l moore final defense
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A Dissertation Final DefenseLaTrice C. Moore, Doctoral CandidateArgosy University, Tampa CampusMay 23, 2010
Entrepreneurial Characteristics & Attitudes: A Cross-Disciplinary Look at
Millennials Enrolled at a Central Florida Community College
Significance of Problem and Rational for Study
To remain competitive U.S. graduates need entrepreneurial thinking
2008, approximately 300 of the nation’s 1100 community colleges offered an entrepreneurship program (NACCE, 2008)
Lack of academic research
Variables
Dependent: Entrepreneurial characteristics and attitudes
Kolb Learning Styles Inventory (Kolb & Kolb, 2005) Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale
(Robinson et al., 1991).
Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory (KSLI 3.1)
Learning is conceived of as a 4-stage cycle.
Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory
Diverging Assimilating
Converging Accommodating
Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAO)
Attitude approach to predicting entrepreneurs Robinson et al. (1991).
Achievement in Business
Innovativeness in Business
Perceived Personal Control
of Business Outcomes
Perceived Self-Esteem in Business
Variables
Independent: The independent variables to be examined in this study include student majors (business and non-business) and all other demographics.
Demographics
Age RangeGenderEthnicityBirth OrderEnrollmentMajor
Home CampusFuture PlansParent’s Business
OwnershipSocial NetworkingOrganized SportsEmployment
Population
The Millennial GenerationBorn between 1982-2000 (McAlister, 2009).
Ages 18-28 for studyKnown as the “safe generation” 75% of them share their parents’ beliefs and
values Characterizing as special, confident, achieving,
and pressured (DeBard (2004).
Population
Total enrollment is 22,789 (09-10) Millennials represent 27.5% or 6,268 of the
total enrollment
Campus A Campus B Credit Headcount
2,691 2,207
Non-Credit Headcount
225 211
Dual Enrollment
437 497
Total Enrollment
3,353 2,915
Sample
Central Florida community collegeCollege Success Course (SLS 1101) Spring 2010 academic yearStudents 18 and over375 students
Survey Administration
11 out 15 classes participated in study 7 Campus A 4 Campus B.
Administered over 4 days227 surveys turned in
135 from Campus A 92 from Campus B
33 were unusableUsable surveys 194
Descriptive Statistics
Demographics
Age 88% Millennials 12% Non-Millennials
Gender 54% Female 46% Male
Ethnicity 57% Caucasian, 21% African-American
15% Latino/Hispanic, 4% Multi-Racial
Birth Order 11% Only Child, 33% Youngest Child
32% Oldest Child, 24% Middle Child
Academic Major 20% Business, 74% Non-Business
6% Undecided
Years Enrolled 50% Less than 1 year 42% 1-2 years
Home Campus 62% Campus A 38% Campus B
Plans After Graduation 54% Transfer to another college/university
26% Obtain a Job
Descriptive Statistics
Demographic
Parents’ Business Ownership
78% No 22% Yes
Type of Business Owned by Parent
28% Retail, 28% Construction
25% Professional, 11% Landscaping
Employment Status 22% No 78% Yes
Place of Employment 36% Retail, 26% Hospitality
8% Medical, 7% Education
Social Networking Membership
64% 1-2 sites, 19% 3-4 sites
11% None, 6% 5-7 sites
Organized Sports Participation
63% None 33% 1-2 sports
Research Question 1 (RQ1)
Are certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics present in millennials enrolled at a Central Florida community college interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs?
Accommodating Diverging
Converging Assimilating
AC-CE
AE-RO
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0102030405060708090100
24 22 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15
-22-18-14-12-10-8-6-4-2-10246810111213151719212325272930
Major N MeanKOLB-AC-CE Business 28 3.3214
Non-Business 131 3.2443
Undecided 12 5
Total 171 3.3801
KOLB AE-RO Business 28 1.5714
Non-Business 131 3.6565
Undecided 12 4.25
Total 171 3.3567
Results of RQ1 Testing
Results of RQ1 Testing
Yes, certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics are present in millennials who are pursuing either a business or non-business associate’s degree. The personality trait present in millennials is learning by feeling as described by Caird (1993).
