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Rice, D.G. - U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, NationalPark Service and Washington State University-Pullman, WA

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Report

DAR 0PF X REF

DCSFRM2.WP REV. 3 (02/17/94)

Archaeological Reconnaissance

MA~do~Ao4A

U.S. AT OMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ~ NATIONAL PARI( SERVICE ~ WASHIN GTON STATE UNIVERSiTY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

Pagev

V11

V11.1

Climate and VegetationGeology of the Area ..Ethnohistory of the AreaPrevious Archaeology in the Area.Other Related Studies in the Area

22355

THE RECONNAISSANCE

Field MethodologyIdentification of Sites and Localities

66

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Area Priorities and Coverage of the ReconnaissanceThe Neer and Type of Sites RecordedPatterns of Site LocationsThe Antiquity of Bites on the Hanford WorldsThe Archaeological Significance of the Sites

7889

11

SITE INDEX

RECOR iENDATIONS

12

Priority of Sites for Archaeological SalvageTime Required for Archaeologl.cal SalvageEstimate of the Current ™ostof SalvageFurther RecommendationsConcluding Statement

1818182020

REIERENCES CITED 21

APPENDIX: THE FEDERAL ANTIQUITIES ACT 24

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

FTGIJRES

Figure l.Figure 2.Figure 3.

Map of'he Henf'ord Atomic Works.Geologi.c Cross Secti.onProjectile Point Sequence.

Page

19

10

PLATES

Plate 1.Plate 2.Plate 3.Plate 4.Plate 5.Plate 6.Plate 7.Plate 8.Plate 9.

Archaeological Site LocationsArchaeological Site LocationsA Seasonal Wanapam EncampmentA Wanapam Woman Making Tule MattingA Rack to Store Lodge PolesA Wanapam CacheThe "Blacksmith Shop" at White Bluff's FerryA Rock Cairn on top of'able Butte.Rattlesnake Mountain.

303234363840424444

TABLES

Table 1. Summary of Site Types and Recommendations 19

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE

HANFORD ATOMIC WORKS

BY

DAVID G. RICE

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

PREFACEArchaeological reconnaissance of the Hanford Atomic Works was undertaken

by Mr. David G. Rice, Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University, forthe U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, and at the request of the National Park Service.The work was carried out in two phases between 17 tune 1968 and 16 October 1968 underNational Park Service Contract Purchase Orders $940-487 and $940-82.

This project came about as part of a growing interest of the U.S. AtomicEnergy Commission in documenting and preserving American Indian antiquities relativeto present and future construction programs. During the fall snd winter of 1967 anarchaeological reconnaissance of the proposed 13en Franklin Reservoir Area along theColumbia River was conducted for the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, on lands owned.and controlled by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Rice 1968). The present work isintended to assess the archaeological resources on the remainder of the Hanford Works.

ACI(NOWLEDGMENTSArrangements for the reconnaissance were made between Mr. Norman G. Fuller,

Director of'roperty Division, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland Operations Office,and Mr. Paul J.F. Schumacher, Chief of Archaeological Research, Western Region, NationalPark Service, San Francisco Service Center. The Writer is indebted to both Mr. Fuller,who served as advisor and contract administrator on project, and to Mr. Schumacher> whogenerous+ supported the work from the start.

Mr. Frank C. Leonhardy, Staff Archaeologist, Department of Anthropology,Washington State University, administerea. the contract with the National Park Service.

The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland Operations Office, provided ultimatecooperation and guidance throughout the project. Property Division, Mr. N.G. Fuller,Director, afforded every po!'sible assistance in expediting the reconnaissance and prepara-tion of the fina1 report. lIr. E.A. Palmer, Mr. C.P. Smith, Mr. F.C. Robinson, Mr. R.F. Hart,and.Mrs. L.A. Brown were especially helpful in arranging for use of vehicles and other specialservices. Mr. R.S. Ewing provided. office supplies for preparation of this report.Security Division, Mr. F.J. McHale, Director, was of invaluable assistance in providingpasses, keys, maps, and. other special assistance. Mr. O.R. Simpson, Mr. Wm. George,Mr. H.J. Newton, snd. Mr. B.J. Rokkan were always most helpful. Mr. H. F,. Anderson is to bethanked for his many historical insights and other information relating to the Hanford.—White Bluffs area. Mr. G.R. Yesberger, Health and Safety Division, was helpful in point-ing out health and safety procedures on project. Mr. P.G. Rhoades, Health and SafetyDivision, provided a tour of buris1 areas for radioactive waste materials. Mr. D.J. Zachary,Health and Safety Division, was of assistance in securing a vehicle operator's license.Mrs. N.W. — Fraser, Laboratory and. University Division, introduced personnel connected. withcurrent construction programs. Mr. L.C. Brazley, Laboratory and University Division,provided a plan of the new biology building at t;he 300 area. Mr. J.L. Rhoades, Laboratoryand University Division, helped to provide access into the Hanford townsite. Mr. M.L. Elkins,Engineering and Construction Division, discussed borrow locations and present constructionactivities.

Several individuals among the prime contractors for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.are acknowledged for their cooperation and assistance in this project. Personnel of Battelle-Northwest, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, were especially cooperative. Mr. R.E. Brown spent

time in the field with the writer and supplied much geological information relevant to theHanford Works area. Dr. D.W. Pearce provided maps of the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve andoutlined the organization behind its administration. Mr. S.H. Wo'odcock provided a key tothe Hanford townsite. Mr. W.C. Mace supplied the photograph for Plate 7. Mr. W.C. Hansonnoted several site locations and suggested sources for historical data. Mr. S.S. ComptonVitro-Hanford Engineering Services, pointed out several site locations and supplied archae-ological materials for examination. Mr. Barney S. Flora, Vitro-Hanford Engineering Services>provided an up-dated map of the project area and was of invaluable assistance in prepsringthe final report, in particular Figures 1 and 2 and Plates 1 and 2. Mr. Don J. Brown, AtlanticRichfield Hanford Company, is thanked for his interest in the project and for a lecture tourdesigned to stimulate interest in archaeological research. Mr. Gordon E. Towne, ITT FederalSupport Services, suggested several archaeological localities to the writer.

