labor organizations by another name: he worker center movement and its evolution into coverage under...

7/30/2019 Labor Organizations by Another Name: he Worker Center Movement and its Evolution into Coverage under the

1/2064

Engage: Volume 13, Issue 3

Labor & Employment LawLabor Organizations by Another Name: he Worker Center Movement

and its Evolution into Coverage under the NLRA and LMRDA

Stean J. Marculewicz, Esquire and Jennier Tomas, Esquire

.....................................................................

*Stean Marculewicz is a Shareholder in the Washington, DC oce o LittlerMendelson, P.C., and ocuses his legal practice on traditional labor law matters,international labor law and standards, and non-traditional worker representation.

Jennier Tomas is an Associate in the Washington, DC oce o Littler Mendelson,P.C. where she concentrates her practice in the areas o labor and employmentlaw.

I. Introduction

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II. Previous work in this areaA continuation of the dialogue

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III. Te Legal Framework Governing the Rights of WorkersVis a Vistheir Representatives.

A. Te Origins o the Statutory Regulation o Labor Organizations

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B. Te Labor Organization under the NLRA and LMRDA

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S, 970 NLRB 9 5 S 2(5), .2 I , A L J x - , ,

eschews - A.22

Y, NLRB A M23 , NLRB G C j x , x .24 F x, Blue BirdWorkers Committee, D A B B W C (BBWC),

B B , .25 T CULA 9 5, , BBWC,

.26 I x BBWC [] - com-munications discussions [ ].27

I , Acme/Alltrans Strike Committee, D A .2 T C attempting , , D A 2(5) .29 [] C . . . . . . .30

I Protesting Citizens and its Agent Elvin Winn, D- A

, , .3 A G C, j S- 2(5) .32M, x , , S 2(5) .33

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6/20October 2012

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3. R O CT NLRB NI D L O

I 2006, NLRB D A S 2(5)

R- O C N Y (ROC-NY), .37 I , D A ROC-NY .3 I , D A , , ROC-NY - E .39T D A - , , .

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x , .45 T x .46B ROC-NY , NLRA.47

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T LMRDA all x x .72L ,73

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j LMRDA. F x, Stein v. Mutual ClerksGuild o Massachusetts, Inc.,75

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I 2009 , N-W, LMRDA .79 I , , - 3() (j) 3(j) 3().0 S, N-W

LMRDA x 3(j). T .

M 30 N-W , U S C A D Cj Brennan v. United Mine Workers.2I , D S 3(j) 3().3 C , j , , 402() . . .

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IV. Te Worker Center Movement

A. Te History o the Worker Center Movement

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B. Profles o Several Prominent Worker Centers

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9/2072


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I O 200, CIW F F A- F G Ex, j F .257 B , F F P C C.25

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10/20October 2012

73

.260 I - .26 I q F F A ,262 q , , , - .263 T q CIW , CIW q .264

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S 2(5) , q CIW - x .

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4. R O C A

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T R O C (ROC) - U S, N Y, L A,C, W, DC.275 K ROCU, ROC-NY,

HERE L 00 W W R.276 I S J W W F- M N Y C.277

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j . I

ROC NLRA LMRDA.

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11/2074


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A S 2(5) NLRA, ROC j . I

NLRA .294T q, NLRB 2006

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5. K I W A

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K I W A296

(KIWA) , , L A - K. KIWA 992 j L A R K .297K -,29 , , , j .299 KIWA K

A R F .300KIWA 45 K L .30

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KIWA K R O- A (KROA) .305 KIWA

$0,000 W H F, KIWA, j .306

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KIWA L M A P K .30

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IWU3

K .32 T IWU NLRB N 5, 200.33 T , NLRB .34 T IWU

NLRB, .35A -

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$.50 j - .37 S 200,KIWA , .3

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.320 T IWU ; x

, NLRB

.32 T, IWU, KIWA .

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12/20October 2012

75

. T , KIWA .323 KIWA q .324

N-W KIWA - KIWA , .325 T - KIWA . KIWA - KIWA -.326

A , KIWA , , .327 G KIWA . A , KIWA

NLRA, , LMRDA.

