laboratory values 1

8/2/2019 Laboratory Values 1

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LABORATORY VALUES


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PYRAMID POINTS Explain purpose of test to client

Obtain informed consent if required

Inform client of specific test preparation

Initiate standard (universal) or otherprecautions as necessary

Maintain asepsis

Instruct client in post-test procedures &need for follow-up


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PYRAMID POINTS Note if the laboratory value is abnormal Monitor for signs & symptoms that occur as

a result of the abnormality Report the significant results to the

physician

Initiate prescribed interventions based onthe laboratory results

Document the effectiveness of interventions

& follow-up laboratory studies


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VENIPUNCTURE SITES

From Leahy, J. & Kizilay, P. (1998). Foundations of nursing practice.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, p. 814. (Figure 28-10)


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NORMAL ADULT

ELECTROLYTE VALUES Sodium: 135 to 145 mEq/L

Potassium: 3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L Chloride: 98 to 107 mEq/L

Bicarbonate (venous): 22 to 29

mEq/L


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ELECTROLYTES: SERUM

SODIUM (Na) DESCRIPTION

Maintains osmotic pressures & acid-basebalance & assists in transmission ofnerve impulses

NURSING CONSIDERATION

Drawing blood samples proximal to anIV infusion of sodium chloride will falselyelevate results


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ELECTROLYTES: SERUM POTASSIUM (K)

A major intracellular cation that regulates

cellular H2O balance, electrical conduction in

muscle cells, & acid-base balance The body obtains K through dietary ingestion, &

the kidneys either preserve or excrete Kdepending on cellular need

K levels are used to evaluate cardiac function,renal function, gastrointestinal (GI) function, &the need for IV replacement therapy


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ELECTROLYTES: SERUM POTASSIUM

(K)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS Use of a tourniquet & pumping the hand prior

to venous sampling can increase the value

Do not draw blood from a site where an IVinfusion exists

If the client is receiving K, note on thelaboratory form

Clients w/ elevated white blood cell counts &platelet counts may have falsely elevated Klevels


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ELECTROLYTES: SERUM

CHLORIDE DESCRIPTION

Functions in counterbalancing cationssuch as sodium & acts as a bufferduring oxygen & carbon dioxideexchange in red blood cells

Aids in digestion & maintaining osmoticpressure & water balance


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ELECTROLYTES: SERUM

CHLORIDE NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

Draw blood from an extremity that doesnot have saline infusing into it

Do not allow the client toclench/unclench the hand prior to the

blood drawAny condition accompanied by

prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or bothwill alter levels


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NORMAL VALUES:

COAGULATION STUDIESActivated partial thromboplastin time

(aPTT)

20 to 36 seconds depending on the typeof activator used

Prothrombin time (PT)

Adult male, 9.6 to 11.8 seconds

Adult female, 9.5 to 11.3 seconds


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NORMAL VALUES:

COAGULATION STUDIES International normalized ratio (INR)

2.0 to 3.0 for standard warfarin sodium(Coumadin) therapy

3.0 to 4.5 for high dose warfarin sodium(Coumadin) therapy

Clotting time: 8 to 15 minutes

Platelet count: 150,000 to 400,000cells/L


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ACTIVATED PARTIAL

THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (aPTT)

DESCRIPTION

Most commonly used to monitor heparintherapy & screen for coagulation disorders

Screens for deficiencies & inhibitors of allfactors except VII & XIII


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ACTIVATED PARTIAL

THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (aPTT) NURSING CONSIDERATIONS If the client is on intermittent heparin therapy,

draw the blood sample one hour prior to the next

scheduled dose Do not draw samples from an arm in which

heparin is infusing

Transport specimen to laboratory immediately

The aPTT should be between 1.5 & 2.5 times thenormal when the client is on heparin therapy; ifthe value is prolonged, initiate bleedingprecautions


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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) & INTERNATIONAL

NORMALIZED RATIO (INR) DESCRIPTION

Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent

glycoprotein produced by the liver that isnecessary for firm fibrin clot formation

