• Labor Supply- displaced farmersLabor Supply- displaced farmers– the the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENTENCLOSURE MOVEMENT- Land - Land

owners claimed public landsowners claimed public lands– They then enclosed them.They then enclosed them.– The public lands helped the smaller The public lands helped the smaller

farms survive.farms survive.– The displaced farmers will flock to the The displaced farmers will flock to the

cities to find work.cities to find work.– Thus giving the IR it’s labor supplyThus giving the IR it’s labor supply

• Natural Resources- Iron ore and Natural Resources- Iron ore and coal, + what came from coloniescoal, + what came from colonies

– Iron and Coal can be found together.Iron and Coal can be found together.– Cotton and Wool can be brought in for Cotton and Wool can be brought in for

the textile industrythe textile industry

• Begin the process of self sufficiency Begin the process of self sufficiency

• Investment capital- WealthInvestment capital- Wealth– There was a ready amount of “old Money” There was a ready amount of “old Money”

available.available.– There was some “New Money” as wellThere was some “New Money” as well

• Entrepreneurs – businessmen willing to Entrepreneurs – businessmen willing to take riskstake risks

– Joint Stock Companies that made their Joint Stock Companies that made their fortunes during the Age of Explorations.fortunes during the Age of Explorations.

– Men willing to start their own industries.Men willing to start their own industries.

• Transportation A way of getting the Transportation A way of getting the goods aroundgoods around

– There was an abundance of rivers in There was an abundance of rivers in EnglandEngland

– This made it possible to ship the materials This made it possible to ship the materials and the goods and the goods

– Water power is necessary for power during Water power is necessary for power during the beginning of the IRthe beginning of the IR

• Markets – Colonies Markets – Colonies – Force them to buy the goods.Force them to buy the goods.

The start of the Industrial The start of the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

• Agriculture- Agriculture- – Bigger fields meant the possibility of growing more Bigger fields meant the possibility of growing more

crops.crops.– More crops meant more money, but you would need More crops meant more money, but you would need

more workers for the larger fields.more workers for the larger fields.– More Workers meant less profits SO we need a way More Workers meant less profits SO we need a way

to maximize the use of land and profitsto maximize the use of land and profits– Jethro Tull 1701- Mechanical seed drill and Horse Jethro Tull 1701- Mechanical seed drill and Horse

drawn cultivator- easier to plantdrawn cultivator- easier to plant– Robert Bakewell- scientific breeding Take your Robert Bakewell- scientific breeding Take your

biggest animals and mate them. The result is usually biggest animals and mate them. The result is usually larger offspring.larger offspring.

– Charles Townshend- 1700- crop rotation, also new Charles Townshend- 1700- crop rotation, also new crops for winter food- turnipscrops for winter food- turnips

The Cottage IndustryThe Cottage Industry

• Originally the Textile Industry took place in Originally the Textile Industry took place in cottages. (literally) The wives of farmers would cottages. (literally) The wives of farmers would help with the production of cloth.help with the production of cloth.

• It was very time consuming and required the It was very time consuming and required the materials be moved around frequently.materials be moved around frequently.

• Each house doing a different part of the job. Each house doing a different part of the job. The division of Labor.The division of Labor.

• Factories - Large places where the entire Factories - Large places where the entire operation could be housed.operation could be housed.

• Early factories always need water. A source of Early factories always need water. A source of power and transportation. Early factories will power and transportation. Early factories will always be found along side a river. always be found along side a river.

Inventors and their inventions Inventors and their inventions

• John Kay 1733- Flying Shuttle – speed John Kay 1733- Flying Shuttle – speed up weaving by using more spinnersup weaving by using more spinners

• James Hargreaves 1760- Spinning James Hargreaves 1760- Spinning Jenny- produce more yarn using more Jenny- produce more yarn using more spindlesspindles

• Richard Arkwright 1769- Water Frame- Richard Arkwright 1769- Water Frame- A water powered spinning machineA water powered spinning machine

• Ed Cartwright 1785- Power Loom- A Ed Cartwright 1785- Power Loom- A powered loom powered loom

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Increased productivityIncreased productivity

• Increased productivity meant greater need Increased productivity meant greater need for raw materials.for raw materials.Eli Whitney- 1793- Cotton Gin- removed Eli Whitney- 1793- Cotton Gin- removed the seeds from cotton faster.the seeds from cotton faster.Eli Whitney- Standard Interchangeable Eli Whitney- Standard Interchangeable parts- By making machine parts by parts- By making machine parts by machine it did not cost as much to fix the machine it did not cost as much to fix the machines when they broke. machines when they broke.

