la scuola in gioco tecnologie per una nuova didattica

8/12/2019 LA SCUOLA IN GIOCO tecnologie per una nuova didattica

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FIIFELHGF EG KL@@L F[UG EG \[KGJBEgpfrtghljtb eg _rbnlttfzgbjl l Frtg fpp`giftl

Yiub`f eg Jubvl Ulijb`bngl plr `Frtl

EG_@BHF FIIFELHGIB EGYLIBJEB @GTL@@B

TGY\F@ L HBUGBJ ELYGNJ

Ulsg eg egp`bhf egIu`turf el` prbnlttb

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rl`ftbrl_rbd. [bssfjb Kfrbjigfjg

f``glvbHl`gssf Ngfhkfrtb`bhlg

fjjb fiifelhgib ;?6; / ;?69slssgbjl strfbregjfrgf


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Fg hglg jbjjg, plric sljzf eg`brb jbj sfrlg qul``f icl sbjb.


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6 @F YBIGLU ELG KGU

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- G egngtf` jftgvls- Ibhujgt egngtf`g

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GJU[BE\]GBJL

G` `fvbrb prbpbstb jfsil ef ujf slrgl eg lvljtg icl sg sbjb susslnugtg= gìbrsb eg Iu`turf el` prbnlttb tljutb ef` prbdlssbrl [bssfjb Kfrbjigfjg,`b stfnl dfttb jl``f siub`f slibjefrgf eg prghb nrfeb eg Nrfefrf lNfkgiil l `f `ltturf el` `gkrb eg Jgicb`fs Ifrr Gjtlrjlt ig rljel stupgeg2. Vulstf tlsg pfrtl ef``fjf`gsg el``f iu`turf l el``f egefttgif, ilrifjeb egifpgrl ibhl `l jubvl tlijb`bngl pbssfjb hgn`gbrfrl `gjslnjfhljtb l`fpprljeghljtb utg`gzzfjeb jubvg hltbeg l jubvg hlzzg, dgjb fe frrgvfrl fe

gjtrbeurrl g vgelbngbicg ibhl struhljtg plr `fpprljeghljtb jl``l siub`l. @ bkglttgvb qul``b eg ibhprljelrl quf`g vfjtfnng bddrl ujfdbrhfzgbjl icl utg`gzzf `l jubvl tlijb`bngl, vfùtfrjl ibjsfplvb`hljtlùsb lddgifil f slibjef elg ibjtlstg eg utg`gzzb, ibhprljelrl `legddlrljzl trf `l egvlrsl tlijb`bngl (sbprfttuttb vgelb-ngbicg) lvfùtfrjl g vfjtfnng plr g prbilssg eg gjslnjfhljtb/ fpprljeghljtb. @utg`gzzb el``l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g fprl hb`tl jubvl strfel plr`fpprljeghljtb, g ibhputlr egvljtfjb hfj hfjb pg pgiib`g, pgpbtljtg le libjbhgig plrhlttljeb fn`g utljtg eg fvlrl uj prbebttbhfjlnnlvb`l le lddgigljtl.Fg ibhputlr sg fddgfjifjb ujf vfrglt eg egspbsgtgvg pbrtftg`g utg`gzzftg efegvlrsg utljtg eg tuttl `l lt le gj bnjg ùbnb, gj i`fssl, gj uddgigb, f ifsfl plr strfef, nrfzgl f``f ibjjlttgvgt icl rfpprlsljtf `b svgùppb icgfvlfvvljutb jl` ifhpb el``l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g pg rliljtg.Egvlrsfhljtl ef``l prlileljtg tlijb`bngl el` ^lk 6.?, `f ibjjlttgvgtlsgstljtl trf g egspbsgtgvg egngtf`g, rlsf pbssgkg`l ef` ^lk ;.?1 pg `fibjjlttgvgt fiqugstf vl`bigt, egvljtf libjbhgif l egspbjgkg`l, pg igrgtrbvgfhb gj ujf sbiglt ibjjlssf gj hb`tlp`gig hbeg.Gj pfrtgib`frl, ùsb egddusb el``l tlijb`bngl el` ^lk ;.? pu

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rfpprlsljtfrl ujf eghljsgbjl ibhujgiftgvf l ib``fkbrftgvfbjjgprlsljtl plr fpprljeghljtb.Gjdfttg `f vl`bigt l g` pbtlrl el``f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l efjjb vgtf feujf eghljsgbjl hu`tghlegf`l gj iug `l trfjsfzgbjg, gj hbef`gt egvlrsl lfttrfvlrsb ujf ilrtf qufjtgt eg rgsbrsl egngtf`g, plrhlttbjb f``fttgvgt egfpprljeghljtb eg fvlrl ùbnb gj ujf slrgl eg fhkgljtfzgbjg egvlrsl, gjquf`sgfsg ùbnb l tlhpb, gj i`fssl, nrfzgl fg ibhputlr l tfk`lt gj rltl,

sgf plr strfef, nrfzgl fg egspbsgtgvg pbrtftg`g.Fttrfvlrsb `l tlijb`bngl egngtf`g eg ifrfttlrl ibjjlttgvb,`fpprljeghljtb jbj sg trfeuil pg gj ujf rl`fzgbjl gjtlrfhljtlsb`gtfrgf trf ùtljtl l g` sub ibhputlr, hf fiqugstf ujf eghljsgbjlsbigf`l gj tlrhgjg gjghhfngjfkg`g dgjb f pbicg fjjg df. @gjtrbeuzgbjl eg vgelbnfhl plr `fpprljeghljtb jl``l siub`l ngutg`gzzftb gj hb`tl siub`l fhlrgifjl tlelsicl l jbj sb`b1 sbjb hb`tgn`g gjslnjfjtg icl sg hlttbjb gj ngbib l utg`gzzfjb jubvg hltbeg plr dfrlfpprljelrl l iftturfrl fttljzgbjl elg jftgvg egngtf`g.Gjegpljeljtlhljtl ef``gjtlrvljtb gstgtuzgbjf`l, f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l utg`gzzftf ef tuttg1 rgibjbsilrl l sdruttfrl g` sub pbtljzgf`l fg dgjgel``fpprljeghljtb rfpprlsljtf ujf sdgef irlftgvf plr ebiljtg l f``glvg.

Jl``f slibjef pfrtl el` prbnlttb, vgljl prbnlttftf ujfpp`gifzgbjlicl ibjsljtl eg irlfrl hfppl l siclhg /nrfdgig ef utg`gzzfrl sug tfk`ltjl` ifhpb el``gjslnjfhljtb.

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00Iu`turf ig icl rlstf jl``f hlhbrgf

qufjeb sg eghljtgiftb tuttb::.K. D. Yagjjlr

Efrl ujf eldgjgzgbjl eg iu`turf egngtf`l jbj slhp`gil, puibhprljel egvlrsg fsplttg eln`g fhkgtg tlijb`bngig icl ig igribjefjb,bnjujb ibhp`ltfhljtl egvlrsb ef``f`trb, ibhl sirgvlrl rgncl egibegil b dfrl ujf rgilrif su Nbbn`l._lr pfr`frl eg iu`turf egngtf`gzzftf kgsbnjf prghf ifpgrl g` ibjilttb eg iu`turf,ibs ef fefttfr`b f``l tlijb`bngl l eg ibjslnuljzf f`ùtg`gzzb icl jl df ùbhb. Yl pljsgfhb f``f dbrhfzgbjl el``f sgjnb`f plrsbjf, `f pfrb`f iu`turf

ibrrgspbjel f ig icl g Nrlig icgfhfvfjb pfgegf l icl g @ftgjg,f` tlhpb eg Igilrbjl, icgfhfvfjb cuhfjgtfs 6=ujf ibjilzgbjl eg uj'uhfjgt pbsgtgvf, dgeuigbsf jl``l prbprgl ifpfigt,icl `b egddlrljzgfjb ef tuttg n`g f`trg fjghf`g, sljsgkg`l l fttljtf fg vf`brggjtlrplrsbjf`g, fg vf`brg rbhfjg l fg sljtghljtg._btrlhhb egrl qugjeg icl iu`turf ; tuttb ig icl l`lvf ùbhb ef` substftb eg jfturf, l dbrjgsil `f hgsurf el` nrfeb eg igvg`t eg uj pbpb`b.G` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngf9 ujf pfrb`f ibhpbstf icl elrgvf ef``f pfrb`f nrliftacjb-`bncf, `lttlrf`hljtl "egsibrsb su``'frtl", ebvl ibj frtl sg gjtljelvfg` sfplr dfrl, igb qul``b icl bnng gjegicgfhb ibj g` tlrhgjl tlijgif.Jl` ibrsb elg slib`g ùbhb cf hgn`gbrftb `l sul tlijgicl fttrfvlrsb`f prftgif qubtgegfjf l g` rgibrsb f``f splrghljtfzgbjl1`f tlijgif ibjsgstl jl``gjsglhl el``l rlnb`l su iug dbjeftf `f prftgifeg ujfrtl b eg ujf quf`sgfsg fttgvgt hfjuf`l hf fjicl gjtl``lttuf`l,pbgic vljnbjb fpp`giftl l slnugtl.@b svgùppb el``f tlijb`bngf, g` rgsu`tftb eg uj prbilssb eg lvbùzgbjliu`turf`l icl prbslnul fjibrf fg ngbrjg jbstrg.Gj icl hbeb `f tlijb`bngf egngtf`l pfrtl gjtlnrfjtl el``f iu`turfel`ùbhb l ibjtrgkugsil f` sub svgùppb2

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6 Ljigi`bplegf Urliifjg bj`gjl.

; N. Ng`gklrtg, Gjtrbeuzgbjl stbrgif fg egrgttguhfjg, N. Ngfppgicl``g Legtbrl Ubrgjb.

9 D. Hbjtfjfrg, Tbifkb`frgb el``f gjnuf

nrlif NG, @blsiclr Legtbrg, ;??5.[fddfl``b Ibrtgjf Legtbrg,;?66.


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@f sbiglt gjeustrgf`l jl` slib`b sibrsb cf pbstb `l kfsg f``bsvgùppb el``l rltg eg tl`libhujgifzgbjl, elg igriugtg gjtlnrftg l elghgirbprbilssbrg, f``b svgùppb elg prbtbib``g eg ibhujgifzgbjl egngtf`ll, gjdgjl, f``fvvljtb eg gjtlrjlt l el` wlk.@b svgùppb eg ujf iu`turf `lnftf f gjtlrjlt egpljel ef ujfhb`tlp`gigt eg dfttbrg jbj sb`b tlijb`bngig, hf fjicl pb`gtgig, sbigf`g,libjbhgig le ltgig, plr qulstb ibhp`lssb ibhprljelrl g` sgnjgdgiftb

el` tlrhgjl iu`turf egngtf`l.Vulstb tlrhgjl, icl ibjtgljl trl pfrb`l icgfvl quf`g gjtlrfttgvgt,gplrhlegf`gt l ibjjlttgvgt, pu lsslrl eldgjgtb ibhl `f hftlrgf iclfjf`gzzf `l tlijb`bngl gjdbrhftgicl l g` `brb ghpfttb su``f ibhujgifzgbjll su``brnfjgzzfzgbjl sbigf`l1 ujf nrfjel rgvbùzgbjl iu`turf`l lprbnrlssb plr `f ibjegvgsgbjl el` sfplrl= `fkkfttghljtb el``lkfrrglrl nlbnrfdgicl, sfpljeb icl ibj ujf slhp`gil ibjjlssgbjl feGjtlrjlt, jbjic `f pbssgkg`gt eg gjtlrfngrl ibj tuttb g` hbjeb l eg dfribjbsilrl f tuttg `f prbprgf bpgjgbjl gj hfjglrf `gklrf.

Yljzf eghljtgifrl `f nlstgbjl hu`tghlegf`l gj ibjtlhpbrfjlf egsubjg, nrfdgig, ghhfngjg dbtbnrfdgicl l gj hbvghljtb.\jb elg pferg el``'gjdbrhftgif, F`fj Uurgjn5, jbj pbtlvf ghhfngjfrlicl `f suf hfiicgjf sfrlkkl egvljutf g` jbstrb hleguh ujgvlrsf`l1tuttb ig icl ig igribjef ibhl husgif, vgelb, l ghhfngjg sbjbtrfeuigkg`g gj ibegil juhlrgib icl vgljl `lttb ef uj ibhputlr. G ibstg eg qulstl hfiicgjl sg sbjb rgebttg hljtrl `f vl`bigt fuhljtftf, g` trfddgib su gjtlrjlt irlsil f egshgsurf, egvgljl uj hleguhujgvlrsf`l l rgilvl suiilssb plr `f suf kgegrlzgbjf`gt, ig ib``lnf ùjbibj `f`trb le ùbnb eg rgujgbjl.