V. Conclusion

A -, x . I, .

W - ,

, , .

S . A , , NLRA LMRDA , . S, , . A . I , - ,

. L x, NLRA LMRDA, , , j , .

Endnotes

B L S, U M S 20, J27, 202, available at ://.././2.0.; seealso, S G, Union Membership Rate Fell Again in 2011, N.Yimes, J 27, 202. available at://../202/0/2//------20..

2 J W, Union Members in 2007: A Visual Essay, Monthly Lab. Rev.,O 200, 30. 93 BLS .T . R B,

Article: Te Discord Between Collective Bargaining and Individual EmploymentRights: Teoretical Origins and a Proposed Reconciliation, 77 B.U.L. R. 67,694-702 (O 997) ( U S).

3 J F, Workers Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge o theDream, 50 N.Y.L. Sch L. Rev. 47, 420 (2006) [ F, WorkersCenters].

4 Id.

5 F x, OUR W NLRA . ://./-/-/. (T N LR A . T , . Id.

6 29 U.S.C. 5-69 (2006).

7 29 USC 4-44, 67, 727 (2006).

SeeD L O L-M S - , available at://..////. ( S. 6, 202) (x L-MR D A 959, (LMRDA), . T LMRDA : B R ; q ,

, , - , ; ; .).

9 SeeE N-W, Te Worker Center Movement and raditionalLabor Law, 30 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L. 232, 23 (2009) [N-W, Worker Center Movement].

0 A H, New Institutions or Worker Representation in the United State:Teoretical Issues, 50 N.Y.L. Sch L. Rev. 35, 393 (2006) [ H,New Institutions].

Id.

2 Id.

3 F, Workers Centers, supra 3, 49.

4 D R, Worker Centers: Emerging Labor Organizations - Until

Tey Conront the National Labor Relations Act, 27 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L.469 (2006) [ R, Emerging Labor Organizations].

5 Id.

6 N-W, Worker Center Movement,supra 9, 232.

7 Id. 23.

P. L. N. 74-9, 49 S. 449-50 (935).

9 M J. N, Comment: Slowing Union Corruption: Reorming theLandrum-Grin Act to Better Combat Union Embezzlement, 8 Geo. Mason L.Rev. 527, 530 (2000) [ N, Slowing Union Corruption].

20 Id.

2 Id.

22 Id.

23 Id.

24 P. L. N. 74-9, 49 S. 449-50 (935).

25 T D L L, 3233(BNA 200) ( Millis & Brown,From he Wagner Act to aft-Hartley, U C P, 24(950)).

26 Id.

27 Id.

2 Id.

29 Id.

30 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 530.


13/2076


3 Id. 53. T [] , , , L-M R A, 29 U.S.C 4 (947).

32 S. Rep. No. 06, S V, reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 456.

33 Id.

34 H.R. Rep. No. 245 H.R. 300 , reprinted in Legislative Historyof the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 295.

35 See29 U.S.C. 5().S () .

36 See29 U.S.C. 5()().

37 H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 547; ee29 U.S.C. 5()(2).

3 Id.

39 S ()(4) .

40 29 U.S.C. 5()(5).

4 29 U.S.C. 5()(6).

42 H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 570; see29 U.S.C. 6().

43 See H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in L H L M R A 947 57.

44 S 9() LMRA, 6 S. 45 (947).

45 S 9( )()-(6) LMRA, 6 S. 45 (947).

46 R H R H A. M, CR, H, A 24, 947, reprinted in Legislative History of theLabor Management Relations Act of 1, 69 (E , .).

47 SeeS. 302 LMRDA, 29 U.S.C. 43.

4 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 53532.

49 T L R L, B N A: W, D.C.(959).

50 Id.

5 Id.

52 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 53334. T B C

W, A U, I U O E,U x W U I B .

53 Id.

54 See2 NRLB Legislative History of the Labor-Management Record-ing and Disclosure Act of 1, 04, 56.

55 T MC C .

56 Rinku Sen and Fekkak Mamdouh, he Accidental American:Immigration and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization23 (200)[ he Accidental American) (T , . . . .).

