;kvk p/vk fjt[ rofenk - punjabi library

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gqek;aecafsj gpbhe/PBIwekB BzH 90, eoj/Vh,

ftZfdnk Bro, B/V/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.(w'L O98144^55582)

Sada Bera Eon Garkaya..................(Misrepresentations of Religion)

By

Prof :- Inder Singh Ghagga (M. 98551-51699)

;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB

;'Xh j'Jh u'Eh n?vh;B;szpo 2007

FATEH PUBLICATIONSH.No. 90, KarheriVidya Nagar, Near Punjabi University,Patiala - 147 002 (Pb.) (INDIA)(M) 98144-55582

Type SettingAvtar Singh(Pbi. Uni., Patiala)

Printer :Daffodil Printing PressIndustrial Area,Patiala (Pb.)

Price Rs. 60/- $ 5/- £ 3/-

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1H cfsj gpbhe/PBI ftZFdnk Bro, B/V/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk (w'L 98144^55582)

2H bkj"o p[Ze Pkg, bkigs okJ/ wkoehN, b[fXnkDk (0161^2740738)

3H pkpk nkswk f;zx Xkowe g[;se Gzvko, r[od[nkok f;zx ;Gk,pfmzvk (0164^2215252)

4H e/jo f;zx uzvhrVQ (9815906213)

5H nikfJp f;zx ;[Bkw (94171^06555)

6H GkJh i'X f;zx eowihs f;zx, ndkbs pIko, gfNnkbk(0175^2216092)

7H gofwzdo f;zx (okJ/g[o), ftZfdnk Bro, B/V/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk (98144^13453)

8H ;qH pbftzdo f;zx wkB;k (01652^228911, 9872549105)

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nes{po 2004 ftu w/oh gfjbh feskp, “Xow d/ BK s/” Sg e/nkJh ;h. T[; tes fus u/sk Gh BjhA ;h fe fJ; soQK e"VhnK e;?bhnKftukoK B{z Gh gkme gqtkB eo b?Dr/. w/oh y[;ah ftu nEkj tkXk j'fJnkid'A T[j g[;se e/tb ;Zs nZm wjhfBnK ftu yasw j' rJh. d{ih ;'Xhj'Jh n?vh;aB g[;se S/sh jh gkmeK se g[Zidh j' rJh. gfjbh feskpSgtk e/ w?A j'o b/y fbyD/ ikoh oZy/. ;w/A^;w/A xNBktK tkgodhnKojhnK, jkbks eJh soQK d/ w'V eNd/ oj/. f;Zy gzE Bkb tkgo oj/xNBk uZeo B{z fdb dhnK rfjokJhnK ftu'A t/yfdnK, nzdo T[Eb g[Ebwudh ojh. eJh tko nzdo tVe/ fJeZb/ B/ gzEe dod ftu jT[e/ Go/jB. eJh tkoh ;N/i s/ p'bfdnK gzE dh ftrVh ;fEsh B{z X[o fdb dhnKnzdobhnK gosK ftu'A eY e/, ;apdK okjhA fpnkB eofdnK, jzM{ e/odkfojk jK. gzE d/ fJ; dod B{z wfj;{; eoB tkb/ tho G?DK B'itkB, w/o/Bkb t?okr ftu v[;ed/ t/y/ jB. e[M Bk ;wM b'e fJ; tfj oj/ fdb d/dod B{z t/ye/, j;d/ Gh oj/ jB, s/ fJ; B{z fJe “;N/ih y/yD” dk fyskpGh py;a fdzd/ oj/ jB.

pZfunK s'A b? e/ pI[orK se, ;XkoB f;ZyK s'A b? e/ yk; nj[d/dkoK se Xow gqukoeK s'A b? e/ sysK d/ iE/dkoK se, S'N/ oki;h toeos'A b? e/ tZv/ f;nk;sdkBK se, nDgV ;aoXktkB ftneshnK s'A b? e/ekbiK :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ gq'c?;oK ns/ soe;hbK se, ;G B{z ;w/A^;w/AfwbD dk w"ek fwbdk fojk j?. fJjBK e'b'A pj[s e[M gqkgs ehsk, j';edk j? w?A Gh fJjBK Bz{ e[M d/ ;fenk j'tK. ;zB 1993 ftu w/o/ e[Mb/y gzikph fNqfpT{B ftu Sg/. fpBK tiQk fpBK r[ows dh ft;/a;a ikDekohd/, ;L gqhsw f;zx, ;qL n?;Hn?;H d';KM, ;qh jouoB p?A; nfde r[owsn;{bK B{z s'V wo'V e/ fJ;/ nypko ftu Sgtk oj/ ;B. tkoh tkoh w?A

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fJjbK fszBK d/ b/yK d/ ‘m'et/A’ i[nkp d/ fojk ;K. fJjBK ftu'A ;qL gqhswf;zx fJsB/ nkg/ s'A pkjo j' rJ/ fe nyapkoh fbys ftu w/o/ tb fJjXweh ;/Xs eo G/ih ‘gq'H xZrk w/o/ pko/ BjhA ikDd/ fe w?A e"D jK, T[jBK(xZrk) dh ikDekoh tk;s/ dZ; fdnK fe w?A ohNkfJo I.A.S. nc;ojKHHH’.

fJ; Xweh B[wk b/y d/ i[nkp ftu i' ft;a/;a rb w?A fbyh fi; s'AnZr/ tZvk g[nkVk fgnk T[j fJT[A ;h ^ “tho gqhsw f;zx ih n;hA f;Zyhd/ nfjw B[efsnK pko/ fJe d{i/ B{z w[yksp jK, nkjw' ;kjwD/ vZN/ j'J/jK. s[;hA dbhb okjh r[opkDh d/ frnkB okjhA rZb eo', nj[d/ dhnKXwehnK Bk fdU. Xkowe y'i d/ y/so ftu s[;hA nZi se fezBhnKg[;seK fbyhnK jB< ;?whBkoK ftu Xkowe ftf;anK Bkb ;pzXs fezB/ g/go gVQ/ jB d; ;e'r/< Xow dh e'Jh j'o tv/oh ;/tk ehsh d; ;ed/ j'<nkJhHJ/Hn?;H nc;o j'D dk fJj wsbp BjhA fe s[;hA ‘Xow nukohnk’Gh pD rJ/ j'. w?A ikDdk jK I.A.S. (D.C.) nc;o B{z fwbD tk;s/ w/o/tor/ ;?AeV/ pzd/ bkJhBK ftZu bZr/ X[g/ yb's/ tkoh dh T[vhe eod/ ofjzd/jB. nzdo ;odko ;kfjp ih d';sK Bkb rZg^PZg eo oj/ j[zd/ jB.dbhb Bkb rb eoB dh Ekt/A id'A e'Jh ngD/ nj[d/ ftu b? nkt/. id'Ae'Jh nkgDh nwhoh B{z x;hN fbnkt/. id'A e'Jh nkgD/ vzv/ ;'N/, fg;s"bpzd{eK dh pVQe wko/. id'A e'Jh fwb p?me/ GoktK tKr ftuko eoB dhEkt/A nkgD/ v'b/ cVekT[D bZr gt/, c[zekok wkoe/ d' jZE eoB bJh tzrkogkt/ T[; tes w?A jko wzB b?Adk jK feT[Afe w/o/ e'b fJ; soQK dk w[ekpbkeoB tkbh skes BjhA j?.”

do;fB d/fyn? dfJnk B j'fJ.. bJ/ fds/ ftD[ oj? B e'fJ..okik fBnkT[ eo/ jfE j'fJ.. ej? y[dkfJ B wkB? e'fJ.. (wH 1H 350)b/y fsnko eoe/ gzikph fNqfpT{B B{z G/i fdZsk frnk. b/y Bk

Sfgnk. gzdoK fdBK dh T[vhe s'A pknd w?A nyapko d/ dcaso uzvhrVQike/ ;zgkde ;L joGiB f;zx jbtkoth B{z fwfbnk. T[; Bkb fJ; ft;a/Bkb ;pzfXs pj[sh bzwh ftuko uouk j'Jh. gfjbK T[;B/ Gh w?B{z g?o'A

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eZYDk ukfjnk. nyho ftu T[; Gb/ fJB;kB B/ ;Zu' ;Zu w/o/ ;Bw[y oZyfdZsk. T[; df;nk “fJj ;ko/ s[jkv/ fto'Xh b/ye fNqfpT{B ;w{j d/ w[y;zgkde ns/ u/now?B B{z fwb/. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe fJe r[wBkwfijk fJB;kB (fJzdo f;zx xZrk) ;kvh ;kfonK dh fbysK d[nkok ‘p/fJZish’ eo fojk j?. n;hA s[jkv/ g[okD/ b/ye jK. i/ s[;hA fJ; nkdwhe'b'A ;kvh fJ;/ soQK fJZias j"bh eokT[Dh j? sK n;hA fNqfpT{B bJh nr'Ae[ZM BjhA fbyKr/. i/ ;kvh b'V j? sK T[;dh b/yDh pzd eoBh gt/rhHHH.”

“nyapko d/ w[yh B/ ;fjwsh d/ fdsh. (joGiB f;zx jbtkoth)w/o/ e'b c'B nk frnk, fJzdo f;zx xZrk dk nr/ B{z e'Jh b/y ;kv/ nyapkoftu BjhA SgDk ukjhdk”. brgr s/oK ;kb j' rJ/, fJ; s'A wro'A w/ohe'Jh ouBk fNqfpT{B B/ BjhA Skgh. gkme iB ;fji/ jh nzdkik bk ;ed/jB fe f;Zy ‘r[zr/’ jB. p'b/ jB, nzB/ jB s/ b{b/ fgzrb/ Gh jB feT[AfenkgDh t/dBk fes/ efj BjhA ;ed/. nkgDh woih dk t/y ;[D BjhA;ed/. nkgDh woih d/ ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. j'o s/ j'o nkgDh woih dk;'u Gh BjhA ;ed/. ;kvh ;'u ;e{bK ftu'A xVh iKdh j?, T[j ;kv/ BjhAjB. ;kvh ;'u ekbi ftu gqc[bs j[zdh j? T[j Gh p/rkB/ jB. ;kvh ;wMB{z ;wki sok;dk j?, fJj Gh ;kv/ nBe{b BjhA j?. nyapko fo;kb/ f;ZyKB/ ukb{ BjhA ehs/, p/rkfBnK s/ fBoGo j'Dk g? fojk j?. NhHthH u?BbK s/jo o'i jo tes Bzr/i dk Bzrk Bku j' fojk j?. tZv/ nopgsh ftT[gkohnKtb'A fJj u?Bb ubkJ/ iKd/ jB. nkgD/ wkb B{z t/uD tk;s/ fJE/ fJ;fsjkofdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;ko/ g;ko/ ftu ;kvh ;'u r[nku jh iKdh j?. n;hAp/p; j'J/ fJe emg[sbh tKr e/tb swk;ak eoB i'r/ ofj rJ/ jK. ;kvhfizdrh ;kvh ;'u dk fow'N ezNo'b ;kv/ e'b BjhA j? fe;/ j'o jZE j?.