Others who contributed to the overall effort of the reconnaissance includeMr. Click Relander, Yakima, who kindly provided the photographs for Plates 3-6 and offeredmany historical insights; Mr. Charles M. Nelson, Department of Anthropology, University ofCalifornia at Berkeley, who assisted. with the fieldwork; and Mr. E.S. Groves, Department ofPhysics, University'of Pennsylvania, who assisted with the fieldwork. Mr. A.W. Borden,Benton City., pointed. out historical and ethnographic sites on the project and was most help-ful in precisely locating them. At, last, the writer is especially indebted to the familiesof Mr. Barney S. Flora, Mr.'arold R. Twehus, and Mr. E.M. Woodruff, for moral support, food.and. lodging, and for persona1 favors too numerous to list.

The cover was designed by Mr. B.S. Flora, adapted from a photograph by.Mr. S.G. Getchell.

ities plotted.

INTRODUCTIONThe U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford Works was established in 1943. It is located

in the south central part of Wash-ngton State and occupies approximately 640 square miles in thePasco Basin pox<ion of the Columbia Plateau (see Figure 1). At the present, time the project isdivided into two parts, separated by the northwest-southeast trending State Highway 240: The 100 areareactors, the 200 area chemical separations plants, and the 300 area laboratories are located to thenorth and east; the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, administered jointly by the Commission and Battelle-2Torthwest, is located. to the south and west.

Climate and Vegetation

The altitude of the project area rangesfrom about 350 feet along the Columbia River toalmost 3,500 feet at the top of Rattlesnake Mountain.Average annual precipitation ranges from less than10 inches along the river to 10-20 inches at the sum-mit of Rattlesnake, and in both cases 68'f, of the an-nual precipitation i'alls during the winter monthsfrom October through March (Daubenmire 1942: 57).Average annual temperature along the Columbia isabout 55 degrees F., with average monthly extremesranging from 29 degrees F. in Janus~ to 76 degreesF. in August (U.S. Department of Commerce, WeatherBureau).

Vegetation on the Hanford Project ischaracteristically xerophyt"c and is typified byplant communities belonging to the Artemisia-Agropyron vegetation zone (Daubenmire 1942: 61-64).

Geology of the Area

There are five major stratigraphic unitsfound on the kIanford Project (Jones and Deacon 1966: 2).These are in ascending order the Yakima Basalt Forma-tion, the Hingold Formation, Palouse Soil, unconsoli-dated glacio-fluvial sediments, and recent deposits.Touchet Beds are present and included as a phase of

the glacio-fluvial sediments. Figure' isa geologic cross-section of the project areawhich shows the relationships of these units.The Yakima basalt is the basal stratigraphicunit in the section, but rises to the surfaceto form Gable Butte and Gable Mountain. TheRingold Formation is obscured by overlyingsediments on the west side of the Columbia,but is exposed in the White Bluffs on theeast side of the river. The Palouse Soil isnot represented in the section since a majorunconformity is present between the Ringoldand glacio-fluvial sediments. The glacio-fluvial deposits are derived from both theColumbia River and the floods which formedthe channeled scablands during the latePleistocene. Touchet Beds are lake sedimentswhich are equivalent to the upper portion ofthe glacio-fluvial sequence and which liebetween altitudes of about 400 and. 1,'0 feet;they have been radiocagbon dated in onelocality at about 13,000 years old. Recentwindblown materials, colluvium and alluvium,cap the previous units in varying thicknesses.At least three volcanic ash deposits are amongthese recent materials, including the GlacierPeak ash (12-13>000 years old and associated.with lacustrine sediments), the Mt. Mazamaash (6600-6900 years oiu), and a more recent

but unidentified. ash, possibly from Mt. St. Helens orMr. Rainier (R.E. Brown, personal communication).

In the past, several large-scale floodsswelled the level of the Columbia far above its presentlevel (Richmond, Fryxell, Neff, snd Weis 1965).R.E. Brown (personal communication) has recognized.evidence for at least three of these floods: onepossibly 18-22,000 years ago at about 1250 feet, oneabout 12,000 years,ago at 850-900 feet, and one about8,000 years ago at approximately 500 feet. The sig-nificance of these floods for archaeology is to limitthe maximum ages of undisturbed sites found. at lowerelevations. Clearly, sites can be more recent thanthe limiting dates established. Also, it is possiblethat cultural materials can be earlier than the limit-ing dates if they have 'been deflated, redeposited., orsilted-in. In terms of the data at hand, this meansthat undisturbeL archaeological sites found from theedge of the Columbia. River at about 350 feet up to anelevation of about 500 feet cannot be earlier thanapproximately 8,000 years, and. undisturbeL sites foundbetween 500 feet snd 850 feet cannot be earlier thanabout 12,000 years. Sites found between 850 and 1250feet could be as early as 18-22,000 years, and sitesabove 1250 ; ..et have no clear maximum limits to theirages.

Of further geological interest is theoccurrence of a fused. tuff bed. at a contact betweenbasalt flows in Snively Canyon (R.E. Brown, personalcommunication: Brown 1968). and in the surrounding areagenerally (Schmincke 1967). The composition and genera1appearance of fused tuff is very much like opaque obsi-dian. Obsidian flakes and. artifacts found in Washingtonare generally assumed to have been items of trade derivedfrom o'bsidian sources in Oregon. Undoubtedly many arti-facts thought to be obsidian are fused tuff and thus arederived. locally rather than as trade commodi~ies.

Evidence that fused. tuff was exploited bythe Indians can be cited from the vicinityof American Falls, Idaho, where a cache ofprojectile point "blanks" was found that in-cluded nine specimens manufactured from anobsidian welded tuff from the Walcott forma-tion (Pavesic 1966; 54). More immediateevidence includes a well-rounded nodule offused. tuff found at 45GR318, a camp sitelocated 0.5 miles downstream from VernitaBridge on the north bank of the Columbia.Thus, there is evidence to suggest that theinhabitants of the area utilizeL localdeposits of fused tuff as well as obsidianderived from traLe.