Research Question 2 (RQ2)
Are entrepreneurial attitudes present in millennials enrolled at a Central Florida community college interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs?
Innovation
Minimum 7
Maximum70
Achievement
Minimum8
Maximum80
Self-Esteem
Minimum5
Maximum50
Personal Control
Minimum1
Maximum10
N Mean
EAO-SE Business 28 32.0714
Non-Business 131 29.9313
Undecided 12 31.0833
Total 171 30.3626
EAO-ACH Business 28 61.4286
Non-Business 131 56.6718
Undecided 12 46.8333
Total 171 56.7602
EAO-INN Business 28 49.6071
Non-Business 131 46.1069
Undecided 12 41.5833
Total 171 46.3626
EAO-PC Business 28 7.25
Non-Business 131 6.8244
Undecided 12 5.8333
Total 171 6.8246
Results of RQ2 Testing
Results of RQ2 Testing
Yes, entrepreneurial attitudes are present in millennials enrolled at a Central Florida community college who are interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs.
Research Question 3 (RQ3)
RQ3: Are there differences in demographics in relation to certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and attitudes in millennials enrolled at a Central Florida community college interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs?
Results of RQ3 Testing
Focused on whether there are differences in certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes in relation to demographics (age, gender, major, birth order, and so on) in millennials interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs?
H1o and H2o
Hypotheses
H1o: There is not a significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and attitudes in millennials by college major (business and non-business).
H2o: There is not a significant difference in demographics in relation to certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics or attitudes by college major (business and non-business).
State of Nature
Conclusion Drawn
Null is True(H1o True)
Null is False(H1o False)
No Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes in millennials by college major (business & non-business)
Correct decision
(true positive)
Type II error
(false negative)
A Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes in millennials by college major (business & non-business)
Type I error
(false positive)
Correct decision
(true negative)
State of Nature
Conclusion Drawn
Null is True(H2o True)
Null is False(H2o False)
No Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes in relation to demographics by college major (business & non-business)
Correct decision
(true positive)
Type II error
(false negative)
A Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes in relation to demographics by college major (business & non-business)
Type I error
(false positive)
Correct decision
(true negative)
Research Question 4 (RQ4)
Are there differences in certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and attitudes in millennials and nonmillennials enrolled at a Central Florida community college interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs?
Result of RQ4 Testing
Focused on whether there are differences in certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes between millennials and non-millennials interested in pursuing an associate’s degree in business and non-business college programs.
H3o
Hypotheses
H3o: There is not a significant difference in certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics or attitudes between millennials and nonmillennials.
State of Nature
Conclusion Drawn
Null is True(H3o True)
Null is False(H3o False)
No Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes between millennials and non-millennials.
Correct decision
(true positive)
Type II error
(false negative)
A Significant difference in the presence of certain personality traits associated with entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes between millennials and non-millennials.
Type I error
(false positive)
Correct decision
(true negative)
Conclusion
Preferred learning style of millennials was “diverging”
The higher mean scores indicate a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship
No differences in the demographics of millennials in relation entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes.
No difference in entrepreneurial characteristics or attitudes between millennials and non-millennials.
Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship Program
For colleges to meet the workforce needs of the local community, entrepreneurship programs must be open to students from all disciplines to help them compete locally and globally.
Limitations and Delimitations
Limitations Millennial generation
values speed over accuracy.
Use of multiple survey scales may cause unintentional bias.
Honest answers
Delimitations Community college
and not a traditional four-year university or college
Major may change after this study
Limited life experiences
Course selected
Future Research
Millennials who have started a businessMinority entrepreneurs and non-
minority entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial attitudes
“I am calling on our nation’s governor and state education chiefs to develop standards and assessments that don’t simply measure whether students can fill in a bubble on a test, but whether they possess 21st century skills like problem-solving and critical thinking, entrepreneurship and creativity”
- President Barack ObamaTaking on Education
March 10, 2009