nfij/ jkbs ftu ;kv/ Xow gqukoe eh gquko oj/ jB, ;kv/oki;h nkr{ eh r[b fybk oj/ jB, gzEe p/Vh B{z v'pD tk;s/ e"D b'e fezBke[ Xq'j ewk oj/ jB, fJ; feskp okjhA ;zy/g ftu d;D dk isB ehsk j?.f;Zy c"iK jko u[ehnK jB, fJjBK B{z jokfJnk Gh ngfDnk B/ j?. ;kvkp/Vk v[Zp frnk j?, v'fpnk Gh ‘;kv/ nkgfDnk B/ j?’. j[D jkohnK c"iK B{z

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e'Jh ‘ewKvo’ (ioB?b) BjhA bG fojk. v[pd/ p/V/ B{z e'Jh ‘ijkih’(egskB) BjhA fwb fojk. u/szB r[of;Zy gkmeK nZr/ sobk j?, i'dVh j?,u[g ukg xo p?fmnK, d/;aK ftd/;aK ftu wkfJnk dhnK gzvK fJeZmhnKeofdnK ekbiK :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu ;[y G'rfdnK iK oki;h e[o;hnKdk ;[y wkDfdnK i/ f;Zyh feodko Bk fojk i/ f;Zyh ;o{g Bk fojk, sK d;r[o{ ;kfjpkB dh Biao ftu fet/A gqtkB j'tKr/< f;Zyh dh uVQdh ebk bJhy{B dhnK BdhnK soB tkb/ r[of;ZyK B{z fet/A w{zj ftyktKr/< pZfunK d/N[eV/ eotk e/ rbK ftu jo g[nk b?D tkbhnK wksktK d/ f;oV f;de dkeoik fet/A T[skoKr/< d;w gkfs;akj ih d/ bkbK dh nd[Zsh e[opkBh G[bke/ fet/A ;[oyo{ j'tKr/< nk; eodk jK fJ; feskp ftu r[zB/ dod B{z;theko eo'r/. ;yas puBK B{z Bk fuskod/ gzE dh uVQdh ebk bJh eow^e;/ eo bT[r/HHHH

w?A XzBtkd eodk jK ;[fjod ihtB ;kED ;odkoBh okitzs e"odk, fiBQK ;kohnK fizw/tkohnK ;KG e/ w?B{z fbyD bJh T[s;akjs ehsk.p/Nh Btdhg e"o fi;B/ fJ; feskp B{z fbyD d/ bJh w/ok j";bk tXkfJnk.p/Nk eztodhg f;zx s/ p/Nh (B{zj) ;[yfizdo e"o fiBK B/ go{c gVQB ns/g[;se SgkT[D dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbh. ;fj:'rh g[Zso, gqfwzdo f;zx B/ Gh;w/A^;w/A wdd ehsh. fJjBK ;kfonK dk XzBtkd ns/ yk; eoe/ vkHjofizdo f;zx fdbrho ih, fiBK B/ G{fwek fbye/ w/ok wkD tXkfJnk j?.

j'o ;ko/ ;fj:'rhnK dk Gh XzBtkd.

15 ;szpo 2005 r[o{ xo dk ;/te

(fJzdo f;zx xZrk)

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r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[

vkH jofizdo f;zx “fdbrho”

;kv/ tor/ fwZNh d/ pkftnK B{z pDk ;ztkoe/, tZv/ ezw eotk b?D/, fJenB'yh eokwks jh ;wMh ik ;edh j?. fBozeko ftu nEkj skesK,poesK, ofjwsK jB. i/ T[j “wkNh e/ g{sb/” s' e'Jh B/e ekoi eotk bt/sK fJj poes nekb g[oy dh j[zdh j?, go ;'Gk fwZNh d/ g{sb/ dh j' iKdhj?. w?A fBwkD/ ;/te B/ fgSbh tkoh (;akfJd nZm wjhB/ gfjbK) id'A thofJzdo f;zx xZrk ih dh g[;se “Xow d/ BK s/” dh G{fwek fbyh ;h. T[;tes w?A “j[;Bb ;bkw” nfynk ;h. fe fJ; ;'jDh ebw B{z Bw;eko j?,ftnesh B{z BjhA` w/oh Bw;ekoh ebw s/ih Bkb tr N[oh, nkgDk okjpDkT[Adh, eJhnK d/ ;hB/ SbDh eodh, fes/ N[ZfNnK B{z i'Vdh, feXo/wBw[yK B{z bkjDsK gkT[Adh, fe;/ B{z Xow dk tk;sk gkT[Adh, fJj fsZyh Xkotkbh ebw tr gJh j?. fdb dhnK nZyK Bkb nkb/^d[nkb/ tos oj/tosko/ B{z, xZrk ih B/ t/fynk gofynk j?. nkgD/ fgzv/44 s/ ;[Zy xZN d[ypj[sk jzYkfJnk j?. fJj fdb dh uh; j[D T[;dh nBw'b ok; g{zih pDrJh j?. ;z;ko ftu d[fynko/ pj[s b'e jB, go pj[fsnK B{z o'D dk Yzr GhBjhA nkT[Adk. i' fJB;kB nkgD/ jzM{nK Bkb nkgDh e"w dk w[ZyVk X'Dkukj[zdk j't/, i' nkgD/ ;hB/ ftu T[m/ dod dhnK uheK d[nkok rcbs dhBhAd ftu ;[fsnK B{z irk d/t/, T[j jzM{ s/ uheK w[pkoe.

fJ; feskp dk f;ob/y “;kv/ p/Vk fJT[A rofenk” gVQe/ fJe tkohsK f;o ueok frnk. eh ;Zu w[Zu jh ;kvk p/Vk roe frnk j?< fe jkbhpuD dh e'Jh ;zGktBk j?< i' e[ZM nkgD/ siop/ d/ nkXko s/ xZrk ih B/ t/fynkj?, wfj;{; ehsk j?, T[jh fbfynk j?. w?A GKt/ fJj BK Gh ejK fe ;kvk p/Vkroe frnk j?, go roeD s'A pfunk j'fJnk Gh BjhA j?.

g[okD/ ;kfjs fJfsjk; dhnK pkohehnK dk b/yk^i'yk pj[s ;ko/ b/(j)

yeK B/ ehsk j? feT[Afe gfjbK tkgo u[ZehnK xNBktK dk u;awdhd rtkje'Jh BjhA j[zdk. d{i/ fiBQK fJfsjk;e gksoK pko/, ftuko gqrN ehs/ ik oj/jB, T[jBK ftu'A fe;/ B/ tkg; nke/ bkjDsk fcNekoK BjhA gkT[DhnK.;kvk nkw gkme tor sK fBo'b “;kT[ rT{” pDe/ ;G e[M gqtkB eoh ikfojk j?. ;w/s ;" gqsh;as M{m co/p d/. eokwksh ejkDhnK Bkb “xog{ok” ehsk ik fojk j?, fijVhnK ed/ tkgohnK jh BjhA. i' ;{oitso';aB, eokwksK, ;afjD;ahbsk ns/ ;{owrsh dhnK f;yoK S'Ajd/ ekoBkw/, fJfsjk; ftZu w"i{d jB, T[j ;ko/ xZN/ o'b fds/ rJ/. w"i{dk;w/A d/ ftnesh iE/pzdhnK w"i{d jB. T[jBK pko/ b/yk i'yk eoBk, nb'uBkse ;hws Bk ofj e/ fcNekoK gk d/DhnK, G{zvK d/ yZyo B{z S/VB tKr j?.w/o/ tho fJzdo f;zx ih B/ fBMZe j' e/ fJ; yZyo B{z jZE gk fbnk j?, tkfjr[o{Go';/.

“;kvk p/Vk fJT[A rofenk” feskp ftu doi ;ko/ b/y ft;a/ Bkbg{oh soQK Us^g's jB. gfjbk bzwk b/y “f;Zy ;askpdhnK ektK o"bh” ftZub/ye B/ tos oj/ tosko/ B{z, nZyhA t/fynk, fgzv/ s/ jzYkfJnk j?. id'A e"wdk eo'VK nopK o[fgnk fJ; soQK p/ofjwh Bkb, bhvo b'e popkd eo oj/j'D, frnkB d/D dh Ekt/A e[okj/ gk oj/ j'D, Xkowe ;aoXk B{z b[ZND dk ;kXBpDk b?D fco eh ;kvk p/Vk feBko/ bZr ikt/rk< id'A ;/tk B{z gqw[Zysk ns/frnkB d'w doi/ s/ ubk ikt/, T[; tes fe;/ e"w ftu “frnkBh” g?dkBjhA j' ;ed/. nfij/ wko{ ebuo ftu'A fco N'eoh Y'D tkb/ “eko;/te”neb d/ d[;awD g?dk j'fJnk eod/ jB. fJ;/ d[ydh or s/ T[rb oy fdshj? tho ih B/ nkgD/ b/y, “;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB” ftu. nZi jo e'Jhuko e[ gqkDhnK B{z fJeZm/ eoe/ “BkwXohe” iE/pzdh pDk e/ nkg/ jh n;bhf;Zy s/ nkg/ jh “r[o{ gzE” j'D dk Yzv'ok fgZN fdzdk j?. r[o{ j'Dk sK fes/fojk, pj[sh tkoh fJjBK ftu'A pj[frDsh w?Apo jkbh f;Zyh dh gfoGk;ak s/yo/ BjhA T[sod/. fJ; gZy B{z T[ikro eodk b/y j? “N[efVnK ftu tzfvnkgzE”.

wk; ykDk Bk ykDk nkg' nkgD/ ;[Gkn w[skpe, ;ohoe b'V w[skpe(e)

iK jkbks w[skpe u'D eoBh j[zdh j?. r[opkDh wk; d/ MrV/ ftu g?D s'Atoidh j?. ;ohoe wiap{oh ekoB, yzv, wZyD, sbhnK ykD t;sK s'A Gh,;ze'u eoBk g? iKdk j?. ojh gkg g[zB dh rb, fJ; nzX ft;atk;a ftu g?e/ wB[y fJe edw Gh N[o BjhA ;e/rk, fiT[A BjhA ;e/rk. fJ; ft;a/ s/ thoxZrk ih B/ pV/ Bt/eb/ nzdkia ftu g{oh p/pkeh Bkb bzwkb/y fbfynk j?, fJ; s/ rzGho ftuko eodk pDdk j?. fJ;/ soQK r[ows ftutVQ u[e/ pqkjwDtkdh v/o/dkoh gqpzX B{z tzrkfonk j?. Bkw igD d/ wPhBho[MkB s/ y[Zb/Q ftuko gqrN ehs/ jB. ‘wK p'bh gzikph s/ gzikph p'bh ;z;feqsBkb'A Gh g[okDh’ j'o tXhnk b/y ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. epho ih B{z p/VhnK ftuieV e/ r zrk Bdh ftu ; [ ZN fd Zsk frnk. T [j feBko / s /fet/A br/, fJj fJe y{p;{os ouBk j?. e[Zb s/Jh b/yK dk ;zrqfj fbye/SgtkT[Dk ekcah i'yaw Gfonk ezw j?. w?A pfbjko ;qL fJzdo f;zx xZrk ihs'A, fiBQK E'VQ/ fij/ ;w/A ftu, d{ih tXhnk g[;se f;Zy gkmeK se g[ukD dkT[gokbk ehsk j?. nZr'A ;{MtkB gkmeK dk fJj coi pDdk j? fe b/ye dhfwjBs B{z ;fseko d/D. fJ; feskp B{z y[d gVQB, ;zrh ;kEhnK B{z gVQBdh gq/oBk eoB. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK ftu nodk; j? fJj f;XKse ebwfBozso p/pkeh Bkb ubdh oj/, nkwhB.