Ethnohistory of the Area

Historically, the Lewis and. ClarkExpedition (1805-06) marks the time of firstwhite contact with the area now included in theHanford Project. Lewis and Clark called thepeople that they encountered in the area theSokulks, s. name possibly derived from a. root-fooL referred to as skolkol (Relander 1956: 28).These people are more commonly known as theWanapam, or River People, anL they traditionallyoccupied the hanks of the Columbia River fromVantage to Pasco.

The Wanapam way of life was based uponan almost continual search for seasonal sub-sistence resources. Many small seasonal campsites vrere scattered along the river during thespring, summer, and fall. Larger, more stablesettlements were locateL at Priest Rapids andRichland. during the winter. This way of lifepersisted up to the time of 0'e establishmentof the Hanford Atomic Works in 1943.

Plate 3, a, photograph taken in the 1930's,shows a seasonal Wanapam encampment just downstreamfrom present-day 100-H area (see Figure 1, site45BII176) . According to Mr. A.W. Borclen, a nativeof White Bluffs who lived in the house in the baclc-grouncl of Plate 3, the Indians came to this local-ity every year in September and October to fish.They n!acle tule matting for lodges and storagecontainers (see Plate 4) . >Jhen they left the areafor Priest Rapids each year they woulcl store theirlodge poles on a wooden scaffolcl (see Plate 5)higher on the river oank and cache dried fish,canoes, and other possessions nearby (see Plate 6),safe from the floodwaters of the spring run-off,until their return. Click Relander (1956:305)identifies this exact place as y'yonrno!r (Nake I3rySaln!on), the place where the Wanapam salmon cry-ing raclcs !rere built. FIe also reports the caches!rhich were dug to store fish, long hemp lines andnets, stone sinkers, and other items. Here, too,three of thr last, four dugout canoes were lcept,'but two of them washed away in high water. Thethird was taken to Richland where it !ras displayedin front of Lewis and Clark Grade School until itbecame so weathered and defaced that it, was removedto the dump. According to Relander the site at45BH176 was one of the main Wanapam seasonal campsuntil evacuation 'became necessary~ when the IIanfordProject was established.

According to the estimat;e of Lewis andClark in 1805 the Wanapam numbered about 3,000indivicluals (Gibbs 1855) . Today there are a, merhandful of Wanapam living at Priest Rapids and onthe Yakima Reservation.

I ollowing Lewis and Clark were DavidThompson in 1811 and a host of Huclson's BayCompany fur traders thereafter, including HossCox and Alexander Ross among others. Jn 1853the first wagon train, the Longmire Party, passedthrough the project area. 13etween 1853-54 theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted surveysto map and document the Indian trails and mountainpasses and to recommend the most feasible routesi"or a, railroad to the Pacific..

During the period of the Yakima IndianWar (1855-58) a military Depot Can!p was maintainedon the east bank of the Columbia at White Bluffs(see Figure 1, site 45FH266) . One of the build-ings dating from this period remains intact (seePlate 7) . Reportedly it eras used as a blacksmithshop. After 1858 the old Depot Camp served as atrading post, for the Indians until the white set-tlers became nun!erous.

White settlers began appearing in the1860's and 1870's. In 1878 Lorenzo Perkins andhis !rife, White l31uffs homesteaders, were killedby Indians near Hattlesnalce Springs (see Figure 1,site 45BI>170) . In 1880 the White Bluffs ferrywas established, and in the following years manyhomesteads sprang up in the Hanford-White Bluffsarea and on the Wahlulce Slope. White Bluffs waswas founded in 1907. In 1908 post offices wereopened at White Bluffs, Wahluke, Haven, and Mitchell.Hanford was opened to homesteaders in 1909. Finally,in 1943 the Manhattan District of the V.S. ArmyCorps of Enginee!:",. began evacuation of the areaancl the Hanford Project came into existence.

Previous Archaeology in the Area Other Related Studies in the Area

Prior to 19Ii3 the only archaeologicalwork in the area was that conducted at Wahlukeby II.W. Krieger of the U.S. National Museum(Krieger 1928) . Af'ter 1943 archaeological workamounted to nil until the archaeological recon-naissance of'he proposed Hen Franklin Reservoirarea (Rice 1968) . Of the 105 sites recorded inthe reservoir area about 85 sites fall within theboundaries of'he Hanford Project.

Archaeological work in ad jacent areashas been summarized elsewhere by Rice (1968: 2) .

Research on the Arid T.ands Ecol.ogyReserve (known as "Project ALE" and located inthe southwestern portion of'he Hanford Works)is jointly administered by the Commission andBattelle-Northwest. Studies in this area primarilyemphasize the ecology of plant and animal com-munities, 'but also include geological and clima-tological research . In the future, archaeologicaland paleontological researches may also be included.At least the archaeological reconnaissance suggestsconsiderable potential for such studies.

THE RECONNAISSANCEExcept for the area of the proposed Hen Franklin Reservoir (Rice 1968), the Hanford

Ato.::.ic Project has never been officially surveyed for archaeological resources. Since 1943the area of the project has been restricted to the public so that the sites reported here havenot been as susceptible to destruction frcm relic collectors as sites outside the ares.. Thesesites are, however, subject to disturbance or destruction by construction projects, road improve-ments, power transmission line maintenance, borrow pits, and the like. This reconnaissance wasconducted in order to document archaeological site locations so that disturbance or destructioncan be minimized. Where destruction of a site is inevitable, and the site is recommended fortest excavation (see the Site Index and Table 1), then funds should be provided for sa1vage.This should be done sufficiently in advance of construction activities so that there are no delays.

Field 11ethodology Identificati on of Sites and Localities

Survey work was carried out on a full-time basis between 17 June and 16 October 1968.During this time a large portion of the 640 squaremiles comprising the reservation was covered onfoot and by automobile. The objective of thesurvey was to determine the numbers, extent andquality of any archaeological, paleontologicalor historical sites located on the reservation.In most cases this was possible solely on the basisof surface examination, but in some cases testexcavation was required.