@F YBIGLU ELG KGUI\@U\[F EGNGUF@L

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5 F. Uurgjn, hftlhftgib, hftlhftgib,`bngib

l irgttbnrfdb krgtfjjgib, ibjsgelrftb ujb elgpferg el``gjdbrhftgif.

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Hfrscf`` Hi@ucfj< eldgjgsil uj hleguh bnjg lstljsgbjl eg jbgstlssg. Vuf`sgfsg ibsf `ubhb fkkgf gjvljtftb plr lstljelrl `lpbssgkg`gt eg fzgbjl, ibhujgifzgbjl l plrilzgbjl el` sub ibrpb,pu lsslrl eujqul ibjsgelrftb uj hleguh.Ylibjeb Hi@ucfj, g` hlssfnngb eg uj hleguh jbj vf ibjdusbibj g` sub ibjtljutb= g` hlssfnngb eg uj hleguh b eg ujftlijb`bngf jl` hutfhljtb eg prbpbrzgbjg, eg rgthb l eg siclhg

icl gjtrbeuil jlg rfppbrtg uhfjg.Gj qulstb sljsb, g` hleguh g` hlssfnngb.\jf vb`tf icl `gjdbrhfzgbjl egngtf`gzzftf, jbj ig sbjb pg ibjdgjgtrf g vfrg hlegf, `l vliicgl tlijb`bngl stfjjb plreljeb `f `brb dbrzflibjbhgif l iu`turf`l, hljtrl qul``l jubvl nbvlrjfjb `f prbeuzgbjl.Ibhl sbstgljl Jgib`fs Ifrr 4 G` duturb el``f ibjbsiljzf l el``fiu`turf jbj sg trbvf pg jlg `gkrg, jlg ngbrjf`g, gj tl`lvgsgbjlhf sg trbvf jlg dg`l egngtf`g spfrftg f``f vl`bigt el``f `uil fttrfvlrsb g`jbstrb hlzzb eg ibhujgifzgbjl ujgvlrsf`l.

@F YBIGLU ELG KGUI\@U\[F EGNGUF@L

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Ygfhb ljtrftg jl``'lrf egngtf`l l g` egngtf`l ljtrftb gj jbg1 tuttb ifhkgftb, `l jbstrl fkgtuegjg, g` hbeb eg pljsfrl, ibhujgifrl, `lnnlrl.G ngbvfjg irlsigutg ibj `f rltl jbj `lnnbjb pg jlilssfrgfhljtl ujfpfngjf ef sgjgstrf f elstrf l ef``'f`tb gj kfssb, pguttbstb sf`tl``fjb egquf l eg ` sibrrljeb g` tlstb f``f rgilrif eg ig icl `g gjtlrlssf, `f rltl egvljutf lssljzgf`l plr g` `brb `fvbrb, `f siub`f b `f vgtf sbigf`l. Ig sbjb plrsbjl icl plr hbtgvg libjbhgig b plr `f prbprgf vb`bjt

jbj usfjb gjtlrjlt, hf jbj sg pu ilrtb jlnfrl icl sgf g` hlzzbprldlrgtb plr `f ibhujgifzgbjl l `'gjdbrhfzgbjl el``f jbstrf sbiglt. Ylibjeb Jgicb`fs Ifrr, ef qufjeb `f stfhpf eg Nutljklrn cfrlsb pbpb`frl `f `ltturf, `f hljtl `gjlfrl l `lttlrfrgf stftf g` du`irbel``f jbstrf sbiglt, hf prlstb pbtrlkkl egvljtfrl quf`ibsf iclfppfrtgljl sb`tfjtb f` pfssftb.Bnng ig rgtrbvgfhb f ifvf``b drf eul hbjeg tlijb`bngig, ibhl g jbstrg fjtljftgf``f dgjl el` Hlegblvb pfssfvfjb ef``f pfrb`f f` `gkrb, jbg stgfhb pfssfjebef` `gkrb f` egngtf`l elvgfjeb jubvfhljtl g trfiigftg jl` jbstrb ilrvl``b.

G ifhkgfhljtg sukgtg efg hlegf icl ig ibgjvb`nbjb, ig ibstrgjnbjbf vgvlrl gj hbeb egvlrsb, sl g` hbjeb vgljl hlegftb gj hbebegvlrsb, f``brf g` hbjeb egvlrsb.Ibhl fvlvf gjtugtb Jgltzsicl jbg ifhkgfhb fttrfvlrsb g` hbjeb gj iugvgvgfhb l fttrfvlrsb n`g struhljtg icl utg`gzzgfhb. Jl``f jbstrf vgtf qubtgegfjf sg fvvlrtl slhprl pg `f prlsljzfplrvfsgvf e'gjdbrhfzgbjg, ibjtljutg l slrvgzg egstrgkugtg fttrfvlrsb `f rltlgjtlrjlt icl ig igribjef gj bnjg hbhljtb el``f jbstrf ngbrjftf, sgf iclig trbvgfhb f ifsf, gj uddgigb b gj hbkg`gt.Tgvgfhb brhfg gj uj hbjeb kfsftb su``f tlijb`bngf, hljtrl `f jbstrf

G` hbjeb ifhkgf

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vgtf qubtgegfjf ibstl``ftf ef bnnlttg tlijb`bngig, kfstf nufrefrsggjtbrjb plr fiibrnlrig qufjtb jl sgfhb igribjeftg. Yljzf eukkgb g` prbnrlssb el``f igvg`t hbelrjf l `f jfsigtfel``f tlijb`bngf ibj g` sub irlsiljtl svgùppb cfjjb pbrtftb ujhgn`gbrfhljtb f``gjtlrjb el``f vgtf qubtgegfjf, eg drbjtl f``f jbvgt el``fsgtufzgbjl gj iug ig trbvgfhb= sbjb ifhkgftg g hbeg eg svfnfrsg l `legstrfzgbjg plr g ngbvfjg eg bnng, gj slnugtb f``f rgvbùzgbjl hlegftgif l

egngtf`l icl stgfhb vgvljeb gj qulstg fjjg.Vulstg ifhkgfhljtg sbjb vgsgkg`g l rlngstrfkg`g sgf f `gvl``b eg tlijb`bngf,il`ù`frg, ibhputlr, gjtlrjlt, gpbe/gpcbjl, ibhl purl f `gvl``b eg ibegigeg trfshgssgbjl l `gjnufnng iu`turf`g, jubvg dbrhft tl`lvgsgvg, sgtg k`bn lsbigf` jltwbra, bvvlrb rltg vgrtuf`g eg ibjegvgsgbjl ibhl Dfilkbba lUwgttlr, b dljbhljg ibhl Ylibje gdl 6.G` ifhkgfhljtb gj fttb vf ib`tb ibhl ujf rgvbùzgbjl iu`turf`l lefjtrbpb`bngif eg jbtlvb`g prbpbrzgbjg.@utg`gzzb el``l jubvl tlijb`bngicl hlegftgicl le gjdbrhftgicl jbj

hbegdgif sb`tfjtb g rgthg lstlrjg el``f vgtf eln`g ubhgjg, pg prbdbjefhljtljl hbegdgif `b stlssb hbeb eg ibjilpgrsg ibhl plrsbjl, eg strutturfrl `f`brb geljtgt, eg ibhprljelrl g` rlf`l l g` sljsb el``l ibsl. f qulstb `gvl``b icl, eujqul, sg elvl sgtufrl `fsib`tb l g`

ibjdrbjtb ibj `f jubvf dgnurf iu`turf`l1 `lrf egngtf`l icl sg vfghpbjljeb bnng trf g ngbvfjg, l jbj sb`b trf `brb. @l pbssgkg`gt eg ib``fkbrfzgbjl icl bddrl `f rltl dfvbrgsibjb `f irlfzgbjleg nruppg eg `fvbrb, stghb`fjb `f irlftgvgt l `gjjbvfzgbjl, nljlrfjb jubvghbel``g eg kusgjlss l eg pfrtligpfzgbjl sbigf`l f``f vgtf pukk`gif.Gjtlrjlt pu lsslrl utg`gzzftb ibhl ibjtljgtbrl eg eftg, gj qulstb hbeb

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6 Ylibje @gdl uj hbjeb vgrtuf`l`fjigftb jl` ngunjb el` ;??9 ef``f sbiglt

fhlrgifjf @gjelj @fk l jfsil ef``f vgsgbjlel` dbjeftbrl, _cg`gp [bslef`l.

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pbssgfhb fiilelrl fg jbstrg dg`l l `fvbrfrl gj quf`sgfsg ùbnb ig trbvgfhb. lvgeljtl, eujqul, icl gjtlrjlt fhp`gf gjlvgtfkg`hljtl `l

bppbrtujgt l n`g brgzzbjtg el``f ibhujgifzgbjl uhfjf, jbj sb`bg` rgsu`tftb eg ujf ùjnf slrgl eg rgilricl sigljtgdgicl l gjvljzgbjgtlijb`bngicl= df pfrtl el``f jbstrf vgtf qubtgegfjf, le `fsslpbrtfjtl el``f jltwbra sbiglty ; jl``f quf`l vgvgfhb. \jf vb`tf Hfrscf`` Hi@ucfj cf bsslrvftb=

00\jf ibsf eg iug g plsig jbj sfjjb fssbùtfhljtl jgljtl `'fiquf::. G` plsil jbj sf icl `'fiquf kfnjftf plric jbj cf hfg fvutblsplrgljzf el``'fsiguttb. \jf vb`tf ghhlrsg jl` hleguh ibhldfiigfhb f sfplrl gj icl hbeb fngsil su eg jbg2 Vulstf rgvbùzgbjl ng jlg jbstrg ibrpg, jl``l jbstrl tlstl, jl``f jbstrf vgtf.

@F YBIGLU ELG KGUG@ HBJEB IFHKGF

65

; Jltwbra sbiglty ujf sbiglt gj iug ujfibhkgjfzgbjl eg jltwbra sbigf`g l rltg eg

hfss-hlegf e dbrhf f``f prbprgf hbef`gtbrnfjgzzftgvf l f``l pg ghpbrtfjtg strutturl.


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@f egddusgbjl el``f rltl gjsglhl f``l ibjtgjul gjjbvfzgbjg tlijb`bngiclstfjjb prbeuiljeb ghpbrtfjtg ifhkgfhljtg sug hbel``g egibhujgifzgbjl l sug `gjnufnng febttftg. G jlw hlegf stfjjb fvljeb uj ghpfttb rg`lvfjtl su` hbeb eg ibhujgifrlel``l plrsbjl,`l quf`g rgtljnbjb icl `fvvljtb elg hlegf egngtf`g fkkgfjbsbttrfttb n`g gjegvgeug ef``fkgtuegjl eg `lnnlrl l sirgvlrl.Yl jbj ig `ghgtgfhb sb`fhljtl f``f suplrdgigl el` dljbhljb, pbssgfhb

jbtfrl gj vlrgt icl prbprgb nrfzgl fg jubvg hlegf icl `f sirgtturf bnng tbrjftf `f prbtfnbjgstf el``f ibhujgifzgbjl eg hfssf.Eg dfttb, ibjsgelrfjeb `l ifrfttlrgstgicl el` wlk ;.? 6, bssgfegjfhgigt, gjtlrfttgvgt l gplrtlstuf`gt, `f sirgtturf egvljtf hlzzb egpfrtligpfzgbjl l ibjegvgsgbjl `gklrfjebsg elg subg fsplttg pg rgngeg ldbrhf`g plr egvljtfrl hb`tb pg prlifrgf l dunfil. G` prbk`lhf prbprgb qulstb= g jubvg hlzzg rgsicgfjb eg hbegdgifrlplr slhprl g` hbeb eg `lnnlrl l stuegfrl, el``f nljlrfzgbjl egngtf`lplr `grrldrljfkg`l elsgelrgb eg ghhlegftlzzf icl Gjtlrjlt pu rlf`gzzfrl.

