lack characteristics that would allow them to fit into the other 4 kingdoms lack characteristics...
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• Lack characteristics that Lack characteristics that would allow them to fit into would allow them to fit into the other 4 kingdomsthe other 4 kingdoms
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Most are unicellular; some Most are unicellular; some
multicellularmulticellular• Divided into 3 groups based Divided into 3 groups based
on their nutrition typeon their nutrition type
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
1. Animal-like Protists 1. Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)(Protozoans)
• HeterotrophsHeterotrophs• Can move aroundCan move around• UnicellularUnicellular• 4 Phyla:4 Phyla:
i.i. CiliatesCiliatesii.ii. ZooflagellatesZooflagellatesiii.iii. SarcodiniansSarcodiniansiv.iv. SporozoansSporozoans
i. Ciliates (Ciliaphorans)i. Ciliates (Ciliaphorans)• Body covered with short hair-Body covered with short hair-
like projections called cilialike projections called cilia• Cilia beat to cause movementCilia beat to cause movement• Found in fresh and salt waterFound in fresh and salt water• Most a free-living (ie. not Most a free-living (ie. not
parasites)parasites)• Reproduction:Reproduction:
• Asexually via binary fissionAsexually via binary fission• Sexually via conjugationSexually via conjugation
• Have a macro and micro Have a macro and micro nucleusnucleus
• eg. eg. ParameciumParamecium
ii. Zooflagellatesii. Zooflagellates• Move by flagellaMove by flagella• Many free-living in fresh or Many free-living in fresh or
salt watersalt water• Many live inside another Many live inside another
organism in symbiotic organism in symbiotic relationship:relationship:
• Mutualistic or parasiticMutualistic or parasitic
• eg. eg. TrichonymphaTrichonympha (found (found in the gut of termite)in the gut of termite)
• eg. eg. TrypanosomaTrypanosoma (causes (causes African Sleeping Sickness)African Sleeping Sickness)
African Sleeping SicknessAfrican Sleeping Sickness• TrypanosomaTrypanosoma (parasitic protist) is (parasitic protist) is
transmitted via the tsetse flytransmitted via the tsetse fly• Once humans are infected:Once humans are infected:
1.1. Fever, headache, joint pains, swollen Fever, headache, joint pains, swollen lymph nodeslymph nodes
2.2. Gradually takes over immune systemGradually takes over immune system3.3. Cardiac, endocrine, kidney disordersCardiac, endocrine, kidney disorders4.4. Crosses the blood brain barrier Crosses the blood brain barrier
causing fatigue, confusion, insomnia, causing fatigue, confusion, insomnia, decreased coordinationdecreased coordination
5.5. Mental deterioration leading to coma Mental deterioration leading to coma or deathor death
• 60 million living in affected areas with 300 60 million living in affected areas with 300 thousand new cases each yearthousand new cases each year
• Treatment: intravenous drugsTreatment: intravenous drugs• Prevention: eradication of tsetse fliesPrevention: eradication of tsetse flies
iii. iii. SarcodiniansSarcodinians• Move by extending lobes Move by extending lobes
of cytoplasm called of cytoplasm called pseudopods (ie. false feet)pseudopods (ie. false feet)
• AmoebasAmoebas• Have no definite shapeHave no definite shape
• Some have hard shells of Some have hard shells of calcium carbonate or silicacalcium carbonate or silica• eg. Radiolarians & eg. Radiolarians &
ForaminiferansForaminiferans
Amoebic DysenteryAmoebic Dysentery•Entamoeba Histolytica (Anaerobic parasite) Entamoeba Histolytica (Anaerobic parasite) Transmitted through contaminated food and Transmitted through contaminated food and waterwater•Active stage (ie. amoeba) exists only in host Active stage (ie. amoeba) exists only in host and in fresh loose fecesand in fresh loose feces•Inactive stage (ie. cyst):Inactive stage (ie. cyst):
•survive outside the host in water, soils and survive outside the host in water, soils and on food (killed by heat or freezing)on food (killed by heat or freezing)•when swallowed they cause infections by when swallowed they cause infections by excysting in the digestive tractexcysting in the digestive tract
•Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, weight loss, Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal painfatigue, abdominal pain•Amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal Amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal wallwall•Enters blood stream, a pathway to different Enters blood stream, a pathway to different vital organs (eg. liver, lungs, brain, spleen)vital organs (eg. liver, lungs, brain, spleen)
Active Form (Amoeba)
Inactive Form(Cyst)
iv. Sporozoansiv. Sporozoans• Non-motileNon-motile• Spore forming Spore forming
parasitesparasites• Many have complex Many have complex
life-cycles that involve life-cycles that involve multiple hostsmultiple hosts
• Reproduce using Reproduce using spores (ie. cell inside a spores (ie. cell inside a protective coating)protective coating)
