laboratory equipment - use of...
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Laboratory Equipment
Use of equipment
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Please note that the name
may not match exactly to
your worksheet, therefore,
match the picture from your
worksheet to this power
point.
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Safety goggles
Used to protect your
eyes when heating
anything or mixing
chemicals.
Protects eyes from
broken glass,
chemicals, and
flames.
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Safety shower
Used for chemical or
acid spills or in case
of fire.
Eye wash station
used when chemical
get into eyes.
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Beaker/Beaker tongs
Most versatile
glassware-heating
chemicals on
hotplate, mixing
substances, etc.
Volume graduations
should be used only
for "ballpark"
estimates.
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Crucibles/Crucible tongs
Used to hold small amounts of chemicals during heating at high temperatures, especially if you want to keep oxygen out of the reaction (just put on the cover).
Used for picking up crucibles and crucible covers only.
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- stirs liquids in flasks or
beakers
Stirring Rod
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Dessicators
Provide a dry environment for a crucible or a given substance to cool down, since moisture can affect mass results. – Common dessicant-anhydrous
calcium chloride.
Colored indicator crystals are usually included to tell condition of dessicant. – Gray color in crystals-dessicant is
dry and will absorb moisture.
– Pink color-dessicant is "hydrated".
When this happens, the water can be removed by heating it in an oven.
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Dropping bottle
Store and disperse a
variety of liquids.
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Drying oven
Used to dry materials
faster.
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Erlenmeyer flask
Shape constructed to facilitate swirling or mixing of reactants.
NOT precise-250 mL flask typically holds 270 mL or so.
Use only for approximate measurements.
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Evaporating dish
Used to recover
dissolved solids by
evaporation.
While it can be
heated, it should not
be used for "strong"
heating.
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Florence flask
Rounded bottom
makes it ideal for
boiling liquids.
It also makes this
flask easy to tip over
when sitting on the
lab table.
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Forceps
Used to grasp/hold
small items.
Often used for
dissection.
Not called tweezers.
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Fume Hood:
Safety glass-front
cabinet w/exhaust
fan.
It is used for
experiments known to
produce noxious
fumes or smoke.
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Do the following to perform an experiment in the
hood:
– Raise the door of the hood
– Turn on the light and set up the apparatus
– When all material for the experiment is ready, turn on
the fan
– Pull the hood door at least 1/3 way down
– Perform the experiment
– When finished, pull the door all the way down until all
smoke and fumes are removed
– Turn off the fan and light, then remove the equipment
to a regular lab station for cleaning
– Leave the hood clean
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Long stem funnel (filter funnel)
When lined with filter
paper, used to filter
suspended solids
from a liquid.
Aides in pouring
liquids into small
openings.
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Glass stirring rod w/rubber
policeman
Tool to mix reactants.
Pour liquid down along it
to keep it from splashing
out.
Movement of the rod
additionally helps to
spread the heat evenly.
Rubber policeman keeps
glass rod from scratching
glass beaker or other
container.
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Graduate cylinders
Make accurate
measurements of liquid
volumes.
Bumper ring on larger
cylinders is to prevent
breakage if tipped over.
Keep it near the top.
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Graduated pipets
Can have bulb or pipet pump.
Convenient way to accurately transfer a small volume of liquid. – Volumetric pipet-used to
measure one amount only.
– Graduated pipet-lot of lines so you can measure many different amounts.
Before making an accurate transfer, the user should pump the desired liquid into the pipet, roll the pipet horizontally to coat the entire interior surface with the liquid, and then allow the liquid to drain through the tip.
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Micro flame burner
Fueled by butane.
Gives pure hot flame
without smoke.
Reach temperature
you need faster.
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Micro spatula
Used to transfer
solids.
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Microscope slide/cover glass
Microscope slide with
or without well.
Cover slip or cover
glass-flattens liquids
for better high power
viewing, protects lens
from liquids.
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Mortar and pestle
Used to grind solids
into powders.
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Spot plate
Has number of small
wells.
Chemicals are placed
in the small wells, and
the reaction can be
observed as it takes
place in the well.
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Support ring
Attaches to the
ring stand and is
used to support
glassware above
the lab table.
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Test tube/Test tube rack/Test tube
holder
Test tube-used as container to hold chemicals during heating or other reactions.
