lab module ert318 - universiti malaysia perlisportal.unimap.edu.my/portal/page/portal30/lecturer...
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LABORATORY
MODULE
ERT 318/4
UNIT OPERATIONS SEMESTER 1 (2012/2013)
Engr. Dr. Mohd Irfan Hatim Mohamed Dzahir Pn. Saleha Shamsudin
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis
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ERT 318 LABORATORY MODULE
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EXPERIMENT 1 GAS ABSORPTION
1.0 OBJECTIVES 1.1 To measure the pressure drop across the column.
1.2 To determine the absorption column flooding point and loading point.
1.3 To determine the absorption of CO2 into water.
1.4 To investigate the effect of water flow rate on absorption of CO2 into water.
2.0 CORRESPONDING COURSE OUTCOME (CO) Ability to describe, analyze and evaluate the gas-liquid and vapor-liquid separation
equipments. 3.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 3.1 Apparatus
Figure 1: Gas Absorption Unit
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Legend:
A = Glass column with saddles
B = Air inlet valve to column
C = Water pump
D = Collecting tank
E = Feed tank
F = Water pump ON/OFF
G = Main ON/OFF
H = CO2 sensor (In)
I = CO2 sensor (Out)
J = Digital differential pressure meter (Top- Bottom)
K = Digital differential pressure meter (Center-Bottom)
L = Collecting tank inlet valve
3.2 Specifications
Stainless steel feed tank capacity: 50 Liters
Stainless steel collecting tank capacity: 50 Liters
Diameter of column: 70mm
Total length of column: 1400mm
Type of packing (gas absorbers) Berl saddle (1/2”)
Compressor capacity: 2hp with 1400 rpm
Compressor tank capacity: 88 Liters
Centrifugal pump: Stainless steel impeller
0.75kW
Maximum pump delivery: 50 LPM
Air flow meter range: 20.0 - 180.0 LPM
Gas flow meter range: 1.0 - 22.0 LPM
Water flow meter range: 1.0 - 10.0 LPM
Digital differential pressure meter range: 0 - 12 inH2O
CO2 sensor: 0 - 50% with digital display
Air regulator adjustable: 0 - 10 bar
Pressure gauge: 0 - 10 bar
3.3 Description of the unit
Gas Absorption Unit is a floor mounted pilot plant scale unit designed to demonstrate the
principles of gas absorption and for students to investigate the principles of packed tower
absorption processes and hydrodynamics as well as provide practical training in the
operation of gas absorption plant.
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This absorption column is designed to absorb CO2 from an air/CO2 mixture into water flowing down
the column. This unit has a gas absorber packed with 1/2” Berl saddles. The column is made up
by 70mm diameter borosilicate glass tubing with a total length of 1400mm.
The system consists of an air supply from the compressor and a supply of pure carbon dioxide for
a high pressure CO2 tank. Both of the gas streams have it own flow meter to determine their
volumetric flow rate. There is a liquid (water) flow system using a centrifugal pump and a flow
meter to determine the flow rate. The liquid and gas flow direction is constructed such that the gas
flow countercurrent to the liquid. This unit has two digital differential pressure meters to determine
the pressure drop across the absorber unit. A stainless steel water tank is provided to supply the
water into the absorber. The liquid discharged from the column can be collected to a stainless
steel collecting tank or directly to the laboratory drain.
4.0 SAFETY & PRECAUTION
4.1 Place the apparatus on opened air laboratory or good air ventilation area.
4.2 Close the CO2 tank valve after the experiment as the gas will be harmful to human.
4.3 Do not leave any pressure in the air/gas stream line after experiment.
4.4 Be careful when regulating the CO2 regulator. Please report to lecturer/PLV if there
is any CO2 leakage.
4.5 No body part should touch any rotating part of the air compressor.
4.6 The compressed air should not exceed 8.5 bar. Any pressure exceeded 8.5 bar,
please shut off the air compressor immediately.
4.7 Do not start the water pump if there is no water in the water tank.
4.8 Do not impact the glass column.
4.9 Shut off the water pump immediately when the water level in the column reached
the highest point of the glass column.