Each laboratory establishes a normal value

or control based on the method used toperform the test (PT)


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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) &INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO (INR)

DESCRIPTION

The PT measures the amount of time it

takes for clot formation & is used tomonitor response to warfarin sodium(Coumadin) therapy or to screen fordysfunction of the extrinsic systemresulting from liver disease, vitamin Kdeficiency, or disseminated intravascularcoagulation (DIC)


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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) & INTERNATIONALNORMALIZED RATIO (INR)

DESCRIPTION

A PT value w/in 2 seconds (plus or minus)

of the control is considered normal The INR standardizes the PT ratio & is

calculated in the laboratory setting by

raising the observed PT ratio to the powerof the International Sensitivity Indexspecific to the thromboplastin reagent used

PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) &


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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) &INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO(INR)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

A baseline PT should be drawn before startinganticoagulation therapy

Note the time of collection on the laboratoryform

Provide direct pressure to the site for 3 to 5

minutes if a coagulation defect is present Concurrent warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy

w/ heparin therapy can lengthen the PT for up to5 hours after dosing

PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) &


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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) &INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZEDRATIO (INR)


Diets high in green leafy vegetables can

increase the absorption of vitamin K, whichshortens the PT

A PT greater than 30 seconds places the

client at risk for hemorrhage Oral anticoagulation therapy usually

maintains the PT at 1.5 to 2 times thelaboratory control value


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CLOTTING TIME

DESCRIPTION

Measures the time required for the interaction of

all factors involved in the clotting process NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

The client should not receive heparin therapy

for 3 hours prior to specimen collection The test result is prolonged by any

anticoagulant therapy, test tube agitation, orhigh temperature changes that may affect the

specimen


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PLATELET COUNT

DESCRIPTION

Platelets are produced by the bone marrow tofunction in hemostasis


Monitor for bleeding in clients w/ knownthrombocytopenia

High altitudes, chronic cold weather, & exerciseincrease platelet counts

Bleeding precautions should be instituted in

clients w/ a low platelet count


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NORMAL VALUES:GASTROINTESTINAL STUDIES

Albumin: 3.4 to 5 g/dL

Alkaline phosphatase: 4.5 to 13 King-Armstrongunits/dL

Ammonia: 35 to 65 g/dL


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Amylase: 24 to 151 IU/L

Bilirubin

Direct: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL

Indirect: 0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL

Total: less than 1.5 mg/dL

Lipase: 10 to 140 U/L


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Uric acid Male: 4.5 to 8 mg/dL

Female: 2.5 to 6.2 mg/dL


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ALBUMIN

A main plasma protein of blood Maintains oncotic pressure & transports

bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, &

other substances that are insoluble in water NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

Draw from an extremity the does not have an

IV infusing into it Instruct the client to consume a low-fat diet on

the day of the test


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ALKALINE PHOSPHATASEAn enzyme normally found in bone, liver,

intestine, & placenta The level rises during periods of bone growth, liver

disease, & bile duct obstruction NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

The client may need to fast 10 to 12 hours prior tothe test

Hepatotoxic medications administered w/in 12hours prior to specimen collection invalidate the test

Transport specimen to laboratory immediately


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AMMONIA DESCRIPTION

A waste product from nitrogen breakdownduring protein metabolism

Metabolized by the liver & excreted by thekidneys as urea

Elevated levels due to hepatic dysfunction

may lead to encephalopathy Not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma


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AMMONIA


Instruct client to fast, except for water,& refrain from smoking for 8 to 10 hoursprior to the test

Place the specimen in an ice water bath

Transport to the laboratory immediately


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AMYLASEAn enzyme produced by the pancreas &

salivary glands that aids in the digestionof complex carbohydrates & is excretedby the kidneys

In acute pancreatitis, the amylase level isgreatly increased; the level starts rising in

3 to 6 hours after the onset of pain, peaksat about 24 hours, & returns to normal in 2to 3 days after the onset of pain


