lab practical 2 presentation
TRANSCRIPT
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 1 of 169)
A N I M A L S & F U N G I - P H Y L A & C L A S S E S
GENERAL BIOLOGY II LAB PRACTICAL II
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General Biology II Lab Practical 2 Presentation
Animals and Fungi Phyla & Classes
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Kingdom Fungi
• Fungi are – Heterotrophic – Sessile – Sexual or Asexual Reproduction – Haploid
• Parts of a Fungus – Hyphae – Mycelium – Spores – Spore-Producing structures (zygosporangium,
basidiosporangium, etc) – Cell Wall composed of chitin
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Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycetes
Unicellular Molds
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Zoospores
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Zygomycota
Zygomycetes - Bread Molds Zygomycetes Have Sporangia Hyphae Zygosporangia Mycelia Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
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Ascomycota
Ascomycetes – Sac Fungi
Ascomycetes Have
Hyphae
Mycelium
Antheridium
Ascogonium
Ascocarp
Ascus
Ascospores
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Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes – Club Fungi
Basidiomycetes Have
Hyphae
Mycelia
Mushrooms
Gills
Basidia
Basidiospores
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Fungi Imperfecta
Fungi Imperfecta
Asexual Reproduction
Example: Penicillin Note: All Fungi have been moved to other Phylums due to all fungi being found to do sexual reproduction.
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Kingdom Animalia
• Animals are
– Heterotrophic
– Motile
– Diploid
– Sexual Reproduction
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Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera – Sponges Poriferans Have Asymmetry Begin as larvae Below tissue level of organization Collar Cells (Choanocytes) – bring in nutrients Amoebocytes – distribute nutrients, make spicules Spicules – calcium carbonate or silica spikes in the extracellular matrix Both sexual and asexual reproduction. Spongocoel – central cavity of a sponge Sessile as adult, Mobile as larvae
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera – Class Calcarea
Calcareous Sponges
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Phylum Porifera – Class Hexactinellida
Glass Sponges
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Phylum Porifera – Class Demospongia
Bath Sponges
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Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidarians have Radial Symmetry Dimorphism Begin as Polyps Adults are medusa Some have only a polyp or a medusa stage Ectoderm and Endoderm tissue Mesoglia Incomplete Digestive System No coelom Cnidocytes – stinging cells Nematocysts
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Hydrozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrocoral – Class Hydrozoa Hydrozoans have both a polyp and a medusa stage, and live as colonial polyps.
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Phylum Cnidaria
Man of War – Class Hydrozoa The man of war jellyfish is an example of the medusa stage of cnidarians
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
True Jellyfish
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Cassiopeia – Class Scyphozoa Scyphozoans have only a medusa stage or a very reduced polyp stage.
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Cubozoa
Box Jellyfish
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
Sea Anemones, Sea Fans, Sea Pens, and Corals
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Sea Anemone – Class Anthozoa Anthozoans only have a polyp stage
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa - Corals are in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa
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Phylum Ctenophora
Comb Jellies Comb plates – fused cillia Colloblasts – adhesives cells
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes consists of flatworms, tapeworms and flukes They have Bilateral Symmetry Eye Spots with ganglia and two ventral nerve cords Incomplete digestive system No segments No coelom Protostomes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
Free living flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda
Parasitic Flukes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Monogenea
Ectoparasitic flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Monogenea
Ectoparasitic flatworms
Monogenea are tiny flukes that infect the outside of a host
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Phylum Rotifera
Phylum Rotifera consists of microscopic organisms with some complex organ systems, despite their tiny size Rotifers have Bilateral Symmetry Complete Digestive System Distinctive crown of cilia that draws water into the mouth Pseudocoelom Ability to undergo parthenogenesis Protostome Development
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Phylum Rotifera
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Phylum Rotifera
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Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca includes animals like clams, octopi, snails, and mussels
Molluscs Have Bilateral Symmetry Complete digestive system True Coelom Most have open, but some have closed circulatory systems (squid/octopi) Calcareous Shells secreted by mantle Muscular foot Visceral Mass Protostome Development
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Phylum Mollusca
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Phylum Mollusca - Polyplacophora
Chitons
Dorsal shell with 8 plates Ventral foot
