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Page 1: Laboratory for Aero & HydroDynamics - TUDelftwim/phdthesis/thesis.pdfLeLeL LeL Y*X _&L aG K OF ;1C(*? OP 3 45 0Q+/(*$ +, 7 K ? 47 LeL LeLeL L-LeL Y V _2L bG 2L T K&OP %1 (*? OF 5 02+

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Page 2: Laboratory for Aero & HydroDynamics - TUDelftwim/phdthesis/thesis.pdfLeLeL LeL Y*X _&L aG K OF ;1C(*? OP 3 45 0Q+/(*$ +, 7 K ? 47 LeL LeLeL L-LeL Y V _2L bG 2L T K&OP %1 (*? OF 5 02+
Page 3: Laboratory for Aero & HydroDynamics - TUDelftwim/phdthesis/thesis.pdfLeLeL LeL Y*X _&L aG K OF ;1C(*? OP 3 45 0Q+/(*$ +, 7 K ? 47 LeL LeLeL L-LeL Y V _2L bG 2L T K&OP %1 (*? OF 5 02+

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~ 2�476�4 " ,�@5R ' ,�684 ]B9 ZB47@�� S 4���?g, =9 A�@ ; � ��W © « , � ,�@�R � ��W © «B� � 6�4 ; L�4KI =9 ZB4KD S W�������10 243#56!7!#�"89)*�+��,���!' @ = 2�432�ABCPA ] 47@547AB? ; ��? 9 RU684 ]B9 A�@)( = 2�4K684Q,�6�4Q@5A ; ABD 9 RFAB� ; = ,�IKD<4 ; � � #ª© � ,�@�RP2�47@5I74 = 2�4K684 9<; @�AR�6, ] � © r & # � � WE�Y2�? ;Q= 2�4�� % !  �4���?g, =89 AB@ ; 6�47R�?�IK4 = A = 2�4 _ �¡ +4���?g, =89 AB@ ; W^�Y2�4 ; ?�� � D = 476��; IM,�D<4UR 9<; L�4K6 ;�9 AB@ = 4K68C 9<; @�4 ] D 9]B9 �5D<4\A�@�D S ~ 2�47@ = 2�4 � D = 476dD<4K@ ]�= 2 9;�; ?�PI 9 47@ = D S0; C�,�D<D�WU�Y2 9<;Ci, S @5A = ��4 = 2�4dIM, ; 4 ~ 2547@ = 2�4>�a0Z.i� � D = 476YD<4K@ ]�= 2 9; ? ; 4KRl|kAB6 = 2�4aI�2g,�@5@�47D�684 ]B9 A�@l, ; |kAB6 = 2�42�ABCPA ] 47@547AB? ; LVAB68A�? ; 684 ]B9 AB@ W ' @mA�?�6 � !   ~ 4P, 9 C = A�IKABCPL�D<4 = 47D S 6�4 ; ABDZ�4 = 2�4F�gA ~ � 4KD<R 9 @= 2�4+I�2g,�@�@�47D^684 ]�9 AB@pW0�Y2 9<; I7,�@J��4+,�I7I7A�C�L�D 9<; 2�47R/� S , ;8; ?�C 9 @ ]!= 2�, =>9 @ = 2�4fI�2�,�@�@�4KDY684 ]�9 AB@= 2�4 � D = 476^D<47@ ]�= 2 9<;^; 4 = � Sf= 2�4aI7ABCPL�? = , =9 AB@g,�DVCP4 ; 2 ; L�,�I 9 @ ];: ( ; ?�I�2 = 2g, = (�L�6�A-Z 9 R�47R = 2�, =�:9<;Q; ?�PI 9 47@ = D S ; Ci,�D<D ( ; ?�� � D = 4K6�� ; IM,�D4\R 9; LV476 ;89 A�@ 9<; @�4 ] D 9]B9 ��D4�W</^AB@ ; 4&��?�47@ = D S ( 9 @ = 2�4\I�2g,�@�@�47D684 ]�9 AB@ +X�40�# � 2�ABDR ; ,�@�R = 254 � % !   4���?g, =89 AB@ ; 684KR�?�I74 = A = 2�4 ; = ,�@5Rg,�68R !�,MZ 9 476T�   = A ��4 ;4���?g, =89 AB@ ; ( 9 W 4�W�4&�O?�, =9 AB@ � ��W © � � ~ 9�= 2�AB? =Y= 2�4dR�68, ]P= 476�ClW