I g` rgsicgb icl qulstb hbeb rfpgeb eg bttljlrl l dbrjgrlgjdbrhfzgbjg pbrtg fe ujf rgilrif suplrdgigf`l l pbib sbnnlttgvf, sljzfhltfkb`gzzfrl gj hbeb irgtgib `l gjdbrhfzgbjg1i g` plrgib`b icl ib` tlhpb pbssf vljgr hljb `fttgtuegjl f``f `ltturfprbdbjef, sg`ljzgbsf, rgd`lssgvf l hlegtftgvf.Yl jbj vg uj usb ibjsfplvb`l el` hlzzb, sg pu rgsicgfrl eg plrelrl`f prlzgbsf ifpfigt eg ibjtlhp`frl l ghhfngjfrl.Yl vlrb icl kfhkgjg l rfnfzzg utg`gzzfjb slhprl pg n`g struhljtg

egngtf`g, f ifsf l f siub`f, ebkkgfhb prljelrl fttb icl sgfhb egdrbjtl f uj ifhkgfhljtb lpbif`l.

G rgsicg el``f iu`turf egngtf`gzzftf

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Jbj tfjtb f ifusf el``fvfjzfhljtb tlijb`bngib, icl sbstfjzgf`hljtllrf prlvlegkg`l, kljs plric g` ifhkgfhljtb rgnufref, slibjeb qufjtbfddlrhfjb l rliljtg rgilricl sigljtgdgicl, feegrgtturf g` dujzgbjfhljtbel` ilrvl``b uhfjb= g jbstrg jlurbjg ibjtgjufjb f rbhplrl vliicglibjjlssgbjg l f dbrhfrjl eg jubvl1slibjeb Mfhls Bès ; , g` ilrvl``b cf `f ifpfigt eg rgprbnrfhhfrsg f`vb`b, ifhkgfjeb g` hbeb eg dujzgbjfrl.Gj rlf`t ebvrlhhb ibjiljtrfrl f jbstrf fttljzgbjl sun`g fsplttg eg qulstbifhkgfhljtb plr vf`brgzzfrjl qul``g pbsgtgvg l jlutrf`gzzfrl g jlnftgvg. Yl klj usftg n`g struhljtg egngtf`g stghb`fjb l pbtljzgfjb `fttgvgtgjtl``lttgvf l sbjb gj nrfeb eg fgutfrl plrsbjl fddlttl ef vfrgl pftb`bngl. Urf n`g fsplttg lstrlhfhljtl vfjtfnngbsg l pbsgtgvg, sg pu sgiurfhljtligtfrl `b strfbregjfrgb pbtlrl elhbirftgzzfjtl icl `f iu`turfegngtf`gzzftf bddrl= g` dfig`l fiilssb f` hbjeb vgrtuf`l gjdfttg, ibjsljtlf icgujqul eg pukk`gifrl bj`gjl l ig ibjdlrgsil uj hfnngbrl pbtlrlf`ùtljtl, f` quf`l sg fprl uj vljtfn`gb eg bddlrtl vfrglnftl, jbjic `f

pbssgkg`gt eg egvljgrl nljlrftbrl eg ibjtljutb l trfsdbrhfrsg ibs efslhp`gil utljtl f prbtfnbjgstf gjegsiussb el``f jfvgnfzgbjl. @b struhljtb gplrtlstuf`l9, gjtlsb ibhl tlstb eg`ftftb, ibjsgstl gjujljbrhl d`lssgkg`gt icl sg rgplriubtl gj hbeb pbsgtgvb su``f irlftgvgtel`ùtljtl, g` quf`l pu rgsirgvlrl, ifjil``frl, spbstfrl, gjslrgrlghhfngjg, subjg l vgelb1 pu sbstfjzgf`hljtl ibjiljtrfrsg eg pg sugibjtljutg l `b stg`l pguttbstb icl su``fsplttb dbrhf`l. Uuttb ig ibhpbrtf elg rgsicg jbj trfsiurfkg`g= g` sfplrl gj qulstbhbeb egvljtf tbtf`hljtl prgvb eg suplrvgsgbjl l ibjtrb``g1 `f quf`gtl `fddgefkg`gt elg ibjtljutg jbj sbjb nfrfjtgtl l sbjb fddgeftl

64

@F YBIGLU ELG KGUG [GYICG EL@@F I\@U\[FEGNGUF@G]]FUF

; M. Bès, prbdlssbrl eg Jlurbsigljzl,egrlttbrl el` Arfsjbw Gstgtutl dbr FevfjileYtuey f``f Nlbrnl Hfsbj \jgvlrsgty.

9 \j gplrtlstb uj gjsglhl eg ebiuhljtghlssg gj rl`fzgbjl trf `brb plr hlzzb egpfrb`l icgfvl, pu lsslrl vgstb ibhl ujfrltl1 g ebiuhljtg jl ibstgtugsibjb g jbeg.@f ifrfttlrgstgif prgjigpf`l eg uj gplrtlstb

icl `f `ltturf pu svb`nlrsg gj hfjglrf jbj`gjlfrl.

@F YBIGLU ELG KGUG [GYICG EL@@F I\@U\[FEGNGUF@G]]FUF


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;. J\BTLULIJB@BNGLEGEFUUGICL 00\j df``ghljtb jbj slhprl ujb skfn`gb1

pbtrlkkl slhp`gilhljtl lsslrl g` hln`gbicl ujb pbssf dfrl gj ilrtl igribstfjzl.G` vlrb skfn`gb shlttlrl eg prbvfrl::.

K. D. Yagjjlr

@l prghl hfiicgjl plr gjslnjfrl eg iug sg cf jbtgzgf sbjb jftl f``fBcgb \jgvlrsgty jln`g fjjg Tljtg, nrfzgl f``b psgib`bnb Ygejly _rlssly6.Uuttfvgf `f eftf eg jfsigtf el``l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl vgljl stfkg`gtfjl` 67


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eln`g fjjg slttfjtf dlil f suf ibhpfrsf g` tlrhgjl tlijb`bngl egefttgicl. @l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl sg svgùppfrbjb slibjeb eul `gjll egstgjtl=

-`f sigljzf elg hlzzg, utg`gzzfkg`g jl``f egefttgif-n`g stueg su``gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf.

@l Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl, ibhl sigljzf elg hlzzg, sg ibjiljtrfrbjbgj uj prghb hbhljtb su``b stuegb el``l ifrfttlrgstgicl l el``lpbssgkg`gt elg vfrg hlzzg fuegbvgsgvg pbg su` hftlrgf`l egefttgib rl`ftgvb.N`g stueg su``gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf sg svgùppfrbjb su eul

drbjtg, ef ujf pfrtl ig sbjb prbpbstl su` hltbeb eg dfrl ibrsgeg gstruzgbjl prbnrfhhftf, ef``f`trf sg ilrifjb g hlzzg fefttgfddgjic sg fttug `fpprljeghljtb l sg irlg uj jubvb stghb`b l ujfjubvf rgspbstf ef pfrtl el``b stueljtl. F``f dgjl eln`g fjjg Ylssfjtf qulstl eul `gjll gjgzgfrbjb f ibjvlrnlrll sg eltlrhgj `f prbnrfhhfzgbjl el``gstruzgbjl.

Ylibjeb Nfnj>, lsgstl ujf i`fssgdgifzgbjl plr g tgpg egfpprljeghljtb, Ln`g sunnlrgsil irgtlrg eg gjslnjfhljtb plr bnjg tgpb

eg fpprljeghljtb l jl spligdgif g` `gvl``b eg prlstfzgbjl rgicglstf.G` hbel``b eg Nfnj n`bkf`l, pu lsslrl fpp`giftb jl``fprbnlttfzgbjl, jl``f egefttgif, jlg ibrsg b jl``l sgjnb`l `lzgbjg. Bnng ibj g` tlrhgjl Jubvl Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl3sg gjtljel `gjsglhlel``l tlijb`bngl icl ibjsljtbjb g` trfttfhljtb l `b sifhkgb el``lgjdbrhfzgbjg, tlstuf`g vgsgvl b sbjbrl1 gj dbrhftb egngtf`l sbjb uj slttbrlegsigp`gjfrl ibjsb`geftb l rgtljutb eg ghpbrtfjzf strftlngif plr `b svgùppb.

> [. H. Nfnj _lefnbngstf stftujgtljsl,ibjeussl rgilricl jl` trfgjgjn leuiftgvbl su``f prbnrfhhfzgbjl eg egsigp`gjlegjslnjfhljtb.

3 N.B`ghpb, Jfsigtf l svgùppb el``lUlijb bngl Egefttgicl UE j.6, rlspbjsfkg`l

Egpfrtghljtb Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl elÌJ[ eg Nljbvf, Fprg`l 6779.

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Jbjbstfjtl G rliljtg prbvvleghljtg prlsg plr gjslrgrl `l jubvltlijb`bngl jl``l siub`l, ibhl tfk`lt l `gh, jbj fjibrf fvvljutf `fpgljf gjtlnrfzgbjl el``l tlijb`bngl plr `f egefttgif. @l fttgvgt egefttgicl prlvlebjb `'utg`gzzb eg gjtlrjlt ibhlstruhljtb eg gjdbrhfzgbjl l eg ibhujgifzgbjl, pguttbstb icl ibhlhlzzb plr `f egefttgif gjtlrfttgvf. Ebvl `l tlijb`bngl sbjb stftl fpp`giftl jl` hbeb ibrrlttb, sbjb stftgrgsibjtrftg fttlnngfhljtg pbsgtgvg vlrsb `f siub`f, nrfzgl fjicl f``fvfrglt eg prbnlttg, fttgvgt le lslrigzg icl pbssbjb lsslrl prbebttgtrfhgtl vfrgl fpp`gifzgbjg sug tfk`lt. @utg`gzzb elg ibhputlr, elg jubvg hlzzg hu`tghlegf`g lel``f rltl pu pbrtfrl f ujf prbdbjef trfsdbrhfzgbjl el``libjegzgbjg gj iug fvvgljl `fpprljeghljtb.@l jubvl tlijb`bngl jbj rljebjb fddfttb pgnrg n`g sib`frg hf sbjb gjnrfeb eg ghplnjfr`g gj uj prbilssb eg fpprljeghljtb eg tgpb sgtufzgbjf`l.@fsplttb ghpbrtfjtl icl g hlegf dfjjb pfrtl el` hbjeb elg rfnfzzg,

rfpprlsljtfjb `f `brb ibjbsiljzf eg kfsl l eg qulstb `f siub`f elvltljlr ibjtb ibjiljtrfjebsg jbj su qul` icl f` rfnfzzb hfjif, hfgjtlrrbnfjebsg su qul` icl i l su` sub vf`brl dbjefjtl. Ig sbjb gjslnjfjtg ibstfjtlhljtl f``f rgilrif eg jubvghbeg plr gjslrgrl, f``'gjtlrjb el` `fvbrb svb`tb gj i`fssl, `lifpfigt l `l lsplrgljzl eln`g stueljtg. \j gjslnjfjtl el``l hlegl eg _cbljgx, Hfra Nrlljklrn 9, fhfsvg`uppfrl elg ngbicg plr g subg stueljtg usfjeb slhp`gig tbb`, l rgibrrlf qulstb strftfnlhhf bnjg vb`tf icl gjegvgeuf uj frnbhljtb icl gsubg stueljtg dftgifjb f ghpfrfrl fttrfvlrsb g hltbeg trfegzgbjf`g.