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda – Snails, Slugs Gastropods Have Single spiraled shell, or no shell in slugs Complete Digestive System Undergo torsion in embryonic development Distinct head with eyes Have Radula made of chitin Have gills
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia – Clams, Oysters, Scallops, Mussels
Bivalves Have Calcareous Shells secreted by the mantle, covers visceral mass Muscular foot for movement Complete digestive system Open circulatory system
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Bivalvia
Muscular Foot
Intestines
Mouth
Heart
Mantle
Calcareous Shell
Gill
Stomach
Kidney
Incurrent Siphon
Excurrent Siphon
Umbo
Posterior Adductor
Anterior Adductor
Pericardial Sinus
Labial Palps
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca - Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda – Squids, Octopi, Chambered Nautiluses Cephalopods Have Closed Circulatory System Well Developed Brains Internalized or nonexistent shell (nautiluses are the only cephalopods with a shell)
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Monoplacophora
“Gastroverms” Single cap-shaped shell Thought to be extinct until 1952 Segmented with vital organs duplicated in each segment Live in deep water mostly in ocean trenches
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Scaphopoda
Tusk or Tooth Shells
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Phylum Annelida
Phylum Annelida – Segmented worms – Earthworms, Leeches Annelids Have Segmented body Complete Digestive tract True coelom Closed circulatory system Gas Exchange through skin (earthworms)
Gills (marine worms)
Pair of metanephridia in each segment Both male and female reproductive organs Protostome Development
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Phylum Annelida – Class Polychaeta
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Phylum Annelida – Class Polychaeta
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
Hearts
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus
Intestine Gizzard Crop
Ventral Nerve Cord
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
Metanephridia
Intestine Blood Vessel
Dorsal Vessel
Nephrostome
Ventral Vessel
Ventral Nerve Cord
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
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Mouth
Pharynx
Aortic Arches
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
How many “hearts” does an earthworm have?
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Phylum Annelida – Class Hirudinea
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Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
Most Bryozoa are colonial. Have a lophophore (crown of hollow tentacles) Individuals are referred to as zooids
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Phylum Brachiopoda
Lamp shells Have lophophores
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Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
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Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms Nematodes Have Non-segmented body Non-living Cuticle covering (form of exoskeleton) First complete “tube within a tube” body scheme Pseudocoelom Lateral Nerve Cords Protostome Development
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Phylum Nematomorpha Horsehair Worm Vestigial digestive system Digestion occurs through absorption Adults are free living in damp environments
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Phylum Kinorhyncha
Characteristics of Kinorhyncha Bilateral Symmetry Pseudocoelomate Through gut with anus Ventral nerve cord No circulatory system Live in marine environments
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Phylum Priapulida
Penis worms No circulatory system Complete digestive track Pseudocoelom Cuticle of chitin
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Phylum Loricifera Loricifera Adults are pseudocoelomates Most Larvae are acoelomates Produce protective case – lorica Have distinct cuticle Have retractable head. Complete digestive tract Lives in marine environments
Note: a species of Loricifera is the only animal that does not do aerobic respiration
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Phylum Tardigrada Water Bears Most microscopic
Polyextremophyles
Segmented bodies
Ventral nervous system
Open circulatory system with hemocoel
True Coelom
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Phylum Onychophora Velvet worms Chitinous exoskeleton
Open circulatory system with hemocoels
Ventral heart
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Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans Arthropods have Exoskeleton made of chitin Open circulatory system Bilateral Symmetry Complete Digestive Tract Ventral nerve cords Segmented Bodies Jointed legs Protostome Development
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Merostromata
Horseshoe Crabs Heavy Carapace
Compound eyes
Long Spiked Telson
Book gills
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Pycnogonida
Sea Spiders
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda - Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Chilopoda
Centipedes one pair of legs per segment chitinous skeleton carnivorous
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Diplopoda
Millipedes two pairs of legs per segment have repugnatorial glands herbivorous
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Symphyla
Symphylans Juveniles have 6 pairs of legs. With each moult, 1 pair of legs is gained. Translucent lacking pigment Two body regions
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Pauropoda
Pauropods 12-segmented trunk 9 pairs of legs lack eyes and hearts
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Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Trilobita
Trilobites Ancestral arthropods Extinct