• Eg. Plasmodium vivaxEg. Plasmodium vivax
MalariaMalaria• Transmitted via the female Anopheles Transmitted via the female Anopheles
mosquito (blood is the medium)mosquito (blood is the medium)• Attacks human red blood cellsAttacks human red blood cells• Prevalent in tropical and subtropical Prevalent in tropical and subtropical
regionsregions250 million cases of fever and 1 million 250 million cases of fever and 1 million deaths annuallydeaths annually
• Often associated with poverty, 90% deaths Often associated with poverty, 90% deaths occur in Africaoccur in Africa
1.1. Uninfected mosquito bites infected humanUninfected mosquito bites infected human2.2. Mosquito takes in blood and becomes Mosquito takes in blood and becomes
infectedinfected3.3. Parasite reproduces within mosquitoParasite reproduces within mosquito4.4. Mosquito bites uninfected human releasing Mosquito bites uninfected human releasing
the parasite into new host’s bloodthe parasite into new host’s blood• Symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, flu-like Symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, flu-like
illness, coma, and deathillness, coma, and death• Prevention: Spraying, mosquito nets, anti-Prevention: Spraying, mosquito nets, anti-
malarial drugsmalarial drugs
DDT vs. MalariaDDT vs. Malaria• DDT is one of the best known DDT is one of the best known
synthetic pesticidessynthetic pesticides• It has been sprayed in malaria It has been sprayed in malaria
risk areas for decades:risk areas for decades:• High rates of malaria occur High rates of malaria occur
when DDT use is lowwhen DDT use is low• Low rates of malaria occur Low rates of malaria occur
when DDT use is highwhen DDT use is high• Effects of DDT on the Effects of DDT on the
environment, humans and environment, humans and other organisms are debatable other organisms are debatable
Paramecium LabParamecium Lab
Sketch both photos:Sketch both photos:• Binary Fission (Asexual)Binary Fission (Asexual)
• Conjugation (Sexual)Conjugation (Sexual)
• Use notes and 19.1 to Use notes and 19.1 to complete the discussion complete the discussion questions and conclusionquestions and conclusion
Paramecium Lab: Discussion Paramecium Lab: Discussion QuestionsQuestions
1.1. Describe the process of binary fission.Describe the process of binary fission.
2.2. Describe the process of conjugation.Describe the process of conjugation.
3.3. Under what conditions would a paramecium Under what conditions would a paramecium reproduce sexually? asexually?reproduce sexually? asexually?
4.4. What are the functions of the two nuclei found What are the functions of the two nuclei found in the paramecium?in the paramecium?
5.5. What is the function of the contractile What is the function of the contractile vacuole?vacuole?
6.6. Describe feeding and digestion in a Describe feeding and digestion in a paramecium.paramecium.
Paramecium Lab: ConclusionParamecium Lab: Conclusion
1.1. By simple observation, how can you tell By simple observation, how can you tell which type of reproductive method is which type of reproductive method is occurring? Why are the cells set up this occurring? Why are the cells set up this way? How do the paramecia hold on to way? How do the paramecia hold on to each other during conjugation?each other during conjugation?
2.2. Why would a paramecium choose Why would a paramecium choose sexual reproduction over asexual sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?reproduction?
3.3. What would happen to the paramecium What would happen to the paramecium if you removed its macronucleus? if you removed its macronucleus? Micronucleus?Micronucleus?
2. Plant-like Protists (Algae)2. Plant-like Protists (Algae)
• AutotrophsAutotrophs• Food for other Food for other
organismsorganisms• Undergo photosynthesisUndergo photosynthesis
• Produce OProduce O22
UnicellularUnicellular Multicellular (Thallus)Multicellular (Thallus)•Distinguished by outer covering Distinguished by outer covering and movementand movement
•Used to be classified as plants butUsed to be classified as plants but
they have reproductive differencesthey have reproductive differences
•i. Dinoflagellatesi. Dinoflagellates•ii. Diatomsii. Diatoms•iii. Euglenoidsiii. Euglenoids
•iv. Green Algaeiv. Green Algae•iv. Red Algaeiv. Red Algae•vi. Brown Algaevi. Brown Algae
i. Dinoflagellatesi. Dinoflagellates(unicellular)(unicellular)
• Have 2 flagella that spin the cellsHave 2 flagella that spin the cells• Free living or in symbiotic Free living or in symbiotic
relationships with other relationships with other organismsorganisms
• CoralCoral
• Jellyfish Jellyfish
• Eg. Eg. GonyaulaxGonyaulax
Red TideRed Tide
• Phenomenon Phenomenon known as algal bloomknown as algal bloom
• Up to 40-60 million organisms Up to 40-60 million organisms per litre of sea waterper litre of sea water
• Caused by Caused by GonyaulaxGonyaulax• Produce of natural toxinsProduce of natural toxins• Can wipe out marine species in Can wipe out marine species in
affected areasaffected areas• Humans can be poisoned by Humans can be poisoned by
