l1 intro dan plate tectonics

7/27/2019 L1 Intro Dan Plate Tectonics

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Geologi ialah suatu bidang tentang bumi

Kejuruteraan adalah suatu bidang berkaitandengan reka bentuk (design): selamat dan

ekonomi


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GEOLOGI KEJURUTERAN

AHLI GEOLOGI & JURUTERA


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Engineering geology is the application ofgeological data, techniques and principlesto the study of rock and soil surficial

materials, and ground water. This isessential for the proper location, planning,design, construction, operation and

maintenance of engineering structures.Engineering geology complementsenvironmental geology, orhydrogeology.
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/geoscience/envi.htmlhttp://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/geoscience/hydro.htmlhttp://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/geoscience/hydro.htmlhttp://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/geoscience/envi.html


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Engineering geologists assess the natural foundations for buildings,bridges, dams, reservoirs, powerplants, pipelines, highways, canals,sewers, tunnels, mine adits and harbours. Design of thesestructures requires a thorough knowledge of the mechanicalproperties and stability of the rocks and sediments that will carrythese structures. Engineering geologists need to anticipate the

impact of subsidence, rains, floods, landslides, volcanoes andearthquakes on the foundations that bear these structures. Theyexplore the physical and chemical properties of structural materials(sand, gravel, cement, clay), and water in and around constructionsites. They advise on land use and on the planning and location ofnew urban and industrial development in cities. They examine andreport on waste disposal sites, and particularly those for the disposalof nuclear wastes.


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Engineering geologists must solve practical engineeringproblems. Basic university geology courses includephysical and historical geology, geomorphology, glacialgeology, mineralogy and petrology. Courses insedimentology, stratigraphy, structural geology, and

geophysics are also taken. Other topics include soil androck mechanics, hydrogeology, air photo interpretation,site investigation and urban geology. Canada is anorthern country with over half its land mass underlainby some type of perenially frozen ground so engineering

geologists are focussing increasing attention onpermafrost problems. Current global warming trends arelikely to intensify the melting of ice, causing sedimentstability problems for the foundations of structures


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Most engineering geologists work for consultingfirms in engineering geology, geotechnicalengineering or environmental assessment. Manyare employed in provincial and federal surveys.

Others are involved with large urban andindustrial development and construction firms.Still more are at universities or researchinstitutions. The petroleum industry also takes itsshare. The demand for engineering geologists is

high, and there are small numbers of graduates(about 100 each year) from Canadianuniversities


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Definition

Engineering geology is devoted to the

investigation, study and solution of the

engineering and enviromental problems

which may arise as the result of the

interaction between geology and the worksand activities of man as well as the

prediction and the development of measures

for prevention or remediation ofGeological hazards (IAEG Statutes, 1992)


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Engineering geology, as a science, is concernedwith the applications of the principles of

geology to civil (and to some extent, mining)

engineering, so that the engineer can take into

account these geological aspects which control

the economy, and safety of the structure which

is required to design and construct (Beavis,

1985)


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All civil engineering works are constructed

on, or in rock and soil masses. It is essential

therefore that the civil engineer be aware ofthe history, nature, and the properties of the

rocks and soils. Equally, it is essential for

the geologist, who is to work with theengineer, to have some knowledge of

engineering requirements.

sambung Beavis lagi


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Engineering geology embraces: the definition of the geomorphology, structure,

stratigraphy, lithology and ground water conditions ofgeological formations; the characterisation of the mineralogical, physico-

geomechanical, chemical and hydraulic properties of allearth materials involved in construction, resourcerecovery and environmental change;

the assessment of the mechanical and hydrologicalbehaviour of soil and rock masses;

the prediction of changes to the above properties withtime;

the determination of the parameters to be considered inthe stability analysis of engineering works and earthmasses;the improvement and maintenance of the environmentalcondition and properties of the terrain.