Arc'haeological sites are those areascontaining evidence of man's habitation oractivity, and may 'be identified by concentrationsof fir. -cracked rock from cooking fixes, flakingdetritus, bone and shell, or artifacts. In somecases structural remains such as housepits orcache pits define sites, 'but for the most partthey consist of concentrations of camp rock.Sites also include areas of specific utilizationsuch as burial sites, fishing stations, or flakingfloors; often they represent a combination ofthese uses as indicated in Table 1.

Archaeological localities are largeareas over which small scatterings of culturalmaterials occur. In all cases these finds arelimited to the surface.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe foiling is a summary of the findings of the reconnaissance. It is piesentecl ac-

cording to the priorities for covering the area. General observations about the sites encounteredare then discussed.

Area Priorities and Coverage of the Reconnaissance

First priority was given to specificareas proposed for construction in the near future.

The first area covered was the NorthernPacific Railroad right-of-way on Wahluke Slope.The proposed railroad branch line between Mesaand Mattawa will run parallel to State Highway11-A and 800 feet south of it. The line willrun for a total of 13.5 miles on Commissionlands. This entire length was traversed, reveal-ing several flaking floors on small knolls at thewestern end of project lands (see Figure 1, site45GR325) .

The general locality of the proposedFFTF {Fast Flux Test Facility) reactor (Sec. 17,18 and 20, T.11N., R.28E., W.14.) was thoroughlyexamined. The rolling, sand-capped, gravel hillsfound in this area failed to disclose evidencefor archaeological materials.

The site of the new biology buildingsoutheast of the 300 area was examined and yieldedevidence for an archaeological site along the riverbank (see Plate 1, site 45BN106) . Since construc-tion will begin soon an effort was made to salvageportions of the site 'before that time.

Second priority was given to burial sites

for solid and liquid wastes and radioactivecontaminants.

Existing burial sites in the 100 areas,200 areas, and the 300 area were visited and checkedfor antiquities. None of these areas containedarchaeological sites. Some archaeological sitesalong the river, however, may be affected by low-count radioactive contaminants carried by waterseepage and effluents from the 100 areas. Ex-amples include 45BN135 at 100-F area, and 45BN149,45BN150, and 45BN151 between 100-N and 100-Kreactors (see Rice 1968 for site locations) .While it may be possible to excavate these sites,organic materials recovered such as charcoal andshell probably will not be suitable for radio-carbon analysis. Future burial areas for radio-active contaminants will be located on the 200 areaplateau, and current burial sites in other parts nfthe reservation are gradually 'being terminated inorder to expedite this shift. No evidence forarchaeological sites was encountered on the plateauaround the 200 areas.

Mater cooling ponds north of the 200-Earea. were also visited. The pond located closestto 200-E area. contains plutonium particles dischargedfrom the 200 areas and is too hazardous from a healthand safety standpoint to consider for archaeologicalreconnaissance. A second pond, called Honey Lake,adjoins a small archaeological site (see Figure 1,

site 45BII174) .

Third priority was given to areas ad-jacent to the Columbia Piver that are lilcely forindustrial development.

Areas adjacent to but outsicle of'heproposed Ben Franlclin Reservoir area frere ex-".mined from North Richland to Vernita Bridge.Between IJorth Richland encl the shifting sand dunes14 sites were recorded . These are located onPlates 1 and 2. Between the xrest banlc of theColumbi opposite Ringold Flat and the Hanfordtoxrnsite a number of wind-deflated camps were ob-served (the Shifting Dunes Locality) . BetweenHanford townsite and Uernita Bridge the landsaway from the river are constituted by old gravelriver terraces capped 'by a thin mantle of fineunconsolidated material, including water depositedVazama ash. This part of the reconnaissance wasvoid of archaeological finds ~rith the exception ofthe blace sand dune area just, west of'he 100-Farea slough (see Figure 1, site 45BN178) .

Last priority vras given to remainingportions of the reservation.

The western segment of Gable Butte wastraversed encl found to contain scattered surfaceindications of aboriginal use (see Figure 1, GableButte; and Plate 8) .

Likewise, the eastern and western por-tions oi Gable Mountain were examined and foundto yield surface finds (see Figure 1, Gable Moun-tain) .

on the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve (see Figure 1,sites 45BN170-173, 175) . These sites are not theresult, of an exhaustive examination of ALE lands,but, they are representative of'he kinds of sitesthat can be found on the reserve. Plate 9 showsthe general character of'he ALE lands.

The Ifumber and Type oi Sites Recorded

In all, the reconnaissance documented26 archaeological sites. These include severaloverlapping types of sites such as open camp sites,ethnographically reported camp sites, flakingfloors, fishing stations, and a historic site(see Rice 1968: 21-22 for the identifying criteriaof these site types) . Table 1 summerizes thenumber and types of'ites. In addition, threelocalities were recorded which are too large andgeneralized to be recorded as sites.

Patterns of Site Locations

Most, of the archaeological sites on theHanford Project are found along the lower terracesof the Columbia River. These sites tend to belong and narrow, followi.ng the river bank, andseem to occur at rapids or eddies where both fishresources and drif'twood for fires must. have beenmore plentiful. Away from the river habitationsites are much less common and are directly linkedto the availability of water resources, such assprings or small streams. On Project ALE lends,for instance, it, cen be expected that small siteswill occur at, springs, at the confluence of smallstreams, sheltered 'banks along streams, and at themouths of'ajor canyons.

Five archaeological sites frere recorded

0

Gable Mountam

- 600

- 400

200

Figure 2. Geologic Cross Section of the Hanford Proj ecttaken from the base of Rattlesnake Mountain to theIIhite Bluffs (see A-A on Figure 1) . Adapted fromJones and Deacon (1966) .

