L-J Organization

In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial.

Often used for humorous effect. In fiction, the author deliberately subdues the action at an expected

highpoint to manipulate the reader’s emotions. Example:"As he hesitated over the after-dinner drink, she intervened to say,

'Oh, let's have sherry rather than brandy by all means. When I sip sherry, it seems to me that I am transported from the everyday scenes by which I may, at that moment, be surrounded. The flavor, the aroma, bring to mind irresistibly--for what reason I know not--a kind of faerie bit of nature: a hilly field bathed in soft sunshine, a clump of trees in the middle distance, a small brook curving across the scene, nearly at my feet. This, together with the fancied drowsy sound of insects and distant lowing of cattle, brings to my mind a kind of warmth, peace, and serenity, a sort of dovetailing of the world into a beautiful entirety. Brandy, on the other hand, makes me burp."

(Isaac Asimov, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor. Houghton Mifflin, 1971) - See more at: http://fos.iloveindia.com/anticlimax-examples.html#sthash.QmlVCzZp.dpuf

Anticlimax

A viewpoint opposite of the one expressed in the thesis.In argumentative writing the thesis must be debatable.

If no antithesis exists, the thesis is not arguable. Example:“It was the best of times, it was the worst of

times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.” – Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities

Antithesis

Rhetorical mode of cause and effect in which a writer uses a sequence of events to show how one causes another.

Example: Children’s basic biological functioning is determined by the kind of early care they receive.(Initial Factor) Children who don’t get proper early care have difficulties with emotional regulation, sleep and wake patterns, etc. (Mediating Factor) When these essential developmental stages are disrupted, it affects psychosocial functioning, interpersonal relationships, and competence later in life. (Final Consequence)

Causal Chain

Ideas and events are arranged by the time sequence of their occurrence.

Used usually in narrative and process essays.

Chronological / Temporal Order

An element of the Toulmin logic that establishes the thesis of the essay.

Synonymous to the “Conclusion” in a traditional argument.

Claim

A strategy that moves from general premise (Major premise) to a specific conclusion.

Opposite of Inductive reasoning.

Deductive Reasoning

A strategy (usually weak) in which an author provides a remark or series of remarks that stray from the main point.

Digression

Author formally gives credit to sources of borrowed words or ideas.

Documentation

Employs a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work to suggest the work’s theme.

Behind every great fortune there is a crime.” This is a quotation from Balzac given in The Godfather, a famous novel by Mario Puzo. The epigraph given in this novel presents the true picture of a gangster who earns a lot of wealth and wields much control over the lives of others. The Godfather is a true reflection of what its epigraph suggests.

Epigraph

The ethical appeal to capitalize off the speaker’s credibility and evoke a moral response; excess can lead to patronizing the reader and sermonizing/

Ethos

Rhetorical strategy employing facts and opinions used to support a statement position or idea. Facts include examples, reasons, statistics, or other details. Opinions include conclusions of experts or the writer’s personal experiences.

Evidence

Writer provides a concrete, specific illustration of a general point.

Example

Writer develops the meaning of a term over the course of a paragraph, essay, or book length work.

Extended Definition

A strategy in which actions return to an earlier time in a narrative.

Used to make something in the present clearer.

Flashback

Narrator speaks from his/her own perspective, as a character in the narrative, and using pronouns associated with I.

First Person allows a closer connection between narrator and audience.

First Person POV

Delete from L-J – it is incorrect on sheet

Grounds

Strategy of reasoning that ensures that the conclusion is never certain, only probable

Inductive Leap

A strategy that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion based on this evidence.

Opposite of deductive.Used chiefly in science and history

Inductive Reasoning

When a writer begins a narrative in the middle of the action

In Media Res

When a writer places elements, characters, scenes, or objects side by side for the purpose of comparison and contrast

Juxtaposition

Writer uses the logical appeal to evoke reason

Logos

Presents a detached, factual picture in a plain, direct manner

Pure objectivity is impossible

Objective Description

Ideas are presented according to their relative complexity; usually from most complex to least

Order of Complexity

Strategies are presented according to their relative significance; usually from most meaningful to least.

Order of Importance

Writer uses a term that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains an acceptable and often profound meaning

Used for emphasis or to attract attentionExamples: Your enemy’s friend is your enemy.I am nobody.“What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” –

George Bernard ShawWise foolTruth is honey which is bitter.“I can resist anything but temptation.” Oscar Wilde

Paradox

Writer uses the emotional appeal to evoke empathy or other feeling

Pathos

Strategy in which a writer first makes apoint about one subject and follows it with a comparable point about another subject

Point-by-Point Comparison

Used to determine from whose perspective a story is told

First, Second and Third

Point of View

A strategy of deductive reasoning that is a statement of fact; can be divided in MAJOR and MINOR

Premise

A strategy that enables readers to understand a process rather than perform it

Process Explanation

A strategy in which writer uses exacts words from a source enclosed in quotation marks

Should be used to present a particularly memorable statement or to avoid a paraphrase that would change original meaning

Quotation

Strategy in which a writer uses to counter an opposing argument by revealing its weaknesses

Looks for:Fallacies or logical flawsInadequate evidenceirrelevance

Refutation

Strategy in which a question is asked for effect and NOT to be answered

Rhetorical Question

Argument advocated by psychologist Carl Rogers, who rejected the adversarial approach of most arguments

Finds areas of agreement to reduce conflict

Rogerian Argument

Narrator speaks to the reader’s own perspective using the pronouns associated with you

Second Person POV

Ideas are presented according to their location

Left to right, front to back, near to far, etc.

Spatial Order

Writer attempts to produce an unembellished flow of thoughts in the human minds with its feelings, judgments, associations, and memories.

Stream of Consciousness

Writer first discusses one subject in full and follows it with a comparable discussion of the entirety of another subject

Subject-by-Subject Comparison

Strategy that contains value judgments or language that in involved

Focuses on author's reaction to eventConveys not just a factual account of details

but also their signficance

Subjective Description

Expresses the essays main idea

Thesis

Narrator speaks from the perspective of another

Associated with he, she, itOmniscient – has godlike knowledge and can

present thoughts of all charactersLimited – presents thoughts of one character

Third Person POV

States the main idea of a body paragraphUsually the first sentence of the paragraph

Topic Sentence

Strategy that uses argumentation that occurs in daily life

Toulmin Logic

A strategy in which words or expression link ideas in writing

Words such as however, therefore, then, etc. can be transitions

Can also be phrases, sentences, paragraphs or longer passages

Transitions

Leave off definitionsIncorrect on packet

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