| J~~~ULY 22,) 1949I l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~THE AGRICULTURAL IMPASSE

W. GORDON WHALEY

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSISIN ALLOMYCES

RALPH EMERSON AND CHARLES M. WILSON

TECHNICAL PAPERS

COMMENTS AND COMMUNICATIONSBOOK REVIEWS

NEWS AND NOTES

IOCOMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS ON'PAGE 3 1

VOLUME 110 NUMBER 2847 1

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Twice every minute the TECHNICON PipetteWasher completes its syphon-cycle . . . seven surg-ing gallons of water to loosen and dislodgeclinging residues. Wastes are then literally sweptout of the pipettes by the violent suction set up dur-ing the brisk ten-second emptying phase.

Only the Technicon washer offers such rapidity andthoroughness, delivering in six cycles a full basket-load of immaculate pipettes (capacity 200 of 1 mlin 1 00th's, up to 1 8" long). The stainless steel

basket, proof against corrosive reagents, carriesits load of pipettes undisturbed through everystage: cleansing, washing and drying. Requires no

individual handling, no shifting from container to

container, practically eliminates breakage andchippage. A must for the busy laboratory: let ussend you Bulletin #6150 giving particulars.

TH E T E C H N I CO N COM PANY215 E. 149 St., New York 51, N. Y.

No fuss or muss . . .

pipette washing canbe as easy as this

- PIPETTE WASHER

~P I PE T TE WA.S HE R

'Y///

July 22, 1949, VoL 110 SCIENCE 1

CI, I

IS ea4 /cr fa/F a63e6i.

ROMER'S The VERTEBRATE BODY

... a newand trulycomparativetreatmentwith

PubotibbliPuboischiotibialis

A Puboischiofemorolis extemus

,363illustrationsof

thiscaliber

C

-tiocus Gluteus moximusL-

- CrurococcygeusPs

Semitendinosus

Biceps

-Rectus fernoris

-Vosti

lliocus medius Gluteus minimus\l ~~~~Pyriformis

coccygeus)~~~~~~~~bturator internusD ruros

Mddurotor exMAcngusgn

SemitendinosusSemimembronosus

D

Fig. 160. Limb muscles of the pelvis and thigh in a lizard (AB) and opossum

(C,D), lateral views. A,C, superficial views; B,D, dissections to show deeperlayers of musculature.

This brand new 650-page text by Dr. Alfred Romer of Harvard University will be readyon September 1st. It is a truly comparative treatment, without undue emphasis on thehuman structure. The relationship between form and function is stressed throughout.

West Washington SquarePhiladelphia SW. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY

emorotibioas(overed)

.Ligamentbudifemoroles

-Flexor tibidlisexternus

-Puboischio-s tibiolis

B

July 22, 1949, Vol. 110 SCIENCE 1

Psoos,

YOUR telephone receiver shouldtreat each tone in the voice alike;that is important to you. becauseproper balance makes pleasantlistening and easy understand-ing. Naturalness in receiver per-formance is pictured in a matterof seconds by the apparatusshown at left.The receiver is clamped in

place and an oscillator feedsinto it frequencies representingall talking tones. Then a brightspot darts across an oscilloscopescreen leaving behind it a lumi-nous line which shows instantly

It listens so

Yroucan hear better

the receiver's response at eachfrequency. It is precise; and itis many times faster than the oldmethod of measuring receiverperformance point-by-point andthen plotting a curve.

At Bell Laboratories, develop-ment of techniques to save timeparallels the search for bettermethods. For each time an oper-ation is made faster, men arefreed to turn to other phases ofthe Laboratories' continuing job- making your telephone systembetter and easier for you to useeach year.

BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES<S+)s$ EXPLORING AND INVENTING, DEVISING AND PERFECTING, FOR CON-

TINUED IMPROVEMENTS AND ECONOMIES IN TELEPHONE SERVICE.

SCIENCEVol. 110 No. 2847 Friday, July 22, 1949

CONTENTS

The Agricultural Impasse:W . G ordon Whaley....................................................

The Significance of Meiosisin Allomyces: RalphEmerson and Charles M. Wilson ..............

Technical PapersNitrogen Mustard Inactivation of the Cyto-

plasmic Factor Kappa, in Paramecium *

aurelia, Variety 4:Robert P. Geckler ........ .........................

