lab prototype of wireless monitoring and control for seed potatoes growing chamber
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1. Introduction
Indonesia is an agricultural country. With a vast area and large population, self-sufficiency in
food and agriculture products to support the welfare of the people is a necessity of a high
importance. While an achievement of food self-sufficiency has been claimed in the late PresidentSoehartos reign mainly in the 1990s [1], there is a significant need for improvement of
agriculture sector productivity in Indonesia, in which presently the nation depends largely in
imported goods rather than self-sufficiency [2][3]. While there are several approaches have beenused to identify what is the current problems and possible solutions to improve Indonesian
agriculture productivity [4][5], one of such efforts which was performed by a collaboration
between Bandung Institute of Technology and NTTData of Japan has produced insightful results.The study has shown that current problems in the Indonesian agriculture sector could be divided
into some aspects, with the four main accounted problems including: low productivity,
ineffective marketing of farm products, high cost of farming supplies procurement, and low
farmers empowerment rate [6].
From the result of the study performed for potato cultivation in West Java, particularly in
Lembang and Pangalengan area, it was understood that seed quantity, quality, and availabilityhold significancy in overall cost and productivity [6]. Therefore, it was considered necessary to
increase the production quality and quantity of potato seeds, especially at the G0 potato seedingfacility which resulting yields will affect the consecutive seeding productions.
According to Blackmore (1994), there are four factors that are interlinked in precision
agriculture, those were: reduction of input, enhanced control system, increased efficiency, andinformation management system [7]. One of the agricultural systems that can be applied to
enable precision farming is aeroponic system. Aeroponic is the process of growing plants in an
environment without the use of medium soil or aggregate. The basic principle of aeroponic isgrowing plants in a closed or semi-enclosed environment with an equipment necessary for
spraying plants roots with nutrient-rich solution. The aeroponic system has more advantagesthan hydroponic in terms of spraying high air content in the nutrient solution to provide oxygen
to plant roots, stimulating growth, and help the prevention of pathogen compounds formations[7]. The main focus in the aeroponic system research are as follows: microenvironment
(temperature, humidity, pH), and the effectiveness of nutrition (spraying/ fogging).
Cultivation of G0 potato seeds require a controlled growing chamber inside a greenhouse to be
grown adequately. Precision farming which is constituted by exact dose, exact timing, and exactlocation [8] is surely necessary, while power efficiency will certainly be useful in production
cost reduction. Based on such necessities in improving production of G0 potato seeds,
understanding of potato seeding, and a research background on sensor systems, research effort in
developing information system for the purpose of productivity improvement was deemednecessary. A research partnership with Balitsa (Vegetables Research Center) of Ministry of
Agriculture located in West Java, Lembang, with proper facilities and expertise in green houses
and growing chambers as shown in Figure 1 has been initiated to obtain optimal results anduseful insights.
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Figure
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2. Methods
In designing an optimal WSAN for the purpose of greenhouse and growing chamber monitoring
and controlling system, the requirements of the system will be as follow:
1. Adaptive to changes against the size of the monitored system,2. Adjustable according to user's preferences,
3.
Able to monitor key parameters of greenhouse and growing chambers including but not
limited to: temperature, humidity, light intensity, and pH level.
According to the system's requirements, a wireless sensor and actuator network based on ZigBee
was chosen to be the wireless protocol. Based on the work specifications and studies of otherimplementations of WSAN [9][10], ZigBee has system advantages including high adaptibility
through its mesh network topology.
Considering high possibility of future implementations where the greenhouse and its growing
chambers might be located far from the database server and from its system administrator, amethod to transmit data from the location to the server was also designed. With the high
availability of GSM service providers in the country and intended pilot project location, textmessage (short message service - SMS) was chosen as an alternative.
The basic proposed system diagram is provided through Figure 3.
Figure 3. (a)Sensor and actuator system. (b)Communication system.
(c) Database server.
The designed basic connection scheme would be the following:
1. Every sensors and actuators located within close proximity (e.g. located inside a same
growing chamber, i.e.
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3. Ie
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24
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nutrient water flow, and then check the acidity condition inside the growing chamber every
certain period of time.
3.1.2. Actuator System
For the basic actuators, the system will control the following:
1. Water pump,2. Nutrient pump,
3. Mistmaker,
4. Blowers,5. Disposal valve.
Water pump, as well as nutrient pump, are installed in their own respective tanks. Timely
treatments of water and nutrition are expected in a growing chamber system, therefore an
adjustable water and nutrient treatment pump is necessary. An adjustable treatment system is
also important for R&D purposes, whereas the researchers of Balitsa usually run various
experiments on new G0 potato seeding techniques from time to time. In this experiment, wewere requested by the researchers of Balitsa to implement ultrasonic mistmakers as a mean of
nutrients distribution, in which the nutrient will be pumped into a container inside the growingchamber, and then the ultrasonic mistmakers will create ultrasonic vibrations inside the
containers. These mistmakers are installed inside nutrient accumulator boxes as shown on figure
5a. The vibrated nutrient solution will then turn into mist, which will be more easily distributedinside the growing chamber. This mist of nutrient solution is shown on figure 5b.