The connection between water resourcesand sites is an important o'bservation in this area.First of all, this is one of the longest stretchesof the Columbia River that does not have tributarystreams of any sort. Secondly, the geologic crosssection (see Figure 2) of the area reveals thataway from the river subsurface materials are suf-ficiently permeable that their contained water isessentially unconfined and drains down to a baselevel adjusted to that of the Colxunbia River,roughly 300-400 feet beneath the highest portionof the 200 area plateau (Jones and Deacon 1966: 3).And thirdly, the topographic position of theHanford Works is close to the base of the PascoBasin and would be an area more critically affectedby climatic changes than areas at higher elevations.This means that the Altitherlnal climatic phase, aperiod between about 6000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. whichwas warmer and dryer than today, must have neces-sitated adaptive changes in the cultural way of lifeof the people who inhabited the area so that theyeither moved out of the basin and/or led

a more intensified riverine life. These, then,are three facets of the same reason explainingwhy sites away from the river are rare until theRattlesnake Hills are reached.

The Antiquity of Sites on the Hanford Horks

In some cases the age of a site can beroughly determined from the styles of projectilepoints found there. This can be done by thoughtfulconlparison of the points found with points from acontext that is known and dated 'by radiocar'bon andtied to geological events. The best standard ofreference in this area is the Marmes Rockshelteron the lower course of the Palouse River. At MarmesRockshelter a sequence of projectile points has oeenesta'blished that spans at least 10-12,000 years(Fryxell and Daugherty 1963; R.D. Daugherty, personalconnnunication) . The basic outline of this sequenceis presented in the lower half of Figure 3. Thetwo points to the right in thc top half of thefigure come from the IIanford Project near Rattle nake

10

Projectile Points- Hanford Project 2 ln.

1 in-

0SCAI.E

Projectile Point Sequence- Marrnes Rockshelter(45 FR 50)

palilir Tl~allllllr Il Illlllll:I: tlllllll:I: Illllll:I: +klllllm:I llllllllI:I: lillllilllI: Illlllll:I. —fllllllll:I:

Tl ME

Pigvre 3. Projectile point sequence. The lower row .Illr1stratesthe stylistic changes in Trzojectile point forms through timeat Marmes Bockshelter. The upper row shows comparable formsfound on project.

Spring" (see Figure 1, site 45BI'J171) and probablyrange in age from 4500 B ~ C. to 6500 B.C~ Thesewere the earliest-looking materials encounteredduring the reconnaissance. Points from severalsites along the river fill out the recent end ofthe seouence, but there are many gaps.

The Archaeological Significance of the Sites

The pattern of archaeological sites onthe Hanford Project reflects a basically riverineadaptation of the prehistoric peoples to the ares..This places a premium on the few sites that do oc-cur away from the river. It will be especiallyimportant to obtain any kind of material from thesesites in order to precisely ascertain their agerange and seasonal period of occupancy.

One of the important objectives ofany future work will be to establish a localsequence similar to that suggested in Figure 3,and to document local environmental events whichrelate to that sequence. In this regard, thereare many opportunities for cooperative researchin geology and ecology with Battelle-Northwest.In short,, the archaeological significance of thesites reported here is substantial.

SITE INDEXThe following is a catalog of 26 sites and three localities recorded by the recon-

naissance. Figure 1 and Plates 1 and 2 indicate their locations. Table 1 sunnnarizes therecommendations made f'r each site li steel below.

Archaeological Sites

i(rP(II OlThis is an open camp site located on the

southeastern encl of the island opposite theold townsite of North Richland . (SE(„ ofthe I'IW> of Sec. 25, T.10N., R.28E., 1/.11.),

The site consists of concentrations ofshell and camp rock. It is 100 feet, longand about 50 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered f nclude cobble tools.Surface collection is recommenclecl.

4RBN102This is an open camp site located on the

east side of the island opposite the oldtownsite of'orth Richland. (SW(, of the 1'IW-„

of'ec. 24, T.10N., R.28E., W.M.) .The site consists of concentrations of

shell and camp rock, and a hearth area ex-posed in the river banlc. Tt is 300 I'eetlong and 150 feet wide.

Artifacts include cobble hammerstonesand a hopper mortar.

Test excavation is recommended .

45BN103This is an open camp site located on the

northeastern end of'he island opposite theold townsite of'orth Richland. (IIW< of'heNW —„oi'ec. 2~>, T.10N., R.28E., W.M.) .

The site consists of concentrationsof'amprock. It is 150 feet, long and about

75 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include co'bble toolsand notched pebble sinlcers.

Surface collection is recommended .~ I( SBIJ104

This is an c>pen camp site located on thewest. bank of the Columbia at the northeasterncorner of the old townsite of North Richland.(Centez of the IG n of Sec. 1I(, T.10N., R.28E.,W.M.) .

The si te consists of'c at tered concentra-tions of camp rock along the river bank.There is also some possibility of housepitsback from the bank, but this is inconclusivedue to considerable disturbance from the oldconstruction camp at North Richland . The siteis 350 feet long and about 150 feet wide.

Artif'acts encountered include corner-notchedprojectile points, scrapers, cobble hammerstones,cobble tools, and hopper mortars.


45BN105This is a possible housepit site located

on a sheltered bench 1.0 miles north of theold North Richland townsite. (SW> of the SE>of'ec. 11, T.10N,, R.28E., W.M.),

The site consists of scattered concentrationsof camp rock along the river banlc and may includeas many as f'our or five housepits on the beachabove the bank. The site is about 200 feet longancl 150 feet, wide.

Artif'acts encountered include cobble toolsand a hopper mortar.

Test excavation is recommended ./

45BN106

.This is an open camp site located im-mediately to the southeast of the 300 areaalong the river bank. The new biologybuilding will be constructed on the bencha'bove the bank. (Center of'ec. 11, T.10N.,R.22E., W.M.) .

Th site consists of'cattered concentra-tions of'amp rock, flakes, and shell. Itis about 400 f'eet long and 150 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include stemmedprojectile points, cobble tools, and hoppermortars.

No further work is recommended.

45HNl 45This is an ethnographically reported camp

site located 'on the south bank of the Columbiaopposite a large island upstream from LockeIsland. (NWr-, of'ec. 12, T.14N.> RE 26E., W.M.) .

The site consists of three or four mat lodgedepressions on a gravel bar close to water'edge. Much camp rock and many f'lakes are scat-tered around the encampment. The site wasreportedly last occupied about 1915.

Artifacts encountered include cobble tools,hopper mortars, a chipped stone knife, corner-notched projectile points, and a grooved netweight .