A New Method for the Study of Sub-microscopic Spaces:Ch. A. Baud and M. J. Dallemagne ...

Levels of Adaptation and Brightness ChangesDuring Color Adaptation:Dorothea Jameson and Leo M. Hurvich ....

Measurement of Ionizing. Radiations in Vivo:Benedict Cassen and Lawrence Curtis ....

Concerning the Specificity of Chicken PancreasConjugase: W. Dabrowska, Anna Kazenko,

andM.Laskowski .......................................

The Site of Action of Somne Chemical Agents

81. in Diminishing Normal and Excessive MuscleTension: Wilbur K. Smith et al. .......................... 96.

Comments and CommunicationsDistinction between Acetylcholine-Esterase and

Other Choline Ester-splitting Enzymes 98

Book ReviewsContributions to the anthropology of the SovietUnion: Henry Field (Compiler). Reviewedby Hallam L. Movius, Jr 100

89 Readings in the history of psychology:

Wayne Dennis.Reviewed by TV. R. Miles ..........1........ 00

90 Aufgabe der Psychologie: Eine Geschichte ihrerProblenie: Paul v. Schiller.Reviewed by Egon Brunswik ...........101............0

92 Storia naturale del sesso: Emanuele Padoa.Reviewed by Gina Castelnuovo ...1... .... 101

94Scientific Book Register

95 News and Notes

102

103

Science a weekly journal founded in 1880, is publishedeach Friday by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at the Business Press, 10 McGovern Ave.,Lancaster, Pa. Editorial and Advertising Offices, 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave.. NW\., Washington 5. D. C. Telephone, Execu-tive 6060. Cable address, SCIMAG, Washington, D. C.Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster.Pa., January 13, 1948, under the Act of March 3, 1879.Acceptance for mailing at the special rate postage providedfor in the Act of February 28, 1925, embodied in Paragraph 4,Sec. 538, P.L. and R., authorized January 13, 1948.

Manuscripts submitted for publication should be sent to theEditorial Office, with stamped, self-addressed envelope enclosedfor possible return. The AAAS assumes no responsibility forthe safety of the manuscripts or for the opinions expressedby contributors.

Anaunal subscription, $7.50; single copies, $.25; foreignpostage, outside the Pan-American Union, $1.00; Canadian

postage. $.50. Remittances and orders for subscriptions andsingle copies shoul(l be sent to the Circulation Department,Science, 1515 Mass-chusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C.Membership correspondence for the AAAS should be addressedto the Administrative Secretary at the same address.Change of address. Four weeks' notice is required for

change of address. This should be sent to Science-Recorder,1515 Massachusetts Ave., N. W., Wvishington 5, D. C. Whenordering a change, it is necessary to furnish an address stencillabel from a recent issue. Claims for a missing number willnot be allowed if received more than 60 days from date ofissue. No cllims allowed from subscribers due to failure tonotify the Circulation Department of a change of address orbecause an issue is missing from their files, or for any reasonfrom subscribers in Central Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands(other than Hawaii).The AAAS also publishes The Scientific Monthly. Subscrip-

tion rates on request.

3

AAAS EDITORIAL BOARD(Terms expire July 31, 1949)

Arthur C. Bevan Edward U. CondonH. Bentley Glass

Malcolm H. Soule Everett S. WallisGeorge A. Baitsell

Editor-in-ChiefBeth Wilson

Executive Editor of Science

F. A. Moulton, Advertising Representative

4July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

Scaling UnitsFOR EVERY TYPE OF RADIATION COUNTING

Whether you plan to do Geiger, proportional or scin-tillation counting-whether you require predeterminedtime or count-whether you want simplicity of readingsfor routine counting-or special scalers for the mostexacting research -NUCLEAR has the right scalingunit for you. You will find that, in addition to buildinga scaling unit for any given operation, NUCLEAR hasdesigned several models that are adaptable to manydifferent counting requirements, making them excellentfor users whose program may be varied.

No matter how you use them, NUCLEAR scaling unitsgive you extreme accuracy, convenience and dependabilitybecause NUCLEAR engineers give painstaking attentionto the design and production of quality precision instru-mentation for nuclear measurements. Before you buy,get the facts about NUCLEAR'S products and services.