• This is going to enable the mass This is going to enable the mass production of machines and goods production of machines and goods

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

IRONIRON

• Most Machines are made out of metal- Most Machines are made out of metal- Iron. Iron is very heavy. It is strong but Iron. Iron is very heavy. It is strong but impurities can make it weak. Find a impurities can make it weak. Find a way to improve the Ironway to improve the Iron

• Henry Cort- 1744- Puddling process for Henry Cort- 1744- Puddling process for Iron- uses coal for the fire and boils the Iron- uses coal for the fire and boils the iron iron

• Henry Bessemer+ William Kelly 1850- Henry Bessemer+ William Kelly 1850- Oxidation of molten metal- STEELOxidation of molten metal- STEEL

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

19141914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

POWERPOWER

• Power becomes a major problem. Power becomes a major problem. As the factories grow the need for As the factories grow the need for power will grow. As the inventions power will grow. As the inventions become greater and larger they will become greater and larger they will need more power than can be need more power than can be provided by a water wheel.provided by a water wheel.

• James Watt 1769 Practical steam James Watt 1769 Practical steam engine Pressure valve.engine Pressure valve.

•

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

Other inventions Other inventions

• Volta- Italy- 1800- Electric batteryVolta- Italy- 1800- Electric battery• James Faraday- Scotland- 1831- The James Faraday- Scotland- 1831- The

dynamo- electric generator- copper wire dynamo- electric generator- copper wire around a magnet. around a magnet.

• Maxwell- England – predicted the Maxwell- England – predicted the discovery of invisible electro magnetic discovery of invisible electro magnetic waveswaves

• Hertz – Germany 1887- discovered a way Hertz – Germany 1887- discovered a way to send and receive these wavesto send and receive these waves

• Samuel Morse(USA-Scotland)- Samuel Morse(USA-Scotland)- 1830- telegraph- morse code1830- telegraph- morse code

• Alexander G Bell ( USA-E) 1876- Alexander G Bell ( USA-E) 1876- TelephoneTelephone

• Marconi – Italy- 1895- wireless radio Marconi – Italy- 1895- wireless radio used Maxwell and hertz’s ideasused Maxwell and hertz’s ideas

• Tom Edison ( USA) 1880’s Light Bulbs, Tom Edison ( USA) 1880’s Light Bulbs, Power stations, Motion picturesPower stations, Motion pictures

• Daimler+ Benz- Germany 1880’s Internal Daimler+ Benz- Germany 1880’s Internal combustion enginecombustion engine

• Diesel Germany an industrial engineDiesel Germany an industrial engine• Henry Ford (USA) 1914- Moving Henry Ford (USA) 1914- Moving

assembly line with Standard assembly line with Standard Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts

1.1. Wright Brothers (USA) 1903- Wright Brothers (USA) 1903- Airplane This should not work Airplane This should not work according to the laws of physics, so according to the laws of physics, so leads to the invention of leads to the invention of aeronautics. aeronautics.

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

• Dalton 1803 weighting atoms- everything Dalton 1803 weighting atoms- everything in relation to hydrogen. This would lead in relation to hydrogen. This would lead to the development of Atomic theory, to the development of Atomic theory, which stated that all matter is made up of which stated that all matter is made up of small particles. This was accepted but small particles. This was accepted but not proven till the late 1800’snot proven till the late 1800’s

• Mendeleyeu 1869 Periodic TableMendeleyeu 1869 Periodic Table• Roentgen 1895- X-RaysRoentgen 1895- X-Rays• JJ Thomson 1897- Electrons- 1st sub JJ Thomson 1897- Electrons- 1st sub

atomic particlesatomic particles

• Pierre and Marie Curie- France- Pierre and Marie Curie- France- Radioactivity. Elements giving off Radioactivity. Elements giving off electronselectrons

• Max Planck- @1900- develops the Max Planck- @1900- develops the quantum theory- energy released in quantum theory- energy released in defined packages. A wavelength defined packages. A wavelength that can be measure that can be measure

• Albert Einstein 1905 1st paper proved Albert Einstein 1905 1st paper proved atoms existed using grains and water. 2nd atoms existed using grains and water. 2nd paper extends the quantum theory to paper extends the quantum theory to include light. 3rd paper introduced the include light. 3rd paper introduced the world to the special theory of relativity. No world to the special theory of relativity. No particle can travel faster than light; motion particle can travel faster than light; motion is relative to the observer. 4th paper is relative to the observer. 4th paper E=mc² mass can be changed into energy E=mc² mass can be changed into energy at a rate of the speed of light squared at a rate of the speed of light squared

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Chartists

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].