r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[.. sK gqG ;ku/ br? fgnko[.. (1173)

(y)

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f;Zy ;askpdhnK-eKtK o"bhf;Zy ;askpdhnK-eKtK o"bhf;Zy ;askpdhnK-eKtK o"bhf;Zy ;askpdhnK-eKtK o"bhf;Zy ;askpdhnK-eKtK o"bh

(fJe ys pkpk BkBe ih d/ Bkw)goT[gekoh, wB[Zysk d/ dodh ;fsr[o{ BkBe d/t ih`d't/A jZE i'Ve/ uoBk s/ wZEk N/fenk gqtkB eoBk ih. fJ; Bkuhi

B/ pj[s ;ko/ yas fby/, b?euo ehs/ feskpK Sgk e/ wB dh t/dBk f;Zy gzEd/ wkbeK nZr/ oZyD dh e'fPP ehsh. fe;/ B/ w/oh rZb tZb fXnkB BKfdZsk. wB pVk ebfgnk fe fJj b'e f;Zy gzE ƒ jB/oh r[ck tZb XZe oj/jB. spkje[B dbdb ftZu roe eo oj/ jB. ngD/ jh r[o GkJhnK dky{B SzB/ Go Go vhe oj/ jB. nkgD/ jh pZfunK dhnK bk;aK d/ whBko T[;koe/ T[FZgo p?m ozr obhnK wBk oj/ jB. “Xow w[yh” (<) f;Zy feoshnK dhewkJh ƒ d't/A jZEhA b[ZN e/ si'ohnK Go oj/ jB. nfijh “e{V[ nwkt;”ftZu w/o/ dod ƒ fe; ;wMDk ;[DBk ;h < w/o/ jzM{nK ƒ ehjB/ jwdodhBkb g{zMDk ;h < jko j[ZN e/ ;fsr[o{ fgsk ihT[, nkgD/ fdb d/ fo; oj/i\w s[jkƒ ftykD bZrk jK. j'o pj[s ;ko/ tho G?DK Gh s[jkƒ y/ub fdzd/ofjzd/ jB. fBZih b'VK dh g{osh tk;s/ p/BshnK eod/ jh ofjzd/ jB. w?AtuB fdzdk jK nkgD/ tk;s/ s[jkv' e'b'A e[ZM BjhA wzrKrk. p; fJjh p/Bshj? fe w/oh fuZmh gVQ Io{o b?Dh. tes eZYe/ gj[zu o;hd Io{o G/i d/Dh.pkeh nrbh ekotkJh bJh e'Jh pkBD{z Io{o pzBDk.

r[o{ fgsk ih` id'A s[jkv/ d;t/A ikw/ dh (1966) sh;oh ;askpdhwBkJh rJh sK T[; tes w/oh T[wo thj ;kb j' u[Zeh ;h. pj[s ;ko/ j'oPoXkb{nK Bkb obe/ w?A Gh “PoXk d/ c[Zb” nogD ehs/. pj[s EktK s/ehosB dopko j'J/ tki/ Y'beK yVe/ bzro uZb/, nodk;K j'JhnK, i?eko/rikJ/ rJ/. s[jkvh wZs fe;/ ftob/ B/ gqkgs ehsh j't/rh. T[AR f;Zyh d/fB;akB T[Zu/ M[bkT[D d/ dwri/ pj[s wko/ rJ/. eJhnK B/ bhvohnKuwekJhnK,fe;/ B/ wkfJnk T[rokj e/ i/pK Go bJhnK. fco ;ko/ rcbsdh bzwh BhAd ;"A rJ/. w?ƒ pknd ftZu fe;/ f;nkD/ f;Zy B/ dZf;nk fe 1666

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ftZu r'fpzd okJ/ f;ZyK d/ r[o{ BjhA pD/ ;B. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Pjkdss'A pknd :kBh 1675 ftZu T[j r[orZdh s/ fpoki/ ;B. go s[jkv/ d{b/ gzEB/ fJZe ;kfjpIkd/ r'fpzd okJ/ dk iBw fdB r[o{ ikD e/ wBkfJnk. gqkgshpko/ sK fe;/ ;'funk jh BjhA.

f;Zy gzE d/ pkBh ;fs[ro{ BkBe ;kfjp ihU` s[jkvk nkrwB fdt;1969 ftZu f;Zy ;wki B/ g{oh PkB' P"es Bkb wBkfJnk. feT[Afe fJj gzi;"tK iBw fdB i' ;h. d/P ftd/P ftZu pV/ b?euo j'J/, ehosB dopko;ikJ/. gkmK dhnK bVhnK oykJhnK. Bro ehsoB (ib{;) eZY/ bzrofsnko j'J/ Se/. nodk;K d/rK g[;seK ;?whBkoHHHHH. s[jkv/ BK s/ fJZeekbi gfNnkb/ y'jfbnk frnk “r[owfs ekbi”. fJ; ekbi ftZu e'Jhthj e[ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A tZX B"itkB Xow ftfdnk b?D tk;s/ dk\b BjhAj'J/. gqpzXeK tZb'A ia'o gkT[D s/ fJj ndkok gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh B/ nkgD/Bkb i'V fbnk s/ wkBsk d/ fdZsh. fi; ekoD 95 gqshPs youk ;oekotZb'A fwbDk gqtkB j'fJnk. e'Jh PZe BjhA gq'c?;oK dhnK sBykjK eJh r[DktZX rJhnK. ftfdnkoEhnK dh gVQkJh xN rJh. nkw fij/ ;oekohekbiK tork fJZe wkw{bh ekbi pDe/ ofj frnk. ;oekoh jdkfJsKnB[;ko, ;b/p; ftZu pqjwk fpPB, okw s/ feqPB dhnK eEk ejkDhnK pVhPkB Bkb gVkJhnK ikD bZrhnK. nZi fJZE/ s[jkv/ fBowb fBnko/ gzE dhgVQkJh ns/ ofjs dh gogZesk BjhA f;ykJh iKdh. ;r'A “Gkosh w[ZyXkok”dh gVQkJh eokJh iKdh j?. fgsk ih` s[jkv/ BK s/ t?;/ sK pj[s ;ko/ v/o/Ne;kbK, r[odtko/ y[zpK tKr T[FZr/ j'J/ EK EK t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. go nzrq/IhBkw tkbh, s[jkv/ gzi ;"t/A iBw fdB ƒ ;wofgs “r[o{ BkBe ckT{Av/;aB”XV/ pzdh dk fPeko j' e/ ofj rJh. ekbi tZb'A w{zj w'V fbnk. p; s[jkv/Bkw dh tos'A tkb/ T[;/ ekbi d/ njks/ ftZu, pj[sh wkfJnk ewkT[D bJhfJZe ;e{b y'jb fdZsk frnk j?. gzikp d/ pkeh ;e{bK tork fJZe j'o;e{b.

;fsr[o{ ihU` s[;hA B"t/A ikw/ ftZu pj[s T[geko ehs/. s[jkvkr[orZdh ;zGkbD dk fdB sK BjhA wBkfJnk iKdk. Pjhdh fdB n;hA

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wBkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jK. Xow j/s i' ;kek s[;hA 1675 ftZu toskfJnk ;h,T[;dh shih Pskpdh f;ZyK B/ 1975 ftZu wBkJh. T[jh g[okDk okr T[jhehosB gkm nodk;K s/ bzroHHHH. s[jkv/ ehs/ T[gekoK ƒ o;wh sohe/ jh:kd ehsk frnk. fe;/ dk fBZek fijk ezw ;ztko d/JhJ/, e[ZM wds eod/JhJ/, ;pzXs ftnesh nfj;kBwzd j'D'A BjhA ofj ;edk. feZv/ nfeosxDb'e jK n;hA, s [jkv / f; Zy nytkD tkb/. s[jkv / pko / e 'JhfJZe Gh :kdrkoh ekoi BK nkozfGnk. t?;/ sK fiBQK b'eK bJh s[;hA PjhdhgkJh ;h T[j tZv/ gZXo s/ s[jkvh f;Zfynk ns/ ihtBh ƒ d[BhnK sZe g[uKd/.T[jBK B/ sK Bk Pa[eo/gD dk ;p{s d/ jh fdZsk go s[jkv/ ngfDnK Gh sK T[jhe[ZM ehsk j?. B"t/A BkBe ih s[jkv/ ;oho Bkb ;pzXs pj[s ;ko/ r[odtko/pD/ j'J/ jB. T[E'A gzvK wkfJnk dhnK fJZeZso eoe/ pj[s/ b'eK B/ nkgDhnKe'mhnK T[;ko bJhnK, ekoK yohd bJhnK, oki;h e[o;hnK s/ ik fpoki/.s[jkv/ Pjhd j' u[Ze/ ;oho Bkb ;pzXs fszB pj[s tZv/ r[odtko/ T[Z;o u[Ze/jB. fiE/ Pjhdh j'Jh “;h; rzi” uKdBh u"Ae fdZbh. fiZE/ ;oho dk;;eko j'fJnk, oekprzi fdZbh. GkJh i?sk ih B/ s[jkvk gktB Pjhd ;h;u[Ze e/ nBzdg[o ƒ ikfdnK, fiZE/ fiZE/ gVkn ehsk, T[j ;ko/ r[odtko/.nBzdg[o fiZE/ gktB ;ajhd ;h; dk ;;eko ehsk frnk T[j Gh ;h; rzij? ;[fDnk ;h n"ozri/p dk j[ew ;h fe s[jkv/ ;oho d/ nzr eZN eZNe/ fdZbhd/ ;ko/ tZv/ u"eK ftZu bNek fdZs/ ikD. e[ZM “f;o fco/” f;ZyK B/ nfijk Bkj'D fdZsk. t?;/ s[;hA sK ;dk goT[geko jh ehsk j?. i/ s[jkv/ ;oho d/N[eV/, ;ko/ u"eK ftZu Nzr fdZs/ iKd/ sK T[sB/ jh j'o “fJfsjk;e” r[odtko/Bk T[Z;o iKd/ < T[jBK ;kohnK EktK s/ Gh Bw;aekoK eoB tkbhnK eskoKbrdhnK. wkfJnk d/ nzpko br iKd/. s[jkv/ eJh “;/te” f;ZyK dhrohph eZNh iKdh. eJh ;ko/ gkmhnK, rqzEhnK, ehosBhnK, eEktkueK ƒ“;'jDk” o[Irko fwb iKdk. gqXkBK, ;eZsoK, yikBuhnK dhnK si'ohnKGo iKdhnK, u"XoK uwe iKdhnK, oki;h mkm pkm pD iKdk, e'mhnK T[;oiKdhnKHHHH.

