L-19Part III

Era of Great Reforms

5. Revolutionary Movement

A. Themes

1. New soslovie: revolutionary caste

2. From ideas to deeds

3. “Populism”

4. Strategies

5. Terrorism

6. Revolutionary situation, 1879-81

7. Counter-revolutionary state

C. New Caste: “Intelligentsia”

1. Precursors

2. New soslovie

Radicals: Social Origins

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s

Noble

Non-Noble

Radicals: Occupation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1840s 1850 1860s 1870s

Student

Official

Professional

Military

Teacher

Merchant

Worker

Misc.

Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level

33

22

8

15

21

20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 Higher Ed

Secondary

Elementary

SomeSchooling

Literate

Illiterate

1. “Nihilism” of the 1860s

1. Term, meaning

2. Social significance

2. Theoreticians

1. Herzen: Russian agrarian socialism

2. Chernyshevskii: Revolutionary action

Radical Theoreticians:Herzen Bakunin

New Theoretician: N.G. Chernyshevskii

3. “Practicals”:Profile

A. Origins and Status

B. Identity: “New People”

4. Movement

1861-65 “Proclamationism”

1865-9 Conspiratorial Revolution

Ishutin and the “Organization”

Nechaev

Student Radicals at SPB University (at Kronshtadt) 1861

Sergei Nechaev

5. State Response

A. New limits on great reforms

B. Repression: generally mild

Dmitrii Karakozov1866 Arrest, Execution

Narodnichestvo (populism) of the 1870s

A. Etymology

B. Politicization

2. Theoreticians: Three Visions

A. Lavrov: consciousness

B. Bakunin: spontaneity

C. Tkachev: consciousness in lieu of spontaneity

Petr Lavrov

Mikhail Bakunin Petr Kropotkin

Petr Tkachev

1872: Publication of Marx’s Kapital

3. Praktiki: Profile

Age: 87% under 30Origin: 72% non-nobleEducation:

45% less than secondary education21% no formal education2% illiterate

Occupation: 14% workersGender: 15% female

Radicals: Social Origins

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s

Noble

Non-Noble

Radicals of 1870s: Age Structure

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1st Qtr

Under 21

21-25

26-30

Over 30

Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level

33

22

8

15

21

20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 Higher Ed

Secondary

Elementary

SomeSchooling

Literate

Illiterate

4. Movement: Phases

A. Preparationism, 1869-73

B. Bakuninism, 1874-5 (“to the people”)

C. Land and Freedom, 1876-9

D. People’s Will 1879-81

Group Photo: Populists

A. V. Dolgushin: Leader in “Going to the People”

Ippolit Myshkin

Populist: New Attire

Sofia Perovskaia

Vera Figner

Populist Underground Paper: Narodnaia Volia

“Arrest of Propagandist”

Assassination of Alexander II

1881 Assassination of Alexander II

1886 Sketch: Assassination of Alexander II

5. State Response

A. Administrative measures

B. Increasingly harsh repression

E. Conclusions

1. Ideology: from elitism to peasant idealization

2. No success, but growing cohesion, identity

3. Little popular support

4. Return to elitism in late 1870s