Surface collection is recommended.

l45BN162

This is an open camp site located along theriver bank at the 300 area. (SE—„ of'he SWz

of'ec.11, T.10N., R.28E., W.M.) .The site consists of'cattered concentrations

of camp rock, flakes, and shell. It is about

600 f'eet long and 150 f'eet wide.Artif'acts encountered include cobble tools,

notched pebble sinkers, grooved net weights,hopper mortars, a glass trade bead, and a militarybutton.


~ 45BN163This is a possible housep. t site located on

the west bank of the Columbia just opposite thelower end of the island immediately upstreamf'rom the 300 area. (Ez of the NW—„ of Sec. 2,T.10N., R.23E., W.M.) .

The site consists of scattered concentrationsof'amp rock, flakes, shell. Several hearthareas are exposed in the 'bank and there are f'iveor six oval-shaped depressions strung in a lineon the bench above the bank, suggesting housepits.The site is about 400 f'eet iong and 100 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include cobble tools,hopper mortars, and a faceted blue-glass trade'bead .

Test excavation is recommended.

'5BN164This is an open camp site located on the

southern end of'he island just upstream f'romthe 300 area. (Center of Sec. 2, T.10N., R.28E,,W.M.) .

The site consists of scattered concentrationsof'amp rock, flakes, and shell. It is about250 feet long and 200 f'eet wide.

Artifacts encountered include cobble tools,notched peb'ble sinkers, and corner-notchedprojectile points.


45BN165This site is a f'ishing station located on the

west bank of the Columbia about 1.0 miles north

14

of'he 300 area. (NI".-„ of the SW-„ of Sec. 35,T.11N., R.28E., W.M.) .

The sii.e consists of concentrations ofcobble tools and notched pebble si.nkers. Itis about. 125 feet long and 30 feet wide.

No f'urther work is reconnnended .4 5BI'1166

This is an open camp site located on thewest bank of'he Columbia aborrt 1.7 milesnorth of the 300 area. (SW—„ of the SE—„ ofSec. 26, and the Llz of'he IIE —„ of'ec. 35,T.11N., R.28E., W.M.) .

The site consists of'cattered concentra-tions of camp rock. Several hearth areas areeroding out of the bank. The site is about300 f'eet long and 75 f'eet wide.

Artif'acts encountered include cobble toolsand a grooved net weight.


45BN167This is an open camp site located on the

west bank of'he Columbia about 2.1 milesnorth of the 300 area. (SW—„ of'he NE—„

of'ec.26, T.11N., R.28E., W.M.) .The site consists of concentrations of

camp rock> flakes, and shell. Hearth areasare eroding out of'he bank and it is pos-sible that there are some filled-in house-pits on the bench above the bank. The siteis about 350 feet long and 100 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include cobble tools,notched pebble sinkers, hopper mortars, acontracted-stemmed projectile point, and ablue-glass trade bead.

Test excavation is reconnnended .45BN168

This is a housepit site located about

100 yards south of'he lower end of WoodedIsland on the west, banlc of the Col»mbia, orapproximately 2.4 miles north of the 300 area.(hIW~ of the NE-„ of Sec. 26, T.11N., R.28E.,W.hl.) .

The site consists of four or five housepitdepressions on a bench overlooking the river.It is about 100 feet long anrl 50 feet wide.

No artif'acts were encounterecl.Test excavation is reconnnended .

45HN169This is a housepi.t site located on a bench

on the west 'banlc of'he Columbia about 0.3 milesnortheast of the Benton Substation. (NW —„ ofthe NE—„ of Sec. 11, T.llN., R.28E., W.M.) .

The site consi.sts of eight to 10 ho»sepitsand shows scattered concentrations of camproclc, flakes, and shell at, the base of theriver 'bank. It is 200 f'eet long and 150 f'eet

de.No artif'acts were encountered .Test, excavation is recommended.

45HN170This is an open camp site located at Rattle-

snake Springs, which lies at the terminus ofYakima Ridge. (SE—„ of'ec. 20, T.121'I., R.25E.,W.M.) .

The site consi.sts of acattered concentrationsof'amp rock and flakes. It is severely erodedby wind deflation and is suiV.rlmposed upon geo-logical units which contain at least three vol-canic ashes. It is about, 600 f'eet long and400 f'eet wide. Historically, this is the siteoi'he Perkins Massacre whi.ch took place on orabout July 10, 1878.

No artifacts were encountered.Test excavation is recommended.

4 5HI'1171This is an open camp site located about

0.2 miles east of Rattlesnake Springs on thenorth bank of Dry Creek. (Center of'he SW»of Sec. 21, T.12N., R.25E., W.M.) .

The site consists of'mall quantities ofcamp rock and scattered flakes. It has 'beenseverely eroded by wind deflation. The siteis about 300 f'eet long and 150 f'eet wide.

Two leaf'-shaped points were encountered.Test Excavation is reconnnended.

45BN172This is an open camp site located about

0.25 miles i'rom the mouth of'nively Canyonon the east side of the road . (NW» of theSWz of Sec. 5, T.llN., R.25E., W.M.} .

The site consists of'cattered camp rockand flakes. It is about 150 feet long andequally wide.

Artif'acts encountered include a corner-notched projectile point.


45HN173This is an open camp site located at the

Snively Ranch. (NE-„ of the SW-„ of'ec. 8,T.11N., R.25E., W.M.) .

The site consists of' f'ew flakes, bonef'ragments, and some firecracked rock exposedin a bank to the southwest of'he ranch houseabout 30 feet. It is about 50 f'eet long and30 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include a pestle ancla piece of worked antler.

Test ex'cavation is recommended .

45HN174This is an open camp site located on the

western side of'oney Lake, just south of the

western terminus of Gable Mountain. (SW—of»the NE-„ of Sec. 22, T.13N., R.26E., W.M.) .

The site consi,sts of a concentrationof'amprock and flakes. 1t, has been severely

eroded by wind def'lation. The site is about75 i"eet long and 50 f'eet wicle.

Artifacts encountered include corner-notchedand contracted-stemmed points, and a bifaci allyflaked cobble tool.