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Branchiopoda
Brine shrimp
Tadpole shrimp
Fairy shrimp
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Ostracoda
Ostracods
Seed Shrimp
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Maxillopoda
Barnacles
Tongue worms
Fish Lice
Copepods
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Isopods
Pill bugs
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Isopods
Pill bugs
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Heart
Ovary
Intestine Esophagus
Digestive Gland (Liver)
Stomach
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Phylum Arthropoda - Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Remipedia
Remipedes
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Cephalocarida
Horseshoe shrimps
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Entognatha Entognathans – Springtails, Coneheads,
Wingless
Mouthparts withdrawn into head
Absent or small compound eyes
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta Insects
Have wings
Have mouthparts outside of head
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda - Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Echinodermata – Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Echinoderms Have Bilateral symmetry as larvae, radial symmetry as adults Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate Closed circulatory system Water vascular system Tube feet Madreporite (entry/exit to water vascular system) Deuterostome Development
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Crinoidea Feathers Stars, Sea Lilies
Mostly Sessile
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Asteroidea Starfish
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Phylum Echinodermata - – Class Asteroidea
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Asteroidea
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Ophiuroidea Brittle Stars
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Echinoidea Sea Urchins
Sea Biscuits
Sea Dollars
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Holothuroidea Sea Cucumbers
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Phylum Hemichordata Hemichordates – Acorn worms and Pterobranchs
Hemichordates
Rare
Deuterostomes
Three Body Regions
Proboscis
Collar
Trunk
Marine Organisms
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Class Enteropneustra Acorn Worms
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Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata – All chordates, including tunicates, lancelets, hagfish, lamprey, sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals Everything after this slide is in Phylum Chordata All Chordates Have Bilateral symmetry Closed circulatory system Complete digestive tract True Coelom Deuterostome Development A hollow dorsal nerve cord A notochord Pharyngeal gill slits Post anal tail
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Subphylum Urochordata Sub-Phylum Urochordata – Sea Squirt, Tunicates Lose post-anal tail and notochord in adulthood
Classes include Asicidiacea – sea squirts Thaliacea – salps Appendicularia - larvaceans
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Subphylum Cephalochordata Sub-phylum Cephalochordata – Lancelets
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Oral cirri
Pharangial Gill Slits
Cephalochordata
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Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) Agnatha
• Myxini (Craniate not Vertebrate)
• Cephalapidomorphi
All VERTEBRATES have a backbone, in addition to all the characteristics of chordates.
Gnathostomata
• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Actinopterygii
• Sarcopterygii • Actinista
• Dipnoi
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia
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Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
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Class Myxini
Class Myxini – Hagfish Hagfish have Cephalization, but no backbone Are not true vertebrates Craniates
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi (Petromyzontida)
Class Petromyzontida – Lampreys Lampreys Have Teeth True Backbone, no jaw
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Suction Mouth
Class Petromyzontida
Gill Slits
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Class Chondrichthyes
Class Chondrichthyes – Sharks, skates and rays Chondrichthyans Have Living Skeleton made entirely of cartilage Ancient chondrichthyans had bone skeletons Fins for swimming
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
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Spiny Dogfish
Shark
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Spiny Dogfish Shark Heart
Gills
Liver Ovary
Stomach Pancreas Spleen Intestine
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Pectoral fin
Body of Stomach
Oviduct
Oviductal Arteries
Duodenum
Valvular Intestine
Gallbladder
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Snout
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Naris Teeth Gills
Heart
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Uterus
Colon
Dogfish Embryo
Cloaca
Anterior Mesenteric Artery
Posterior Cardinal Vein Spiral Valve
(Exposed)
Rectal Gland
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Liver
Heart
Stomach Spleen
Pancreas
Spiny Dogfish Shark
External Yolk Sac
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Superclass Osteichthyes
• Comprised of 3 classes
• Actinopterygii : Rayfin fish
• Actinista : Lobefin fish
• Dipnoi : Lung fish
• All Osteichthyans have a bony, living skeleton
• Have Scales
• Are cold-blooded
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Superclass Osteichtyes
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Class Actinopterygii Rayfin Fish