feogk fBXkB fgsk r[o{ ih` s/o/ ;/teK B/ s[jkv/ sh;o/ ;oho dk

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nkrwB g[op r'fJzdtkb fty/ 1979 ftZu pVh “X{wXkw” Bkb wBkfJnk.wBkJhJ/ feT[A Bk fJj gzi ;"tK iBw fdB i' ;h. Gkt/A s[;hA r[o{ gdth ƒ74 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu g[Zi/. fJ;/ ;ohoe ikw/ okjhA ;Zm e[ ;kb dh T[wosZe r[ows s'A T[bN ekoi Gh eod/ oj/. ukjhdk sK fJj ;h fe 53 d/ ;kbƒ w[Zy oZye/ r[orZdh fdt; wBkJ/ iKd/. feT[Afe s[;hA ;zB 1553 ftZu BkBei's ;zGkbh ;h. fJ; rZb dh gqtkj Bk eofdnK 1979 ƒ r'fJzdtkb fty/(fco iBw n;EkB pk;oe/ feT[A BJh <) d/P ftd/P ftZu rZvhnK w'NoKns/ g?dbK wkouK okjhA ;zrsK dk bZyK dh frDsh ftZu iwxZNk i[fVnk.EK EK ehosB ;wkrw, bzro, nodk;K Bkjo/ i?eko/, “pkT[bh fJ;aBkB”.u[ok;h eZN d/D d/ ftPtkP. nwo{ fBEktK nkye/ s[jkvk ngwkB, pj[s;kohnK M{mhnK eEk ejkDhnKHHHH. gzE dh uVQdhebk dk e'Jh fJZe Ghekoi BjhA T[bhfenk frnk, fiE/ s[jkv/ pZfunK ƒ f;Zyh dh ;{M gqkgsj[zdh. 1975 ftu jh ssekbhB ;oeko tb'A ny"sh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx wkornBzdg[o s'A ub e/ 520 feb' whNo se xNk T[vk e/ f;yK B[z ewb/ pDk e/;oekoh yikB/ dk eo'Vk o[fgnk c{e e/ dwdw/ (sbtzvh ;kp') ;wkgsj'fJnk ;h. fpBK fe;/ gqkgsh s'A. b'eK B[z x'fVnk dh fbZN Gh gq;kd ikDe/gqkgs ehsh. fJj x'V/ d;w gkfs;akj tb'A ;tkoh bJh tos/ rJ/ x'V/ d/“tz;i” d;/ rJ/ ;B. fJjBK B{z jikoK b'eK B/ wEk N/fenk s/ “iBw;cbk” ehsk.

fBozekoh N'b/ tZb'A 1978 ftZu f;ZyK dk esbkw, pknd ftZu T[FZfmnko'j, Gkosh c"iK tZb'A i{B 84 ftZu ehsk frnk gzikp s/ f;Zy wko{ jwbk.x'o spkjh, nekb sys dk Y?jDk, ;ko/ gk;/ y{B d/ dfonk. wZeko nekbhbhvoK d/ Gkos ;oeko ftoZ[X Ifjohb/ fpnkB. fJ; ;G dk f;ZNk fJjfBefbnk fe fe;/ GftZy w[yh ;{Mp{M tkbh Bhsh s'A fpBK nDyhb/ f;ZyrGo{nK B/ jfEnko ;KG bJ/. ;oekoh skesK tZb'A bZrGZr YkJh bZyB"i[nkBK dk tfjPh xkD. nDfrDs gqeko d/ I[bw. d[BhnK d/ d{o nzd/PbhvoK B/ PjhdK d/ y{B dk p/UVe w[Zb tZfNnk s/ nkgDh e"w d/ jZe ftZu;koEe ckfJd/ gqkgs ehs/. ;zB 1989 ftZu id'A f;Zy bhvo MP pDe/

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gkobhw?AN ftZu g[Zi/ ;B, sK f;ZyK d/ fujfonK dh T[dk;h s/ fdb nzdobky"c wfj;{; eoe/ w[bkfJw f;zx :kdt B/ bkitkp fNZgDh ehsh ;h “bzwK;wK ;oekoh I[bw d/ ekb/ d"o ftZu'A r[Io e/ f;Zy tho gkobhw?AN ftZu g[Zi/jB. n;hA fJjBK s'A j"A;bk s/ pjkdoh tkbh ;fgoN b?Dk ukj[zd/ jK. gonc;'; fe f;Zy Gok y[d jhD GktBk u'A pkjo BjhA fBeb ;e/.” ;r'A nZisZe T[jh jhD GktBk f;ZyK ftZu nzdo sZe X; rJh gqshs j' ojh j?.

fgsk ihT[ s[jkv/ S/t/A ikw/ dk uko ;" ;kbk nkrwB fdt; wBkT[Ddh fsnkoh d/ sfjs 1994 d/ nes{po wjhB/ ftZu r[o{ eh tvkbh s'A“ykb;k wkou” nkozG ehsk frnk. ibzXo, b[fXnkDk s/ o'gV gVkneodk j'fJnk u"E/ fdB fJj d' e[ bZy dk ftPkb fJZeZm nBzdg[o g[Zi e/,fpBK e'Jh ekoi T[bhe/ xo' xoh gos frnk. fJ;/ bVh sfjs jfor'fpzdg[os'A P[o{ eoe/ nrbk tZvk “ykb;k wkou” sbtzvh ;kp' gZ[fink. fJZE/ GhbZyK ;aoXkb{ nk i[V/. ;fsr[o{ ihT[ s[;hA sK ikDh ikD j', Gbk s[jkv/ uko;"t/A g[op Bkb fJj wkouK dk e'Jh ;pzX i[Vdk j? < fco s[;hA fJjBKu"XohnK ƒ fcNekod/ feT[A BjhA < fJj s[jkv/ G'b/ PoXkb{ f;ZyK dk g?;ks/ ;wK feT[A popkd eod/ jB < ;fsr[o{ ih w[nkc eoBK` eh s[;hA BjhAt/fynk (ikDh ikDsk) fe oki;h b'e sK e[o;hnK ekoB MrVd/ jB. jkJ/fJj s[jkv/ do d/ pj[s tZv/ ;/tkdko (nkyD ƒ e{eo^r[bkw r[o{ ek)f;o'fgnK ekoB, s[ZS fij/ cbK s/ w/ftnK ekoB w?A fJZe d{i/ dh gZr ƒ jZEgkT[Ad/ t/y uZ[fenk jK. fJfsjk; ftZu gfVQnk j? fe s[;hA d;t/A ikw/ ftZu,T[jBK dhnK wzd eos{sK t/y e/, w;zd N'b/ ƒ f;Zyk d/ rb'A bkj fdZsk ;h.go ;fsr[o{ ih fJj sK ;r'A j'o Pesh;akbh o{g Xkoe/ rohp f;ZyK dk y{Bgh oj/ B/. j[D fJjBK ƒ ;oekoh ;ogq;sh, (r[odtkok n?eN 1925sfjs) Gh jk;b j?. fJj rZb jo f;Zy B/ ;[Dh j'Jh j? fe s[;hA S/t/A s/ d;t/A;o{g ftZu ebrh ;ikJh ;h. s[;h sK ;woZE j', go eh dopko ;kfjp d/;/tkdko iK nekb sys d/ ;/tkdko ebrh bk ;ed/ jB < PkfJd ebrhsK S'Nh uhi j? ;fsr[o{ ih` fJj sK nZieZb “skig'Ph” eokT[Ad/ jB.;[fDnk ;h fe f;Zy r[o{ xo d/ ;/tkdko jB. nkj skidko pkdPkj ed'A s/

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fet/A pD rJ/ < w?A w{oy ƒ Io{o jh ;wMk d/Dk ih. s[jkv/ Bfws S/t/A ikw/tkbk ykb;k wkou eo'VK o[g? popkd eoe/ mzY/ p;s/ ftZu ik fgnk. e'Jhgqkgsh BjhA j'Jh.

fJjBK jh fdBK ftZu (;szpo 1995) ftPt f;Zy ;zw/bB ehskfrnk. ;fsr[o{ ih s[;hA sK g?;/ Ne/ tZb'A p/gqtkj j'. s[jkv/ uoBK d/ G"fonKtZb'A s[jkvh r'be ftZu PoXk ;fjs nogD ehsk bZrGZr gzikj eo'Vo[fgnk c{e fdZsk frnk. tZv/ tZv/ ;?whBko j'J/, gou/ gVQ/ rJ/. tZv nekohozr pozr/ fJ;afsjko Sg/. iE/dkoK dhnK rZvhnK pj[s s/i d"VhnK. d/PKpd/PK d/ uZeo eZN/, wkfJnk fJZeZso ehsh. bzro uZb/, thvhU fcbwKpDhnK, i?eko/, Bkjo/, ;o'g/, fyskp, ;BwkB. d[BhnK Go s'A f;ZyK d/ji{w nkD Y[Ze/. pZ; nodk;K eoe/ bzro See/ ;G nkg' nkgD/ xoK ƒ ub/rJ/ i/pK ykbh eotk e/ wDk w{zjh wB s/ Gko b?e/. gzE d/ Gb/ tkbk ehskfrnk ekoi fJ; ;wkrw ftZu feXo/ BiaohA BjhA fgnk. n;b ftu gzikpdh oki rZdh ;KGD bJh fJj oki;hfsnkoh wkso ;h.