4.10 Shut off the water pump immediately if there is any water leakage.
4.11 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) mandatory to students are as below:
Safety Footwear
Eye Protection
Protective Jacket
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5.0 PROCEDURE 5.1 Setup 5.1.1. Place the apparatus on a level floor.
5.1.2. Connect the 3 pin plug to laboratory 220VAC power supply. Switch ON the power
supply.
5.1.3. Place the air compressor and the CO2 tank to side of the apparatus. Connect them
to the apparatus inlet port located at the side of the front panel. Plug the 3 pin plug
of the compressor to the power socket.
5.1.4. Connect the air tubing from the column to the digital differential pressure meter.
5.1.5. Switch ON the main switch (G) of the apparatus.
5.1.6. Check ON the CO2 sensors (H, I) and the digital differential pressure meter (J, K).
Ensure they are working properly.
5.1.7. Connect a water to the inlet of the feed tank (E) from the laboratory water supply.
Open the inlet valve and fill the water tank with water.
5.1.8. Switch ON the water pump (F). Try to regulate the flow rate by adjusting water flow
meter. Ensure the flow meter and the water pump is working.
5.1.9. Switch ON the air compressor and open the valve at the air compressor. Try to
regulate the air flow rate by adjusting the air flow meter. (Note: The air compressor
will switch ON automatically if the air pressure in the tank decreased).
5.1.10. The apparatus is ready to use if all the parts and components are in good
condition.
5.2 Experiment 1: Loading and Flooding Point Determination 5.2.1 Ensure all the three flow meters are fully closed (turn clock wise).
5.2.2 Connect the collecting tank (D) outlet port to the laboratory drain. Fully open the
outlet valve and the valve L.
5.2.3 Switch ON the unit main power supply (G). Ensure the MCB/ELCB is switched ON.
5.2.4 Switch ON the air compressor power supply. Allow the air compressor to compress
the air in the tank. The air compressor will stop running when the air is fully
compressed. Keep an eye on the pressure gauge reading. The pressure should not
exceed 8.5 bar.
5.2.5 Check the regulator pressure. Ensure it is at about 2.5 bar. To regulate the
pressure, release the pressure regulator and close the air flow meter. Slow tighten
the pressure regulator turning knob and stop once the pressure reached around 2.5
bar.
5.2.6 Switch ON the water pump (F).
5.2.7 Set the water flow rate to 1.75 GPM. Allow the system to run for 3 minutes.
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5.2.8 Tare zero both of the digital differential pressure meter (J, K) by pressing the zero
button.
5.2.9 Set the air flow rate to 40mm. Keep an eye on the digital differential pressure
meter. Record the reading shown on the meter. (The reading will fluctuate, kindly
take the max reading).
5.2.10 Repeat step 8 until the air flow meter reached 140mm with every 20mm increment.
5.2.11 Close all the flow meters. Switch off the water pump.
5.2.12 Plot a graph of log ∆P versus log air flow rate. Find the relationship between ∆P
and air flow rate.
Note: Keep track on the water flow rate, ensure the flow rate is maintained at 1.75GPM
5.3 Experiment 2: Gas Absorption Determination 5.3.1 Regulate the pressure regulator reading to 1.0bar.
5.3.2 Open the CO2 tank main valve. Regulate the CO2 regulating valve to about 12 LPM
(look at left side gauge).
5.3.3 Ensure all the three flow meters are fully closed (turn clock wise).
5.3.4 Set the air flow to 70mm by adjusting the air flow meter.
5.3.5 Fully open the CO2 flow rate by adjusting the CO2 flow meter.
5.3.6 Allow the system to run for about 5 minutes till the reading of the CO2 sensor
stable. Record the CO2 in and out reading.
5.3.7 Start the water pump, set the flow rate to 0.5 GPM by adjusting the water flow
meter. Allow the system to run for about 10 minutes or when the reading of the CO2
out becomes stable.
5.3.8 Repeat step 7 until the water flow rate reached 2.0 GPM (with every 0.5 GPM
increment).