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Lihat kitar geologi(dari manusia dan geologi)


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science

To observe

To collect data

To plot data To evaluate and analyze data

To derive conclusion: hyphotheses or

theorizes, facts or illusion, truth or lies


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Jurutera merekabentuk untuk

Keselamatan

Keuntungan $$$$


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Sebuah madah


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Konsep2 asas geologi

1. Sistem solar dan kejadiannya

2. Bumi: struktur dalam, Tektonik Keping, proseskejadian di permukaan dan di dalam bumi

3. Batuan dan mineral, dan kejadiannya4. Batuan igneus dan kejadiannya, dan gunung

berapi

5. Luluhawa dan batuan mendak (stratigrafi)6. Batuan metamorfik

7. Masa geologi dan fosil


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1. Hidrologi: air tanah

2. Cangaan (struktur geologi)

3. Peta geologi, Peta Topografi, persekitaran geologi(enviromen kejadian dan pemendapan)

4. Sifat2 kejuruteraan tanah, batuan dan air5. Kajian tapak: geologi, geokimia, geofiziks

6. Kegunaan geologi dalam kejuruteraan: sumber alam(air, mineral, bijih, gas asli, petroleum, batuan, pasir,

tanahliat)7. Contoh2 kes penyelesaian masalah dalam

kejuruteraan: mekanik tanah dan batuan, tanah runtuh


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Tujuan kursus

Memperkenalkan konsep2 asas geologi

Menunjukkan bagaimana konsep2 asas geologidigunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam

bidang kejuruteraan (sama ada kejuruteraanawam, perlombongan, persekitaran, bahan, dll)

Hasilnyakita menjadi lebih peka dengan

sumber yang diberi oleh bumi (terhad) untukdimanafaat dengan baik oleh manusia sejagatuntuk mensejahtera kehidupan kita yang fanaini


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Sebuah madah


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Jurutera merekabentuk untuk

1 Keselamatan

2 Keuntungan $$$$


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Tujuan kursus

Memperkenalkan konsep2 asas geologi

Menunjukkan bagaimana konsep2 asas geologidigunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam

bidang kejuruteraan (sama ada kejuruteraanawam, perlombongan, persekitaran, bahan, dll)

Hasilnyakita menjadi lebih peka dengan

sumber yang diberi oleh bumi (terhad) untukdimanafaat dengan baik oleh manusia sejagatdemi kesejahteraan hidup kita yang fana in.


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Konsep2 asas geologi

Sistem solar dan kejadiannya

Batuan dan mineral, dan kejadiannya

Masa geologi

Proses kejadian permukaan bumi

Proses kejadian dalam bumi

Sumber alam (air, mineral, bijih, gas asli,

petrroleum, batuan, pasir, tanahliat) Persekitaran geologi


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Matlamat pembelajaran-pengajaran

Learn to know Learn to do

Learn to know and how to do

Matlamat ujian/peperiksaan?

??


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Somebody says

Knowledge is power!

What do you think?


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What do you think?

1

2

34

5

67


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Somebody also says

APPLIED knowledge is power

Do you agree?


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Earthquakes hits Hindu Kush,Afghanistan
http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825


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Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco
http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11825http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11583


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Africa's Great Lakes
http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11583http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11583http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11583http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11583


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Iceland

Iceland


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Snow in Northeast US
http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11305


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Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11305http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11305http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11305http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?11305http://c/cgi-bin/viewrecord?7861


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Haro and Kas Hills, India


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Facts and figures

Bumi dilitupi 71% oleh air dan 29 % olehdaratan (landmass)

Didiami oleh manusia ..

Didiami oleh haiwan ..

Didiami oleh fauna dan flora ..


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seismology

P waves: surface waves,longitudinal/compressional/push-pull type

trasmitted parallel to the line of propagation;

moves faster than S waves at V = 6-8 km/s; firstto arrive

S waves: surface waves also, transverse/shear;particles moves sideways and wave motion is

transmitted in a shear fashion, transverse to theline of propagation; Vel = 3-4 km/s


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Cont-

S waves are not transmitted thru fluids;cause the earthquakes (principal shaking)

P waves moves thru solid and liquidphases

P & S waves: moves faster in dense rxthan in loose, low density materials: both

felt by people


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Facts and figures

Kerak

Mantel

Teras luar Teras dalam


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Pantulan gelombang


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isostacy


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Rakaman gelombang


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Kedudukan magma dalam bumi


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Pandangan dalam bumi


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Peringatan kpd tok guru

TEORI TEKTONIK KEPING (THEORIES OFPLATE TECTONICS) akan dibincangsemula sebagai konsep yg menyatukan

fahaman ahli sains tentang bumi dansistemnya (SOLAR?)