;Zu/ ;fsr[o{ ih` fJj r{zidh nktkia sK s[jkv/ sZe ntZ;a gZ[ih j't/rhfe ykb;/ dk fszB ;" ;kbk ;zg{oDsk fdt; 1999 s[jkv/ ;/teK B/ fezBh“PkB” Bkb wBkfJnk j?. ;[y Bkb s[jkv/ ;G s'A bkvb/ f;Zy, fi;ƒ s[;hAofjws eoe/ pj[s XB gdkoE s/ iwhB sK py;ah jh j?, ;r'A f;ZyK dk ;Gs'A skesto bhvo Gh pDk fdZsk j?. j[D T[j gzE ƒ fij' fijk ;o{g iKf;XKs d/t/ e'Jh o'e BjhA ;edk, feT[Afe s[;hA T[;dh nzr ;zr j'e/ ;jkfJskeo oj/ j'. w/oh w[okd ;qhL gqekP f;zx pkdb s'A j? ih. T[;ƒ T[; d/ fwZsoKB/ “ykb;/ dk iBw fdB” X{wXkw Bkb wBkT[D tk;s/ ;" eo'V o[fgnk fdZsk.fco pdb/ ftZu fJj ezNo'b nkgD/ jZE ftZu b? fbnk fe fJj fdB fet/AwBkDk j?. s[;hA f;ZX/ ;Zuyzv ftZu'A t/fynk j't/rk fe fet/A d/P dk gqXkBwzsoh nNb fpjkoh tkigkJh, f;Zy ;zrsK ƒ r[owfonkdk fdqV eotk fojk;h. d/P d/ rqfj wzsoh n?bH e/H nvtkBh f;ZyK d/ ;'fjb/ rk fojk ;h. shjg?Ash bZy PoXkb{ nBzdg[o j[zwj[wk e/ gZ[fink. fJj nk; bkJhA fe gzE dhfprVh ;ztkoB tk;s/, T[FZiV/ gqtkoK ƒ p;kT[D tk;s/, gzikp d/ y'j/ rJ/ jZeK

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s/ g?dktkoh t;hfbnK dh gqkgsh tk;s/, f;o i'Ve/ e'Jh gq'rokw T[bhfenkikt /rk. f; Zyh tX /rhgzE y[Pjkb j't/rk. jzM{ g{zM/ ikDr/, fujfonK s/ w[;ekB nkt/rh. f;Zyh dkukBD xo xo g[Zi/rk. Xow gquko bJh e'Jh nyapko, w?riahB, fbNo/uo,;?N/bkJhN u?Bb dk gqpzX ehsk ikt/rk. B"itkBK d/ o[iarko pko/ ipkB sZeBk y'jbh rJh. e[ZM BkNeh fij/ j'S/, fpnkB dkr/ rJ/, “whBko/ ykb;k”,nkfd d/ fyv"D/ s/o/ gzE nZr/ go';/ rJ/. fgsk r[o{ ih` “nkvo nkc ykb;k”fij/ ;BwkB s[jkv/ s\s s'A fiBQK ƒ py;a/ rJ/ T[j e/;K dh p/ndph eoBtkb/, PokpK ghD tkb/, ftGuko eoB tkb/, fo;atsK Bkb e'mhnK Go b?Dtkb/, wkw{bh BZuD rkT[D tkb/, f;ZyK ƒ b[ZN g[ZN e/ popkd eoB tkfbnK ƒwBZ[ysk d/ d'yhnK s/ wekoK ƒ “;BwkBs” ehsk frnk. fJ;/ ;kb (1999)d/ d;zpo wjhB/ ftZu 300 ;kbk yk; s'jck pkdb ih d/ ;fseko/ j'J/ frqjwzsoh bkb feqPB nvtkBh s/ gqXkB wzsoh tkigkJh ih B/ fJZe nfijkekoBkwk ehsk i' f;ZXk f;Zyh s/ wko{ tko ;h. fJj gkghnK B/ c[owkB ikohehsk fe nro e'Jh ftnesh p[ZX Xow, fJ;kJh Xow, fJ;bkw XowgVQ/rk sK Gkos ;oeko tZb'A ;jkfJsk fwbdh oj/rh. i/ e'Jh r[owZs pko/gVQ/rk T[; ƒ ;jkfJsk BjhA fwb/rh. jK fJ;d/ pdb/ “rKXh ;NZvh tkfbnkƒ rqKN fwb/rh, f;Zy Xow tk;s/ czv BjhA fwb/rk. fJj j[ew d;zpo 1999ftu ikoh j'fJnk. i' r[owfs gqek;a gou/ d/ wJh 2003 d/ gzBk 40 s/Sfgnk. ;fsr[o{ ih s[jkv/ ;G s'A fgnko/ tZv/ g[Zso gqekP f;zx B/ (ns/pkeh i[zvbh) fto'X ftZu n"yk ;kj Gh Bk fbnk. ;" eo'V d/ e/ f;Zyh d/ iVhAe[jkVk tkj fdZsk frnk.

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yZ[b/rh, feZsk w[yh ;z;EktK yZ[bDrhnK. f;Zy pZfunk ƒ frnkB fwb/rko[Irko fwb/rk. T[FZE/ yv{o fty/ fJZe “goT[gekoh” pkpk ih B/ s[jkv/ d{b/gzE dk eJh eo'V you eoe/, pd/PK ftZu'A pj[s wfjzrhnK wPhBK wzrtke/fJZe “ezfgT{No ezNo'bv” fwT{iahnw fsnko ehsk j?. nwohek d/ fJZepj[s “f;nkD/ f;Zy” B/ fwZNh xZN/ tkb/ d/P ftZu nfijhnK wPhBK bkT[D dhB/e ;bkj fdZsh fe g[ZS' e[ZM Bk. T[j wPhBK s's/ tKr p'be/ “r[owfs” dkfrnkB fdnk eoBrhnK. wB[Zy uZ[g ukg wPhBK dk GkPD ;[DBr/. fcofit/A fe nkw j[zdk j? wPhBk E'V/ ;w/A wro'A ezw eoBK pzd eo d/DrhnK.yokp$Bekok j' u[ZehnK w;ahBK e'b fJZe fJZe wB[Zy yVQk fdZsk ikt/rk. s/p'be/ dZ;/rk fe fJ; EK gfjbK fJj wPhB j'fJnk eodh ;h. eo'VK o[g?veko e/ wPhB ftrV rJh, nZr'A n;hA ikDekoh fdnk eoKr/. ;fsr[o{ ihT[jh i?eko/, Bkjo/, d/rK, nodk;K, ykb;k wkouK Bkb f;ZyK B/ s[jkvhnK“y[PhnK” gqkgs eo bJhnK jB.

pkpk ih s[jkv/ B{okBh T[gd/P dk uko ;"tK gqekP fdt; Gh 2004ftZu jh nk frnk. nzfwqs;o fty/ gfjbh ;szpo ƒ d; bZy PoXktkBwkJh GkJh dk fJZeZm j'fJnk. bZrGZr fJZe nop o[g? dh G/Nk fJZeZso j'rJh. dhg wkbktK j'JhnK, wfmnkJhnK tzvhnK, Bro ehosB j'J/. XowT[gd/P d/D bJh okiBhsh d/ rzd ftZu rb sZe X;/ j'J/ b'e froMk tKr nkDT[so/. s/ s[jkvhnK fBowb p[X, gqhswkB f;Zy ;zrsK ƒ “gkg eh izR”uVQk fbnkT[D tkb/, fes/ ;ZiB mZr d/ ;/te, fe;/ gk;/ wbe Gkr' d/GkJhpzd, fes/ “gVQ/ fby/ w{oy” Xow T[gd/P d/D br gJ/. ;c?d u'fbnKtkb/, Bhb/ pkfDnK tkb/, Grt/A eoB tkb/, ;w/s ;{j/ MzfvnK tkb/, s[jkv/gktB c[owkBK dh ;a'Gk ;zrsK ƒ ezB gkVthnK nktkIK okjhA ;[Dk oj/ ;B.fJjBK tZv/ fJZeZmK ftZu pkeh ;kok e[ZM ;h, p; e'Jh Xowh g[oy Xow dhfeos ewkJh eoB tkbk wB[Zy, Xow ƒ ;wMe/ T[; w[skpe ihtB fiT[Dtkbk fJB;kB BjhA fdZ; fojk ;h i' efjDh s/ eoDh dk g{ok ;{ok j't/. pkpkih pj[s g?;k o'fVQnk frnk j? Xow d/ Bkw s/. pj[s g?;k ewkfJnk frnkj? Xow d/ Bkw s/. fJ; tZv/ BrkoykB/ ftZu Xow dk e'Jh nzP n;{b fuokr

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b? e/ Y{zfvnK Gh BjhA bGdk ;h. Bkb/ ;fsr[o{ ih ;apd r[o{ dk gfjbk gqekPfJj fet/A ;h < n;hA w{oy fij/ ;/te ;wMD s'A n;woE jK. s[;hA fi;fdB nkgD/ w[ykofpzd s'A gfjbk gktB puB T[ukoB ehsk gKX/ ƒ, gq'fjsƒ, okJ/ p[bko ƒ, t?d ƒ iK dkJh ƒ, wksk fgsk ƒ iK G?D BkBeh ih ƒ.i' T[gd/P s[;hA gfjbh tkoh fdZsk T[jh n;b ftZu s[jkvh pkDh dk gfjbkgqekP ;h. ;zgkdBk j'Jh ;h 1604 ftZu. s/ ;zg{oDsk gqtkB ehsh ikt/rhnes{po 1708 ftZu. pkeh i' e[ZM j'fJnk ;[ j'fJnk go s[jkv/ T[gd/P ƒfes/ B/V/ Gh BjhA cNeD fdZsk frnk. jK fJZe tZvk ;kok w/bk fijk Io{o;h fJj.

;fseko:'r ikDh ikD ;fsr[o{ ih` s[;hA d;t/A ikw/ ftZu g[Zie/pj[s e;aN MZb/. nB/e gZy s'A ;{owrsh d/ Bt/A ehoshwkB ;Ekgs ehs/.e'Jh fdB nfijk BjhA ;h fe s[jkv/ s/ w[PebK d/ gjkV Bk fvZr/ j'D. s[;hAjo w[;hps ƒ ;fji Bkb gqtkB ehsk s/ T[;dk e[ZM Gh Bk j[zfdnK vZN e/Nkeok ehsk. ;cbsk ;dk s[jkv/ nzr ;zr ojh. uwe"o dh izr ftZupjkdoh dh p/i'V e[opkBh eoB tkb/ fBoG?sk dh uow;hwk gko eo ikDtkb/, bZyK d/ fNZvh dbK dk fjZe sKD e/ Nkeok eoB tkb/, s[jkv/ tZv/;g[ZsoK^;kfjp nihs f;zx, ;kfjp i[Mko f;zx. fszB fgnko/^ GkJhfjzws f;zx, w'jew f;zx s/ ;kfjp f;zx, ns/ g?Ash j'o f;obZE PjhdK dhfszB ;"thA :kd wBk oj/ jK. pj[s ;ko/ BroK, PfjoK, fgzvK ftZu'A bZrGZrfJZe bZy PoXkb{ uwe"o fty/ g[Zi/. wjkB PjhdK ƒ :kd ehsk. BroehsoB, ykb;k wkou, bzro, Bkjo/, i?eko/, d/rK, nodk;K eoe/ cfsjrVQƒ uZb gJ/. fJj uwe"o dh eZuh jt/bh ;zB 1965 sZe, PjhdK dh ;{owrshƒ, v[ZbQ/ y{B ƒ ;KG e/ T[;/ n;bh nt;Ek ftZu ;bkws ;h. p; fJ; s'Apknd I[bw dh nfijh jB/oh trh fe f;Zy ;wki e'b'A T[j p/;ehwsh;owkfJnk y'j e/ b? rJh. s/o/ nkgD/ f;ZyK s/ ;zsK B/, pkpk ih` T[; nB'yhizr dhnK ;kohnK :kdK fwNk fdZshnK. fiZXo BIo wko' ;c?d gZEo,;zrwowo. j[D sK fJj ypoK Gh ir ikjo j' rJhnK B/ pkpk ih,r[odtkfonK dh “eko ;/tk” gqkgs eoB tk;s/ ew/Nh w?ApoK ƒ bZyK o[g?