SEND FOR THIS NEWCOMPLETE CATALOG!Complete information on

all NUCLEAR instruments,including applications,specifications, features,dimensions, etc. Alsodetails on NUCLEAR'Sspecial services andproducts. Everyonee n g a g e ii n

nucleonics shouldhave this completecatalog

nuclear INSTRUMENT & CHEMICAL CORPORATION223-233 West Erie Street * Chicago 10, Illinois Cable Address: "Nuclear"

nuclear "PR E C I ISON IN S T R U MEN TAT ION' FOR NU CL E A R ME AS U R EM ENT S`

4 SCIENCE July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

Jul 22 199 o.11 CEC

Recent and forthcoming textbooks

Laboratory Explorationsin General Zoology

Revised EditionBy Karl A. Stiles

This revision of a popular manual follows the same general plan of the first edition,with some changes in the order of the material and several new additions. Thebook has been revised throughout, now offering a wider range of material butretaining the flexibility of the first edition. Published June 28. $3.25

General Chemistry-A Systematic ApproachBy Sisler, VanderWerf and Davidson

A text for general chemistry courses, this new book emphasizes the modern princi-ples of atomic structure and the nature of the chemical bond. An abundance ofdescriptive, factual material is provided, organized in terms of the theoreticalprinciples involved. Designed for use in all but the most elementary freshmanchemistry courses, it is particularly well adapted for chemistry majors, engineers,premedical, pre-pharmacal. and other technical students. To be published inSeptember. $5.00 (probable)

College BotanyBy Hylander and Stanley

This new text is designed for a full-year course in general botany. Part I dis-cusses the individual plant and its life problems, using a woody green plant tointroduce the student to the basic facts of plant morphology, histology, and cellstructure and function; Part II deals with plants as groups in our large vegeta-tion complex. To be published in August. $6.00 (probable)

Elementary Laboratory Experimentsin Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition

By Adams and Johnson

In the fourth edition of this popular manual, the sections on laboratory operationshave been revised extensively so that greater emphasis is given to details of correctmanipulation and the exposition of underlying principles. Several new experi-ments have been added to provide a wider selection and permit further variationfrom one year to another. To be published in August. $3.25 (probable)

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11

July 229'19493. Vol. 110 SCIENCE 5

SCIENCE July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

CENCO PHOTOELECTRIC DEMONSTRATOR

FOR demonstrating photocell principles and photoelectric equipment used inpractical applications as open or closed circuit burglar alarms, fire alarms, il-

lumination control, liquid level control, turbidity control, smoke indication, etc.Through the use of additional equipment, such as magnetic counters, power relays,etc., many other demonstrations are possible.

The set consists of an amplifier-relay control unit, a light source with invisible infra-red beam filter, and instructions for performing a number of demonstrations. Anemmisive type photocell of high sensitivity and long life and amplifying tube are

provided. The control unit case is detachable to permit examination of the trans-former, relay, condenser, resistors, photocell and amplifier, and potentiometer. Anadapter plug with lead wires is furnished for use in place of the photocell for demon-strations of other means of electrical control than that of the photocell. Twoswitches, a buzzer, and a 11/2 candlepower lamp are mounted on the demonstrationpanel. By proper manipulation of the switches, either audible or visible signals can

be given in either open or closed circuit demonstrations. The light source willcontrol the amplifier-relay control unit from a distance of approximately 20 feet.

80936 CENCO PHOTOELECTRIC DEMONSTRATION SET, 115 volts, 60 cycles A.C each $31.50

Write for Circular 7 703B

p* 5* 2 a I. Si 0 0

6 SCIENCE July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

July 22, 1949, Vol. 110 SCIENCE

PRECISKCthe Unitocision pr

FLUSH MOUNTED Type Inch diawith single hole mounting pulses pand plastic case. Widelyused for panel mounting. Syclotron Specialties

originally designed tcquiremdnts of radio-aTheir outstanding peifor them acceptance ifield and today, manyby scientific workers

Cyclotron Specialtietheir ability to opera'

TYPE 401-A with fully en- speeds with completeclosed plastic desk case adjustment or maintcand non-removable-top celled for high speedbinding posts. See thecomplete specifications mechanical operationbelow W precise quantities.