5.3.9 Close all the flow meters. Switch off the water pump.
5.3.10 Plot the graph of CO2 out against water flow rate. Find the relationship between
them.
Note: Keep track on the air flow rate, ensure the flow rate is maintained at 70mm.
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6.0 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD) 6.1 Draw a process flow diagram (PFD).
7.0 RESULT & CALCULATION
7.1 Record all data obtained in the experiment in an appropriate table(s).
7.2 Plot appropriate graphs for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.
7.3 Calculate:
i. Total molar flow rate (kgmol/h) of the gas and liquid outlets at different water
flow rates.
ii. Mol fraction of CO2 in the gas and liquid outlets at different water flow rates.
iii. Percentage of CO2 absorbed at different water flow rates.
* Basis : 100 kgmol/h entering gas (gas + CO2).
8.0 DISCUSSION 8.1 Discuss the finding of the graphs and results.
8.2 From the graph obtained, check whether the flooding point or the loading point can
be identified.
8.3 Find the relationship between the exit concentration of CO2 against water flow rate.
9.0 QUESTIONS
9.1 Why is important to identify out the loading point and flooding point when designing
a packed column?
9.2 Why the column is filled with packing? What is the function of the packing?
9.3 After finished the experiment, please give a suggestion to improve the absorption
of CO2 into water.
10.0 CONCLUSION 10.1 Based on the experimental procedure done and the results taken draw some
conclusions to this experiment.
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SCHOOL OF BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PERLIS
ERT 313: BIOSEPARATION ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT 1: GAS ABSORPTION Name :____________________________________ Matric No. :____________________________________ Group Members :____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________
Date of experiment :__________________________________ Date of submission :__________________________________
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1.0 OBJECTIVES __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2.0 THEORY __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
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3.0 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD) 3.1 Draw a process flow diagram (PFD).
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4.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION
4.1 Record all your data.
4.2 Plot appropriate graphs for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.
4.3 Calculate:
i. Total molar flow rate (kgmol/h) of the gas and liquid outlets at different water
flow rates.
ii. Mol fraction of CO2 in the gas and liquid outlets at different water flow rates.
iii. Percentage of CO2 absorbed at different water flow rates.
* Basis : 100 kgmol/h entering gas (gas + CO2).
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5.0 DISCUSSION 5.1 Discuss the finding of the graphs and results.
5.2 From the graph obtained, check whether the flooding point or the loading point can be
identified.
5.3 Find the relationship between the exit concentration of CO2 against water flow rate.
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6.0 QUESTIONS
6.1 Why is important to identify out the loading point and flooding point when designing
a packed column?
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6.2 Why the column is filled with packing? What is the function of the packing?
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6.3 After finished the experiment, please give a suggestion to improve the absorption of
CO2 into water.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
7.1 Based on the experimental procedure done and the results taken draw some
conclusions to this experiment.
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EXPERIMENT 2
BATCH DISTILLATION
1.0 OBJECTIVE
Experiment 1 1. To perform batch distillation on a binary mixture using a continuous distillation column
with constant reflux ratio.
2. To investigate the composition of top product during the distillation period.
Experiment 2 1. To perform batch distillation on a binary mixture using a continuous distillation column
and regulate the reflux ratio.
2. To study the effect of regulating reflux ration on the purity of the top product.
2.0 CORRESPONDING COURSE OUTCOME Ability to describe, analyze and evaluate the gas-liquid and vapor-liquid separation
equipments 3.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
3.1 Apparatus
Figure 1: Distillation Column Unit
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Legend A. Top product condenser
B. Solvent tank
C. Feed pump
D. Packed column, sieve plate column
E. Evaporator tank
F. Bottom product heat exchanger
G. Bottom product
H. Product tank
I. Preheated-product tank
J. Control panel
K. Top product tank
L. Reflux tank
3.2 Description
Distillation process is widely applied in the engineering industry for mass transfer and
separation operations. This is done by vaporization of a liquid mixture of miscible and volatile
substances into individual components.