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�Y254\,��VA-ZB4dCPA�R�4KD |kAB6 = 254�LVAB6�A ;89�=TS 684&��? 9 6�4 ; , ; L�4KI 9 � IM, =89 AB@�A�| = 2�4 = 2 9 I¯��@�4 ;�; � A�| = 2�4 9 @ = 4K6 �|H,�I74d684 ]B9 AB@ W % ;39 DD<? ; = 68, = 4KR 9 @ � ] ?�6�4e��W1C ( � 9<; A�| = 2�4dAB68R�4K63A�| = 2�4 � D = 476YD47@ ]�= 2pW/^A�C>� 9 @ 9 @ ] 4���?g, =9 A�@ ; � ��W �B, � ( � ��W © © � � ,�@�R � ��W © C � ( ~ 4eAB� = , 9 @ = 2�4d|kABD<DA ~ 9 @ ]>= 6,�@ ; L�A�6 = 4���?g, �=89 AB@f|kA�6 = 2�4a�gA ~ 9 @ = 2�4 9 @ = 476�|H,�I74d684 ]B9 AB@ §

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= ~ Af�VAB?�@�R�,�6 S D�, S 4K6 ; IM,�@0�V4\R 9;�=89 @ ] ? 9<; 2547R¨§GA�@�4>,��VA-ZB4 = 2�4\LV476�C�47,���D4 ~ ,�D<D�,�@�R AB@�4\�V47DA ~= 2�4 ; ABD 9 R = ABL ~ ,�DDXW��Y254m�VAB68R5476���4 = ~ 4K47@ = 2�4 = ~ A��VAB?�@�R�,�6 S D<, S 476 ; IKAB686�4 ; L�AB@5R ;�= A = 2�4DA�I7, =9 AB@UA�| = 254�CP4M,�@iZ�47DA�I 9=TS Ci,�� 9 C>?�C�A�6&(54&��? 9 Z�,�D47@ =E= A = 2 9<; ( = 254�2�4 9] 2 = � #� �� , = ~ 2 9 I�2= 2�4 = A = ,�D ; 2�47,�6 ; = 6�4 ;8; y���� 9; 4���?g,�D = A�7476�A�W % @f4���L�6�4 ;8;�9 AB@�|kAB6 = 2�4 = A = ,�D ; 2�47,�6 ; = 6�4 ;8;^9<; |kAB?�@�R|k6�ABC = 2�4 9 @ = 4 ] 6, =9 A�@+A�| = 2�4 �Q4 S @�ABD<R ; ��,MZB4K6, ] 47R CPABCP47@ = ?5C 4���?g, =9 A�@¨§y����v u ' s � �1� ´ q

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������� � � � �,� � � �H��� �3� ��� ���:����� �8 ��� � � � � � � �X��� ��� ��� �� �f� � � ��� � � � � ��� � � �% I7IKAB68R 9 @ ]a= A = 2�4 ~ 4KD<D � ��@�A ~ @�IKD�, ;�;89 I = 2�47A�6 S ¢ C �S¥ ( ¢ ��CS¥�|kAB6 = ?568��?�D47@ = �gA ~ A-Z�476N, ; ABD 9 R ~ ,�D<D ( 9 @= 2�4Y�VAB?�@�R�,�6 S D�, S 4K6�, ={= 254 = ABL ~ ,�D<D5,�@ 9 @5@�476�,�@5RU,�@UAB? = 4K6{684 ]B9 A�@FIM,�@F�V4YR 9<; =9 @ ] ? 9; 2�4KRpW��Y2�4I�2g,�6,�I = 4K6 9;�=9 IQZ�47DA�I 9=TSU; I7,�D<43|kAB6N��A = 2P684 ]�9 AB@ ;N9<;�= 254 ; ,�C�4o,�@�R ]B9 Z�47@�� SU= 2�4o|k6 9 I =89 AB@FZ�47D<AOI 9�=TSs !t , =a= 2�4 = ABL ~ ,�D<D�W % =TS L 9 IM,�D = ?�6���?�D<4K@�I74UD47@ ]�= 2 ; I7,�D<4\|kA�6 = 2�4 9 @�@�476�684 ]�9 AB@ 9; q�r�s