SPECIFICATIONS OF IMPULSE RMISTER NO. 401-AAccurately Registers Up to 60 Impulses.Per SecondMai, saslyroad sweop dial rods O to 1011 dictlySweop dial p10s auxiaros rM C to 3,999 topulsos without extra oqoiont40UO D.hS.C. rosistaieoSperatos on as lw as log milliwattSml empat lIght weIghtlorablo, roggod coostrectioo to withstood navoab accidentsDinmoslo: 3"x 4" Weight: 2 lbs.

rn11h1h11h1h

ON REGISTER specially made forred States Navy ... used for pre.Oropulslon measurements. Has 4-I, and indicates up to 100 im.er second.

s Impulse Registers werez meet the exacting re-ctivity research workers.!rformance has attainedin nearly every scientificspecial types are in usethroughout the world.

es Registers are unique incte at exceptionally highc accuracy and withoutenance. They are unex-impulse recording and

s requiring counting in

In addition to the Cyclotron

Specialties Registers illustrat-

*d, other types include higher

speeds, electrical reset, add

and subtract type and higher

totalization. Inquiries for

these special types will re-ceive prompt attention.

(all TYMPFLUSH MOUNTED Type

_ _ i with four auxiliary dialsmaking possible directreadings to 999,999 im-

pulses. Similar in con-

Room,struction to regular Flush

Mounting.

llllll1111111 111 1 111111111

II

RPt4A

July 22, 1949, Vol. 110 SCIENCE 7

1 --- ""j

m

1-1LA 1 ILJ

8 July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

ANNOUNCING PUBLICATION OF

Handbook of DIGESTIVE DISEASESBy The late JOHN L. KANTOR, M.D. F.A.C.P.

Associate in Medicine, Columbia University;Gastroenterologist and Associate Roentgenologist,Montefiore Hospital, New York; andANTHONY M. KASICH, M.D., F.A.C.P.Lecturer in Medicine, Columbia University;Adjunct Physician, Montefiore Hospital;Assistant Visiting Physician, Bellevue Hospital;Assistant Adjunct Gastroenterologist, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York.

SECOND EDITION658 Pages 148 Illustrations, 2 in Color PRICE, $11.00

A COMPLETE TREATISE ON GASTROENTEROLOGY PRESENTED IN THEMOST COMPACT, READABLE AND PRACTICAL MANNER.

ENTIRELY UP-TO-THE-MINUTE IN COVERAGE. CONTAINS A CRITICALEVALUATION OF THE MUCH DISCUSSED OPERATION, VAGOTOMY.

Handbook of DIGESTIVE DISEASES presents, first, a concise picture of the more vital and fun-damental aspects of digestive diseases; second, the approach is on a sound physiological basis. Thefact that gastroenterology is an important and inseparable segment of internal medicine has been stressedthroughout.

QUICK FACTS ABOUT ITS COVERAGE* The clinical resources of Montefiore Hospital,a great teaching institution, have been fully uti-lized. Thus, the important section on cancer ofthe pancreas is based upon a study of more thanone hundred cases of this disease. The section onulcerative colitis has been compiled from a studyof 143 cases seen at Montefiore. Most of the sig-nificant statistical material has been obtained fromrecords at Montefiore.

* X-ray pictures, which are so necessary to thestudy of digestive diseases, are plentiful and ofexcellent quality. They have been beautifully re-produced. In many cases, the x-ray is accompaniedby an artist's drawing, which calls attention to thesalient features.

* The two chapters on peptic ulcer, with the ex-cellent illustrations, form a small monograph onthe subject. The modem concepts of the causa-tion of ulcer are thoroughly discussed, in simplelanguage.

* Psychosomatic aspects are stressed, and thesymptoms are carefully related to the physiologicaldisturbances which cause them.

* In the discussion of pain in ulcer, the latestresearches on the relation of acid secretion arefully described, and the significance of these find-ings in the management of peptic ulcer are ex-plained.

* Treatment of ulcer and its complications, in allaspects is thoroughly covered.

Order Form

The C. V. Mosby Company SCI. 7-22-493207 Washington Blvd.St. Louis 3, Missouri

Please send me Handbook of DIGESTIVE DISEASES by Kantor and Kasich.The price is $11.00

-Enclosed find check. -Charge my account.

A ddress......... .. .. - .. ... ........................

