l4 reading understanding
TRANSCRIPT
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READING TO UNDERSTANDREADING TO UNDERSTANDTEXTSTEXTS
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What to do in general?Read the following paragraphs and specify points
such as:
- The main idea or topic
- The supporting ideas or illustrative examples- State the conclusion(s) if there is(are) any
- Ask questions to inquiry about the content of the
reading passage
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Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to
a suspension bridge, must accurately calculate the
stresses they expect the structure to bear. In addition, they
must have a good understanding of the properties of
materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of
knowledge of the properties of materials has led to
disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are
sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structurecan carry.
In order to safeguard structures, designers normally work
within a factor of safety so that materials are kept within
their permitted working stress. Working stress is the
greatest stress to which a part of a structure is eversubjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength
of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stress
at which the material fractures. The latter is the product of
four main factors.
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Determine the primary and secondarytopics of the first paragraph
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Main topic:
Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to
a suspension bridge, must accurately calculate the
stresses they expect the structure to bear. In addition, they
must have a good understanding of the properties of
materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of knowledge ofthe properties of materials has led to disaster. Even with todays testingequipment, errors are sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure
can carry.
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Secondary ideas:
Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to a suspensionbridge, must accurately calculate the stresses they expect the structure to bear.
In addition, they must have a good understanding of the properties of materials.
In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of
knowledge of the properties of materials has led to
disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors aresometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure
can carry.
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Complementary ideas or arguments:
Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a
bracket to a suspension bridge, must accurately
calculate the stresses they expect the structure to
bear. In addition, they must have a good
understanding of the properties of materials. In the
past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of
knowledge of the properties of materials has led to
disaster. Even with todays testing equipment,
errors are sometimes made in calculating the safeloads a structure can carry.
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One possible mental representation of theinformation contained in this paragraph would
the following
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(design structures that bear stresses)
-They calculate the
stresses
-They undertand the properties
of materials
Historical
point of view:
Miscalculations Lack of understanding
disaster
Past
Present
Designers
Testing equipmentto calculate safe
loads in structures
(sometimes) Errors
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Determine the primary and secondarytopics of the second paragraph
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Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to
a suspension bridge, must accurately calculate the
stresses they expect the structure to bear. In addition, they
must have a good understanding of the properties of
materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of
knowledge of the properties of materials has led to
disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are
sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structurecan carry.
In order to safeguard structures, designers normally work
within a factor of safety so that materials are kept within
their permitted working stress. Working stress is the
greatest stress to which a part of a structure is eversubjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength
of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stress
at which the material fractures. The latter is the product of
four main factors.
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Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to a suspension
bridge, must accurately calculate the stresses they expect the structure to bear.
In addition, they must have a good understanding of the properties of materials.
In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of knowledge of the properties
of materials has led to disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are
sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structure can carry.
In order to safeguard structures, designers normally work
within a factor of safety so that materials are kept within
their permitted working stress. Working stress is the
greatest stress to which a part of a structure is ever
subjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength
of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stressat which the material fractures. The latter is the product of
four main factors.
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One possible mental representation of theinformation contained in this paragraph
would the following
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Designers
[To safeguard structures]They work within a factor of safety in
materials
To keep them underworking stress
Definition and how to calculate it:
Ultimate strength of materials / Factor of safety
Stress at which material fractures Product of four factors
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Now you are in a better position to ask
questions about the text, so read it againand make those questions
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Designers of any stress-bearing structure, from a bracket to
a suspension bridge, must accurately calculate the
stresses they expect the structure to bear. In addition, they
must have a good understanding of the properties of
materials. In the past, miscalculation of stresses and lack of
knowledge of the properties of materials has led to
disaster. Even with todays testing equipment, errors are
sometimes made in calculating the safe loads a structurecan carry.
In order to safeguard structures, designers normally work
within a factor of safety so that materials are kept within
their permitted working stress. Working stress is the
greatest stress to which a part of a structure is eversubjected. It is calculated by dividing the ultimate strength
of the material by a factor of safety. The former is the stress
at which the material fractures. The latter is the product of
four main factors.
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Consider the following questions about the
text and answer them:
- What are designers responsibilities?
- What examples of stress-bearingstructures are there?
- What have the main problems been with
respect to the properties of materials?- What is the difference between working
stress and safe loads?
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Read the following texts and proceed ina similar way
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Corrosion
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Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering
materials. It reduces the life of a material and,
therefore, it increases the cost of a structure. A
steel bridge must be repainted regularly so that it
may be protected from rust. Consequently, various
metals have been developed to resist corrosion.