9 H. Nrlljklrn Idr wclj nfenlts nlt gjtcl wfy, eg @gsf Nulrjsly, Jlw Wbra Ughls,67 Fnbstb ;??5.

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J\BTL ULIJB@BNGLEGEFUUGICL@F YI\B@F L @LULIJB@BNGL_L[ @F EGEFUUGIF

J\BTL ULIJB@BNGL 3


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Fìujg sbjb slhp`gig hgjg ngbicg, hf pgfiigbjb fg subg rfnfzzg l sbjbdfttg plr g `brb kgsbnjg.\j f`trb gjslnjfjtl el``l l`lhljtfrg gjn`lsl, Ugh [y`fjes 5, cf vgjtbuj prlhgb plr `'usb gjjbvftgvb elg vgelbnfhl jl``l sul brl eg `lzgbjl.[y`fjes prbglttf ngbicg su` hurb el``f i`fssl l g subg stueljtg,eligebjb ebvl fjefrl l ibsf dfrl gjsglhl f ùg.G` ebiljtl df gj hbeb icl n`g fùjjg elsirgvfjb qul``b icl vlebjbsu``b siclrhb plr stghb`frl `l `brb ifpfigt vlrkf`g l df tljlrl `brbelg egfrg plr hgn`gbrfrl `f sirgtturf.Vulstb lsplrghljtb cf pbrtftb fe uj hgn`gbrfhljtb elg vbtg eln`g stueljtg.Hb`tg gjslnjfjtg elg pflsg fjn`bfhlrgifjg l el` jbre Lurbpf stfjjbfebttfjeb qulstg jubvg hltbeg ibj suiilssb, f`trg pflsg trf g quf`g`'Gtf`gf slhkrfjb lsslrl fjibrf gjtghbrgtg ef qulstf jbvgt. @fjbstrf siub`f gtf`gfjf gjdfttg rghfstf fjibrftf fe ujf egefttgif pgtrfegzgbjf`l icl, plr vfrgl rfngbjg, pbib cf tljutb gj ibjsgelrfzgbjl`lvbùzgbjl tlijb`bngif icl g` hbjeb lstlrjb stfvf vgvljeb.

5 U. [y`fjes Idr cttp=//www.tghry`fjes.ibh/cth`/hlegf.cth`.

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@EGEFUUGICL@F YI\B@F L @LULIJB@BNGL_L[ @F EGEFUUGIF

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Bnng `l gjtlrdfiil6 stfjjb egvljtfjeb slhprl pg hu`tghlegf`g, `ltlijb`bngl egvljtfjb ibs jfturf`g le fhgiclvb`g.@utljtl jbj elvl pg ibjbsilrl gjnufnng l`fkbrftg l l dujzgbjf`gteg uj'fpp`gifzgbjl egvljtfjb dfig`hljtl fiilssgkg`g fjicl f icg jbj cfibhpltljzl tlijgicl jl` ifhpb.Ybjb hutftl fjicl `l gell igrif g` rub`b ngbiftb ef``l gjtlrdfiil jl``lfpp`gifzgbjg egefttgicl, irlsigutf gj pfrtgib`frl `f ibjsfplvb`lzzfel``ghpbrtfjzf el``l gjtlrdfiil ubhb-hfiicgjf jl``f egefttgif gjtlrfttgvf. \jf kubjf gjtlrdfiigf pu fkkfttlrl, b hln`gb, lvgtfrl `fdbrhfzgbjl eg kfrrglrl psgib`bngicl f vb`tl gjsbrhbjtfkg`g libstgtugrl uj utg`l dfttbrl eg hbtgvfzgbjl.Bnng tuttl qulstl ibjsgelrfzgbjg rghfjnbjb vf`gel, hf `f dujzgbjlicl vgljl fttrgkugtf f``gjtlrdfiigf lstrlhfhljtl pg fttgvf= lssf pul elvl pfrtligpfrl f` prbilssb eg fpprljeghljtb/ibstruzgbjl el``fibjbsiljzf fttrfvlrsb egvlrsg hliifjgshg =

-pu prldgnurfrl l sunnlrgrl `f strutturf el` sfplrl gj tlrrgtbrgsibjbsigutg plr `f``glvb1-pu hbel``frl l dfig`gtfrl g` prbilssb eg rgsb`uzgbjl eg prbk`lhg1-pu usfrl fiiurftfhljtl g` hbvghljtb l `fjghfzgbjl plrrfpprlsljtfrl ifhkgfhljtg eg stftb1

@gjtlrdfiigf gj uj fhkgljtl egefttgib gjtlrfttgvb jbj pu qugjegpg lsslrl gjegpljeljtl efg ibjtljutg, hf elvl ibpgfrjlgjtl``gnljtlhljtl strutturf, prbilssg l prgbrgt l egvljtf qugjeg uj

l`lhljtb iljtrf`l el``f prbnlttfzgbjl egefttgif.

Gjtlrdfiil

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9. YU[\HLJUGEL@@L J\BTLULIJB@BNGL 00Cf prlsb g` vgf ujf rgvbùzgbjl lpbif`l

jl``fhkgtb el``f siub`f hf, f` eg dubrg eln`ggstgtutg, qufsg jlssujb sl jl fiibrtb::.

H. _grfjg

@f @fvfnjf Gjtlrfttgvf Hu`tghlegf`l (@GH)6 ujb struhljtb egefttgibgjjbvftgvb, ibhujlhljtl febttftf jl``l siub`l eg hb`tg pflsg le rgsu`tftf lsslrl klj fiib`tf efg ebiljtg icl `f utg`gzzfjb.@f @GH bddrl f` ebiljtl juhlrbsl pbssgkg`gt tlijb`bngicl iclpbrtfjb gjjbvfzgbjg f``f egefttgif l f``f hltbeb`bngf, e `bppbrtujgtf``fùjjb eg gjtlrfngrl gj i`fssl, utg`gzzfjeb struhljtg ibhujgiftgvg iclusf qubtgegfjfhljtl plr `f rgilrif l `b svfnb . F` iljtrb el``fttgvgt egefttgif ibj `f @GH jbj i pg g` ebiljtlhf `gjtlrf i`fssl, tuttg sbjb ibgjvb`tg gj uj prbilssb eg suppbrtbl irlsigtf, g` _I, gjvlil, prbnlttftb plr fttgvgt gjegvgeuf`g= g`hbjgtbr, fe lslhpgb, pljsftb plr lsslrl nufreftb l bttljlrl`fttljzgbjl eg uj sb`b utljtl. @gjtlnrfzgbjl el``f ibhujgifzgbjl vgsgvf jl``f egefttgif jbj ibjegzgbjftf f`ùsb el``f @fvfnjf Gjtlrfttgvf Hu`tghlegf`l, hf pulsslrl prftgiftf gj slttgjn plr `f egefttgif efu`f icl prlvlebjbslhp`gig, l hljb ibstbsl, tlijb`bngl eg prbglzgbjl.

Ylkkljl jl``f `lttlrfturf sigljtgdgif su``f @GH hfjicgjb ibhpfrfzgbjgsgstlhftgicl ibj slttgjn f`tlrjftgvg, ^bbe ; sg ebhfjef sl `f `fvfnjfegngtf`l sgf ujf rlf`l jlilssgt, spligl sl sg rg`lvf, ibhl fiifel gj hb`tgifsg, icl `f suplrdgigl gjtlrfttgvf utg`gzzftf sbprfttuttb plr hbstrfrl.Ylibjeb qulstf prbsplttgvf, `f @GH jbj prlsljtf, fg dgjg el``fegefttgif gj fu`f, egddlrljzl sbstfjzgf`g ef uj jbrhf`l prbglttbrl.Uuttfvgf, `f hbef`gt eg gjtlrfzgbjl el``f `fvfnjf egngtf`l ujfpliu`gfrgt dbrtlhljtl ifrfttlrgzzfjtl.F egddlrljzf eg f`trl gjtlrdfiil, `f `fvfnjf egngtf`l

ibjtlhpbrfjlfhljtl uj egspbsgtgvb eg gjput l butput= ibjgunf

Egefttgif fttgvf @gh l tfk lt

6 @f fvfnjf gjtlrfttgvf hu`tghlegf`l,elttf @.G.H. b `fvfnjf l`lttrbjgif, ujfsuplrdgigl gjtlrfttgvf su iug pbssgkg`lsirgvlrl, egslnjfrl, f``lnfrl ghhfngjg,vgsuf`gzzfrl tlstg, vgelb/fjghfzgbjg.G ibjtljutg vgsuf`gzzftg le l`fkbrftg su``f`fvfnjf pbtrfjjb lsslrl qugjeg egngtf`gzzftgnrfzgl f uj sbdtwfrl eg prlsljtfzgbjlfppbsgtfhljtl elegiftb.

; I. bbe, @fvfnjl gjtlrfttgvl, uj ussbtrbppb `bjtfjb2 GIU, ;??6.

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YU[\HLJUG EL@@LJ\BTL ULIJB@BNGL

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eujqul qul``l icl gj uj plrsbjf` ibhputlr sbjb `l dujzgbjf`gt eghbjgtbr ibj qul``l eg hbusl l tfstglrf.Gj uj ibjtlstb ibhl qul``b el``f egefttgif efu`f, ig ghp`gif `fpbssgkg`gt eg sbigf`gzzfrl, b`trl f``l gjdbrhfzgbjg, bplrfzgbjg ibhl `frbtfzgbjl eg ujf dgnurf nlbhltrgif, `f sirgtturf b `legtgjn eg uj tlstb.^bbe fddlrhf icl `f hu`tghlegf`gt l `gjtlrfttgvgt el``f `fvfnjfegngtf`l pbssbjb lsslrl rgprbebttl utg`gzzfjeb uj jbrhf`l prbglttbrl,uj ibhputlr le ujf tfstglrf wgrl`lss b ujf tfvb`lttf nrfdgif.Lppurl ^bbe stlssb fe fhhlttlrl icl `fvbrfrl ef rlhbtbsu``ghhfngjl prbglttftf ghp`gif uj fefttfhljtb eg fìujl rl`fzgbjgspfzgf`g trf ebiljtl l stueljtg f``gjtlrjb el``b spfzgb el``f i`fssl.@f @GH eltlrhgjf uj dbrtl dbius prbiurftb ef``l eghljsgbjgel``gjtlrdfiigf l fttbrjb f qulstb dubib ibjvbn`gftf `fvgsuf`gzzfzgbjl elg ibjtljutg, `f prlsljzf el` sbnnlttb icl pfr`f l `lbplrfzgbjg icl lssb ibhpgl su``f @GH.B`trl f``l plrilzgbjg, ef``f ebiuhljtfzgbjl l efn`g stueg su``f @GH lhlrnlfjicl uj eftb icl rgnufref b spfzgb dgsgib gj iug f tlijb`bngf utg`gzzftf.@f i`fssl9, `fu`f sib`fstgif, g` ùbnb ebvl prlvf`ljtlhljtl pbsgzgbjftf `f jubvf `fvfnjf, qulstf eligsgbjl gj fìujg ifsg jfsilef``f ibjsfplvb`lzzf icl gjstf``fjeb `f @GH gj `fkbrftbrgb lssf jbjgjigelrlkkl su``f prftgif egefttgif ibhl qufjeb ib``biftf gj i`fssl.Ibj gjtrbeuzgbjl el``f @GH jl``l siub`l, sbjb stftg gjtrbebttg fjicl g tfk`lt.Lssljeb egvlrsb ef uj jbrhf`l pi, g` tfk`lt jbj ibhp`giftb ef utg`gzzfrll jbj cf kgsbnjb eg ibhpltljzl spligdgicl, j eg `fkbrftbrg elegiftg. Hb`tg ebiljtg sbjb ibjvgjtg icl g` tfk`lt sgf utg`l fn`g stueljtg hf

fjibr eg pg f `brb stlssg1 n`g gjslnjfjtg icl cfjjb prlsb su` slrgb

; M. Ibng``, Ibhl f `fvfnjf gjtlrfttgvfgj usb jl``f siub`f prghfrgf gjigeljl``gjslnjfhljtb2, ;??;cttp=//www.mu`glibng``.ibh/

J\BTL ULIJB@BNGLEGEFUUGIF FUUGTF=@GH L UFK@LU

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qulstf jbvgt, pur ibj tuttl `l egddgib`t gjgzgf`g, jl cfjjb trfttbgjeukkg kljldgig plr g` prbprgb `fvbrb.G rfnfzzg sfjjb usfrl Dfilkbba l WbuUukl hf splssb gjibjtrfjbel``l egddgib`t f rgilrifrl gjdbrhfzgbjg su Gjtlrjlt jl` hbeb ibrrlttb,plr qulstb `gjslnjfjtl cf uj rub`b eg nugef, elvl gjslnjfrlf``fùjjb uj jubvb hbeb eg rgilrifrl. @usb el` tfk`lt gj i`fssl ibjsljtl fg rfnfzzg eg jbj lsslrlpg sbnnlttg pfssgvg eurfjtl `l `lzgbjg, hf egjtlrfngrl ibj`gjslnjfjtl fttgvfhljtl. Ifhkgf g` rfppbrtb fùjjb/ebiljtl hf fjicl qul``b trf fùjjb/fùjjb, `gelf eg i`fssl l eg `fvbrb eg nruppb. ghpbrtfjtl icl g` ebiljtl sgf gj nrfeb eg ljtusgfshfrsg l egibgjvb`nlrl g rfnfzzg, icl sg trbvfjb trf `l hfjg ujf vlrf l prbprgfrgvbùzgbjl, `f tlijb`bngf df pfrtl el` jbstrb hbjeb, `f siub`f jbj purghfjlrl dubrg ef``f rlf`t.