Test excavation is recommenrled .

45BN175This is an open camp site located at a

spring close to the sununit of'attlesnakeMountain. (SE—„ of'he SW» of'ec. 30, T.11N.,R.26E., W,M.) .

The site consists of scattered flakes on arather rocky surface with a small amount offi11. The site has been largely destroyedby construction of a pumphouse and bulldozingfor a road and transmission line. It isabout 50 f'eet long and 30 f'eet wide.

Artifacts encountered include small stemmedand corner-notched projectile points.

No f'urther work is recommended.

45HN176This is an ethnographic:ally reported camp ',

site located about 0.2 miles east of'00-Harea. (NH» of'he SW—„ of'ec. 17, T.14N.,R.27E., W.M.) .

The site consists of three or four mat lodgeclepressions on a gravel bar, and a cache ofbelongings in an adjacent bank. Much camp rockand a few f'lal-es are scattered around the en-campment. The site was last occupied about; 1o42.

No Artifacts were encountered.Test excavation of'he cache is recommended.

45BN177This is an open camp si.te locatecl at the

old site of'olumbia Camp, ,just vrest of theHorn of the Yakima River. (SE—„ of Sec. 4,T.10II., R.27E., W.M.) .

The site consists of :..Ltered concentra-tions of'amp rock, flakes, and shell. Alongthe upstream part oi'he site there is somepossibility of'ousepits. The eastern encl

of'hesite has been destroyed, however, by bull-dozing for a recreation area. It is about800 f'eet, long and 200 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include cobble tools,corner-notched and small side-notched pro-jectile points.

Test excavation at the west end of thesite is recommended, otherwise no furtherwork.

4 5BI'j178This is an open camp site located on the

west bank of the 100-F area slough in a sanddune. (NE—„ of'he 1JE-„ of'ec. 4, T.13N.,R.27E., W.M.) .

The site consists of scattered concentra-tions of camp rock and flakes. It is about,400 f'eet long and 300 feet wide.

Artifacts encountered include a corner-notched projectile point.


45FR266This is a historic site located on the

east bank of the Columbia opposite EastWhite Bluff's townsite. (Ee- of'ec. 29,T 14N.~ R.27E.~ W.M ).

The site consists of'cattered concentra-tions of camp rock, flakes, and shell. Inaddition, the site i.s of historic interest

because of a small log house which wasreportedly built in the 1850's and usedas a blacksmith shop. The site is about2000 feet long and 500 feet wide.

Artii'acts encountered include cobbletools, notched pebble sinkers, pestles,small corner-notched points, glass tradebeads, and a clam shell disc bead .

Test excavation of the site and preser-vation of the log structure is recommended.

45GR325This site is a flalcing floor located on

the Wahlulce Slope above the White Bluff's andsouth of'tate Highway 11-A. (Ne of'he I'W—„of Sec. 6, T.14N., R.26E., W.M.) .

The site consists of scattered cores andchipping detritus. These have been exposedby wind deflation on the tops and sides ofsmall knolls along Northern Pacific Railwayright-of-way.

Artifacts encountered include cores andco'"ner-notched projecti.le points.

No f'urther work is recommended .

Archaeological Localities

Gable Butte LocalityThe Gable Butte locality lies a short ways

to the south of 100-B and 100-K areas. Itincludes area in Secti.ons 13 and 14, T.13N.,R.25E., and Sections 18, 19, and 20, T.13N.,R.26E., W.M.

Several flakes and rock piles were foundalong the top of the ridge at the western endof the locality.

Corner-notched projectile points wereencountered from this locality.

Further surface examination is recommended.

Gable Mountain I,ocalityThe Gable Mountain I,ocality lies to the north-

east of 200-E area. It includes area in Sections13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, T.13N., R.26E., and Sec-tions 18, 19, 20, and 21, T.13N., R.27E., M.M.

Relander (1956:306} reports that this localitywas one of the principal places where Indian boysand girls were sent on their spirit quests.

A corner-notched projectile point was en-countered ..—


The Shifting Dunes LocalityThe Shifting Duties locality lies along the »est

bank of the Columbia opposite Ringold Flat and thelower end of Savage Island. It includes area inSections 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,26, 27, and 28, T.12N., R.28E., M.M.

This locality evidently contains numerous smallcamp sites that have been deflated by wind erosionand then buried by the s'hifting sands.

Corner- and basal-notched projectile points wereencountered .


RECOMMENDATIONSThe previous sections, together with Figure 1 and Plates 1 and 2, document, the locations

of the 26 archaeological sites and three localities recorded by the reconnaissance. Salvage ofcertain of these sites is reconm>ended when they aze tlrreatened by disturbance or destruction fromconstruction activities. This section will summarize the sites appropriate for archaeologicalsalvage, estimate the length of time necessary for salvage, and estimate the current cost of salvage.Salvage recommendations are estimated on a site-by-site basis so that specific site'hat may beaffected by construction activities can be figured into tiie long-range construction planning andbudgeted accordingly.

Priority of Sites for Archaeological Salvage Estimate nf the Current Cost of Salvage

threetion,tionqworks

The site index refers to sites havingorders of salvage priority: test excava-recommended for 17 sites; surface coll.ec-recommended for five sites; and no furtherrecommended for i'our sites.

Test excavation is recommended whereselective test pitting is required in order toanswer specific questions regarding the age ofa site, its extent, and/or the number of com-ponents that it contains. Surface collectionis recommended where it is felt that additionalfield examination is required in order to obtainall possible materials. No further work isrecommended where the site has been badly dis-turbed or destroyed.

Time Required for Archaeological Salvage

Table 1 itemizes the time in weeksrequired for +he salvage of each site recorded.Sites recommended for surface collection are notincluded in the time estimate since these may beexamined while test excavations are being conduc-ted at adjacent sites.

Test Excavation Unit. (Based on a fieldseason of 10 weeks) .

Wages: 1 Experienced graduatelevel field worker @ J>650/mo.