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AMYLASE


List medications that the client has

taken 24 hours prior to the test on thelaboratory form

Note that many medications may cause

false-positive or false-negative results Results are invalidated if the specimen

was obtained less than 72 hours aftercholecystography w/ radiopaque dyes


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BILIRUBIN

Produced by the liver, spleen, & bone marrow &is also a by-product of hemoglobin breakdown

Total bilirubin levels can be broken down intodirect bilirubin, which is primarily excreted viathe intestinal tract, & indirect bilirubin, whichcirculates primarily in the bloodstream

Total bilirubin levels rise w/ any type ofjaundice, whereas direct & indirect levels risedepending on the etiology of the jaundice


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BILIRUBIN


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BILIRUBIN

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS Instruct the client to eat a diet low in yellow

foods such as carrots, yams, yellow beans, &

pumpkins for 3 to 4 days before sampling Instruct the client to fast for 4 hours before

sampling

Note that results will be elevated w/ the use ofalcohol, morphine, theophylline, ascorbic acid, &aspirin

Note that results are invalidated if the client

received a radioactive scan w/in 24 hours prior tothe test


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LIPASE

DESCRIPTION

A pancreatic enzyme that changes fats

& triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerol

Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreaticdisorders; elevations may not occur until

24 to 36 hours after the onset of illness& may remain elevated for up to 14days


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LIPASE


Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mayincrease lipase activity

Traumatic venipuncture can inhibit

lipase activity


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LIPIDS

Blood lipids consist primarily of cholesterol,triglycerides, & phospholipids

Lipid assessment includes total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-densitylipoprotein (LDL), & triglycerides

Cholesterol is present in all body tissues & is a

major component of low-density lipoproteins(LDL), brain & nerve cells, cell membranes, &some gallstones

LIPIDS


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LIPIDS

Triglycerides comprise a major part of verylow-density lipoproteins (VLDL) & a small part

of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) Triglycerides are synthesized in the liver from

fatty acids, protein, & glucose, & are obtainedfrom the diet


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LIPIDS

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS Oral contraceptives may increase the levels of

lipids in the serum

Instruct the client to fast from foods & fluids,except for water, for 12 to 14 hours & fromalcohol for 24 hours prior to the test

Instruct the client that the evening meal prior tothe test should be free from high-cholesterolfoods

Cholesterol levels tend to decrease temporarily

w/ major illness or surgery


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PROTEIN

Reflects the total amount of albumin &globulins in the serum

Regulates osmotic pressure & is comprised ofcoagulation factors for hemostasis, enzymes,hormones, tissue growth & repair, & pHbuffers


Do not draw in an extremity w/ an IV infusion Instruct the client to avoid a high-fat diet for

8 hours prior to the test


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URIC ACID

Elevated amounts deposit in joints & softtissue & cause gout

Conditions of fast cell turnover, as well asslowed renal excretion of uric acid, may cause

uricemia Elevated amounts of urinary uric acid

precipitate into urate stones in the kidneys

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS Instruct the client to fast for 8 hours prior to

the test

Aminophylline, caffeine, & vitamin C may cause

falsely elevated results


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NORMAL VALUES: GLUCOSESTUDIES

Fasting blood glucose: 70 to 110 mg/dL

Glucose monitoring (capillary blood): 60 to110 mg/dL

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Values are expressed as a % of the total HgbDiabetic w/ good control: 7.5% or less

Diabetic w/ fair control: 7.6 to 8.9%

Diabetic w/ poor control: 9% or greater


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NORMAL VALUES: GLUCOSESTUDIES

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST, ORAL

Baseline fasting: 70 to 110 mg/dL

30 minute fasting: 110 to 170 mg/dL




Glucose, 2 hour postprandial: < 140 mg/dL


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(FBS)

Glucose is a monosaccharide found in fruits & isformed from the digestion of carbohydrates &the conversion of glycogen by the liver

Glucose is the bodys main source of cellularenergy & is essential for brain & erythrocytefunction

FBS levels are used to help diagnose diabetesmellitus & hypoglycemia


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(FBS)