t ,�@5Rm,I�2g,�6,�I = 4K6 9;�=9 IUD<47@ ]�= 2 ; I7,�D<4>|kA�6 = 2�4UAB? = 476d684 ]B9 A�@ 9;�= 2�4 = 2 9 I¯��@�4 ;8;�� '� �� A�| = 2�4U�VAB?�@�Rg,�6 SD�, S 4K67W��Y2�4 9 @�@5476a,�@5R = 2�4FAB? = 476�684 ]�9 AB@!L�,�6 = D S A�Z�476�D�,�LpW��Y2�4>|H,�C 9 D 9 ,�6 � D<A ] ,�6 9�= 2�C 9 IaD<, ~ � |kAB6= 2�4�C�47,�@)ZB4KD<AOI 9=TS/9 @ = 2 9; A-ZB476�D�,�L 684 ]B9 A�@ 9; |kAB?�@�RJ|k68ABC ,�@�, ;�S CPL = A =89 I+C�, = I�2 9 @ ] A�| = 2�4R�476 9 Z�, =9 ZB4 ; A�| = 2�4 � D<, ~ A�| = 2�4 ~ ,�D<D � |kA�6 = 2�4 9 @�@�4K6o6�4 ]B9 AB@!,�@5R = 254 � R�4K|k4KI = D<, ~ � |kAB6 = 254\AB? = 476684 ]�9 AB@pW� , ; 4KR[AB@[, ;89 C 9 D�,�6Q,�@�,�D SO;89; ~ 4 ~ 9 DD}@5A ~ ; 2�A ~ = 2g, = ,iDA ] ,�6 9= 2�C 9 IaD�, ~ 9<; 4���L�4KI = 47Rm,�D ; A 9 @Lg,�6 = A�| = 2�4e��AB?5@�Rg,�6 S D�, S 4K6�,��VA-ZB4 = 2�4 �g�B.i�10L@ � � ~ ,�D<D�W _ 9 ��4�|kAB6 = 2�4e�VAB?�@5Rg,�6 S D<, S 476o, =3= 2�4= ABL ~ ,�D<D ( 9 @ = 2�4F�VAB?�@5Rg,�6 S D�, S 476a, =�= 2�4>LV476�C�47,���D4 ~ ,�D<D},�@ 9 @�@5476a,�@5R[,�@0AB? = 476�6�4 ]B9 AB@!IM,�@��4aR 9;�=89 @ ] ? 9<; 2547RpW��Y2�4aI�2�,�6,�I = 4K6 9<; =9 I�ZB47DA�I 9=TSi; IM,�D<4�|kAB6Y�VA = 2+684 ]�9 AB@ ;Y9;^= 254 ; ,�CP4d,�@�R ]B9 ZB47@� S0= 2�4F|k6 9 I =9 AB@!ZB4KD<AOI 9�=TS s

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~ 2547684 ~ 4>6�47I7,�D<D = 2�, = � 9<;3= 254 = 2 9 I¯��@�4 ;�; A�| = 2�4 9 @ = 476�|H,�I74\6�4 ]B9 AB@ � ; 4K4 � ] ?5684U��WDC � W � ��?g, =89 AB@� ��W�� ��, � 4 �5L5684 ;�; 4 ;i= 2�4��g,�D<,�@�IK4��V4 = ~ 474K@ Z 9<; IKAB? ; R 9:9 ? ;�9 AB@JA�|�C�ABCP47@ = ?�C 9 @ = A = 2�4�L�4K68CP4��,���D<4 ~ ,�DDY,�@�R = 254��a,�68I S R�68, ] |kAB68IK4�W �gAB6F,02 9] 2/Z�,�D<?54fA�| uAwmx ( = ?�6���?�D<4K@ = R 9:9 ? ;89 AB@J,�@�R�gAB6�I�2�2�4 9 CP476\R56, ] �V47IKABCP4 9 CPLVAB6 = ,�@ = W!�QA ~ 4�ZB476 ( 9 @ = 2�, = I7, ; 4 9�=>9; R 9 ��IK?�D =e= A!A�� = , 9 @/,�@,�@g,�D S�=89 IM,�DV4 ��L�684 ;8;89 AB@+|kAB6 = 2�4�ZB4KD<AOI 9�=TS L�6�A � D4o|k68A�C � ��W �¦¤B, � W ��A�6E�gA ~ ;Y9 @iL�D�,�@ = I7,�@�ABL 9 4 ;E= 2�4CP4M,�@iZB4KD<AOI 9=TSP9; ? ; ?g,�D<D S Lg,�6,�C�4 = 476 9 �K47Rf� S ,�@f4���LVAB@�4K@ =89 ,�DV|k?�@�I =9 A�@)(5,�@�R)(g, ; ~ 9 DDV�V4 ; 2�A ~ @9 @ ; 47I =9 AB@l��W�¤�W © ( = 2 9; ,�L�L�47,�6 ;Y= AP�V4�, ] A�AOR�,�L�L568AM� 9 C�, =9 AB@¨§

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Page 208: Laboratory for Aero & HydroDynamics - TUDelftwim/phdthesis/thesis.pdfLeLeL LeL Y*X _&L aG K OF ;1C(*? OP 3 45 0Q+/(*$ +, 7 K ? 47 LeL LeLeL L-LeL Y V _2L bG 2L T K&OP %1 (*? OF 5 02+