A sieve plate distillation column comprises of 8 plates. One of the plates is clearly shown
during the distillation process via the borosilicate glass section. Sieve plates are designed to
illustrate the actual plant column construction with underflow weir and downcomer.
A coil type overhead condenser made of stainless steel is connected to the top of the
column to condense the product vapors to be collected at the reflux divider. Reflux control is
made possible from 0 - 100% via electronic control valves. A glass product collector sits below
the reflux divider with a sample port fitted for collection of final product to be analyzed. A
stainless steel fully insulated reboiler is connected at the base of the column to evaporate
process substances. A jet vacuum pump fitted at the top product line allows vacuumed
distillation operation.
3.3 Technical Specifications Process Unit
• 60mm diameter sieve plate column made of stainless steel and borosilicate glass containing 8
sieve plates with downcomers and underflow weirs ; every plate incorporates a temperature
sensor positioned to accurately measure the liquid temperature.
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• 10L electrical heated reboiler made of stainless steel with sight level glass and full insulation;
level switch and digital temperature controller included for protection with low level warning
alarm; comes with internal overflow during continuous operation.
• Overhead coil type condenser made of borosilicate glass to allow vapor and condensate to be
viewed, comes with cooling water flow meter.
• Condensate collector made of borosilicate glass with double overflow weirs and exit pipes to
allow separation of immiscible liquids.
• Reflux return valve, electrical operated to allow reflux setting of 0 - 100% via signal.
• Differential manometer connected to measure column top and bottom pressure drop.
• Jet pump for vacuum down to 200 mbar(abs) ; comes with pressure gauge.
• 2 x 10L cylindrical feed tanks made of stainless steel.
• 10L cylindrical glass product tank with drain and venting port.
• Chemical resistant feed pump - 18L/hr.
• Dosing feed vessel connected to the column for continuous addition of third liquid component
which together with the condensate phase separator vessel, allows study of azeotropic
distillation.
• Bottom product heat exchanger which may be water cooled or used as feed pre-heater.
• Maximum process temperature 1300C.
• Heater capacity 2000 W.
• Heater power controller with transducer.
• Water flow meter 0 - 400 Liters/hour.
• 15 point thermocouple measurement with digital display.
• Column pressure gauge.
• Safety relieve valve x 2 units.
4.0 SAFETY & PRECAUTION 1. Read the safety instructions throughly before conducting the experiment.
2. Wear protective gloves, glasses, laboratory protective clothing, long pants and closed
toe shoes when conducting the experiment.
3. Dispose of all unused chemicals in an appropriate manner after the experiment. Under
no circumstances should the chemicals be allowed to flow into the main drains.
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4. Should any of the chemicals come into contact with the body, rinse off immediately
with cold water and inform the lab attendant. Seek medical treatment if symptoms
persist.
5. Report any breakages or consumables which need replenishing.
6. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap after the experiment.
7. Be alert and careful at all times when conducting the experiment.
8. Do not touch the heat plate or air duct when conducting the experiment.
9. Do not touch the fan when conducting the experiment.
10. Ensure the heat plate is cooled down before remove away from the air duct.
11. Be careful when using the handheld digital anemometer. Keep it away once the air
velocity is measured.
12. Be careful when connecting the heat socket to the power source.
13. Be careful when dealing with chemicals.
14. Do not attempt to change the setting of the digital power meter.
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
5.1 CHEMICAL PREPARATION Distilled water/ethanol mixture
To prepare a mixture of composition X% of ethanol, observe the following steps.
5.1.1 Fill a 1 L measuring cylinder with 10X mL of ethanol.
5.1.2 Pour ethanol into a 1 L beaker.
5.1.3 Fill the beaker up to 1 L with distilled water.
5.1.4 Stir using a glass rod.
5.1.5 The product is now a 1 L batch of binary mixture with X% v/v of component A.
For example, to create a 35% v/v mixture of ethanol, pour 350 mL of ethanol into a
beaker, and fill the beaker up to 1 L with either distilled water.