Name ...........................................................................1

8 SCIENCE July 22, 1949, Vol. 110

g w AIGsteroid Z ubcsFOR HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGING

For Angle Heads on Multispeed AttachmentWhen used in conjunction with the Multispeed Attach-ment on the Reinforced Size 1, Type SB, Reinforced Size2 and Model PR-i Centrifuges, Head No. 295 swings six10 ml. tubes at 18,000 r.p.m.; Head No. 296 swings four25 ml. tubes at 18,000 r.p.m. At these speeds the problemof glassware breakage can be overcome by the use ofLusteroid (celluloid) tubes. As illustrated here, they aredesigned as inserts for aluminum or stainless steel shieldswhich fit directly into the holes in the head. Plastic capsare available with tapered flanges which not only effec-tively seal the Lusteroid tubes but also prevent the tubescollapsing at the top under the high centrifugal force(25,000 x gravity).295 Head, 6-place, Duralumin for No. 300 alu-

minum tubes and No. 658 Lusteroid tubes $ 75.00300 Tube, Aluminum, with flanged cover.

Capacity 10 ml. No rubber cushion re-quired. For No. 295 head only . 7.50

658 Lusteroid Tube, 10 ml., for No. 300 tube. .10671 Plastic Cap for No. 658 Lusteroid tube . .80296 Head, 4-place, Duralumin, for No. 298

stainless steel tubes and No. 664 Lusteroidtubes ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 83.00

298 Tube, Stainless Steel and Cover. Capacity25 ml., for No. 296 head only .8.00

664 Lusteroid Tube, 25 ml., for No. 298 tube. .15662 Plastic Cap for No. 664 Lusteroid tube . . .85

For Large Capacity Angle HeadsHead No. 840 swings six 125 ml. tubes at speeds up to5000 r.p.m. in the Size 1, Type SB, Size 2 and ModelPR-1 Centrifuges. Head No. 845 swings eight 125 ml.tubes at speeds up to 4400 r.p.m. At these speeds Lusteroidtubes eliminate the problem of glassware breakage. Whenusing the Lusteroid tubes, special rubber sleeve cushionsNo. 690 are also required. Plastic Caps No. 691 are avail-able to seal the Lusteroid tubes and prevent collapsing atthe top.840 Head, 6-place . . . ... ... . . . . $185.00845 Head, 8-place . ........... . 200.00660 Lusteroid Tube, 125 ml., round bottom for

use in No. 690 cushion.690 Rubber Sleeve Cushion for No. 660

Lusteroid tube .691 Plastic Cap for No. 660 Lusteroid tube .

300 658 -671

HEAD NO. 295

DS4~29 2- 64

HEAD NO. 26

690 691

.30

2.301.00

Prompt delivery is available from your LaboratoryApparatus Supply Dealer.

HEAD NO. 840 -845

jtdy 22, 1949, Vol. 110 SCIENCE 9

10 SCEC uy2,14,Vl 1

YOU MAY BE ONLY

NHHALP-US NOYOUR MICROSCOPE...

0 You can get best results from your microscope only if thespecimen is properly lighted. Brightness, contrast, and detailare provided by the illumination before magnification bythe optical system.To help you get top image quality from your microscope,

Bausch &Lomb makes the most complete line of microscopeilluminators and accessories available anywhere ... eachdesigned for a specific purpose. Here are just a few:1. PANFOCAL ILLUMINATOR . . . self-contained illumina-

tor-condenser. Provides bright field, dark field, orpolarized light for laboratory microscopes.

2. NICHOLAS ILLUMINATOR ... condenser system controlsspot of light on specimen for stereoscopic wide fieldmicroscopes.

3. SPHERICAL ILLUMINATOR ... general purpose unit forvisual examination or photomicrography.

4. FLUORESCENT ILLUMINATOR ... cool, white, reflectedlight for stereoscopic examination of opaque specimens.

5. REFLECTOR-TYPE ILLUMINATOR ... diverging, parallel,or converging light for stereoscopic wide field micro-scopes.

. .. for further information on B&L Micro-Illuminators and how to use them .... Catalog D-119. Atyour request, also, we'll be glad to have your present illumi-nation methods checked for correctness. Write to Bausch &Lomb Optical Co., 642-J St. Paul St., Rochester 2, N. Y.

SCIENCE July 22, 1949, Vol. 1 1010