Test tube rack-supports test tubes, hang tubes upside down for drying.
Test tube holder-used in cases of heating.
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Tongs
Used to hold or pick
up many items, but
work best as tongs for
picking up hot
evaporating dish.
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Transfer pipet
Used to transfer very
small amounts of
liquids.
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Tripod
Can be placed over
Bunsen burner,
alcohol lamp, or micro
flame burner.
Use with wire gauge
or clay tripod.
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Utility clamp
When attached to the
ring stand, this clamp
is used to hold a large
test tube or Florence
flask above the lab
table.
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Volumetric flasks
Used to prepare solutions of exact concentrations of solutions.
It has a precise graduation line in the neck of the flask.
Never heat substances in them.
First rinse inside with solvent, then transfer a small amount of solvent followed by the required amount of solute, and swirl.
Further fill the flask with solvent to just below the mark etched in the glass.
Last few drops added with a medicine dropper or Pasteur pipet for accuracy.
Finally, w/stopper and base supported, invert flask about ten times to ensure homogeneity in the mixing.
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Watch glass
Used like evaporating
dish for drying very
small amounts of
material.
Used to cover
beakers.
Used for weighing
small amounts of
material.
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Weighing paper
Used with a balance
so that chemicals are
placed on the paper,
instead of directly on
the balance.
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Wash bottles
In the general chemistry
lab, are usually filled with
distilled or deionized
water.
Used for rinsing solids out
of a container when
filtering.
Used to rinse glassware.
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Wire gauze/Clay triangle
Used as a support for containers when placed across a support ring above a burner.
Wire gauze spreads out flame/heat evenly over container.
Clay triangle can hold a funnel during filtering.
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Measuring the volume of a liquid
with a graduated cylinder:
Surface of liquid in cylinder curves to form a meniscus.
Meniscus of most liquids curves up sides of container (center lower than edges).– Mercury is one of very few
exceptions - it curves down at the edges.
Always read bottom of curve.
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Using the smallest graduation, estimate
between the two lines where the meniscus
falls.
As the diameter of the cylinder increases,
the curve of the meniscus flattens out.
Putting card/paper behind meniscus
makes it easier to read.
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Measuring the volume of a liquid
with a pipet:
Pipets are much more accurate than
graduated cylinders.
Liquid must be drawn into the pipet.
Gradually release the pressure of your
squeeze on the bulb and allow the liquid to
be drawn into the pipet.
– Draw more liquid than needed, but do not
allow the liquid to enter the bulb.
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Measuring mass with an
electronic balance:
Never place a chemical directly on balance pan-
use container.
Place container on balance-its mass is displayed.
Press Zero button-balance resets to zero and
ignores mass of container.
Place substance to be weighed into container-
balance will show only the mass of substance.
When container is removed, press
Zero button again.
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Measuring mass with a triple-
beam balance:Place object on balance pan.
Move tares on beams to balance mass.
Back beam graduated in 10 gram steps/middle beam graduated in 100 gram steps. – Tares on these two beams are in the notch for the whole number
of grams and not in between notches.
The front beam is a sliding scale graduated in grams.
The tare on this beam can be positioned anywhere on the scale.
Masses on a triple-beam balance can be read to tenths of a gram, and estimated to hundredths.
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Filtering a precipitate from a
solution:
Filtering a solid out of a liquid is done using filter paper
and a filter funnel.
The filter funnel is supported by the ring on a ring stand.
Lay a clay triangle across the ring, then place the filter
funnel into the triangle.
To prepare the filter paper, fold the paper in half, then
fold it in half again.
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Catch three of the four edges of paper at open edge. – Squeeze sides of folded paper and cone will form w/3
thicknesses of paper on one side and one thickness of paper on the other.
– Place this cone of paper into the filter funnel.
Place catch dish under funnel.
Wet down inside of filter paper with wash bottle-it sticks to funnel.
Carefully pour liquid to be filtered into mouth of funnel. – Do not let the liquid rise to the top of the filter paper.
– If any liquid goes over and around the paper, your procedure is ruined.
– Be patient, it will take time for the liquid to move through the pores of the paper.
When all original liquid has been poured into the funnel, use wash bottle to rinse any remaining precipitate out of the original container.
Do not touch or try to stir the liquid inside the filter paper. – The wet paper is easily torn, which will ruin your procedure.