NOTE 1. Ethanol are volatile and will evaporate quickly. Avoid exposing this chemical to the
atmosphere for extended periods of time.
Safety Footwear
Safety Goggle
Lab Coat Chemical Gloves
Chemical Respirator
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2. Dispose of all unused chemicals in an appropriate manner after the experiment. Under
no circumstances should the chemicals be allowed to flow into the main drains.
5.2 REFRACTIVE INDEX GRAPH To obtain the refractive index data for ethanol-water solution
5.2.1 Prepare 100ml distilled water.
5.2.2 Obtain 10ml of ethanol.
5.2.3 Measure the refractive index for both distilled water and ethanol by digital handheld
refractor meter.
5.2.4 Record the refractive index for each.
5.2.5 Dilute 10ml of ethanol with 100ml of distilled water in a beaker. Then measure the
refractive index by refractor meter.
5.2.6 Add another 10 ml of ethanol into beaker and measure the refractive index. Repeat
this procedure until 100ml of ethanol is added.
5.2.7 Prepare 100ml of ethanol and 10ml of distilled water in a beaker. Measure the
refractive index by refractor meter.
5.2.8 Add another 10ml of distilled water into the same beaker. Repeat the procedure
until 90ml of distilled water is added.
5.3 EXPERIMENT 1
5.3.1 Experiment Pre-Procedure 1. Place the LS-32 203-continuous distillation column on a floor level.
2. Plug the 3 pin plug to the 240VAC main power supply. Turn ON the power supply.
3. Switch ON the power supply unit in front of the control panel.
4. Connect cooling water inlet and outlet to the main water hose.
5. Shut down all valves
6. Fill the evaporator tank with solution (ethanol-distilled water)
7. Open vacuum cooling inlet ( V10) and vacuum valve (V9) to vacuum top product
condenser and reflux tank. Leave it for 10 minutes.
8. Close Vacuum valve (V9)
9. Open cooling water inlet (V11)
10. Close vacuum cooling inlet (V10).
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5.3.2 Procedure 1. Prepare a 10 L batch of binary mixture (refer to CHEMICAL PREPARATION) of known
composition.
2. Collect a 10 mL sample using a syringe and test the refractive index.
3. Record the refractive index shown.
4. Pour the mixture into the evaporator tank.
5. Setup the unit according to experiment pre-procedure.
6. Note: Do not open vacuum valve (V10) and (V9) for the vacuum pump during the experiment. Operation of the vacuum pump after the mixture is partially vaporized will cause the fluids to gush upwards, damaging the column. 7. Set the temperature of the evaporator tank, T13 to 90°C using the temperature
controller.
8. Using the potentiometer, set the reflux to 100%.
9. Once the top product appears in the phase break vessel, run the column at total reflux
for another 10 minutes.
10. Record down all the temperatures.
11. Take a sample from evaporator tank and phase break vessel and measure the
refractive index.
12. Using the potentiometer, set the reflux ratio to the between ( 50% - 80%.)
13. At intervals of 10 minutes, record down all temperatures and draw a sample from the
top product tank (5) and evaporator tank(2). Measure and note down the refractive
index of each sample. To quickly cool down the evaporator sample, place the test tube
in a beaker filled with ice water.
14. Take 3 readings. Then, empty the top product vessel and measure its volume.
15. Tabulate the data obtained.
16. After the experiment, drain off the contents in the evaporator tank , phase break vessel
and top product tank . All alcohol samples can be re-used after the experiment, as long
as they are uncontaminated.
17. Switch off the main power switch and power supply. Turn off the water supply and
disconnect the hoses.
5.4 EXPERIMENT 2 5.4.1 Experiment Pre-Procedure
1. Place the LS-32 203-continuous distillation column on a floor level.
2. Plug the 3 pin plug to the 240VAC main power supply. Turn ON the power supply.
3. Switch ON the power supply unit in front of the control panel.
4. Connect cooling water inlet and outlet to the main water hose.
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5. Shut down all valves
6. Fill the evaporator tank with solution (ethanol-distilled water)
7. Open vacuum cooling inlet ( V10) and vacuum valve (V9) to vacuum top product
condenser and reflux tank. Leave it for 10 minutes.