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ny"sh ;zsK tZb'A fo;ats fdZsh iKdh j?. eko ;/tk ftZu'A jh fco ngDhnKwfjzrhnK ekoK ubdhnK B/. s[jkv/ BK s/ g?;/ ewkT[D bJh wEok d/gKfvnK tKr Bkb'A Bkb r[odtkfonK dhnK eskoK yVQhnK ehshnK ikuZ[ehnK jB. tZvk r[odtkok sK fJZe' jh ekch j'fJnk eodk j?. nkj j'od[ekBK ekjd/ tk;s/ jB < PjhdK dh :kd fJZE/ pkeh ofj rJh j? e'Jh <;G fwZNh ftZu fwbk fdZshnK rJhnK jB. fgsk r[o{ ih s[;hA fJjBK ƒedh ;[wZs BjhA fdT[r/ < ;N/iK s/ ;{owrsh dhnK tkoK rkT[D tkb/, pkjtKT[bko e/ X{znKXko b?euo d/D tkb/, y[ZbhnK dkjVhnK s/ rkso/ feogkBKtkb/, nZi eZb e/tb “o'NhnK ekoD” skb g{o oj/ jB. s[jkv/ g[ZsoK B/ y{Bd/ dfonk so/, nDfrDs ikpoK d/ w{zj w'V/, ;t?wkD dh fJ; bkfw;kb izrftZu vZeo/ vZeo/ j' rJ/, go Xow BjhA jkfonk, f;Zyh f;de e/;K ;[nk;K;zr fBGk rJ/. ukbh d/ ukbh ;[oyo{ j' iBw ;cbk eo rJ/. nZi T[jXowh ihtB phs/ dhnK ejkDhnK pDe/ ofj frnk j?. fJj stkohyh fdB,ns/ ;c?d ;zrwowoh ;[zdo fJwkosK e/tb B'NK dhnK gzvK fJZeZso eoBd/ ;kXB wkso ofj rJ/ jB. ;fsr[o{ ih pj[Vh eo'HHHH.

irs skoe pkpk ih` E'VQk fizBk s[jkvk tes j'o btKrk. s[;hA ;Ge[ZM ikDd/ j', s[jkvh fdZG fdqPNh sq?b'eh ƒ t/yD dh ;woEk oydh j?. fcoGbk s[;hA fJ; G{yzv, gzikp dh Xosh s/ edh feT[A Mksh BjhA wkod/ < PkfJds[;hA pj[s tZv/ pyf;azd j', iK t/ye/ nDfvZm eo iKd/ j'. s[jkvhnK s[;hAikD'` go w?ƒ i' nkb/ d[nkb/ fd; fojk j? T[;ƒ fet/A nDt/fynk eo iktK< feT[Afe w?A ;z;koh iht s[jkv/ tor/ ftPkb ;[Gk tkbk BjhA jK. pZ; fJZej'o eo[DwJh rkEk ;[Dk e/ ysw eo fdnKrk. r[Dh fBXkB pkpk ih` fJ;/;kb (2004) ftZu s[jkv/ fBZe/ fBZe/ wk;{w c[ZbK tor/, fgnko/ ;kfjpIkd/d[BhnK dh nB'yh y/v ftyk rJ/ ;B. jK ;Zu wksk r[ioh dk s[jkv/ BkbfejVk foPsk i'VK < feT[Afe ;oho eoe/ T[jBK B/ r'fpzd okJ/ ih ƒ iBwfdZsk ;h. ;kY/ e[ B"A ;kb dh T[wo/ T[jBK ƒ s[jkvh frnkB i's gqkgs j'Jh.i's sK f;ZXh nekb g[oy tZb'A nkT[Adh j?, T[; dk ;ohoe wK pkg sK e'JhBjhA j[zdk. ;' wksk r[ioh ih dk e'Jh ;ohoh foPsk s[jkv/ Bkb i'VB s'A

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n;woE jK, fywk eoBk ih.;fsr[o{ gkfsPkj pkpk BkBe ih` BzBQ/ w[zBQ/ c[ZbK tor/ e'wb fujfonK

tkb/ s/ fjwkbk gops tor/ firo/ tkb/ ;kfjpIkfdnK dh ;{owrsh sKXosh s'A nzpo sZe jo e'Jh ikDdk j?. fet/A wb{e fijhnK fdZ;D tkbhnKfizdK B/ ski syas fBtk fds/. tIho dfozd/ dh y{Bh sbtko, fGnkBesktkbhnK GpeK, fJjBK “dPw/P d[bkfonk” ƒ okJh Go Gh nkgD/ nehd/s'A fEVek BK ;ehnK, v[bk BK ;ehnK. fJZe eth :'rh B/ fbfynk j? ^

fi; dw rb/ rb/ E/ T[j wk;{w rV rJ/.fdB S[gB/ Gh Bk gkfJnk fe ekfsb T[iV rJ/.i'rh ih fJ; e/ pknd j{Jh E'Vh d/o Eh.p;sh ;ojzd eh JhN'A ek Y/o Eh`

fJjBK dh p/i'V ;ajkds ƒ PoXktkB f;ZX/ ;kX/ pI[orK s'A ;[fDnkeod/ ;K i' e[ZM fJ; soQK dZf;nk eod/ ;B “;kfjp ia'okto f;zx s/ cfsjf;zx dh e[opkBh e'Jh nkdwh fpnkB BjhA eo ;edk. n"ozr/ ƒ s/ e[Zbw[rb oki ƒ fJ; Pjhdh dk x'o gkg bZfrnk. w[rbK d/ iakbw oki dh;wM' iV fJjBK B/ jh g[ZNh ;h. “tihdk” ;{p/dko fes/ w{zj ftykD i'rk Bkfojk. “M{m/ Bzd” ƒ jo/e fjzd{ B/ bkjDsK gkJhnK. T[; d/ gqtko B/ Gh YkjKwko nkekP o[nk fdZsk. ;ko/ ;ojzd ftZu fe;/ uZ[b/ nZr Bk gkJh. G[Zy/ GkD/jzM{nK d/ p[Ze Go Go o'Ad/ o'Ad/ iawhB s/ ;ZEo ftSk ;[Zs/. fe;/ tv/ nwhod/ xo Gh dhtk Bk pfbnk. rktK wZMK ƒ ukok Gh fe;/ Bk gkfJnk, d[ZX BKu'fJnk. feZfbnK s/ pZMhnK o'AdhnK ojhnK, T[jBK d/ fBe/ tZSo{ ozGd/ jkb'Ap/jkb j' rJ/. wzdoK ftZu NZb BK yVe/, ;zy Bk tZi/, nkoshnK BK j'JhnK.w;fidK ftZu BtkiK ndk eoB e'Jh Bk nkfJnk. w[Zbk dh “pKr” d/D dhfjzws Bk gJh. nk;wkB ftZu gsk BjhA feZE'A pdbhnK Sk rJhnK. fBZehfBZeh eDh dk d' fdB whAj toQdk fojk. n;b ftZu fJj ;kXkoD pko;a BjhA;h. ;kfjpiakfdnK dh d[ydkJh Pjhdh s/ nzpo o' fojk ;h. ykw'P jzM{pjk fojk ;h. T[; fdB s'A b? e/ nZi sZe jo ;kb fJjBK wk;{w fizdK d/rw ftZu oZp Gh iko' iko o'Adk j?, fJj gkDh d/ s[ge/ BjhA, op d/ jzM{

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jBHHHHH.” fJj b'e nykD pD frnk.fBZehnK fizdK d/ tZv/ ;ke/ B/ ykb;k gzE nzdo o'j dh nZr d/ GKpV

pkb fdZs/. ;kfjpiakfdnK ƒ fdZs/ rJ/ s;hj/ f;zxK d/ ;hB/ ftzB rJ/. E'V/jh ;w/A nzdo f;Zy s{ckB pDe/ ;ojzd tb tX/. t/yd/ t/yd/ iakbwK ƒ fwZNhftZu fwbk fdZsk frnk. ;zB 1927 sZe “r[o{ wkoh” ;ojzd dk fJZNK wbpkT[t/A T[ikV/ dh :kd dtkT[Adk fojk. ;w/A B/ eotN bJh. oki pdb/, syasski pdb/, ekƒB pdb/ s/ f;ZyK d/ ;[Gk pdb/. r[o{ fgsk ihU` f;ZyK dhfJZe u[Dh j'Jh iE/pzdh Pq'wDh r[odtkok gqpzXe ew/Nh j'Ad ftZu nkJh.gfjbK e[ZM ;wK fJjBK uzrk ezw ehsk. fco rzdh okiBhsh jkth j[zdh rJh.j[D sK ih nzfwqs;o, nBzdg[o, sbtzvh ;kp', uwe"o, s/ w[es;o tor/ ;ko/Xow n;EkB f;nk;s dh dbdb ftZu p[oh soQK roe j' rJ/ jB. nkj fBZe/;ajhdK dk n;EkB fiZE/ pj[s Gkoh ;zrs jo ;kb i[Vdh j?, fJZE/ Gh p/JhwkBokiBhseK B/ g{oh soQK epIk iwk fbnk j?. edh E'VQh fizBh ftjb eZY e/nkU s/ y[d t/y'. s[jkv/ g[ZsoK dh ;{owrsh dhnK rkEktK fJZE/ ;[DkJh BjhAfdzdhnK. oki;h b'eK dk e{V e[co ;[DB ƒ fwbdk j?. fJZe d[ekB ekwo/vKdh, nkj d{ih eKro;hnK dh. shih “GkigkJh” nekbhnK dh. u"Eh“nzfwqs;oh” nekbhnK dh. gzithA fe;/ f;Zy c?vo/;aB dh, S/thA “b"Ar'tkbhJ/”nekbhnK dh. fco fBjzrK dh (eJh fe;w d/ fBjzr) Ne;kbhnK dh,BkBe;ohnK dh, ;kXK dh, ;zsK dhHHHj'o gsk BjhA ehjdh ehjdh < ;fsr[o{ih` fJZE/ “Xow[ gzy efo T[vfonk” tkbh jkbs gosZy t/yhdh j?.