Instruct the client to fast for 8 to 12

hours prior to the test Instruct the client w/ diabetes mellitus

to w/hold morning insulin or oral

hypoglycemic medication until after theblood is drawn


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HEMOGLOBIN

Glycosylated hemoglobin is blood glucosebound to hemoglobin

HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin A) is a

reflection of how well blood glucose levels havebeen controlled for up to the prior 4 months

Hyperglycemia in diabetics is usually a cause ofan increase in HbA1c

NURSING CONSIDERATION Fasting is not required prior to the test


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GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)


Instruct the client to eat a high-

carbohydrate (200 to 300 g) diet for 3days before the test

Instruct the client to avoid alcohol,

coffee, & smoking for 36 hours beforetesting

Instruct the client to fast for 10 to 16hours prior to the test


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GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)


Instruct the client to avoid strenuous exercise for8 hours before & after the test

Instruct the client w/ diabetes mellitus to w/holdmorning insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication

Instruct the client that the test will take 3 to 5

hours, requires intravenous or oral administrationof glucose, & multiple blood samples


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NORMAL VALUES: RENALFUNCTION STUDIES

Serum creatinine: 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 8 to 25mg/dL


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SERUM CREATININE

DESCRIPTIONA very specific indicator of renal function,

revealing the balance between creatinine

formation & excretion Increased levels indicate a slowing of the

glomerular filtration rate

NURSING CONSIDERATION Instruct the client to avoid excessive

exercise for 8 hours & avoid excessive redmeat intake for 24 hours before the test


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BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

Urea is normally freely filtered through the renalglomeruli, w/ a small amount reabsorbed in thetubules & the remainder excreted in the urine

Elevated values may be a result of prerenal,renal, or postrenal causes

NURSING CONSIDERATION Both creatinine levels & urea nitrogen levels

should be analyzed when evaluating renalfunction

O S S


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NORMAL VALUES: SERUMENZYMES/CARDIAC MARKERS

Creatine kinase (CK): 26 to 174 U/L

CK isoenzymes

CK-MB: 0 to 5% of total CK-MM: 95 to 100% of total

CK- BB: 0%

NORMAL VALUES SERUM


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Troponins Troponin I: less than 0.6 ng/mL; greater than

1.5 ng/mL is consistent w/ a myocardial

infarction Troponin T: greater than 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL is

consistent w/ a myocardial infarction

NORMAL VALUES SERUM


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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): 70 to 200IU/L

LDH isoenzymes LDH 1: 14 to 26 %

LDH 2: 29 to 39 %

LDH 3: 20 to 26 % LDH 4: 8 to 16 %

LDH 5: 6 to 16 %

CREATINE KINASE (CK)


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An enzyme found in muscle & brain tissue &reflects tissue catabolism due to cell trauma

The test is performed to detect myocardial orskeletal muscle damage or central nervous systemdamage

Isoenzymes include CK-MB (cardiac), CK-BB(brain), & CK-MM (muscles)

CK-MB is found mainly in cardiac muscle, CK-BB isfound mainly in brain tissue, & CK-MM is foundmainly is skeletal muscle



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NURSING CONSIDERATIONS If the test is to evaluate skeletal muscle,

instruct the client to avoid strenuous

physical activity for 24 hours prior to thetest

Instruct the client to avoid ingestion ofalcohol for 24 hours prior to the test

Invasive procedures & IM injections mayfalsely elevate CK levels

TROPONINS


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TROPONINS

Troponin is a regulatory protein found instriated muscle

The troponins function together in thecontractile apparatus for striated muscle in

skeletal muscle & in the myocardium Increased amounts of troponins are released

into the bloodstream when an infarction causesdamage to the myocardium

Serial measurements are important to compareto a baseline test


Client does not need to fast


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LDH)

The isoenzymes that are particularly affected w/acute myocardial infarction are the LDH1 & LDH2

This enzyme begins to elevate approximately 24hours after myocardial infarction & peaks in 48 to72 hours; thereafter, it returns to normal, usuallyw/in 7 to 14 days

