHY


Little specialized

They can reach the qualification through a slow process of training

Specialists

With high levels of qualificationSuperior Performance

- Labour :

Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa) Mecanicas Mallabi


TRADITIONAL PROCESSES INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES











BIBLIOGRAPHY


Mobile Machines (internal transport)

Lease costs

Investment account

Higher yields

- Auxiliary equipment :

Small Tools

Reduces scope for action

Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa) Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)













BIBLIOGRAPHY


Contractor:

coordination with other providers

Business and technical:

Permanent analysis of all tasks

- Organization :

Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa)













BIBLIOGRAPHY


KEY TO SUCCESS REDUCE COSTS

Reduce the time of entry load, characteristic of concrete "in situ" Instant system's total resistance

REDUCING LOAD LIMITS OF ENTRY INTO STRUCTURAL

- Assembly and structural strength instant :

Ibermatica, Derio (Bizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa) Ondarretako igerilekua,Donostia













BIBLIOGRAPHY


With industrialized systems, we are allowed to make the partitions on buildings in a shorter time, and minimize the financial expenses.

Quick and economic

www.tectonica.es

www.mundoseco.com




www.alumipro.comwww.alumipro.com

- Itxitura eta banaketa elementu industrializatuak :









BIBLIOGRAPHY


“in situ” concrete structure

-Wet processes:



2. WET PROCESSES ≠ DRY CONSTRUCTION









BIBLIOGRAPHY


-Dry costruction:

Steel structure












BIBLIOGRAPHY


- Prefabricated processes :

Advantages: Energy saving, construction time reduction and compatibility with other traditional construction systems.

www.mundoseco.com

www.mundoseco.comwww.mundoseco.com

www.mundoseco.com












BIBLIOGRAPHY


1_Taking out: Factory manipulation:-Unit revision-Revision of the means of transport-Suitable manipulations-Security procedure

2_Transport: Factory – Construction place:-Instructions to the driver-Tour revision:

− High tension power suply− Railway− Allowed gauge (…)

- Special permission -Security procedure

3_Reception: Working manipulation:-Make sure that there is an elevation way

-Working space-Compact and levelled floor

-Suitable singposting -Security procedures

4_Elevation: Place in site:-To guaranty the cooperation between the transportist, the builder and the

constructor-Suitable elevation way -Security procedures












BIBLIOGRAPHY


Stress generated during the manipulation and transport: Prefabricated units suffer fron stresses that, in most cases, are higher than the stress suffered while they are in use.Sucction and adhesion effects when the units are taken out of the mold, the dinamic powers and impacts during the transport and assembly have to be considered.

Suction may change depending on the ending material of the units and the shape of the molds.Impact generadas generated during the manipulation and transport have to be absorved by the elevation elements.

-Design considerations:

http://grupos.unican.es/gidai http://grupos.unican.es/gidai http://grupos.unican.es/gidai












BIBLIOGRAPHY


Each unit demands a type of transport :

Vehicles composed of a tractor unity and a tow tandem: It is used for the transport of prefabricated unities of great length.

Platform tow: Is is used por pieces and prefabricated structures which dimensions are longer than 6000mm.

Platform truck: For construction materials that are used in works and for pieces and prefabricated structures with standard length.

- Vehicles of transport:

http://grupos.unican.es/gidai http://grupos.unican.es/gidai












BIBLIOGRAPHY


Industrialized construction demmands little are for material storage.

Short storage periods

Machinery: elevation works and internal transport.

Direct assembly

http://grupos.unican.es/gidai














BIBLIOGRAPHY


www.mundoseco.com.arwww.a2a.com.arblog.is-arquitectura.eswww.mailxmail.comwww.iesunibhi.comwww.interempresas.netes.wikipedia.orgConformación por Moldeo II. Tecnología industrialI.E.S. “Cristóbal de Monroy”. Dpto. de Tecnologíamx.geocities.comTecnología mecánica. Fundición y modeo. Capítulo 5www.sabelotodo.orgMaestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería.Mención AeroespacialMecánica de los Materiales Avanzada. Materiales Cerámicos y VidriosUniversidad nacional de cuyo. facultad de ingenieriaIndustrias y servicios. polipropilenowww.interempresas.netwww.infoacero.cl/catalogo/csh500_600.htmLibro Moldeo y conformación. Autor Heinrich Gerlingwww.museo-maquina-herramienta.com/ www.costaluminio.com.arwww.apm.comwww.premio.terniumsiderar.comwww.interempresas.net



BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.grob-horgen.ch

www.robóticade servicios.com

www.monografías.com

www.ropdigital.ciccp.es

www.elmundo.es

www.automatización.com

www.wikipedia; tallado.

www.tallamadera.com

www.culturatradicionalgc.org

www.tallerdelvidrio.com

www.artesanos.info

www.interempresas.net

www.fumadi.com.ar

www.geocities.com

www.upv.es

www.plasmatreat.es

www.venezuelaenplastico.com

www.forjasbolivar.com

www.geocities.com/

www.forjascasadosl.com/

www.encarta.msn.com/









BIBLIOGRAPHY


http://www.premio.terniumsiderar.com/





AUTHORS [2008-2009]

Ianire Abad Eva RegatosMiriam Azpilicueta Itxaso ZudaireAlberto Castro Adur UgartemendiaLorena HernandezLander MartínezMarina MaurtuaAna Ramirez

AUTHORS [2009-2010]

Ioritz AginakoIzarne ElgezabalUnai EtxeberriaUnai JauregiIker MartínezGemma MartínezAitzol PerezAnder Rodriguez

The intelectual property of each picture is attached to his/her author, all of the rest contents are under the Creative Commons by-sa 3.0 license.









BIBLIOGRAPHY


lan teorikoa ingelesez

Documents

manufacturing processes

gemma martnez

unai etxebarria

iker martnez

unai jauregi

industrial building

methods of components

processes vs dry construction