T[j mzYk p[oi fiZE/ wksk ih s/ ;kfjpiakfdnK ƒ e?d ehsk frnk,;kv/ “ngfDnK” B/ Ykj fdZsk j?. fi; dhtko ftZu fufDnk frnk ;h T[;dkfBPkB sZe BjhA fojk. Pjhdh n;EkB s/ fJsBh nkbhPkB wkotb tkbh gziwzibh fJwkos, t/ye/ f;o ueok iKdk j?. eh fJj Pjhdh ;wkoe j?, iKy[PhnK y/fVnK tkbh fJwkos < ew/Nh tkfbnK s/ “;zsK” B/ g{oh ;kfi;aehsh j?, ;ko/ g[oksB fuzBQ fwNk fdZs/ jB. ;fsr[o{ ih` nkyoh rZb d;d/ysw eoB bZfrnk jK. s[jkv/ ;/teK f;ZyK s/ g[ZsoK d/ Pjhdh ;EkB j[D f;ZyKnzdo pjkdoh dk i'P Bjh God/. Xow s/ gogZe ofjD dh rkEk ;[DB ƒ

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BjhA fwbdh. fJjBK EktK s/ u"XoK bJh gZrK bZEdhnK jB. f;o gkNd/ jBw[eZdw/ uZbd/ jB. r'beK dh wkfJnK dh d[otos'A sK j[D nkw fijh rZb;wMh iKdh j?. gzE dh uVQdhebk tk;s/ fJ; uVQs dh tos'A BjhA j[zdh. j[Dg?;k, okiBhsh s/ t'NK gqkgs eoB tk;s/, fBih n?P gq;sh tk;s/, o'jfVnkiKdk j?. i/eo s[jkv/ d' fszB g[Zso j'o j[zd/, s/ tZy' tZyoh Ekt/A ;ajhdh gkT[Ad/,sK n;hA e[ZM Pjhdh ;EkB r[odtko/ j'o pDk b?Ad/. j'o ekcah ;kok uVQktkr'be ftZu g? iKdk. n;hA T[; g{ik d/ XkB ƒ nkgD/ fBih wB'oEK bJh tosb?Ad/. s[jkv/ d' d' g[Zso fJZe fJZe Ekt/A fJZeZm/ Pjhd Bk j' e/ nro fJeZb/fJeZb/ Gh Pjhd j[zd/ sK d' j'o Pjhdh r[odtko/ sK tZX jh ikD/ ;h. ;fsr[o{ih wksk r[ioh ih ƒ n;hA xZN jh :kd eod/ jK. pZ[YhnK wksktK ƒ b'ehAxZN jh :kd eod/ jB. w[es;o d/ PjhdK dh shih ;ajhdh ;skpdh Gh;akfJd ed/ fJ; soQK jh wBkJh ikt/. gkfsPkj ih s[jkv/ wjK ;{opho gZ[soKƒ pj[s sVckfJnk frnk, pV/ y"cBke s;hj/ fdZs/ rJ/. ezXK ftZu fuD/ rJ/,s/;h eoBh dhnK ;ZNK wkohnK rJhnK. p'fonK ftZu pzd eoe/ wkfonkfrnk, x;hfNnk frnk. G[Zy/ oZy/, fgnk;/ oZy/, ;odh ftZu mko/ rJ/. nzsiakbw S[ok b? Sksh s/ uVQ p?m/. e'j e'j e/ wkfonk frnkHHHH. XzB ;B s[jkv/;ki/ bk;kBh g[Zso, o'J/ BjhA, ;h BjhA ehsh, nZyK ftZu'A jzM{ BjhA e/fonk.wksk r[ioh ih B/ ngDk coi f;defdbh Bkb g{ok ehsk. ftobkg BjhAehsk, P[eokB/ ftZu i[V rJ/HHHH. T[j Gh ;[oyo{ j'e/ “i'sh i'fs” fwb rJ/.f;Zy nytkT[D tkfbnK dhnK wzd eos{sK, fJB;kBhns s'A fro/ j'J/ ezwt/ye/, j[D fJj ;{ow/ Io{o o' oj/ j'Dr/. T[jBK d/ B/soK ftZu'A jzM{ brksko tfjoj/ j'Dr/. fsBQK dh o{j p/u?B j' ftbe ojh j't/rh. wksk ih d/ nEo{ pzd j'Ddk BK BjhA b?Ad/ j'Dr/HHHH.

;fsr[o{ ih rzr{ B/ pj[s tZvk pZio gkg ehsk p/d'f;anK ƒ frqcskoeotkfJnk. ;[Zuk Bzd B/ j'o pbdh T[go s/b gkfJnk, ;kfi;h uZ[eDk d/d/e/. nfij/ fGnkBe ;w/A ftZu Gh w'sh wfjok ;/tk ftZu jkIo ;h. fJZe y[dkgq;s w[;bwkB w[jzwd P/o ykB (wb/oe'Nbk) ;Zu dh nktkI p[bzd eo fojk;h. GkJh N'vo wZb tork ;/te nkgDk ;G e[ZM t/u e/ ;;eko bJh EK yqhd

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fojk ;hHHHH. nZi sK fJZE/ ;[ukBzd s/ rzr{nK dhnK j/VK jbehnK j'JhnKepIk eoh p?mhnK jB. tIho ykB dh gkgh o{j brd? f;Zy ;aeb tkb/ bhvoKftZu w[V gqrN j' rJh j?. i' s[jkv/ pZfunK, ;kfjpIkfdnK ƒ e'j e'j e/wkfonk ik fojk j?. fgsk ;fsr[o{ ih s[;hA fe;/ f;Zy ƒ EkgVk d/ e/, ;{Mf;nkDg s/ Pesh pyPe/, T[; ftZu pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh o{j gqt/P eotke/fJjBK gzE d'yhnK ƒ f;ZX/ okj gkT[D bJh xZb'. fJT[ fJjBK B/ BjhA ;[XoBk,S/sh pj[Vh eo'.** vzvk gho j? ftrfVnk fsrfVnK dk.

xN xN dh ikBD tkb/ ;fsr[o{ ih` s[;hA u"E/ ikw/ ftZu “uZeokwdk;” t;kT[D dh P[o{nks ehsh ;h. f;ZyK ƒ d[ekB, tgko, nkfd dhf;Zfynk d/D bJh. s[jkvh w/jopkB nrtkJh ftZu uZe okwdk; s/ih BkbT[Gfonk, bkj"o ƒ fgSKj SZv frnk f;Zy Xow s/ f;Zy oki;h skes dk e/AdopD frnk. fJ; n;EkB B/ pV/ wko{ jZb/ nkgD/ fgzv/ s/ jzYkJ/. fJ; x[Zrt;d/ Pfjo dh P[o{nksh :kd ƒ ;wofgs uko ;" ;kbK ;askpdh ;zB 1977ftZu wBkJh rJh. gzikp ftZu s/o/ nytkT[D tkb/ f;ZyK (nekbhnK) dh;oeko ;h. Gkos ;oeko ftZu nekbhnK dh GothA ;aw{bhns ;h. g{ohPkB' P"es Bkb fJBQK iPBK dh fsnkoh ehsh rJh. ;ko/ nzfwqs ;o Pfjoƒ y{p ;ikfJnk frnk. ;w[Zuh gzikp ;oeko gZpK Gko ;h. Gkos dkokPNogsh Bhbw ;zihtk o?vh ih g[Zi rJ/. goXkB wzsoh w'okoih v/;kJh,;w/s nkgD/ wzsohnK d/ nkD Y[Zfenk. d[BhnK ns/ d/P d/ gZsoeko nypkoKƒ ypoK d/D bJh ekjb/. d/P Go ftZu'A fjzd{ w[;bwkB s/ f;Zy okrhnK ƒfBoXkos okrK ftZu Ppd rkT[D ;Zfdnk frnk. ;fsr[o{ ih` okr ftZfdnkftZu sK fjzd{ w[;bwkB ehosBhJ/ ;ko/ ;BwkB b? rJ/. f;Zy e/tb tki/tikT[Ad/ jB, okr ftZfdnk s'A bZrGZr ;ZyD/ jh jB.

j'o sK ;kohnK ekotkJhnK otkfJsh jh ;B. fJZe rZb'A fJZeftnesh nkgD/ g{o/ ikj' ibkb ftZu ;h. T[;ƒ fJzBk ukn ufVQnk j'fJnk;h wkB' nZi jh ;koh fIzdrh dk fBu'V Gkos ;oeko d/ ;BwZ[y oZy d/Dk j?.;N/i ;?eNoh pbtzs f;zx B/ iZe' seh wro'A Bkw p'fbnk. “j[D s[jkv/ ;Bw[Zyf;odko eg{o f;zx ih, B?;aBb gq'c?;o nkc f;ZyfJiaw ftZuko oZyD bJh

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;N/i s/ nk oj/ jB.” ;qHih B/ nkgDk b?euo fJzrfb;a ftZu d/Dk P[o{ ehsk.i' e[ZM fJ; soQk d/ Gkt tkbk ;h^ gqXkB wzsoh ih, ns/ Gkos ;oeko tZb'AgXko/ ;ko/ ;fseko :'r ;ZiB' w?A s[jkƒ e'Jh otkfJsh T[gd/P d/D BjhAnkfJnk. Bk jh w?A fJZE'A p'be/ c'N'nK fyutkD dh fJZSk oZydk jK. s[;hA ;ko/Gh fJsB/ nDikD BjhA j' fe fJ; ;w/A s[jkƒ e[ZM f;ykfJnk ikt/. w/ok fJjb?euo fJzrfb;a ftZu fJ;/ bJh p'fbnk ik fojk j? sK fe Gkos ;oeko d/fIzw/tko ftnesh ns/ d[BhnK Go d/ gZsoeko fJ; ƒ ;"fynK ;wM ;eD.w?A nZi ;z;ko d/ fJB;kc g;zd ns/ wBZ[ysk tZb'A ehs/ T[gekoK dh ehws;wMD tkb/, ;ko/ B/e fJB;kBK ƒ w[V :kd eokT[Dk ukj[zdk jK fe f;Zy e'JhftP/P fonkfJs BjhA ukj[zd/. fe;/ dk jZe y'jDk Gh BjhA ukj[zd/. f;ZyK d/r[o{nK B/ wBZ[ysk ƒ eoKshekoh ;'u fdZsh. dZp/ e[ub/ b'eK d/ jZe ftZu uNkBtKr yV/ j' rJ/. g?oK j/m fbskV/ b'eK ƒ ;t?wkD Bkb fiT[D dh fjzws py;ah.G{so/ j'J/ iakbw jkewK ƒ bzwh izr bVe/, ngDk ;G e[ZM tkoe/ fNekD/ f;ofbnKdk. fJ; d/P dh fJZIs gZs dh okyh ehsh. T[FZiV u[ZfenK Bz{ w[V s'At;D i'rk ehsk. ob fwbe/ ofjD pfjD dh iku dZ;h. fwZNh ftZu fwbkJhnKik ojhnK fjzd{ oj[ ohsK dh y{B pjke/ okyh ehsh. ;sb[i s'A gZSw tb dk;kok gzikp ;dk tk;s/ ncrkfB;skB dk fjZ;k pDk fdZsk frnk ;h. fJjbZyK tor whb dh ioy/i iawhB ekpb Bkb'A s'V e/ Gkos Bkb i'Vh, Gkt/A fJ;dh fezBh tZvh ehws skoBh gJh. d[BhnK ftZu fJzBk ehwsh s'jck nZi sZefe;/ B/ d{i/ ƒ BjhA fdZsk.