57 L M, Te Right to Democratic Participation in Labor Unions andthe Use o the Hobbs Act to Combat Organized Crime, 7 Fordham Urb. L. J.9, 96 (99) [ M, Te Right to Democratic Participation];S. REP. N. 7, 6 C., S. 5 NRLB LH L-M R D A 959 397.

5 Id. 97.

59 Id.

60 29 USC 4-44, 67, 72-7 (2006).

6 S 2 NRLB Legislative History of the Labor-ManagementRecording and Disclosure Act of 1, 09 (T j C U S.).

62 Id.

63 Id.

64 R L. L, Due Process and the LMRDA: An Analysis o DemocraticRights in the Union and at the Workplace, 29 B.C.L. Rev. 2, 34 (97). I LMRDA : SEC. 0. ()() EQUALRIGHS.-- E q , , , j .

(2) FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND ASSEMBLY.-- E ; x , , ; x

, ,j : P, T .

(3) DUES, INIIAION FEES, AND ASSESSMENS.-- Ex , A , , x-

(A) , () j ,

q, () j ;

(B) , , () j , , () j , () j x , x :P, T x x

.(4) PROECION OF HE RIGH O SUE.-- N , ,

, j, , ,

: P, T q x ( x - ) , : A , T , , , x ,


14/20October 2012

77

, , , .

(5) SAFEGUARDS AGAINS IMPROPER DISCIPLINARY ACION.--N , , x, x (A) ; (B) ; (C) .

() A .

SEC. 02. C E

A U S ( j) . A U S , .

SEC. 03. R Ex R

N S F ,

.SEC. 04. R C C B A

I , , q , , ; , . T 20 . 29 U.S.C. 4-45.

65 Id.

66 29 U.S.C. 4()().

67 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(2).

6 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(3).

69 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(5).

70 29 U.S.C. 42.

7 29 U.S.C. 44.

72 29 USC 43(); Id. 99. M S 9() H A. See6 S. 45 (947).

73 M, Te Right to Democratic Participation, supra 57, 99;N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 55.

74 Id. 527, 55.

75 M, Te Right to Democratic Participation, supra 57, 97.

76 Id.

77 U.S. Dept of Lab., O L S, O P DR, ://../////. ( S. 6, 202).

7 Id.

79 29 U.S.C. 43() (E q q to all o its members, S j

U S , j x , , . T , , j , , . ( ))

0 29 U.S.C. 4. O , j , III LMRDA . 29 U.S.C. 46.

29 USC 50.

2 29 U.S.C. 50().

3 See29 USC 5()(7).

4 See, e.g., 2 Leg. History of the Labor Management Reporting andDisclosure Act, 97576, 993, 99495, 029, 7493 (959). SE , 05 C. R. 6656, 2 Leg. Hist. LMRDA 3 (959):R ,

j .

5 29 U.S.C. 52(5).

6 SeeNLRB . C C C., 360 US 203, 23 (959) ( S.R N. 573, 74 C. S. 7(935) (T S x

, , , , , . T -.)). T q . NLRB O G C - A O L P R C, 5 (2005) ( M B C., 2 NLRB 623 (970)).

7 29 U.S.C. 52(5); Y N H H, 309 NLRB 363 (992)( x , , D L); seeB H U, 23 NLRB 369, 375 (97) ( D L); B M. C., 67NLRB 30 ( , , , ); E D,94 NLRB 266 ( ); see also NLRB . K,I., 2 F.2 7 (3 C. 950) (

S 2(5)).

29 U.S.C. 52(5)

9 O , . SeeE, I., 309N.L.R.B. 994.

90 T x , , , j R L A. 29 U.S.C. 52(3)

9 A , inra, C I W, .

92 Id.

93 29 U.S.C. 203(); see also NLRB R C L R

D 200, 205, available at://..// ( S. 6, 202).

94 29 U.S.C. 203().

95 A L.P., 325 NLRB 972 (99).

96 B E . NLRB, 429 U.S. 29 (977).

97 T , , q LMRDA . See29 CFR 45.3()(3) x NLRA LMRDA.

9 T U F W 960


15/2078


970. , - .SeeJ G, Law, Lawyers, and Labor: Te United Farm Workers Le-

gal Strategy in the 1960s and 1970s and the Role o Law in Union Organizingoday, U. PA. J. Lab. & Emp. L. , 5, . 45 (2005) [ G,Law, Lawyers, and Labor].