eating contaminated shellfisheating contaminated shellfish
ii. Diatoms (Unicellular)ii. Diatoms (Unicellular)• Lack both cilia and flagella (cannot move)Lack both cilia and flagella (cannot move)• Glasslike walls contain silica (SiOGlasslike walls contain silica (SiO22) and fit ) and fit
together like a lid on a Petri dishtogether like a lid on a Petri dish• Among the most abundant organism in the Among the most abundant organism in the
oceansoceans• Shells are used in abrasives, cleaners and Shells are used in abrasives, cleaners and
toothpastetoothpaste
iii. Euglenoids (unicellular)iii. Euglenoids (unicellular)• Resemble algae and protozoansResemble algae and protozoans
• No rigid cell wall No rigid cell wall • Flexible protein covering (pellicle) insteadFlexible protein covering (pellicle) instead• FlagellaFlagella• ChloroplastsChloroplasts
• In the dark, lose their chloroplasts and In the dark, lose their chloroplasts and function as heterotrophsfunction as heterotrophs
• Mostly in freshwaterMostly in freshwater
iv. Green Algae (multicellular)iv. Green Algae (multicellular)
• ChlorophytaChlorophyta• Usually greenUsually green• Grow as filamentsGrow as filaments
• Cells linked end Cells linked end to end or as flat to end or as flat sheets of cellssheets of cells
• Freshwater, soil or Freshwater, soil or shallow ocean floorshallow ocean floor
• eg. eg. VolvoxVolvox
v. Red Algae (multicellular)v. Red Algae (multicellular)• RhodophytaRhodophyta• Grow in warm saltwater Grow in warm saltwater
habitatshabitats• Red, orange or blackRed, orange or black• Has accessory pigments to Has accessory pigments to
help trap lighthelp trap light• Allows them to live deeper Allows them to live deeper
in ocean (-260 m)in ocean (-260 m)
vi. Brown Algae (multicellular)vi. Brown Algae (multicellular)
• PhaeophytaPhaeophyta• Grow in cool Grow in cool
saltwater habitatssaltwater habitats• Include giant kelp Include giant kelp
(largest protist)(largest protist)• Holdfast = Holdfast =
anchoranchor• Specialized air Specialized air
bladders keep bladders keep leaves afloatleaves afloat
Importance of AlgaeImportance of Algae
• Major food source for Major food source for heterotrophsheterotrophs
• Major producer of OMajor producer of O22
Major COMajor CO22 “sink” “sink”• Uses up COUses up CO22 from from
atmosphereatmosphere• Help reduce global Help reduce global
warmingwarming• Major component of Major component of
planktonplankton
3. Fungus-like Protists3. Fungus-like Protists• SmallSmall• Live in damp placesLive in damp places• Most are decomposersMost are decomposers
• Get nutrients from dead or Get nutrients from dead or decaying organic matterdecaying organic matter
• Play a vital role in Play a vital role in ecosystems and nutrient ecosystems and nutrient recyclingrecycling
i.i. Plasmodial Slime MoldsPlasmodial Slime Moldsii.ii. Cellular Slime MoldsCellular Slime Moldsiii.iii. Water MoldsWater Molds
i. Plasmodial Slime Moldsi. Plasmodial Slime Molds• Clump when food is abundantClump when food is abundant• Alternate between an Alternate between an amoeboidamoeboid form form
and a spore-producing and a spore-producing fruiting fruiting bodybody• Feeding: they form a mass of cytoplasm Feeding: they form a mass of cytoplasm
called a called a plasmodiumplasmodium• Non-feeding: not enough food, it will stop Non-feeding: not enough food, it will stop
feeding and form a feeding and form a fruiting bodyfruiting body that that produces sporesproduces spores
• Spores can spread by wind or animals Spores can spread by wind or animals and they remain dormant until conditions and they remain dormant until conditions become favorablebecome favorable
ii. Cellular Slime Moldsii. Cellular Slime Molds• Clump when food is shortClump when food is short• Move as a single amoebas for most of their Move as a single amoebas for most of their
liveslives• A chemical produced by one of them, A chemical produced by one of them,
signals that the single life is oversignals that the single life is over• Up to 100,000 amoebas in fuse into a Up to 100,000 amoebas in fuse into a
single multicellular body called a single multicellular body called a PsuedoplasmodiumPsuedoplasmodium
• Similar to plasmodium except each cell Similar to plasmodium except each cell remains a separate unitremains a separate unit
• Psuedoplasmodium forms a fruiting Psuedoplasmodium forms a fruiting bodybody• Produces sporesProduces spores
iii. Water Moldsiii. Water Molds• Water molds, white rusts, and Water molds, white rusts, and
mildewsmildews• Used to be classified as FungiUsed to be classified as Fungi• Now protists because:Now protists because:
• cell walls made of cellulose cell walls made of cellulose (fungi = chitin)(fungi = chitin)
• Asexual spores have flagella Asexual spores have flagella (fungi don’t have flagella)(fungi don’t have flagella)
• Can grow on fish skin/gillsCan grow on fish skin/gills• Potato blight (Irish Potato Potato blight (Irish Potato
famine – killed 2 millionfamine – killed 2 million
CommonProtists
CommonProtistsRotifer (Not a Protist)