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Carp – Class Actinopterygii
Spinal Cord
Gills
Kidney Swim Bladder Testis
Heart
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Carp – Class Actinopterygii
Liver Intestine
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Yellow Perch – Class Actinoptrygii
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Yellow Perch – Class Actinoptrygii
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Air Bladder
Yellow Perch – Class Actinopterygii 6
1
8 9
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Class Actinista
Class Actinista – Lobe finned fish Only remaining genus is Latimeria (coelacanths) Have Muscular bony fins Vestigial lung
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Class Dipnoi
Class Dipnoi – Lungfish Lungfish Have Functional Lungs (modified swim bladder) Modified fins
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Class Amphibia Class Amphibia - Frogs, Salamanders, Newts Amphibians Have Legs Lungs – in adult Gills – in tadpole Breathe through skin 3 Chambered heart Cold-Blooded
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Class Amphibia
Heart
Liver
Lung Ova
Gallbladder
Stomach Pancreas
Spleen
Intestine
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Class Amphibia
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Class Reptilia Class Reptilia – Snakes, lizards, turtles, dinosaurs (extinct), birds Reptiles have Scales 3 chambered heart with partial septum (complete in crocodilians and birds) Cold-blooded (except for birds)
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Class Reptilia
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Class Reptilia
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Subclass Aves Sub-Class Aves – Birds, are part of reptilia, but are distinct from other reptiles Birds Have Feathers (modified scales) 4 Chambered Heart Warm Blooded Hollow Bones
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Subclass Aves
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Subclass Aves
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Class Mammalia Class Mammalia - Canines, Primates, Humans, Rhinos, etc. Mammals Have Hair 4 chambered heart Milk Warm-Blooded
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Class Mammalia
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Class Mammalia
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Class Mammalia
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Circulation – The Heart
The Mammalian Heart Four Chambers – Right and left Atrium and right and left ventricles Two Atrioventricular Valves – Tricuspid and Bicuspid Two Semilunar Valves – Aortic and Pulmonary
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Circulation
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Circulation
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Blood Pressure
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Tissue Types
• Epithelial Tissue – Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and body cavities – Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar – Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
• Connective Tissue – Sparse population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix – Bone, Blood, Cartilage, Fibrous, Loose, Adipose,
• Muscle Tissue – Contracts – Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
• Nervous Tissue – Receive, process and transfer information – Neurons, Glia
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 165 of 169)
Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous – multilayered, regenerates rapidly, found in harsh environments in/on the body
Simple Squamous – single layer of flat cells, found in capillaries
Simple Cuboidal – single layer of cube-shaped cells, found in kidneys and glands
Simple Columnar – single layer of tall column-like cells, found in intestines
Pseudostratified Columnar – squished and abnormally shaped columnar cells, usually ciliated, found in upper respiratory tract
Reproductive Cells – sperm and egg cells are haploid gametes
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 166 of 169)
Connective Tissue
Adipose – Cells contain a large fat droplet, used for energy storage
Loose/Areolar - binds epithelia and organs in place, has loosely connected fibers
Fibrous – dense with collagenous fibers, found in tendons and ligaments
Blood – made up of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, carries nutrients and wastes
Bone – Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts suspended in an extracellular matrix of hard calcium
Cartilage – chondrocytes secrete a rubbery matrix of collagen and chondroitin sulfate, found in joints
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 167 of 169)
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle – Bundles of long, un-branched, striated cells, responsible for voluntary movement, made up of sarcomeres
Smooth Muscle – non-striated and spindle shaped, responsible for involuntary activity of things like the stomach and constriction/dilation of arteries
Cardiac Muscle – branched and striated, has intercalated disks to help transfer of electrical signals, found only in the heart, responsible for contraction of the walls of the heart
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 168 of 169)
Nervous Tissue
Neurons – Receive and transmit signal throughout the body via the nervous system. Have dendrites for receiving impulses from other nerve cells and axons for sending out impulses to other cells Glia – cells that support, nourish, and insulate the neurons
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 55 Page 169 of 169)
Prepared by D. Leonard - Learning Specialist & K. Martin – Peer Tutor The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html
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