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Lecture tambahan

Apa yang berlaku di luar bumikehebatan

dan kepentingan astronomi


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Mt Everest

29 035 kaki

8.84 km

(1 kaki = 0.0003 km)


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Renungan kpd soalan

Adakah komposisi kimia kerak bumi,mantel bumi dan teras bumi mempunyaipersamaan dgn planet2 lain dan meteorit?

Kalau ada persamaan, apa rumusan yangboleh di buat?

Kalau berbeza, apa rumusan yang boleh

dibuat?


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persoalan

Conceptual learning vs realities

Mental learning vs physical learning

Context vs content

Relative truth vs absolute truth

Science vs religion

Syariat vs hakikat

PERSOALAN 2 YG LEBIH BESAR


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PERSOALAN 2 YG LEBIH BESARDAN HEBAT

Bagaimana alam semesta terjadi? Bagaimana permulaannya dan bagaimana

kesudahannya?

Adakah bumi sahaja yang boleh dihunioleh manusia?

Bagaimana dengan planet2 lain? Ada

kehidupan lain? Kalau ada kehidupan, apa maknanya?

Kalau tak ada kehidupan, apa maknanya?


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persoalannya

Adakah kita ada jawapannya?

Pastikah kita tentang jawapannya?


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In retropect

Kita dah banyak tahu tentang permukaan bumi,dalam perut bumi, di luar permukaan bumihingga ke angkasa lepas, ada apa untuk kita?

Sebagai manusia, itu soalan yg jauh yg sukarnak ditelusuri

Sebagai jurutera, kita hadkan kegiatan kita padapermukaan bumi, sedikit di dalam permukaan

bumi, dan sedikit di luar permukaan bumi=kita kaitkan dgn kerja kita (sudah cukup!!!)

KENAPA TERHAD DI


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KENAPA TERHAD DIPERMUKAAN?

KITA AKAN MEREKABENTUK APA JUASTRUKTUR DI PERMUKAAN BUMI, DANSEDIKIT DI DALAM PERMUKAAN BUMI

DAN SEDIKIT DI LUAR PERMUKAANBUMI YANG DI DALAM KAWALAN KITA,BUKAN DI LUAR KAWALAN KITA


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J is im (bum i =

1)

Jejari

(km)

ketumpata

n Kompos is i

Matahari 332000 695000 1.41 H2, He

Utarid 0.055 24440 5.44

Kejora 0.815 6050 5.27 CO2,N2, H2O, Ar, SO2

Bumi 1 6371 5.52 N2, O2, CO2, H2O

Marikh 0.11 3397 3.95 H2, He, CH4, NH3

Musytari 318 71600 1.31 H2, He, CH4, NH3

Zuhal 95.2 60000 0.7 H2, He, CH4, NH3

Uranus 14.6 25900 1.21 H2, He, CH4, NH3

Neptun 17.2 24750 1.66 H2, He, CH4, NH3

Pluto 0.0017 1300 1?

Ciri2 fizikal dan kimia sistem solar

Relative abundance of elements by wt


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Relative abundance of elements by wt

crust whole earth meteorites sun Moon

O Fe O H O

Si O Fe He SiAl Si Si O Mg

Fe Mg Mg C Fe

Ca Ni S N Ca

Na S Ni Si AlK Ca Ca Mg Ni

Mg Al Al Fe S

Ti Na Na Si Ti

H Cr Cr Al Cr

P Mn Mn Ca Na

Mn Co P Ni P

Fe P Co Na Mn

Ba K K Cr V

Kandungan unsur dalam kerak bumi


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g

SiO2 60.18

Al2O3 15.61

Fe2O3 3.14

FeO 3.88

MgO 3.56

CaO 5.17

Na2O 3.91K2O 3.19

TiO2 1.06

P2O5 0.3


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l1 intro dan plate tectonics

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