99 29 U.S.C. 52(5). T x RL A, 29 U.S.C. 52(2).

00 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 25.N-W R H q NLRA - .

0 Id.; S. 95, 74 C., S. 6667.

02 Id.

03 360 U.S. 203 (959).

04 Id.

05 S U, 350 NLRB 755 (2007) ( 2(5) j x ).

06 See e.g., E, I., 309 NLRB 990 (992); E.I. P C., 3 NLRB 93 (993); K B C., 37 NLRB 0 (995).

07 29 U.S.C. 5()(2).

0 C C S C., 334 NLRB 699, 700 (q E,I., 309 NLRB 990, 995 . 2 (992)).

09 K B C., 37 NLRB 0 (995)

0 S C., 320 NLRB (995); V A S, I., 334NLRB 965, 969970 (200), . , 352 F.3 3(6 C. 2003). But seeP M, I., 49 NLRB 454 (964) ( ).

C L, 337 NLRB 26 (2002); E CI, 95 NLRB 67.

2 ICoinmach Laundry

, 337 NLRB 26 (2002), AL J , , , 2(5) purpose . ( ). See also E C I,95 NLRB 67, 674 (972) ( purpose , , ).

3 B H U, 23 NLRB 369 (97).

4 P M, I., 49 NLRB 454, 47 (964).

5 Seesupra 9900.

6 C U L A, 29 NLRB 73 (975); see alsoProtestGroups and Labor Disputes oward a Defnition o Labor Organization:Center or United Labor Action, 7 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 796 (976).

7 Id.

Id.

9 Id. ( ).

20 Id.

2 N U, 235 NLRB 5 (97).

22 Id. 59.

23 I NLRB A M NLRB G C O, A R O

. SeeP R, N L R B, J S D A G C D A (F, 202), available at://..//j-------- (F , 202) ( S.6, 202). A , A M . SeeD. R. H, I. M C, 202 NLRB Lx , *2.4, ( NLRB , x -G C BR O, B).

24 SeeA/A S C, C N. 2-CB-63, A

M A 25, 97; P C A EW, C 5-CC-6, A M A 30, 977;C A M E P, A M N 30, 977; M E. D, A L L 49(.E. I), C -CC-35, -CB-3229 A M D 30, 976.

25 B B W C, 92 NLRB GCM Lx *0.

26 Id. *.

27 Id. ( ).

2 A/A S C, C N. 2-CB-63, D A M A 25, 97, 6 AMR 4,025, 5033.

29 Id. 5034.

30 Id. ( P M, I., 49 NLRB 454, 47-72 (964)).

3 P C A E W, C 5-CC-6, AM A 30, 977.

32 Id.

33 Id.

34 M E. D, A L L 498 (.E.I),C -CC-35, -CB-3229 A M D 30, 976, 4 AMR 0,0, 502.

35 R, Emerging Labor Organizations, supra 4, 493494.

36 Id. 494.

37 R O C NY, C 2-CP-067, 2-CP-20643, 2-CP-07, 2-CB-20705, 2-CP-073 2-CB-2077, AM N 30, 2006 [ ROC AM].

3 Id.

39 Id.

40 SeeBoulud settles discrimination suit, N R G, J 30,2007, available at://.//---( S. 6, 202); see also T A A 6.

4 Id.

42 Id.

43 Id.

44 Id.

45 SeeROC A M, supra 37, 3.

46 Id.

47 Id. T D A ROC-NY

q ROC-NY , . AM 3. A , , .M, Electromation A , ,

q .

4 M C. D, Days Without Immigrants: Analysis and Implicationso the reatment o Immigration Rallies Under the National Labor Relations Act,5 Denv. U. L. R. 93, 3435 (2007) [ D, Days Without


16/20October 2012

79

Immigrants].