Among them are the stainless steels, which
contain a percentage of chromium, thus making
them corrosion-resistant. However, no material
can be completely corrosion-resistant. Even
stainless steels will corrode.
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Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering
materials. It reduces the life of a material and,therefore, it increases the cost of a structure.
[E.g.]A steel bridge must be repainted regularly so
that it may be protected from rust. Consequently,
various metals have been developed to resist
corrosion. [E.g.]Among them are the stainless
steels, which contain a percentage of chromium,
thus making them corrosion-resistant. However, no
material can be completely corrosion-resistant.
Even stainless steels will corrode.
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Corrosion attacks all kinds of engineering materials. It reduces the life of a material and, therefore, it
increases the cost of a structure. [E.g.]A steel bridge must be repainted regularly so that it may be
protected from rust. Consequently, various metals have been developed to resist corrosion.
[E.g.]Among them are the stainless steels, which contain a percentage of chromium, thus making
them corrosion-resistant. However, no material can be completely corrosion-resistant. Even stainlesssteels will corrode.
Main topic, supporting ideas, and conclusions drawn.
-Corrosion is characterized: it attacks...,
reduces..., and increases...- An example to illustrate its effects.
- A consequence is obtained to reduce those
effects, and an example is given to make
those effects less effective.- An observation is made to the conclusion
obtained.
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One possible mental representation of thisinformation.
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Corrosion
Effects on engineering materials
Illustrative example of its effects
Developments to resist corrosion
An observation is made to the conclusion obtained
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Main topic: Effects of corrosion on engineering
materials
Supporting ideas:
- Example of corrosion effects.- Developments attained to reduce the effects of
corrosion. Examples.
- Final observation to the conclusion obtained.
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(Its always there)-CORROSION
Definition-- Examples
[Bridges, most metals, ships]
Consequences
Development of various metals
Stainless steel [Composition] [Uses]
(By Mauricio Rodrguez C., 2010)
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Consider the following questions about the text and
answer them:
- What is stated about the main topic?
- Which is the supporting example to prove those
statements?
- What has been concluded after considering those
statements?
- Provide an example to illustrate such a conclusion.
- State whether the conclusion is an absolute
conclusion or not, and why?
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ENGINEERING RESEARCH
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Engineering research has a different character to
scientific research. Firstly, it often deals with areas
where the basic physics and/or chemistry are well
understood, though the problems are too complex to
solve exactly. Therefore, the purpose of engineering
research is to find approximations to the problem that
can be solved. Secondly, it employs many semi-
empirical methods that are foreign to pure scientific
research. In general, it can be stated that a scientist
builds in order to learn, but an engineer learns in order
to build.
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Option 1
Main topic: Comparison between engineering researchand scientific research.
Supporting ideas:
- Basic sciences involved in engineering research and
what it concludes from them.- Types of methods used by engineering research and
difference with respect to scientific research.
Conclusion:
The objective of a scientist differs from that of anengineering.
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Option 2
MAIN TOPIC:
Comparison between engineering research in relation to
scientific research from the point of view of its
different character.
COMPLEMENTARYOR SUPPORTING IDEAS:
1. When dealing with problems from physics and/or
chemistry, it (engineering research) aims at
finding possible solutions to them.
2. The semi-empirical methods it uses which are
unknown to pure scientific research.
CONCLUSION:
The objectives of both the scientist and the engineer.
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One possible mental representation ofthe information.
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Engineering research versus scientific research
1. Basic sciences in engineering research
Conclusion: approximations to problems
2. Use of semi-empirical methods unknown to
scientific research.
General conclusion: The objective of a
scientist differs from that of an engineering.
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Consider the following questions about the textand answer them:
- What is compared in the paragraph?
- What arguments are given to support each one
of the terms of the comparison?
- Which is the specific conclusion and the general
conclusion stated in the paragraph?
- Which individual words are used to explain thecomparison in simple terms?
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PYROMETALLURGICALPROCESSES
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Main topic: What is understood by pyrometallurgical
processes.Supporting ideas:
- Types of metals treated by them and processes
involved.
- What each one of the processes does:Roasting changes metallic compounds, and removes
volatile impurities.
Smelting and converting melt metallic compounds, and
forms new compounds.Fire, electrolytic, or chemical refining processes purify
metallic values.
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Consider the following questions about the text
and answer them:
- What are pyrometallurgical processes?
- Which metals are treated by pyrometallurgical
processes?- What processes are involved in pyrometallurgical
processes?