J\BTL ULIJB@BNGLEGEFUUGIF FUUGTF=@GH L UFK@LU

9?

Gplrtlstb


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Vul``b icl fvvgljl ibj `f hu`tghlegf`gt ùsb ibhkgjftb elgsljsg, qul``g susigtftg ef` tlstb l qul``g fngtg egrlttfhljtl plr `fplrilzgbjl eg uj fhkgljtl ghhlrsgvb. _ljsgfhb plr uj hbhljtb f qul``b icl pbssgfhb plrilpgrl nrfzglf``f tlijb`bngf elg ie-rbh b elg vgelbngbicg= fttrfvlrsb `fhkgljtfzgbjltrgeghljsgbjf`l, g` subjb stlrlbdbjgib, `l ghhfngjg fe f`tf eldgjgzgbjl,ùsb el` hbusl b el` mbystgia, ig sljtgfhb ibs pfrtl el``fhkgljtl tfjtbef ghhfngjfrig rlf`hljtl ghhlrsg gj lssb.Gj qulstf prbsplttgvf biibrrl rgibjbsilrl icl g` suppbrtb hu`tghlegf`lpu fsslibjefrl qul``f prbpljsgbjl el`ùbhb fe utg`gzzfrl tuttg g sljsgplr ljtrfrl gj ibjtfttb ibj g` hbjeb l ibj `f`trb plr ghpfrfrl. @fvvljtb el``f igvg`t elg hlegf, l gj prghb ùbnb `f egspbjgkg`gt el``ftlijb`bngf eg rgprbeuzgbjl, hlhbrgzzfzgbjl, trfttfhljtb, trfshgssgbjlel` subjb l el``l ghhfngjg, cf dbrjgtb ujf kfsl eg `lngttghgt l ujbspfzgb eg l`fkbrfzgbjl iu`turf`l f qulstb sub trfttb brgngjfrgb. G` tlstb jbj pg sb`b qul``b sirgttb, eujqul, hf fjicl qul``b gibjgib,ghhfngjl b vgelb icl `lnngfhb f` pfrg el` tlstb vlrkf`l, uj tlstb iclprljel dbrhl egvlrsl, ibs ibhl hbef`gt eg `ltturf egvlrsl.Vul``f el``f hu`tghlegf`gt ujf `ltturf eg tgpb gplrtlstuf`l l gplrhlegf`l. Lrf g` 6743 qufjeb jlg `fkbrftbrg el``f Krbwj \jgvlrsgty durbjb irlftgg prghg gplrtlstg fe bplrf eg Fjergls Tfj Efh6 tuttfvgf, plr qufsgvljtfjjg, g` tlrhgjl gplrtlstb rghfsl plr `b pg sibjbsigutb.Yb`tfjtb f pfrtgrl ef` kgljjgb 6734-3>, `f jbzgbjl eg gplrtlstb l `lfpp`gifzgbjg kfsftl su gplrtlstb gjgzgfrbjb f egddbjelrsg rfpgefhljtl. @gplrtlstb uj ibjilttb eg lstrlhf slhp`gigt, tuttfvgf lssb

cf fvutb uj ghpfttb hb`tb dbrtl jl` ifhpb el``leuifzgbjl l

p

6 Fjergls Tfj Efh b`fjelsl,prbdlssbrl el``f Krbwj \jgvlrsgty sgbiiupf eg gjdbrhftgif.

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gj pfrtgib`frl, el``l tlijb`bngl egefttgicl. Gj pbib tlhpb ef``fibhpfrsf el``gplrtlstb sg sbjb hb`tgp`giftl `l splrghljtfzgbjg egebiljtg, stueljtg le futbrg icl prbeuilvfjb gplrtlstg b, icgfhfjebfjicl gj ifusf g` hu`tghlegf`l, gplrhlegf.@f `bngif el``gplrtlstb prbdbjefhljtl egvlrsf ef qul``f el` sgstlhfe'futbrl= lssb pu prbnrfhhfrl g` plribrsb el``b stueljtl, hf fjicllssljeb dgjlhljtl rfhgdgiftb l rgiib eg pbssgkg`gt, `b stueljtl puibhujqul siln`glrl sb`tfjtb ujb elg plribrsg prbnrfhhftg ef``futbrl. Jl``f `bngif el``gplrtlstb gjvlil `b stueljtl f ibstrugrl g` plribrsb, fsiln`glrl ebvl fjefrl, ibsf fpprbdbjegrl, ebvl rgtbrjfrl.@futbrl jl` ifsb el``gplrtlstb jbj prbnlttf pg uj gjsglhl eg plribrsg,hf prbnlttf ujf rltl eg rgsbrsl plr `fpprljeghljtb1le `utljtl (b stueljtl) f eldgjgrl uj plribrsb su``f rltl.Vulstf pbssgkg`gt ibrrgspbjel lsfttfhljtl f``f `bngif ibstruttgvgstfel``f irlfzgbjl el``f prbprgf ibjbsiljzf.G sfplrg gjegvgeuf`g sfrfjjb tuttg uj pb egvlrsg fjicl plric igfsiujbsg sfr ibstrugtb plribrsg egvlrsg le fvr vgsgtftb jbeg egvlrsg el``f rltldfiljeb lsplrgljzl egvlrsl gj uj egddlrljtl bregjl.Ibj `fddlrhfrsg el``gplrtlstb, egvljtftb `b struhljtb prgjigplel``fpprljeghljtb, spfrgrfjjb prbnrfhhg eg gjslnjfhljtb l igfsiujb,jfvgnfjeb eg gplrtlstb gj gplrtlstb, sg ibstrugr `f prbprgf leuifzgbjl lprlpfrfzgbjl prbdlssgbjf`l f slibjef elg prbprg gjtlrlssg, el``l prbprglifrfttlrgstgicl gjegvgeuf`g l elg prbprg kgsbnjg eg ibjbsiljzf.Gj rlf`t stftb eghbstrftb icl ujf `bngif purfhljtl gplrtlstuf`lcf g` `ghgtl eg `fsigfrl fkkfjebjftb f sl stlssb icg jbj cf hfturgt

suddgigljtl, plr ibstrugrsg ujf felnuftf strutturf ibjilttuf`l.

9;

G_L[ULYUB

Hfppl ibjilttuf`g, fjghfzgbjg l


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_lr stuegb b `fvbrb ilrtfhljtl bnjujb eg jbg sg trbvftb efvfjtg f``fjlilssgt eg ebvlr rlf`gzzfrl el``l hfppl ibjilttuf`g b ibhujqul elgegfnrfhhg eg d`ussb, plr rfpprlsljtfrl frnbhljtg b gell. @l hfppl ibjilttuf`g sbjb ujb struhljtb utg`l plr brnfjgzzfrl `fibjbsiljzf rl`ftgvf f egvlrsg ibjilttg, hlttljeb gj lvgeljzf `l rl`fzgbjgicl gjtlribrrbjb trf l`lhljtg egvlrsg el``b stlssb dljbhljb. @f irlfzgbjl eg hfppl ef pfrtl eln`g stueljtg, plrhlttl egvgsuf`gzzfrl g plribrsg ibnjgtgvg l hljtf`g icl lssg slnubjb jl``fibhprljsgbjl eg uj ibjilttb. Lsgstbjb f`iujl fpp`gifzgbjg drll icl slrvbjb f irlfrl hfpplibjilttuf`g ebtftl eg dujzgbjf`gt ujgicl rgsplttb f qul``l stftgicl.Urfhgtl qulstl pbssgkg`l f``lnfrl gibjl fg ibjilttg l, trfhgtl lssl,fiilelrl f dbtbnrfdgl, tlstg, vgelb l \[@ plr fpprbdbjegrl `f ibjbsiljzf.@l hfppl pbssbjb lsslrl ibstrugtl sgjnb`frhljtl b f nruppg, feegrgtturfgj hfjglrf sgjirbjgif b fsgjirbjf, plr ngujnlrl fe ujf hfppf ibjegvgsf.

Ibj `l hfppl pbssgkg`l=

-hlhbrgzzfrl vl`bilhljtl1-hlhbrgzzfrl dfig`hljtl1-"rlngstrfrl" gj hfjglrf qufsg gjel`lkg`l g ibjilttg icl sg stuegfjb, tfjtbicl fjicl f egstfjzf eg fjjg sg pbtr dfig`hljtl rgibrefrl ig icl lrfstftb hlhbrgzzftb hb`tb tlhpb prghf.

Jl``l hfppl ibjilttuf`g pbssbjb lsslrl gjslrgtl fjicl `l

fjghfzgbjg, struhljtg utg`g plr rljelrl `f prlsljtfzgbjl pg

sghu`fzgbjg

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fiifttgvfjtl l ibhprljsgkg`l rgsplttb f``l ghhfngjg stftgicl. @'utg`gzzb el``l fjghfzgbjg plrhlttl eg pbtlr fpprlzzfrl l ifpgrldljbhljg icl gj jfturf fvvlrrlkklrb trbppb vl`bilhljtl b `ljtfhljtlibhl `l rlfzgbjg icghgicl b `f irlsigtf eg ujf pgfjtf.@l fjghfzgbjg plrhlttbjb f vgsuf`gzzfzgbjl eg fhkgljtg egddgig`hljtlvgsgtfkg`g, b eg dljbhljg icl fvvljnbjb `bjtfjb ef jbg, tuttb ig utg`lplr dfr ifpgrl g` ibjilttb ngustb f``b stueljtl. @l sghu`fzgbjg cfjjb uj f`tb `gvl``b eg gjtlrfttgvgt, plrhlttbjb fn`gstueljtg eg hbegdgifrl vf`brg l ibjegzgbjg eg uj dljbhljb, plr fjf`gzzfrl`l ibjslnuljzl1 ig pbrtf `b stueljtl f trfrrl ibjslnuljzl, fdbrhu`frl gpbtlsg l rgd`lttlrl ibj g ibhpfnjg.Gjb`trl l sghu`fzgbjg l`ghgjfjb 'fsplttb hliifjgibel``'fpprljeghljtb l n`g lrrbrg splrghljtf`g, efjeb ujf dbrtlghpbrtfjzf f``'ghpfttb vgsgvb eln`g lsplrghljtg. @'gjtlrfttgvgt jl``f sghu`fzgbjl, plrhlttl eg dfrl prlvgsgbjg, tlstfrlgpbtlsg l rgilvlrl uj dllekfia ghhlegftb, fgutfjeb n`g stueljtg flslrigtfrl fkg`gt eg gjefngjl l eg pljsglrb.

HF__L IBJILUU\F@GFJGHF]GBJG LYGH\@F]GBJG

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94)._lr `f irbjfif, `f Jgjtljeb vgjsl fnlvb`hljtl `f ifusf.Ibj Ebjaly Abjn `f jfrrfzgbjl l `l slquljzl igjlhftgiclljtrfrbjb f pgljb egrgttb jl``f stbrgf el` vgelbnfhl, l qulstb du g`prghb dbjefhljtf`l pfssb vlrsb beglrjf ibjvlrnljzf trf igjlhfl vgelbngbib.Ef qul` hbhljtb gj pbg, `b siljlnngftbrl egvljjl ujfdgnurf prbdlssgbjf`l ghprlsigjegkg`l fjicl plr `f prbeuzgbjl eg ujvgelbnfhl, tfjtb icl splssb sg biiupfvf feegrgtturf el` nfhl elsgnj.G vgelbngbicg el` plrgbeb suiilssgvb cfjjb ibhgjigftb f ngbvfrsg

eg vlrg l prbprg hbhljtg jfrrftgvg, jbj gjtlrfttgvg, gj iug splssblrfjb prlsljtg fjicl elg sbttbtgtb`g icl gjegifvfjb g egf`bncg trf gplrsbjfnng b ibhhljtfvfjb `l ghhfngjg, qulstb pu dfr pljsfrl f`pfrfnbjl ibj g ifrtl``g el` igjlhf hutb.