Blowers are required when the internal temperature of growing chamber is leaving the threshold
of optimal growing conditions. A single-speed blower was used in this research, and will be ranuntil internal temperature reached ambient temperature, which in Lembang area is around 17-
18 C at noon and 15-17 C at night.
Every time the potato roots were treated periodically by water or nutrients, the accumulated
liquid needs to be drained. This drainage pipes connect back to water and nutrient tanks,
therefore enabling reuse of water and nutrients, eventhough after some time they need to bereplaced. However, because of the reusability concern, different pipelines are required for each
tank. Therefore, disposal valve is required in determining whether the outgoing liquid is being
returned to water tank or nutrients tank. Disposal valve will open the channel from the growingchamber to the respective liquids drainage pipeline, activated after every treatment.
3.1.3. Actuator and Sensor Control System
To control the actions that should be taken by each actuator and sensor according to theprogrammed tasks, an ATMEGA128 microcontroller was used. In this project, a method to
control the parameters of actuator was enabled using a control panel with an LCD screen at the
parent nodes box.
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3.2. Communication Systems
Communication between the components of this system happened in two forms: the first isbetween zigbee nodes and the parent node, which used ZigBee wireless protocol, and the second
is between the parent node and database server, which used text message as a mean of data
transmission.
3.2.1. ZigBee nodes
Each ZigBee node was connected with several signal conditioners, each corresponded to a
certain sensor or actuator. In this research, the sensors used were temperature, humidity, and pHsensors, while the actuators used were mistmakers, blowers, pumps, and valves. With every
ZigBee node attached to a single growing chamber, and every ZigBee node able to accomodatemultiple sensors and actuators, the amount of ZigBee node that was required to be deployed was
equal to the number of the active growing chambers.
3.2.2. ZigBee parent node
Data collection was performed periodically by ZigBee parent node, once every 10 minutes. In
this project, the specification was for the parent node to handle 20 nodes at one time, given the
size and workload of growing chambers inside a single greenhouse. This ZigBee parent node isconfigured with a microcontroller to facilitate message coding, and then connected to a GSM
module to send the coded message via GSM network to the awaiting database server. An
enclosure covers the node as it has been shown in figure 5d, along with the power supply unitand actuator control box.
3.2.3. Text messaging via GSM module
Text messages have a limitation in transmitted messages, as in only 160 characters allowed foreach delivery. Therefore, a simple character parity was designed, using slashes to differentiate
each data obtained from respective sensors. The same method was used in giving directions to
the actuator from server.
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1. Because it uses ultrasonic vibration to transform nutrients into mist, the heat that was
caused by the vibration was also spread inside the growing chamber, thus increasing theoverall temperature of the growing chamber. This phenomenon has caused the optimum
temperature of the growing chamber could not be reached, therefore stunting optimum
bulbs growth.
2.
Even though mistmakers were utilized to produce smaller water droplets, the resultingwater droplets was too small to be caught by the roots. Furthermore, because of the
minuscule size of the droplets, they were able to transcend the boundaries that were made
using clotted cottons. This allowed the nutrients to reach the leaves, which provenharmful because of the acidic nature of the nutrient solution.
Based on such results, researchers of Balitsa decided that they will revert back to pump
utilization for the purpose of nutrients distribution inside the growing chamber, because the yield
and quality of resulting G0 bulbs have higher priorities than efficiency issues.
4. Conclusions
From the performed research, we can conclude several items as follow:
1. Wireless sensor and actuator network using ZigBee protocol to control and monitor G0potato growing chamber was able to increase cultivation adaptability and productivity, in
which Balitsa researchers can modify growth parameters easily, and monitor growing
chamber condition remotely.2. Several adjustments need to be made to increase control and monitoring systems
effectiveness and efficiency, including implementation of new communication method,
reinstatement of pump to replace mistmakers, and an upgrade in data transmissionscheme using ZigBee protocol.
3. Planned future works including a refrigeration system to cool down nutrient/ water
treatment system, therefore maintaining optimum growth temperature inside the growingchamber.4. Wireless sensor and actuator network for the purpose of greenhouse monitoring and
controlling can be improved by implementing 6LoWPAN in the future, thus increasing
the capability, reliability, and availability of the network.
Acknowledgments
This research was done in collaboration with Vegetable Research Center (Balitsa) of Lembang, a
research center of Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture.
References and Notes
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3. Haryati, Y.; Aji, J.M.M.Indonesian Rice Supply Performance in the Trade Liberalization
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2014 by the authors; licensee Asia Pacific Advanced Network. This article is an open-accessarticle distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).