5 Experienced fieldworkers 8 $450/mo.

Overhead: Computed at 50/0 oftotal wages

Subsistence: Calculated at$3/person/day

Supplies and Materials.Photographic WorkReport Preparation and Printing

$1,625

5,625

3,625

1,350100

50300

t'13,075

Salvage costs are based on the propor-tion of time that is requi.red to salvage eachsite out of a field season of ten weeks. Thesize of excavation unit recommended here is acrew of six. The current, basic cost to supportunit is calculated by multiplying the followingitemized costs 'by the number of weeks (expressedin tenths of a field season) required for salvage.

0 0 RW Rg kc> furca

SITZ TYPE

HoE-t WM E-IH H+ I Q art@

RECOMMENDATION

Qg

w8caR

45HN10145BN10245BN10345HN10445HN10545HN10645HN14545HN16245HN16345BN16445HN16545HN16645HN16745HN16845HN16945BN17045HN171.45HN17245BN17345HN17445BN17545BN17645HN17745HN17845FR26645GR325

X~X

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXX

X

XXXXXXXXX

XX

X

0.50

0.501.00

1.001.00

0.501,001.001.001.000.500.501.000.50

1.000.50

1.00

925

9001>535

1> 5351> 535

9001> 5701>5701>5701,550

915950

1,600850

1> 535900

1>535

TOTALS 24 4 5 2 18 9 1

TABLE 1. Summary of Site Types and RecommendationsAn "X" mark identifies the proper categories foreach site. Total sample equals 26 sites.

20

To this basic figure are added transporta-tion costs for two pickup trucks; four-wheeldrive as needed; boat ogeration costs wherenecessary; and funds for radiocarbon analysis.

The calculated salvage costs areitemized for each site in Table l.

surveyed for archaeological resources, as itis an area that has much potential for problem-oriented archaeology~. This work will have tobe coordinated by the Commission and the NationalPark Service in coogeration with Battelle-Northwest,and in accordance with the Federal Antiquities Act(see appendix) .

Further Recommendations

The three archaeological localitiesrecorded oy the reconnaissance are recommendedfor further surface examination. Hopefully,this work can be carried out by arrangementwith the Commission through the National ParkService.

It is recommended that steps be. takento preserve the log building on the east bank

of'he

Columbia at White Bluffs (site 45FR266) .This might be done in cooperation with theFranklin County Historical Society, or othersimilar organizations.

If the park facility at VernitaBridge is expanded, or if new parks are estab-lished on Commission lands, it is recommendedthat the specific areas of such facilities beexamined by an archaeologist, as well as borrowsources used in developing them.

In the future, if any arche,eological,paleontological, or historical sites or materialsare encountered on the Hanford Works, it is recom-mended that the National Park Service, WesternRegional Office, San Francisco, California, becontacted directly. (See appendix on the FederalAntiquities Act).

Concluding Statement

Archaeological reconnaissance of theHanford Atomic Works revealed evidence for 26sites. Of'hese, 17 are recommended for teatexcavation. Since there are so few sites awayfrom the river in the Pasco Basin, those reportedhere are especially important to archaeologicalresearch. Considering, too, the amount of materialavaila'ble from project-linked research, these sitesand the 105 sites in the proposed Ben FranklinReservoir area offer an unparalled opportunity forcollaboration between archaeological studies andstudies in ecology and geology.

If the borrow pit located west of100-B area is expanded to the east, it isrecommended that site 45BN153 be salvaged (seeRice 1968: 11, and Plate No. 6 for the exactsite location) .

It is recommended that at some futuretime the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve 'be extensively

REFERENCES CITEDBROWN, RANDALL E.

1968 A Study of Reported Faulting in the Pasco Basin. AEC Researchand Development Report, BNWL-662. Battelle-Northwest, Richland .

DAUBENMIRE, REXFORD F.1942 An Ecological Study of the Vegetation of Southeastern Washington

and Adjacent Idaho. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 53-79.

FRYXELL~ ROALD AND RICHARD D. DAUGHERTY

1963 Late Glacial and Postglacial Geological and Archaeological Chronologyof the Columbia Plateau, Washington. Washington State University,Laboratory of Anthropology, Reports of Investigations, No. 23. Pullman.

GIBBS, GEORGE

1855 Indian Tribes of Washington Territory. Reports of Explorations andSurveys, to Ascertain the Most Practical and Economical Route for aRailroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Made Underthe Direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, According to Actsof Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, and August 5, 1854. ExecutiveDocument No. 91, 33rd Congress, Second Session. Washington.

JONES, FRED 0. AND ROBERT J. DEACON

1966 Geology and Tectonic History of the Hanford Area and its Relation toThe Geology and Tectonic History of the State of Washington and theActive Seismic Zones of Western Washington and Western Montana.Consultant Agreement CA-00056, Douglas United Nuclear, Inc., Spokane,Washington.

KRIEGER, H.W.1928 A Prehistoric Pit House Village Site on the Columbia River at Wahluke,

Grant County, Washington. U.S. National Museum, Proceedings, Vol. 73,No. 2732, Art. 11, pp. 1-29. Washington.

PAVESIC, MAX G.1966 A Projectile Point "Blank" Cache from Southeastern Idaho. Tebiwa,

Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 52-57. Pocatello.

22

RELANDER, CLICK1956 Drummers and Dreamers. Caxton Printers: Caldwell, Idaho.

RICE, DAVID G.1968 Archaeological Reconnaissance -- Hen Frankj in Reservoir Area, 1968.

Washington State University, Laboratory of Anthropology, Pullman.

RICI810ND, G.M., ROALD FRYXELL, G.E. NEFF, AND P.L. WEIS1965 The Cordilleran Ice Sheet of the Northern Rocky Mountains and Related

Quarternary History of the Columbia Plateau. In The Quarternary of theUnited States, Edited by H.E. Wright, Jr., and D.G. Frey, pp. 231-42,Princeton University Press: Princeton.

SCHMIIJCKE, HANS-ULRICH

1967 Fused Tuff and peperites in South-Central Washington.Geological Society of America, Hulletin, Vol. 78, pp. 319-30.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU

1963 Climatological Data — Washington. Annual Sun@nary, Vol. 67, No. 3,

1

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