9 Ebjaly Abjn uj il`lkrl vgelbngbibfrifel f pgfttfdbrhl, svg`uppftb ef``fJgjtljeb l usigtb jl``l sf`l ngbicg l ibhlNfhl & ftic jl`6736. Vug ibhpfgbjbplr `f prghf vb`tf g plrsbjfnng Hfrgb l

Ebjaly Abjn.


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Jl` ibrsb eln`g fjjg Bttfjtf du `fjigftb su` hlriftb uj ngbib iclplrhgsl f` hbjeb elg vgelbnfhl eg suplrfrl uj f`trb stlp lvbùtgvbrgsplttb f Ebjaly Abjn= Dgjf` Dfjtfsy5. _rbebttb ef Yqufrl Ib. jl`673>, jbj sb`b fvlvf ujf trfhf elnjf eg uj rbhfjzb dfjtfsy, hf plr`f prghf vb`tf utg`gzzfvf fjicl sbùzgbjg stg`gstgicl egrlttfhljtl hutuftlef` gjnufnngb igjlhftbnrfdgib.F``gjgzgb el``f pfrtgtf g` vgelbngbiftbrl vgljl iftfpu`tftb jl`

kl` hlzzb el``fzgbjl. G qufttrb nulrrglrg el``f ùil (ibhfjeftg

ef` ngbiftbrl) sbjb ibjvbiftg ef` rl icl `g ghp`brf eg sf`vfrl `fprgjigplssf ef` ifttgvb icl `cf rgjicgusf (prljeljeb spujtb efqulstf slquljzf, sg jbtg gjtfjtb ibhl g egf`bncg, sbttb dbrhf egsbttbtgtb`g, sgfjb brhfg pfrtl gjtlnrfjtl el` vgelbnfhl).G` ngbiftbrl f qulstb pujtb sg lqugpfnngf eg frhg l frhfturl l sg rlif

f` tlhpgb ebvl g` hf`vfngb Nfr`fje tgljl prgngbjglrf `f prgjigplssf.Vug, ebpb ujf kfttfn`gf ef``f quf`l lsibjb vgttbrgbsg, g Nulrrglrg el``f@uil rliuplrfjb `f prgjigplssf l `f rgpbrtfjb f` ifstl``b.G` rl `g fnngbrjf su` prbslnub el``f `brb hgssgbjl= elvbjb fttrfvlrsfrl

uj pbjtl icl ln`g stlssb cf dfttb ibstrugrl l icl `g pbrtlr gj uj f`trbibjtgjljtl plr vgsgtfrl g qufttrb tlhp`g l`lhljtfrg spfrsg plr g` hbjeb. sb`b f qulstb pujtb, qufjeb g Nulrrglrg el``f @uil

fttrfvlrsfjb g` pbjtl, icl vgljl hbstrftb g` tgtb`b el` vgelbnfhll pfrtl g` tlhf husgif`l el` ngbib.N`g fjjg bttfjtf rfpprlsljtfjb plr g vgelbngbicg ujf jubvf lsgnjgdgiftgvf dbrhf iu`turf`l eg hfssf, l ibj `'gjgzgb el` slib`b g ngbicgcfjjb rfnngujtb g` igjlhf jl` hlriftb l jl``'ghpbrtfjzf iu`turf`l. Ygf jl``f vlrsgbjl ef ifsf icl gj qul``l ef sf`f ngbicg, g vgelbngbicg

5 Dgjf` Dfjtfsy ujf pbpb`frl slrgleg vgelbngbicg eg rub`b f``f ngfppbjlslprbebttf ef Yqufrl (egvljutf, gj slnugtbf``f dusgbjl ibj `f Ljgx jl``'fprg`l el`;??9, Yqufrl Ljgx), ujf trf `l hfnngbrgifsl eg prbeuzgbjl ngfppbjlsg eg

vgelbngbicg.


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rgsu`tfjb ibhp`lssg l ghplnjfjb g ngbiftbrg gj vfrgl hbef`gt eg ibjtrb``begrlttb gj tlhpb rlf`l eg ghhfngjg, subjg l hbvghljtg sbdgstgiftg. G` hlriftb vgelbùegib cf fiqugsgtb, jln`g u`tghg tlhpg, ujghpbrtfjzfslhprl pg l`lvftf f``gjtlrjb el` slttbrl el``gjtrfttljghljtb.Ef egvlrsg fjjg brhfg, g vgelbngbicg suplrfjb g` igjlhf gj qufjtb fdftturftb fjjub, l`lhljtb icl plrhlttl eg ifpgrl quf`g prbpbrzgbjgcf rfnngujtb qulstb dljbhljb.Hb`tl tlijb`bngl vljnbjb brhfg svgùppftl plr lsslrl fpp`giftl jl`

ifhpb elg vgelbnfhl, fìujl feegrgtturf gj hbeb lsiùsgvb.Ybjb gjdfttg hb`tg g prbebttg icl sdruttfjb tlijb`bngl eg rgibjbsighljtbvbif`l l eg ghhfngjg, dgssl b gj hbvghljtb1 hbtbrg dgsgig hb`tb fvfjzftg,gj nrfeb eg rgprbeurrl gj hbeb vlrbsghg`l `l rlnb`l dgsgicl el``f rlf`t1hbtbrg nrfdgig dbtbrlf`gstgig, icl dfjjb s icl `l egddlrljzl trf ghhfngjgrlf`g l nljlrftl f` ibhputlr sgfjb slhprl hljb.L qulstb jbj fvvgljl sb`b su sgstlhg dgssg, hf fjicl su egspbsgtgvghbkg`g ibhl tl`ldbjg il`ù`frg l ibjsb`l pbrtftg`g, slhprl pg pbtljtgl ibj ujf ifpfigt ibhputfzgbjf`l hfnngbrl eg qul``f el``l

hfiicgjl eg qufìcl fjjb prghf.G vgelbngbicg sbjb fjicl utg`gzzftg ef lslrigtg le bsplef`g plrfeelstrfrl sbèftg, pg`btg l hlegig.G sghu`ftbrg eg vb`b plr g` trfgjgjn elg pg`btg sbjb egddusg brhfg efpfrliicgb tlhpb, hf jln`g u`tghg fjjg n`g ljtg nbvlrjftgvg sg sbjbsplssb rgvb`tg fn`g svgùppftbrg vgelbùegig plr dfr rlf`gzzfrl `brb prbebttgfjf`bncg (ibhl Fhlrgifs Frhy < l Du`` Yplitruh ^frrgbr4, ljtrfhkgusftg ef``lslrigtb fhlrgifjb), ibsf icl eghbstrf qufjtb `l tlijb`bnglusftl jl` slttbrl sgfjb lstrlhfhljtl fvfjzftl.

< Fhlrgifs Frhy ujb spfrftuttb gjprghf plrsbjf ef ngbifrl bj`gjl. stftb

svgùppftb su ibhhgssgbjl el` nbvlrjbfhlrgifjb ibhl pukk`gigt plr 'lslrigtbfhlrgifjb l plr dfvbrgrl g` rliùtfhljtbjl` sueelttb lslrigtb. _rlsljtf siljfrgrlf`gstgig l sghu`f `'usb eg fìujl el``l frhgutg`gzzftl ef``'lslrigtb fhlrgifjb, b`trl icleg f`trl frhg.

4 Du`` Yplitruh frrgbr uj ngbibrlf`gstgib f squferl, stftb svgùppftbef``'Gjstgtutl dbr Irlftgvl Ulicjb`bngls gj

ib``fkbrfzgbjl ibj _fjelhgi Ytuegbs.

TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHF@L B[GNGJG EL@[F__B[UB U[FIGJLHF-TGELBNGBIB

;>


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Yl uj tlhpb g vgelbngbicg jbj vljgvfjb ibjsgelrftg ibhl dbrhlfrtgstgicl, bnng ngbrjf`gstg l bpgjgbjgstg jbj lsgtfjb f pljsfr`b. G ngbicg jbj sbjb pg bnnlttg dgsgb`bngifhljtl jbigvg, fjtgsbigf`gle lstltgifhljtl gjsgnjgdgifjtg el` pfssftb (...) f` ibjtrfrgb pbssbjbstghb`frl `f irlsigtf ibnjgtgvf l gjtl``lttuf`l, lsslrl bplrl e'frtl >.Mfjl HiNbjgnf`, rgilriftrgil fhlrgifjf, prbpbjl `l `bngiclibhujgiftgvl, ùegicl l sgstlhgicl elg vgelbngbicg ef ghpglnfrl susif`f n`bkf`l plr ibhkfttlrl ifrlstgl, sbprusg l hf`fttgl.

F sub egrl g ngbicg sf`vlrfjjb g` hbjeb. Ig icl stf fiifeljeb ujf hfturfzgbjl el` vgelbngbib icl sgfrrgiicgsil el` pftrghbjgb lstltgib, stbrgib l jfrrftgvb eln`g f`trg hfsshlegf, uj lslhpgb @. F. Jbgr3 (;?66) icl stftb ibjsgelrftb `'fpgilel``'lvbùzgbjl frtgstgif el` vgelbngbib.

> [. Kfrbjigfjg, egspljsl el` ibrsbIu`turf el` prbnlttb FF. FF.;?6;/;?69 Fiifelhgf eg Kl``l Frtg eg\rkgjb.

3 @. F. Jbgr uj vgelbngbib svgùppftb efÙlfh Kbjeg gj ibjngujzgbjl ibj [biastfr

Nfhls l pukk`giftb ef [biastfr Nfhls.


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G vgelbngbicg sbjb stftg nljlrftg qufsg ibhp`ltfhljtl ef pbtljtghgirbibhputlr l efg nrfjeg ifìb`ftbrg icl rglhpgvfjb g iljtrg egrgilrif gjdbrhftgif eln`g fjjg slssfjtf. @'fsilsf el` vgelbngbib ifrfttlrgzzftf ef eul dfsg =

- @f suf lvbùzgbjl ibhl hbef`gt pukk`gif eg gjtrfttljghljtbfttrfvlrsb `l sf`l-ngbicg l `l hfiicgjlttl f nlttbjl1- @f suf irlsigtf ibhl hbef`gt prgvftf e'gjtrfttljghljtb trfhgtl

sbdtwfrl plr `'ghpglnb ebhlstgib. G prbnrlssg ibhpgutg jl``'fhkgtb el``'ghhfngjl egngtf`l cfjjbf`ghljtftb `f irlsigtf elg vgelbngbicg dgj ef``f `brb ibhpfrsf su`hlriftb eln`g fjjg slttfjtf. F``'gjgzgb eln`g fjjg bttfjtf g vgelbngbicg sbjb brhfg egvljtftgujf jubvf l sgnjgdgiftgvf dbrhf iu`turf`l eg hfssf, ibj `'gjgzgbel` slib`b cfjjb rfnngujtb `f dfhf el` igjlhf sgf su` hlriftbicl plr `'ghpbrtfjzf iu`turf`l.

G vgelbngbicg eg u`tghf nljlrfzgbjl, lstrlhfhljtl ibhp`lssg,ghplnjfjb g` ngbiftbrl gj tlhpb rlf`l, nrfzgl f ghhfngjl, subjb lhbvghljtb tlijgifhljtl sbdgstgiftb, `l ghhfngjg sbjb elttfn`gftl lrlf`gstgicl, `'fjghfzgbjl eg tgpb trgeghljsgbjf`l. Gj qulstf egrlzgbjl `b svgùppb elg vgelbngbicg gj pfrtl `lnftbf qul``b el``f rfddgnurfzgbjl egngtf`l ng el`gjlftb f prbpbsgtbel``'fsilsf el` igjlhf egngtf`l. G vgelbngbicg jbj sbjb dg`h hf cfjjb lssljzgf`hljtl f icl dfrl ibjg` igjlhf, g` igjlhf `'frtl el``l ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb, g vgelbngbicg


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sbjb dfttg eg ghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb1 eujqul g vgelbngbicg sbjb igjlhf. Vulstf tlbrgf dujzgbjf sl sg pljsf jbj sb`b fg dg`h su pl``gib`f, hffjicl fg dg`h jlg vfrg dbrhftg egngtf`g, vgelb l`lttrbjgig l gjdbrhftgig, `ltrfshgssgbjg tl`lvgsgvl l quf`ujqul f`trf dbrhf eg ghhfngjl gj hbvghljtb. Bsslrvfjeb g` egsp`fy eg uj vgelbngbib pbssgfhb vlelrl ghhfngjggj hbvghljtb fjf`bncl f qul``l icl vleb su``b siclrhb qufjeb prbglttftb uj dg`h, ig slhprl pg lvgeljtl nrfzgl f` hgn`gbrfhljtbel``f nrfdgif egngtf`l, ibhpgutb f pfrtgrl efn`g fjjg jbvfjtf.