8. Close Vacuum valve (V9)
9. Open cooling water inlet (V11)
10. Close vacuum cooling inlet (V10).
5.4.2 Procedure 1. Prepare a 10 L batch of binary mixture (refer to CHEMICAL PREPARATION) of known
composition.
2. Collect a 10 mL sample using a syringe and test the refractive index.
3. Pour the mixture into the evaporator tank.
4. Setup the unit according to pre-procedure instructions.
5. Note: Do not open vacuum valve (V10) and (V9) for the vacuum pump during the experiment. Operation of the vacuum pump after the mixture is partially vaporized will cause the fluids to gush upwards, damaging the column.
6. Set the temperature of the evaporator tank, T13 to 90°C using the temperature
controller.
7. Using the potentiometer, set the reflux to 100%.
8. Once the top product appears in the phase break vessel, run the column at total reflux
for another 10 minutes.
9. Record down all the temperatures.
10. Take a sample from evaporator tank and phase break vessel and measure the
refractive index.
11. Using the potentiometer, set the reflux ratio to the 50%.
12. At intervals of 10 minutes, record down all temperatures and draw a sample from the
top product tank and evaporator tank . Measure and note down the refractive index of
each sample. To quickly cool down the evaporator sample, place the test tube in a
beaker filled with ice water.
Increase the reflux by 20% after each interval until 90% reflux.
13. After 3 readings have been obtained, empty the top product vessel and measure its
volume.
14. Tabulate the data obtained.
15. After the experiment, drain off the contents in the evaporator tank, phase break vessel
and top product tank. All alcohol samples can be re-used after the experiment, as long
as they are uncontaminated.
16. Switch off the main power switch and power supply. Turn off the water supply and
disconnect the hoses.
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6.0 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM 6.1 Draw a Process Flow Diagram (PFD).
7.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION
7.1 Record all data obtained from the experiment and calculate in an appropriate
table(s).
7.2 Plot a graph of Refractive Index versus Mass Fraction of ethanol.
7.3 Calculate the q-line and operating line equations.
7.4 Construct a graphical method of McCabe-Thiele Method and determine the
theoretical stage required for this separation.
Useful Data
Heat capacity of ethanol, Cp = 158.8 kJ/kmoloC
Heat capacity of water, Cp = 75.4 kJ/kmoloC
8.0 DISCUSSION 8.1 Discuss the finding of the graphs and results.
8.2 Discuss the effect of regulating reflux ratio on the purity of the top product.
9.0 QUESTION 9.1 How does different reflux ratio affect the column performance?
9.2 What is the definition of total reflux?
9.3 What is the definition of minimum reflux?
10.0 CONCLUSION
10.1 Based on the experimental procedure done and the results taken draw some
conclusions to this experiment.
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SCHOOL OF BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PERLIS
ERT 313: BIOSEPARATION ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT 2: BATCH DISTILLATION Name :____________________________________ Matric No. :____________________________________
Group Members :____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Date of experiment :__________________________________ Date of submission :__________________________________
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1.0 OBJECTIVES __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2.0 THEORY __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3.0 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD) 3.1 Draw a process flow diagram (PFD).
4.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION
4.1 Record all data obtained from the experiment and calculate in an appropriate
table(s).
4.2 Plot a graph of Refractive Index versus Mass Fraction of ethanol.
4.3 Calculate the q-line and operating line equations.
4.4 Construct a graphical method of McCabe-Thiele Method and determine the
theoretical stage required for this separation.
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5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Discuss the finding of the graphs and results.
5.2 Discuss the effect of regulating reflux ratio on the purity of the top product.
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6.0 QUESTION 6.1 How does different reflux ratio affect the column performance? ___________________________________________________________________________
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6.2 What is the definition of total reflux?
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6.3 What is the definition of minimum reflux?
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7.0 CONCLUSION
7.1 Based on the experimental procedure done and the results taken draw some
conclusions to this experiment.
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