49 Id. 34.

50 Id. 35 ( ).

5 Id.

52 Id. A supra, 2(5) . SeePorto Mills, supra 0.

53 Id. 36.

54 T F L S A , q . See29 USC 26. VII . See29 USC 9.

55 B , ROC-NY .

56 A N-W , ROC-NY D , q ROC-NY

ROC-NY . SeeN-W, Te Worker Center

Movement, supra 9, 254. S .

57 Id.

5 S ROC-NY ://../-- ( S. 6, 202).

59 D, Days without Immigrants, supra 4, 36 ( ( q [ NLRB]). N-W, Te Worker Center Movement,supra 9, 255 ( ROC-NY .)

60 H, New Institutions, supra 0, 40.

6 D, Days without Immigrants, supra 4, 35.

62 29 U.S.C. 402() (j).

63 29 U.S.C. 402().

64 29 U.S.C. 402(j).

65 29 U.S.C. 402(j).

66 D . N D, 736 F.2 6 (0 C. 94)( S. R. N. 7, 6 C., S. 53, reprinted in 959 U.S. CC. A. N 23, 2370).

67 Id.; see also B . U M W, 475 F.2 293, 29596(D.C. C. 973).

6 Donovan, 736 F.2 6 (0 C. 94).

69 Id. 6222 ( , , , j A x ).

70 Id.

7 Id; see also D . ND, 542 F. S. 957, 95 (D. K. 92)(x ND

, A A ND . T , , .).

72 R . U U, 479 F. S. 57, 60 (N.D. A.979); see also 29 C.F.R. 45.2.

73 See29 CFR 45.3()(3).

74 See29 U.S.C. 402().

75 560 F.2 46 ( C. 977).

76 Id. 490; see also 29 C.F.R. 03.3 NLRB

j .

77 Id.

7 Id.

79 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 2729.

0 Id.

Id.

2 475 F.2 293 (D.C. C. 973).3 Id. 295.

4 Id. ( 05 CONG. REC. 656 (959) ( SG K); H.R. REP. N. 74, 6 C., S. 2).

5 F, Worker Centers, supra 3, 430.

6 Id.

7 Corey Kurtz, Worker Centers: Vehicles for Building Low-wageWorker Power 30 (200).

Id. 33.

9 J F, Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge o theDream, E P I B P #59 (2005, D 4),available at://..///59/ [ F,B P #59] ( S. 6, 202).


9 J H, Symposium: Whither the Board? Te National LaborRelations Board at 75: Can Unions Use Worker Center Strategies?: In an Ageo Doing More With Less, Unions ShouldConsider Tinking Locally but ActingGlobally, 5 FIU L. Rev. 55, 556 (200); J G, We Make theRoad by Walking: Immigrant Workers, Te Workplace Project, and the Struggle

or Social Change, 30 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 407 (995); see also Los AngelesBlack Worker Center, A New Sense o Power o the People: Fighting or Equity,ransparency, Accountability and Justice in the 21st Century Labor Market,UCLA C L R E R P B,F 7, 20.

92 F, B P #59, supra 9.

93 S A. C, A R-S D I: 2000 200, T C I S, O 20.

94 T F-B P U S: 200, T USC B, available at://../// ( S. 6, 202).

95 I 2005, 23 N Y, 29 C, 6 F 7 x. SeeF, B P #59, supra 9.

96 Id.

97 F, Worker Centers, supra 3, 430.

9 M W C . ROC-NY W C S , 200 W W . ://../--.KIWA 992 L A , RK , 53 , 2,000 j, ,00 , . See Jared Sanchezet al., Koreatown: A Contested Community at a Crossroads (A202), available at ://..///K_C_C_C_..

99 SeeOUR Walmart, FAQ, ://./-/q/ ( S. 6, 202).

200 T R O C N Y j . S ROC-NY, ://../--/j----j- ( S. 6, 202).T C I W , , , , , - , , . See


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://.-./C_C. ( S. 6,202). T C H I R L A . See ://../ ( S. 6, 202).

20 T R A Pj N Y , . See://j.//( S. 6, 202) ://j.//--/ ( S. 6, 202). KIWA - - K L A. See ://./-/-/# ( S. 6, 202).

202 OUR W W-M . See://./-/-/.ROC U , -. See ://./-/-j/ ( S. 6, 202). KIWA - . See://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).