Nrfzgl f ig hb`tg vgelbngbicg fssbhgn`gfjb slhprl eg pg f elg dg`h lhb`tg `ujnbhltrfnng fssbhgn`gfjb slhprl eg pg f elg vgelbngbicg. G vgelbngbicg jbj sbjb sb`tfjtb vgelb= hljtrl g dg`h sbjb dfttg plrlsslrl vgstg, g vgelbngbicg sbjb dfttg plr lsslrl ngbiftg. @'gjtlrfttgvgt ig icl jbj pbssglel g` dg`h, le lssljzgf`l jl`vgelbngbib, ig icl ibjtf vlrfhljtl icl `l ghhfngjg icl vlegfhbsbjb eltlrhgjftl ef``l fzgbjg el` ngbiftbrl, hljtrl `l ghhfngjg iclvlegfhb jlg dg`h sbjb gjegpljeljtg ef``l fzgbjg el``b splttftbrl. Jl` vgelbngbib rgicglstf ujf prlstfzgbjl bnnlttgvfhljtl

prbeuttgvf, ig gjegif icl f` rlf`gzzftbrl eg vgelbngbicg rgicglstbeg stfkg`grl `l rlnb`l gj kfsl f``f quf`g `l ghhfngjg irlftl fjerfjjbsvb`tl gj slnugtb f``l fzgbjg elg ngbiftbrg.Ybstljlrl icl g dg`h l g vgelbngbicg fppfrtljnfjb f``f stlssf iftlnbrgfjbj ibrrlttb, `'gjtlrfttgvgt `g egddlrljzgf rfegif`hljtl, tuttfvgf sgfg` prbnlttgstf eg vgelbngbicg icl g` dg`h-hfalr irlfjb ghhfngjg gjhbvghljtb, sgf `b splttftbrl icl g` ngbiftbrl dfjjb lsplrgljzf egghhfngjg gj hbvghljtb1 g` vgelbngbib sfrlkkl uj dg`h pbtljzgftb,ifpfil eg lstljelrsg jl``f eghljsgbjl el``f pbssgkg`gt.

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TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHFDG@H L TGELBNGBICG

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G` igjlhf dujzgbjf qufjeb elvl rfpprlsljtfrl ujf stbrgf ef ighf fdbjeb b gj bregjl spfrsb, hf sl sg hlttl f lsp`brfrl `l pbssgkg`gt l `lf`tlrjftgvl ibhl sl `f jfrrfzgbjl sg k`biifssl.Vulstf lsp`brfzgbjl el``l pbssgkg`gt gjvlil ibjnljgf`l f`vgelbngbib, g` rfhgdgifrsg eln`g lvljtg `lnftb f``f suf gjtlrfttgvgt. Hljtrl bnjg prbglzgbjl eg uj dg`h rgsu`tlrlkkl geljtgif f``fprlileljtl, bnjg jubvf pfrtgtf el` vgelbngbib rgsu`tf egvlrsf efqul``f prlileljtl, qugjeg `'lsplrgljzf lstltgif el` vgelbngbib

gjtghfhljtl ibjjlssf ibj 'gelf eg p`urf`gt. G` Igjlhf ig bddrl uj'lsplrgljzf plrilttgvf dgttgzgf, uj hleguhrlf`l, hljtrl g` vgelbngbib ig plrhlttl eg dfrl ig icl jl``f vgtfvbrrlhhb pbtlr dfrl hf jbj ig ibjsljtgtb1 bvvlrb tbrjfrl sugjbstrg pfssg l ifhkgfrl strfef l qugjeg dfrl lsplrgljzf eg ibhl `libsl sfrlkklrb pbtutl fjefrl. Hljtrl g` dg`h-hfalr pu rfpprlsljtfrl lvljtg sgjnb`frg, g` nfhl elsgnjlrpu lsprghlrl g` prbprgb pljsglrb gj hbeb pg frtgib`ftb egstrgkuljeb gprbprg pljsglrg jlg vfrg hbjeg f`tlrjftgvg f suf egspbsgzgbjl.

Icg drugsil jl` igjlhf sg geljtgdgif jl` plrsbjfnngb, hf icg drugsiljl` vgelbngbib, suplrf `'geljtgdgifzgbjl plr trfsdbrhfrl `f plrilzgbjlgj prbprgbilzgbjl. G` drugtbrl jbj sg rgibjbsil gj uj plrsbjfnngb hf `bghplrsbjf gj tuttb l plr tuttb.\j dg`h ibhl Fvftfr 6 eg Mfhls Ifhlrbj, pu lsslrl prlsb ibhlljebsicl`ltrb el` igjlhf ibjtlhpbrfjlb= Mfal Yu``y ljtrf gj uj f`trbibrpb plr ljtrfrl gj sghkgbsg ib` pgfjltf _fjebrf l g` sub libsgstlhf. _rghf vgljl f`tlrftf `f plrilzgbjl el``'geljtgdgifzgbjl ibrpbrlf, pbg vgljlf`tlrftf `'geljtgdgifzgbjl spfzgf`l le gjdgjl `'geljtgdgifzgbjl ibj `f tlijgif.

6 Fvftfr uj dg`h eg dfjtfsigljzf el`;??7 ib-hbjtftb, ib-prbebttb, sirgttb legrlttb ef Mfhls Ifhlrbj.

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G` vgelbngbib l g` igjlhf cfjjb uj `lnfhl rgibjbsigutb hf fjiclelg `lnfhg ibjtrfstfjtg, pbssgfhb efrl `brb ujf dujzgbjl= qul``f elìgjlhf `f dujzgbjl eg gjdbrhfrl, elsirgvlrl dfrl rgd`lttlrl l jfrrfrl,hljtrl qul``f el` vgelbngbib `f dujzgbjl eg egvlrtgrl, svgùppfrl,ibhpgfilrl g sljsg l fttgvfrl ujf plrdbrhfjil el` ngbifjtl. @'ujgvlrsb elg vgelbnfhl l qul``b el``'fjghfzgbjl sg sbjb fvvgigjftgdgjb fe frrgvfrl fe ujf ibgjigeljzf ibhp`ltf1fìujg dg`h ibhl Ucl Fvljnlrs ; , ibjtljnbjb gjtlrl siljl gj iug n`glddlttg spligf`g fjghfjb g prbtfnbjgstg. @f ibhputlr nrfpcgi fttuf uj gjtlnrfzgbjl gplrrlf`gstf drfrlf`t l dgjzgbjl fjghftf l g eul pgfjg eg rlf`gzzfzgbjl tljebjb fsbvrfppbrsg, sirgvl Fjerlf Dbjtfjf 9. Ig icl fiibhujf g eul hlegf `'gjtljzgbjl eg irlfrl uj hbjebjubvb l ig `g pbrtf f ibjvlrnlrl l dbjelrsg. _lric jbj ibjsgelrfrl g`vgelbngbib ibhl fjghfzgbjl2 _b`fr Lxprlss5, @f `lnnljef eg Klbwu`d< l F Icrgsthfs Ifrb` 4 sbjb uj hgx eg fjghfzgbjl l igjlhf ef` vlrb.

Nrfzgl f``l tlijgicl eg plrdbrhfjil ifpturl>, vgelbngbicg icl egvljtfjbfjghfzgbjg l hfjnf ibhl _bahbj 3 eghbstrfjb icl qulstg prbilssg sg

stfjjb slhprl pg dbjeljeb ibj `'fvfjzfrl el``l jubvl tlijb`bngl.

; Ucl Fvljnlrs uj dg`h el` ;?6;,prbebttb efg Hfrvl` Ytuegbs l egstrgkugtbef``f f`t Egsjly _giturls, ibhpbstb efgHfrvl` Ibhgis.

9 Fjerlf Dbjtfjf sg biiupf eg ibjsu`ljzfstrftlngif, hfraltgjngstgtuzgbjf`ll egrlzgbjl eghprlsf, ibj ujfpfrtgib`frl pfssgbjl plr òfttgvgt egrgilrif,gjslnjfhljtb l egvu`nfzgbjl jlìfhpb el``f plbp`l nbvlrjfjil l elÌbrpbrftl Ytbrytl``gjn.

5 _b`fr Lxprlss _b`fr Lxprlss uj dg`h el`;??5 egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags.

< @f `lnnljef eg Klbwu`d uj dg`hel` ;??> egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags,fefttfhljtb igjlhftbnrfdgib el` pblhflpgib Klbwu`d.

4 F Icrgsthfs Ifrb` uj dg`h dfjtfstgibel` ;??7 egrlttb ef [bklrt ]lhliags,fefttfhljtb igjlhftbnrfdgib el` rfiibjtbIfjtb eg Jftf`l eg Icfr`ls Egialjs.

> _lrdbrhfjil ifpturl `f rlngstrfzgbjlel` hbvghljtb el` ibrpb uhfjb gj iug ujfttbrl gj ifrjl le bssf f dbrjgsil qulstgeftg f` ibhputlrr.

3 _bahbj ujf slrgl eg vgelbngbicgngfppbjlsl irlftf jl` 6774 ef YftbscgUfmgrg l pukk`giftf ef Jgjtljeb.G prbtfnbjgstg el``f slrgl sbjb el``l

irlfturl ghhfngjfrgl icgfhftl "_bahbj".

4;

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F qufrfjt'fjjg ef``f suf prghf fppfrgzgbjl pukk`gif g` vgelbngbib sg ghpbstb ibhl ib`bjjf pbrtfjtl el``'gjeustrgf el``'gjtrfttljghljtb.@f rgvbùzgbjl tlijb`bngif eg hlt fjjg jbvfjtf jl cf pbg hbegdgiftb gìbjsuhb, fkkfttljeb `l vliicgl hfiicgjlttl f hbjltgjf l `lsf`l-ngbib, sbppgfjtftl ef uj utg`gzzb ebhlstgib elg vgelbngbicg. Yg dbrhftb uj ljbrhl ngrb eg fddfrg gjtbrjb f``l ibjsb`l ebhlstgicl lgjlvgtfkg`g sbjb stftl `l rgplriussgbjg su``f strutturf jfrrftgvf elg ngbicg=egddgib`t, prlhg, pljgtljzl plr rgsb`vlrl ujf sgtufzgbjl eg ibjd`gttb jbjslnubjb pg `f `gjlfrgt hf sg frtgib`fjb gj lsplrgljzl e'ghhlrsgbjljln`g fhkgljtg ibstrugtg fe cbi efg prbnrfhhftbrg1ibhl gj Ucl Yghs 6 el``f Hfxgs, gj fssbùtb g` ngbib pg vljeutbeg tuttg g tlhpg, gj iug sg nlstgsil `f vgtf qubtgegfjf eg ujf dfhgn`gf gjuj sbkkbrnb stftujgtljsl fttrfvlrsb bplrfzgbjg eg tuttg g ngbrjg ibhlibhprfrl 'frrlefhljtb, fhp`gfrl 'legdgigb, hfjngfrl, rgdfrl g` `lttb,pu`grl g` pfvghljtb. Yg pu irlfrl ibs ujf dfhgn`gf dl gil b ig sg puegvlrtgrl f hfjefr`f gj rbvgjf. N`g lsplrtg `fjigfjb f``frhg sun`g lddlttg jlnftgvg icl `f hfjiftf

slpfrfzgbjl trf rlf`t l dgjzgbjl pu gjeurrl su` ibhpbrtfhljtbuhfjb, spligf`hljtl eln`g feb`lsiljtg, hf jbj sg pu jlnfrl fgvgelbngbicg ujf eghljsgbjl eg hfssf l ujf spligdgigt iu`turf`l iclef` hbjeb elg tllj-fnlr gjvlstl uj pbpb`b eg lt hlegf pg fvfjzftf,brhfg `f strfnrfjel hfnngbrfjzf elg ibjsuhlr. `'fsplttb eg lvfsgbjl f dfrl ef rgicgfhb= jgljt'f`trb icl `'lvbùzgbjlel``'cbhb ùeljs eg Cugzgjnf; icl gjtlrfngsil, ibjtrfttf, sg ibjdrbjtf,egvljtf iu`turf hlegfjtl g` ngbib, gj cbhb egngtf`gs el` jubvb hg``ljjgb,ibj tfjtb eg hgtg vgrtuf`g f slnjfrjl `'ghhfngjfrgb (Hr. _fihfj9,

6 Ucl Yghs uj vgelbngbib egsghu`fzgbjl egstrgkugtb ef``f LFNfhls l gelftb ef ^g`` ^rgnct.

; M. Cugzgjnf stftb ujb stbrgibb`fjelsl. Eurfjtl 'biiupfzgbjltlelsif el``'B`fjef, ef` 675? gjpbg, Cugzgjnf sbstljjl g` vf`brl el``f`gklrt sbprfttuttb plr `f rgilrifsigljtgdgif.