- Which are the two main actions of roasting?
- Which processes melt the metallic compounds andform new compounds?
- Which processes purify metallic values?
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TOWARDS THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY
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Since the dawn of primitive metallurgy, thousands of
years ago, up to the early XXI century, copper mininghas been constantly incorporating new technologies.
This process does not stop: it is a key to the future.
Incorporation of technology into copper mining makes
possible greater efficiency of the production processes
as well as exploiting deposits where metal extraction is
difficult, either because of low concentrations or
because it is associated to other chemical elements from
which it is hard to separate it.
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Technology is also important to develop increasinglycleaner productive processes aiming at a more
sustainable mining. Additionally, it may allow
developing technology-based businesses.
Codelcos policy in this regard seeks to position this
Corporation "in the first level of use of the technology
available in the market". It also points to activities of
research and innovation "in a systematic and permanent
way where the market does not offer integral solutions".
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MAIN TOPIC: Incorporation of technology in copper
mining.
SUPPORTING IDEAS:The incorporation oftechnology implies the following advantages or
implications:
a. Efficiency in the production process.
b. Exploitation of metal deposits of difficult extractionc. Development of increasingly cleaner productive
processes.
d. Development of technology-based businesses.
Codelcos policy as a result of incorporating
technology in the copper mining process.
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QUESTIONS:
1. Since when has copper mining incorporated newtechnologies?
2. What is the importance of incorporating new
technologies?
3. What benefit has the introduction of technologyproduced in the production processes?
4. Why is metal extraction difficult?
5. Which are the two advantages that technology has
produced?6. What are Codelcos objectives in incorporating
technology?
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TAILINGS
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Tailings consist of ground rock and process effluents
that are generated in a mine processing plant.
Mechanical and chemical processes are used to extractthe desired product from the run of the mine ore and
produce a waste stream known as tailings. This process
of product extraction is never 100% efficient, nor is it
possible to reclaim all reusable and expendedprocessing reagents and chemicals. The unrecoverable
and uneconomic metals, minerals, chemicals, organics
and process water are discharged, normally as slurry, to
a final storage area commonly known as a Tailings
Management Facility (TMF) or Tailings Storage
Facility (TSF).
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MAIN TOPIC:
Nature of tailings in a mine processing plant.
SECONDARY IDEAS:- Origin of tailings and processes used in its production.
- Limitations of the extraction process
- What to do with the resulting unrecoverable and
uneconomic materials (TMF or TSF)
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CONCENTRATIONOF ORECONCENTRATIONOF ORE
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When an ore has a low percentage of the desired metal, a method ofWhen an ore has a low percentage of the desired metal, a method of
physical concentration must be used before the extraction processphysical concentration must be used before the extraction process
begins. In one such method, the ore is crushed and placed in abegins. In one such method, the ore is crushed and placed in a
machine where, by shaking, the heavier particles containing themachine where, by shaking, the heavier particles containing the
metal are separated from the lighter rock particles by gravity.metal are separated from the lighter rock particles by gravity.
Another method is the flotation process, used commonly for copperAnother method is the flotation process, used commonly for coppersulfide ores. In certain cases (as when gold, silver, or occasionallysulfide ores. In certain cases (as when gold, silver, or occasionally
copper occur free, i.e., uncombined chemically in sand or rock),copper occur free, i.e., uncombined chemically in sand or rock),
mechanical or ore dressing methods alone are sufficient to obtainmechanical or ore dressing methods alone are sufficient to obtain
relatively pure metal. Waste material is washed away or separated byrelatively pure metal. Waste material is washed away or separated by
screening and gravity; the concentrated ore is then treated by variousscreening and gravity; the concentrated ore is then treated by variouschemical processes.chemical processes.
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MAIN TOPIC:MAIN TOPIC:
-- Methods used when extracting ore to obtain metals.Methods used when extracting ore to obtain metals.
COMPLEMENTARY IDEAS:COMPLEMENTARY IDEAS:
1. The method of physical concentration in extracting ores1. The method of physical concentration in extracting ores
and condition to apply this method.and condition to apply this method.-- Phases in the application of this method.Phases in the application of this method.
2. The method of flotation process.2. The method of flotation process.
3. The mechanical or ore dressing method.3. The mechanical or ore dressing method.
4. What is done with the waste material and the4. What is done with the waste material and theconcentrated ore.concentrated ore.
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If interested, send your suggestions toIf interested, send your suggestions to
[email protected]@gmail.com to check themto check themand make observations if necessary.and make observations if necessary.