203 A J F x M , , .T , , , . F, Workers Centers, supra 3, 442; see also N A A F E (NAFFE) W P

W C S, available at://.j.///-//. (T ; ; ; ) ( S. 6, 202); J Y R, Building Power Among Low-Wage ImmigrantWorkers: Some Legal Considerations or Organizing Structures and Strategies, 2N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 397, 43 (2004) ( ) [ R, Building Power].

204 R, Building Power, 203, 46.

205 Id.

206 Retail Action Proect, A, ://j.//( S. 6, 202).

207 Id.

20 Retail Action Proect, A: A, ://j.// ( S. 6, 202).

209 A , RAP NYC MW C N Y S $ 7.25 $.50 , NYCP S D C, - - . See://j.//.

20 S RWDSU ://./ ( S. 6,202).

2 See RWDSU, ://.///7/-----7909. ( S. 6, 202). F S NYC j RWDSU itsR A Pj (RAP), , 2000-200. ( .)

22 SeeL A, Cornered, Yellow Rat Bastard must cough up greento workers, he Villager, V 77 N. 37, F. 3-9, 200, available at://./_250/. ( S.6, 202).

23 Id.; ://..//2006/0/___. ( S. 6, 202).

24 SeeD 20 Y R B M H VL L available at ://j./2006/2/-------/ ( S. 6, 202) J2007 Y R B S $2 available at://j./2007/0/-----2/ ( S. 6, 202).

25 See ://..//2006/0/___. ( S. 6, 202).

26 SeeClothing Store Workers RAP to the une o $1.4 Million, Brandworkers

International, available at ://..//9075 ( S. 6, 202).

27 Id.

2 SeeM S, . . S M, LLC, 09--0406-LS,D N. 25; see also M G, NY Boutique Boss Arrested, Faces 4Years in Jail or Stealing Wages, Labor Notes, D 25, 200, availableat ://./200/02/-q----4--

j-- ( S. 6, 202).

29 RAP . See Protesters rally in ront o Qns. Center, QueensChron., N 4, 200, available at://.q.///-----q-/_32929-2-54-2-72206779. ( S. 6, 202).

220 RAP

. S ://j.// ( S. 6, 202).22 See C I W, RO C, K I W A, inra.

222 S RAP x -. Retail Action Proect, ://j./200/06/-------/ ( S. 6, 202); see also Pam

Whitefield, Sally Alvarez, Yasmin Emrani, Is here A Womens WayOf Organizing Gender, Unions, and Effective Organizing, CU D Ex O S I LR R 3 (2009) (x RAP RWDSU NYC , , - ) [Is there a Womens Way of Organizing].

223 RAP Q C N Y

. SeeProtesters rally in ront o Qns. Center,supra 29.

224 RWDSU RAP : W MV O , RAP . W . [W ] , , , x, , . SeeIs there a Womens Way of Organizing, 222, 26.

225 S G, Wal-Mart Workers ry the Nonunion Route, N.Y.imes, J 4, 20, available at ://../20/06/5//5.?= ( S. 6, 202).

226 Id.

227 See OUR Walmart, FAQ, ://./-/q/ ( S. 6, 202).

22 See UFCW N Hq 20 LM-2 D L, Q () (T UFCW W DC O UF R W - W-M S, I., S 50()(5) IR C, W-M . T 2/3/ LM2.), available at://.-./q/OQ. ( S. 6, 202).

229 See Making Chance at WalMart, ://.


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81

/ ( S. 6, 202).

230 See W-M W N R, x UFCW , j, W-M j OUR W, supra 74; see alsoL S, he Walmart Problem: Uncovering Labors Place in an Era o

Joblessness, Huffington Post, D 2, 20, available at://../20/2/2/---__43527. ( S. 6, 202). A P M,

UFCW W OURW.

23 Our Walmart, ://../__ ( S. 6, 202).

232 Id.

233 Id.

234 Id.

235 Id.

236 Id.

237 Id.

23 See M C W S W W A B, A, UFCW N, V 0, I , J

2, 20, available at.400./-//20/06/OP0.. ( S. 6, 202).