The presence of an LD flip (when LD1 is higherthan LD2), is helpful in diagnosing a myocardialinfarction

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LD OR


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(LDH)


LDH isoenzymes should be interpreted

in view of the clinical findings Testing should be repeated on 3

consecutive days

NORMAL VALUES: ERYTHROCYTE


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STUDIES

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): 0to 30 mm/hour depending on age ofclient

Hemoglobin Male: 14 to 16.5 g/dL

Female: 12 to 15 g/dL

Hematocrit Male: 42 to 52%

Female: 35 to 47%

NORMAL VALUES:


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NORMAL VALUES:ERYTHROCYTE STUDIES

Serum iron

Male: 65 to 175 g/dL

Female: 50 to 170 g/dL

Red blood cell (RBC) count

Female: 4 to 5.5 million/L

Male: 4.5 to 6.2 million/L


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ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE

DESCRIPTION

The rate at which erythrocytes settle out

of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour Not diagnostic of any particular disease

but indicates that a disease process isongoing


Fasting is not necessary, but a fattymeal may cause plasma alterations


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HEMOGLOBIN & HEMATOCRIT

Hemoglobin is the main component oferythrocytes & serves as the vehicle for thetransportation of oxygen & carbon dioxide Hemoglobin determinations are important in

determining anemia

Hematocrit determines red blood cell mass & isan important measurement in thedetermination of anemia or polycythemia

NURSING CONSIDERATION Fasting is not required

SERUM IRON


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SERUM IRON

DESCRIPTION

Iron is mostly found in hemoglobin

Iron acts as a carrier of oxygen from the lungs

to the tissues & indirectly aids in the return ofcarbon dioxide to the lungs

Aids in diagnosing anemias & hemolytic

disorders NURSING CONSIDERATION

Level will be increased if the client has

ingested iron prior to the test

RED BLOOD CELL (RBC)


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RED BLOOD CELL (RBC)COUNT

DESCRIPTION RBCs function in hemoglobin transport, which

results in delivery of oxygen to the body

tissues RBCs are formed by red bone marrow, have a

life span of 120 days, & are removed from theblood by the liver, spleen, & bone marrow

Aid in diagnosing anemias & blood dyscrasias

NURSING CONSIDERATION Fasting is not required

NORMAL VALUES:


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NORMAL VALUES:ELEMENTS

Calcium: 8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL

Magnesium: 1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL

Phosphorus: 2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL


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CALCIUM Functions in bone formation, nerve impulse

transmission, & contraction of myocardial& skeletal muscles

Aids in blood clotting by converting

prothrombin to thrombin NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

Instruct the client to eat a diet w/ normalcalcium levels (800 mg/day) for 3 daysbefore the test

Instruct the client that fasting may berequired for 8 hours prior to the test

MAGNESIUM


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MAGNESIUM

Magnesium is needed in the blood-clottingmechanism, regulates neuromuscularactivity, acts as a cofactor that modifiesthe activity of many enzymes, & has an

effect on the metabolism of calcium


Prolonged use of magnesium products will

cause increased levels Long-term total parenteral nutrition

therapy or excessive loss of body fluidsmay cause decreased levels

PHOSPHORUS


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PHOSPHORUS

DESCRIPTION

Important in bone formation, energystorage & release, urinary acid-base

buffering, & carbohydrate metabolism

Absorbed from food & excreted by thekidneys

High concentrations of phosphorus arestored in bone & skeletal muscle


Instruct the client to fast prior to the test


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THYROID STUDIES

DESCRIPTION

Performed if a thyroid disorder is

suspected Helpful to differentiate primary thyroid

disease from secondary causes & fromabnormalities in thyroxine-binding

globulin levels


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THYROID STUDIES

NORMAL VALUES Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin;

TSH): 0.2 to 5.4 U/mL Thyroxine (T4): 5.0 to 12.0 g/dL

Thyroxine, free (FT4): 0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL

Triiodothyronine (T3): 80 to 230 ng/dL

NURSING CONSIDERATION Test results are invalid if the client had

undergone a radionuclide scan w/in 7 days priorto the test

WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)