9 Hr. _fihfj g` slibjebvgelbngbib el``f slrgl _fi-Hfj,pukk`giftb ef``f Hgewfy Nfhls jl`6736.

TGELBNGBIB L IGJLHFELJU[B @GHHFNGJL=[LF@U B DGJ]GBJL2

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`'bhgjb-bplrfgb Yuplr Hfrgb5, @frf Irbdt< ). G` ngbib jbj ujf zbjfrgirlftgvf, kljs uj `ubnb prbeuttgvb eg rl`fzgbjg l sibjtrg= uj pfrfegnhfel` hbeb eg prbeuzgbjl el` ifpgtf`gshb ibnjgtgvb, sirgvl GngjbEbhfjgj 4 su Vugjtbstftb.gt . Jbj sb`b pgxl` qugjeg, hf hbef`gt egfzgbjl jl``'fhkgtb el``'ljtlrtfgjhljt. Ibhl fiiljjftb jlg ifpgtb`g prlileljtg, g` vgelbngbib ig plrhlttleg dfrl ig icl jl``f vgtf vlrf jbj ig plrhlssb, pbssgfhb dfrllsplrgljzf egrlttf eg ibhl `l ibsl vfjjb b pbtrlkklrb fjefrl. Yl `f rlf`t vgrtuf`l ig plrhlttl eg lsplrgrl sgtufzgbjg rlf`g hfjbj prlsljtg pbgic rgibstrugtl egngtf`hljtl ef uj ibhputlr,`'lsplrgljzf el` vgelbngbib ig trfspbrtf su uj f`trb pgfjb eg rlf`t1uj hbjeb ebvl `l ibsl (rg)fiifebjb ibjtgjufhljtl l ebvl pfssftbl duturb jbj lsgstbjb pg pbgic bnjg dfttb slhkrf iblsgstlrl lfiifelrl gj uj ltlrjb prlsljtl >.@' fsplttb el``'gjtlrfttgvgt el` vgelbngbib sg `lnf ibj `f pbssgkg`gt el``fibjtgjuf l gjdgjgtf rgpltgzgbjl el``f siljf, fiibstfjebsg f` dljbhljbel``f rgebjefjzf el``l ghhfngjg l el``'gjdbrhfzgbjl.

@f strutturf elg vgelbngbicg sg ibjdgnurlrlkkl ibhl ujf sbrtf eghfppf el` rlf`l l f``b stlssb tlhpb el``'grrlf`l.\j hbjeb gj iug g``usbrgfhljtl lsgstl slhprl uj'f`trf pbssgkg`gt egsuplrfrl g` `gvl``b ef pbib rfnngujtb, hf jbj fjibrf b`trlpfssftb. ()Yl efvvlrb g` ngbib ig rlstgtugsil g` sljsb elg `lnfhg spgrgtuf`g liu`turf`g eg ujf sbiglt, jl``'gjirlegkg`l egddusgbjl el` vgelbngbib pbssgkg`l gjtrfvlelrl qul` sljsb eg ltlrjb prlsljtl icl stfibjnl`fjeb `l jbstrl lsgstljzl f``'gjtlrjb eg ujf ibjtlhpbrfjlgt icljbj pljsf pg g` duturb l slhkrf fvlr eghljtgiftb g` pfssftb 3.

5 Yuplr Hfrgb uj gerfu`gib ghhfngjfrgb,prbtfnbjgstf el``'bhbjghf slrgl egvgelbngbicg.

< @frf Irbdt uj plrsbjfnngbghhfngjfrgb, prbtfnbjgstf el``f slrgl egvgelbngbicg Ubhk [fgelr, ef iug sbjb stftgtrfttg dg`h l duhlttg.

4 G. Ebhfjgj dg`bsbdb, ngbrjf`gstf

>/3 [. Kfrbjigfjg, egspljsl el` ibrsbIu`turf el` prbnlttb FF. FF. ;?6;/;?69

Fiifelhgf eg Kl``l Frtg eg \rkgjb.

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prlileljtg, n`g bkglttgvg prldgssftg, hf fjicl jl``f sdgef ibj n`g f`trgl ibj g` ibhputlr stlssb.G vgelbngbicg svb`nbjb uj rub`b ghpbrtfjtl jl``f irlsigtf l jl``b

svg`uppb el``f plrsbjf qugjeg sfrlkkl kljl, ibhl ng suiilssbgj f`trg pflsg, icl n`g gjslnjfjtg fssuhlsslrb uj rub`b eg hlegfzgbjlplr vf`brgzzfrl g vgelbngbicg gj icgfvl plefnbngib-egefttgif lrgjdbrzfrl, prbprgb fttrfvlrsb lssg, g` egf`bnb gjtlrnljlrfzgbjf`l lhgn`gbrfrl g pgfjg eg stueg eln`g stueljtg.Ibjsgelrfjeb icl `f rgilrif l `f tlijb`bngf sg hubvbjb ibj pfssbvl`bil l slhprl pg sgiurb, gjutg`l l ibjtrbprbeuiljtl ilrifrl egbstfib`fr`l le lvgtfr`l, pguttbstb ngujtb g` hbhljtb icl `l jubvlnljlrfzgbjg, duturf sbiglt eg ebhfjg, sgfjb leuiftl fe uj ibrrlttbutg`gzzb prftgib le lhbtgvb elg jlw hlegf.

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H. Dfnngb`g, Ulijb`bngl plr `f egefttgif, Fpbnlb legzgbjg.N. Ng`gklrtg, Gjtrbeuzgbjl stbrgif fg egrgttg uhfjg, N. Ngfppgicl``g Legtbrl,Ubrgjb.D. Hbjtfjfrg, Tbifkb`frgb el``f gjnuf nrlif NG, @blsiclr Legtbrg,;??5.J. IfrrGjtlrjlt ig rljel stupgeg2, [fddfl``b Ibrtgjf Legtbrg, ;?66N. _rftg^lk ;.?. Gjtlrjlt ifhkgftb, \JG Ylrvgil-Urljtb ;??>M. [fsagj Gjtlrdfiil f hgsurf e'ubhb, Fpbnlb ;??9N.B`ghpb, Jfsigtf l svg`uppb el``l Ulijb`bngl Egefttgicl UE j.6,Fprg`l 6779H. Nrlljklrn Idr wclj nfenlts nlt gj tcl wfy, eg @gsf Nulrjsly,Jlw Wbra Ughls, 67 Fnbstb ;??5.I. ^bbe, @fvfnjl gjtlrfttgvl, uj `ussb trbppb `bjtfjb2 GIU, ;??6.M. Ibng``, Ibhl `f `fvfnjf gjtlrfttgvf gj usb jl``f siub`f prghfrgfgjigel jl``'gjslnjfhljtb2, ;??;,M. _. Nll, Ibhl uj vgelbngbib, gjslnjfrl l fpprljelrl jl``f siub`fegngtf`l, [fddfl``b Ibrtgjf Legtbrl, Hg`fjb ;?69

H._rljsay, Hfhhf jbj rbhplrl stb ghpfrfjeb!, Nrfdgicl EGLHHL,_lrungf ;??>M. HiNbjgnf`, @f rlf`t gj ngbib, plric g ngbicg ig rljebjb hgn`gbrg libhl pbssbjb ifhkgfrl g` hbjeb, Fpbnlb, ;?66[.Kfrbjigfjg, egspljsl el` ibrsb eg Iu`turf el` prbnlttb, FF. FF.;?6;/;?69 Fiifelhgf eg Kl``l Frtg eg \rkgjb Tgelb fje Hbtgbjelsgnj.F. Efr`ly, Tgelbiu`turl egngtf`g, Yplttfib`b l ngbicg eg suplrdgigl jlgjubvg hlegf, DrfjibFjnl`g legtbrl, ;??4

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H.Hi@ucfj, n`g struhljtg el` ibhujgifrl, g` Yfnngftbrl, Hg`fjb,6743F. If`vfjg, G jubvg hlegf jl``f siub`f, Ifrbiig, [bhf, 6777

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Fjf`gzzfjeb `f strutturf el``l hfpplibjilttuf`g, plr g` `bnb el``fpp`gifzgbjl stftb utg`gzzftb uj pb`pb. Ibhl ujf hfppf ibjlttuf`l pfrtlef uj pujtb gj iug rgsglel g` ilrvl``b,g` sub duìrb, dgjb fe lspfjelrsg ibj gsubg ùjncg tljtfib`g. Ebpb fvlr dfttb vfrgl prbvl, stftbsil`tb eg utg`gzzfrl g` ib`brl kù plricsghkb`lnngf dgeuigf, sfnnlzzf,

gjtl``gnljzf, l dlel`t. \jb stuegb lslnugtb ef rgilriftbrgifjfelsg el``\jgvlrsgty bd KrgtgscIbùhkgf (Ifjfef) l pukk`giftbsu Yigljil rg`lvf icl sl `l pfrltgel`ùddgigb sbjb egpgjtl eg kù sg pgirlftgvg l sbjb plrdlttl plr elsgnjirlftgvg, pukk`gigtfrg le gjvljtbrg1 Yplssb fssbigftb f trfjqug``gt lrl`fx, gjeuil f``f if`hf l jl` wlk`b sg pu trbvfrl hb`tb splssb gjsgtg ebvl jlilssfrgb bttljlrl `fdgeuigf eln`g utljtg, l hlttlr`g gj ujfsgtufzgbjl eg kljlsslrl l slrljgt. G` kù fjicl fefttb fe gjslnjfjtg,vljegtbrg, fn`g frtgstg b f icg svb`nl uj`fvbrb eg nruppb._lr g` `bnb sbjb stftl lddlttuftlfjicl el``l prbvl eg ib`brl, su sdbjegib`brftg l ibj elg kbreg.

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DBJU FKIELDNCGMA@HJB_V[YU\T^SW]fkieldncgma`hjbpqrstuvwxyz6;9537? , . 1 = 2 ! / 8 &


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@f sil`tf el` ifrfttlrl hb`tbghpbrtfjl plric cf `f dujzgbjleg trfshlttlrl uj hlssfnngb lgjb`trl cf ujf dbrzf eg ghhfngjlfutbjbhf l gjegpljeljtl.

_lr g` jbhl el``fpp`gifzgbjl stftb sil`tb eg utg`gzzfrl `fdbjt Dfujf bjl, uj ifrfttlrlhbelrjb ibj nrfzgl hb``g iclrgibref g tljtfib`g el` pb`pb. @f suf strutturf hbrkgef l`lnnlrhljtl ibjeljsftf.Yg `lnnl icgfrfhljtl le fefttb plr g tgtb`g.

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FKIELDNCGMA@HJB_V[YU\T^SW]fkieldncgma`hjbpqrstuvwxyz6;9537? , . 1 = 2 ! / 8 &


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84/110

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94/110

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99/110

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100/110

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101/110

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103/110

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105/110

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106/110

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110/110

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