239 Id.

240 United Food and Commercial Workers Union, R DC,OUR W V W B M, M 27, 202, ://.400./202/03/-------/( S. 6, 202).

24 SeeP F, Rockers Rally Against Low Wages and New WalmartStore in Los Angeles, Rolling Stone Magazine, J 30, 202, availableat://..///------------2020630#x204x6 ( S. 6, 202).

242 SeeS W, Labor akes Aim at WalmartAgain, he Nation,J 4, 202, available at://..//65437/-

--- ( S. 6, 202).243 M $5.00 . SeeOUR Walmart, B M, ://../__ ( S. 6, 202).

244 W- j NLRB A . See e.g., W-M S, I., 352NLRB 5 (200).

245 T OUR W V M : W , A W,

. W , , , W A . OUR Walmart,

A , ://./-/-/ ( S. 6,202).

246 M, OUR W , W- .

247 Supra 05.

24 T UFCW 20 LM-2 O L-MS (OLMS) x T UFCW W, DC O U F R W - W-M S,I., S 50()(5) I R C, W-M . T UFCW LM-2

OMLS ://.-./q/OQ. .

249 29 U.S.C. 402(j)

250 See Coalition of Immokalee Workers, A CIW, ://-./. ( S. 6, 202).

25 Id.

252 SeeMajor Grower to Join Wage Plan, Wall St. J., O 3, 200,available at://.j.//SB00042405274704763904575550550065426..

253 Coalition of Immokalee Workers, FAQ, ://.-./FFP_FAQ. ( S. 6, 202).

254 Id.

255 Id.

256 See B A M C, C C S S, A 24, 2009, available at ://../--/- ( S. 6,202). A CIW , C C : ) A P B ; 2) C C C, ; 3) W-- CIW ; 4) A - , , , , P G , P B; 5) A H S ; 6) S , - ( 0% ), , ; 7) O

F F P. SeeCoalition of ImmokaleeWorkers, F F P, Fq A Q, ://-./FFP_FAQ. ( S. 6, 202).

257 SeeL L, asty deal: Farmworkers get raise, agreement with to-mato growers, Naples Daily News, N. 6, 200, available at://.

.//200//6/------/ ( S. 6, 202).

25 Id.

259 P G, L. C C CIW .-.///A4653603.PDF ( S. 6,202).

260 T F F S C CIW C C .://./. ( S. 6, 202).

26 Id.

262 ://./. ( S. 6, 202).

263 SeePacific omato Growers, Ltd., C C, available at.-.///A4653603.PDF ( S.

6, 202). T C C q CIW -

.

264 Id.

265 See Coalition of Immokalee Workers, ://.-./0. ( S. 6, 202).

266 SeeCIW 200 F 990 50()(3) x x . T F 990 ://.//990/ .

267 Id.


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26 S supra C C CIW G Ex, , .

269 SeePacific omato Growers, Ltd., C C, available at.-.///A4653603.PDF ( S. 6,202).

270 Id.

27 Id.

272 Id.

273 I U F W . I, UFW - NLRA. S J G,Law, Lawyers, and Labor, U. PA. J. Lab. & Emp. L. , 5, . 45 (2005).SeeL L, : F , , supra 257.

274 Supra 9293 x.

275 SeeROC United, A U, available at://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).

276 SeeImmigrant Restaurant Workers Hope to Rock New York, Dollars andSense, F 2004, available at..//2004/004. ( S. 6, 202).

277 U 2004, HERE J M LM-2 D L. SeeU HEREL 00 LM-2 D L 2002, 2003, 2004, available at://.-./q/OQ. ( S 7, 202).

27 See ROC United, O W, ://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).

279 See ROC United, ://.//23 ( S. 6,202).

20 ROC-NY, W , ://../-- ( S. 6, 202).

2 SeeROC United, O W: W J, available at://./-/-j/ ( S. 6, 202).

22 A ROC W J C

ROC U . See Dignity at Darden, ://../----. ( S. 6,202).

23 SeeAndiamo lawyer disputing ROC-MI allegations, Press & Guide, D., 2009, available at ://..//2009/2/0//45573509459629.x;see also O C, U students

protest Andiamo restaurant o Dearborn or workers rights breaches, heMichigan Daily, F , 200, available at://..//----- ( S. 6, 202) (q J P, ROC-MI , A N. 5, .).