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WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)COUNT

DESCRIPTION

White blood cells function in the bodys

immune defense system The WBC count assesses each leukocyte

distribution (differentiation)

NORMAL VALUE 4500 to 11,000/L

NORMAL ADULT WHITE


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NORMAL ADULT WHITEBLOOD CELL DIFFERENTIAL

Neutrophils: 56% or 1800 to 7800/L

Bands: 3% or 0 to 700/L Eosinophils: 2.7% or 0 to 450/L

Basophils: 0.3% or 0 to 200/L

Lymphocytes: 34% or 1000 to4800/L

Monocytes: 4% or 0 to 800/L



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Ashift to the leftmeans there is an increasednumber of immature neutrophils in the peripheral

blood

A low total WBC count w/ a left shift indicates arecovery from bone marrow depression or an

infection of such intensity that the demand forneutrophils in the tissue is greater than the capacityof the bone marrow to release them in thecirculation



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A high total WBC count w/ a left shift indicates

an increased release of neutrophils by the bonemarrow in response to an overwhelminginfection or inflammation

A shift to the right means cells have morethan the usual number of nuclear segments;found in liver disease, Down syndrome, ormegaloblastic & pernicious anemia


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HEPATITIS TESTS

DESCRIPTION

Tests include radioimmune assay (RIA),

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), or microparticle enzymeimmunoassay (MEIA)

Serologic tests for specific hepatitis virusmarkers assist in defining the specifictype of hepatitis


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HEPATITIS TESTSVALUES

The presence of IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus(IgM anti-HAV) & the total antibody to hepatitis A

virus (total anti-HAV) identify the disease Detection of core antigen (HBcAg), envelope

antigen (HBeAg), & surface antigen (HBsAg), ortheir corresponding antibodies, constitutes hepatitis

B assessment Hepatitis C is confirmed by the presence of

antibodies to hepatitis C (anti-HCV)


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HEPATITIS TESTS

VALUES Serologic hepatitis delta virus (HDV)

determination is made by detection of the

hepatitis D antigen (HDAg) early in thecourse of the infection & by detection ofanti-HDV antibody in the later diseasestages


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HEPATITIS TESTS

VALUES Specific serologic tests for hepatitis E virus

(HEV) include detection of IgM & IgG

antibodies to hepatitis E (anti-HEV) Hepatitis G (HGV) has been found in some

blood donors, IV drug users, hemodialysisclients, & clients w/ hemophilia; however,

HGV does not appear to cause significant liverdisease


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HEPATITIS TESTS


If using RIA technique, the injection of

radionuclides w/in 1 week prior to thetest may falsely elevate results

NORMAL ADULT VALUES:


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NORMAL ADULT VALUES:URINE TESTS

Chloride: 110 to 250 mEq/24 hr

Magnesium: 7.3 to 12.2 mg/dL/day

Potassium: 25 to 125 mEq/24 hr

NORMAL ADULT VALUES:


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NORMAL ADULT VALUES:URINE TESTS

Protein: 40 to 150 mg/24 hr

Sodium: 40 to 220 mEq/24 hr

Uric acid: 250 to 750 mg/24 hr pH: 4.5 to 7.8

Specific gravity: 1.016 to 1.022

Th ti M di ti


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Therapeutic Serum Medication Levels

Acetaminophen (Tylenol): 10 to 20 g/mL

Carbamazepine (Tegretol): 5 to 12 g/mL

Digoxin (Lanoxin): 0.5 to 2.0 g/mL Gentamicin (Garamycin): 5 to 10 g/mL

Lithium (Lithobid): 0.5 to 1.3 mEq/L

Magnesium sulfate: 4 to 7 mg/dL

Therapeutic Serum Medication


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Therapeutic Serum MedicationLevels

Phenytoin (Dilantin): 10 to 20 g/mL

Theophylline (Aminophylline, Theo-Dur): 10

to 20 g/mL


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laboratory values 1

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