24 Id. P x , ROC-MI . A , . See supra 23.

25 Id. ROC-MI U.S. D C E D M J 2, 200. SeeC N. 2:0--00.

26 SeeNLRB C 07-CA-052545, 07-CA-052607, 07-CA-052623, 07-CA-0520.

27 SeeS D, Ex-Andiamo employees protest their treatment, Press& Guide, J 6, 200, available at ://..//200/0/6//456660590046.x (

S. 6, 202); see also Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn andEmployees Finds Resolution, Metro imes, M 9, 20, available at://.//--.626 ( S. 6, 202).

2 See Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn and EmployeesFinds Resolution, supra 27.

29 Id.

290 Id.

29 P A, Restaurant Workers Launch Multi-City Campaign to

ransorm Low-Wage Industry, Labor Notes, F 4, 200, availableat ://./200/0/--------- ( S. 6, 202).

292 Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn and Employees FindsResolution, supra 27. T ROC-U A M, ROC-ME, F R 200.SeeGroup o Restaurant Workers Sues Front Room, Maine Business, availableat ://..//------_200-0-06.; Employees Deend Owner o Restaurant,Maine Business, available at ://../.?=PH=30296 ( S. 6, 202). A C, CHI-ROC, O O . SeeROC United Blog, ://..///O%20O ( S. 6, 202).

293 Id.

294 ROC United, A , ://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).

295 B P D W-N , supra 233, ROC j NLRA.

296 T K I WA.

297 J S K, Advocates or Immigrant Worker Rights, L.A.imes, J 26, 2002, available at://../2002/j/26//-26 ( S. 6, 202).

29 SeeJared Sanchez et al., Koreatown: A Contested Community ata Crossroads (A 202).

299 J D, Koreatown: Workers Called Hidden Riot Victims, L A, A 24, 2004, available at://../994-04-24//-4992__- ( S. 6, 202).

300 Id.

30 KIWA, A , ://./-/-/# ( S. 6, 202).

302 Id., KIWA V, ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).

303 Koreatown: Workers Called Hidden Riot Victims, supra 299.

304 Aziz Choudry et al., Organize!: Building from the Local forGlobal Justice 302 (202) [ Choudry, et al., Organize!].

305 F, supra 9, 0.

306 Id.

307 Id. 2. O , RWAK - , , .I q- , .

30 Id. 092.

309 Daranee Petsod et al.,Investing in Our Communities: Strategiesfor Immigrant Integration 6, available at://../~//P//S%20I%20A/O/IOC-SI/I%20%20O%20C%20%20%20%20..


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30 Id.

3 T IWU - -,-, AFL-CIO. KIWA IWU - - - K. A S IWU j . A U NLRB A S .SeeY P, Te Immigrant Workers Union: Challenges Facing Low-Wage

Immigrant Workers in Los Angeles, 2 Asian L.J. 67, 790 (2004).32 Id.

33 Id. .

34 Id.

35 Id. T IWU AS .

36 KIWA, KIWA V, ://./-/-/( S. 6, 202); see also Choudry, et al., Organize!, supra 304, 302; Angie Chung, Legacies of Struggle: Conflict andCooperation in Korean American Politics 63 (2007).


3 ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202);see also Choudry, et al., Organize!, supra 304, 302.

39 S N-W, supra 9, 327 (KIWA, nominally, RWAK IWU . . . .) (E ).

320 See Choudry, et al., Organize!, 304, 302; see alsoY P, Te Immigrant Workers Union: C F L-WI W L A, 2 Asian L.J. 67 (2004) [ P,Te Immigrant Workers Union] (T K I W A (KIWA),

I W U (IWU) . . . .). KWIA , A - KIWA K L - , 50%. T R W A K . available at://./-/-/

( S. 6, 202).

32 P, Te Immigrant Workers Union, 320, .

322 SeeKIWA, ://./ ( S. 6, 202).


324 Id.

325 Id. 329.

326 KIWA, V, available at ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).

327 Id.

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