r'fonK s'A d/P ƒ nkIkd eokT[D tk;s/ f;ZyK B/ 80 gqshPs s'A tZXe[opkBhnK ehshnK. w/o/ GoktK B/ c"i ftZu Gosh j'e/ jo izr ftZu w'johj' d/P dh okyh ehsh. id'A Gkostk;h nzB d/ fJZe fJZe dkD/ bJh ftbe fojk;h, s/ Gkos dk Bk nfjb wzsoh pd/;K ftZu'A e/tb Ghy wzr e/ vzr NgkT[Ddh nfjwekBk e'fPP eo oj/ ;B. T[; tes gzikp d/ fwjBsh fe;kBk B/fdB oks fJZe eoe/ pVh ;wMdkoh Bkb ezw ehsk. fJjBK nzB d/ Gzvko Gofds/, oZyD bJh EK Bk ojh. w/ok f;Zy Gok fiZE/ Gh yVk ehsk frnk, T[;B/g{oh tckdkoh Bkb nkgDh fvT{Nh fBGkJh. go d{i/ pzB/ p/JhwkBh ns/ gkg

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eow dh uow ;hwk d/y'. gzikp d/ *47 ftZu d' N[eV/ j'J/. f;Zy bZyK s'A eZyKd/ j' rJ/, T[jBK ƒ :'r w[nktik BK fdZsk frnk. pdBhsh Bkb gzikph p'bd/fJbke/ fjwkub s/ jfonkD/ ƒ fdZs/ rJ/. gzikph p'bh dk rbk x[ZfNnkfrnk. gzikp dh okiXkBh uzvhrVQ y'j bJh rJh. gzikp d/ gkDhnK ƒ d't/AjZEh bZ[fNnk frnk. c;bK dk g{ok w[Zb Bk fdZsk frnk gzikp ƒ tZv/ ekoykB/Bk fdZs/ rJ/. f;Zy B"itkBK ƒ c"i ftZu Gosh eoB s/ eN"sh bk fdZsh rJh.gkfe;skB Bkb j'JhnK izrK ftZu ;G s'A tZX ikBh wkbh B[e;kB gzikp dkj[zdk j?, go T[;dh g{osh edh BjhA ehsh rJh. gzikp ftZu uZb ojhnK;zftXkBe ;oekoK ƒ ;ko/ fB:wK ekƒBK dh x'o T[bzxDk eoe/ pko pkos'fVnk frnk. id'A ;qhwsh rKXh B/ (i{B 1975) ;ko/ ekƒB wB;{y eo fdZs/,d/P ftZu nzdo{Bh n?woiz;h bk fdZsh. ;ko/ d/P d/ ;oeko fto'Xh B/sk i/jbKftZu vZe fdZs/ rJ/. T[; tes ;kok d/P w[ofdnK tKr nfjZb j' frnk ;h.gzikp d/ f;Zy thoK (nekbhnK) B/ fJ; I[bw d/ fto[ZX vN ikD dk c?;bkehsk. izsk gkoNh ftZu wjZstg{oB nj[fdnK s/ fpokiwkB f;o eZYt/A nkr{,i' s[;hA w/o/ ;kjwD/ p?m/ j', ;ko/ jh ekb e'mVhnK ftZu vZe/ j'J/ ;h. s[;hA s/s[jkv/ gkoNh toeoK B/ ;oekoh ipo nZr/ r'v/ N/e fdZs/ ;B. f;ZyK B/ nekbg[oy dk nk;ok b? e/, n?woiz;h ftoZ[X Ipod;s o'; gorN eofdnKfrqcskohnK d/D dk okj nyfsnko ehsk. ;qhwsh rKXh B/ nekbhnk Bkbe[ZM b? d/ e/ eJh tko ;wM"s/ eoB dh g/PeP ehsh. nekbh w[yhnK s[jkvk;kE fdZsk fJzdok dk BjhA.

nZi w[V w?A s[jkƒ T[j tknd/ :kd eotkT[D bZfrnk jK, i' s[jkv/tv/fonK B/ ;kv/ g[ofynK Bkb gqwkswk ƒ jkiao Bkiao ikD e/ e;wK yk e/fBGkD d/ gqD ehs/ ;B, go g{o/ BjhA ehs/ rJ/ ;B. f;Zy gzE Ghy wzrD dk,r?os jhD fiazdrh fiT[D dk nkdh BjhA j?. s[;hA nZi ;woEktkB j', s[jkv/e'b oki;h skes j?. f;ZyK ƒ ft;atk; ftZu b?D bJh, fJjBK d/ d[yhfjofdnK ƒ PKs eoB bJh, x'o p/fJB;kch dk ykswk eoB bJh, ehs/ rJ/T[gekoK dk foD u[ekT[D bJh nZi j[D/ fJ;/ tes e'Jh m'; s/ ;fsekosn?bkB eo'. fJZE/ s[;hA e/tb ;oekoh i;aB wBkT[D BjhA nkJ/. f;Zy gzE dkyZ[bQ/ wB Bkb XzBtkd eoB nkJ/ j'. dZ;' eh n?bkB eoe/ P[eohnk ndk eo'r/<”HHH;kfonK dk XzBtkd. f;odko eg{o f;zx dh dZrdZr eod/ fujo/ s/ wkD

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Go/ nzdkia ftZu gzEe J/izvk ;z;ko ;BwZ[y oZye/ nkgDh EK ik fpoki/.;fsr[o{ fgsk ih eh d;K < dZ;fdnK G[ZpK fBebdhnK jB` s[jkv/

fJZe d' g[Zso nytkD tkb/ f;Zy, fi; ftZu ;akfJd fgoEh uzd, ;[uk Bzd iKrzr{ dh o{j gqt/P eo uZ[eh ;h. fJ; dk Bkw ;h pbtzs f;zx (yiakBk wzsoh)i' ;N/i ;eZso ;h. fJ; B/ wkJhe jZE ftZu b? e/ pVh p/j:kJh Bkb fjwkbkgops fiZvk fxoDs gkg eofdnK nky fdZsk^ “fJj Gk;aD i' s[;hA j[D/;[fDnk j?, fJ;dk nekbh db Bkb e'Jh ;pzX BjhA j?. fJj fJjBK d/ fBihftuko ns/ fBZih frb/ f;aet/ jB. n;hA fpBK e'Jh nfj;kB iskJ/ izskgkoNh iK Gkos ;oeko ƒ fJ;/ soQK ;fj:'r fdzd/ ojKr/.” f;odko ih d/p[Zb coe/, fujo/ dk ozr ghbk g? frnk, nZyK ftZu'A fuzfrnkV/ fBebd/ gqshsj'J/. o'; gqrN eofdnK T[m e/ pkjo ub/ ikD bJh yVQ/ j'J/, ;oho ezpDbZfrnk XVzw eoe/ fvZr gJ/. ;jkok d/ e/ e[o;h s/ fpmkfJnk. gkDh w{zj ƒbkfJnk, iaok mhe j'D s/, pbtzs f;zx ƒ bkjDsK gkT[Ad/ pkjo ub/ rJ/.fgsk ih s[jkv/ nekbh g[ZsoK dh iapkB ƒ Gh skb/ bZr/ oj/. pbtzs f;zx T[;/soQk wzsoh pDdk fojk, eg{o f;zx T[;/ soQk ftbedk fojk. bhvo b'e gzEdk wk; B'ud/ oj/. Gkos ;oeko d/ fjzd{ bhvo fJj swk;ak t/ye/ w[;aeVhJ/j;d/, fpBK e[ZM fdZfsnK tkg; gos rJ/.

;fsr[o{ ih w[nkc eoBk` w?A e[ZM fInkdk jh Gkt[e j' frnk ;h.s[;hA sK ikDh ikD j'. feogk eoe/ ;kƒ e[ZM ;[wZs fdU sKfe s[jkvhnK;askpdhnK wBkT[D dh ;kƒ ;'Mh nk ikt/. BjhA sK j[D sZe ektK o"bh jhg?Adh ojh j?.

;fseosko pkpk ih` g?ohA gtDk gotkB eoBk ih.s[jkvk fJZe wkw{bh fijk ;/te HHHHH

gzEe p/Vk roe eoB bJh eh fJj e[ZM ekcah BjhA j?.

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Bkw f;woD - fJZe ihtB iKuBkw f;woD - fJZe ihtB iKuBkw f;woD - fJZe ihtB iKuBkw f;woD - fJZe ihtB iKuBkw f;woD - fJZe ihtB iKu

id'A Gh r[opkDh dk gkm eohJ/$;[DhJ/, sK fJZe “Ppd” pko pkod[jokfJnk frnk ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. e'Jh pkDh e'Jh gzBk gVQ t/yhJ/ sKfco T[jh d[jok ^“Bkw f;woD”. fJj Bkw ns/ f;woD id'A fe;/ ;kXe'b'A g[ZShJ/ sK T[j r[opkDh ftZu'A e'Jh gzesh iK g{ok Ppd oND bJh d/fdzdk j?. nky/rk fe fJ; dk gVQh ikDk jh “f;woD iK Bkw j?”. e[ZM fJZeiE/pzdhnK B/ “Bkw f;woD” dhnK ftXhnK, tes, ;EkB ns/ fJ; s'A j'DtkbhnK gqkgshnK dZ;D bJh d[ekBdkohnK Gh ubk bJhnK jB. fJ;uZeoftT{ ftZu c;D tkb/, ;dk jh c;D bJh fsnko po fsnko j[zd/ jB.eJh ;ko/ b'e s/ iE/pzdhnK “;op o'r ek nT[yd[ Bkw[” (;[ywBh^9^5)tkbh fJZe gzesh d/ wBwoIh tkb/ noE eZYe/ o'rhnK dk “wkBf;efJbki” eoB torh Gkoh ntZfrnk eo oj/ jB. i/ e'Jh fJj dkjtk eo/fe d/y' ih, fezB/ ;ko/ ftneshnK dk “o'r” jN frnk j?. nfij/ ewI'owB tkb/ b'eK dk “pDktNh” o'r ;[nkj dh u[Neh b?e/ Gh jN iKdk j?. Xkrksths b? e/ Gh, jE"bk eotk e/ Gh, wVQhnK epoK s/ BZe orV e/ Gh “o'rw[es” j' iKd/ jB. nfij/ ewi'ao b'e jh G{sK gq/sK dk fPeko j' iKd/ jB,fco gkyzvh v/o/dkoK e'b'A G{s eYtkT[AfdnK Gkoh nkofEe s/ ;ohoe ;'PDeotkT[Ad/ jB. fJjBK G'b/ gzShnK (nfrnkBh ;oXkb{nK) ƒ ckj[D bJh EKEk fPekoh ikb ftSkJh p?m/ jB.

r[opkDh B/ vze/ dh u'N Bkb fJ; gkyzv ikb ƒ g{oB s"o s/ oZdehsk j?. i/ e[ZM fJZe gzrshnK oND eoB Bkb, ;ko/ ekoi ok; nkT[Ad/j'D, sK fe;/ ƒ fwjBs eoB dh T[FZek jh Io{os BjhA j?. tZv/ tZv/ y'ie/Ado, j;gskb, w?vheb ekbi, dtkJhnK, wfjzr/ fJbki s/ fco GhnBzs w"sK < i/ Bkw f;woB (wzsoikg) Bkb ;ko/ o'r eZN/ ik ;ed/, fcosK fJj ezw pj[s ;[ykbk ;h. “fjzr bZr/ Bk cNeVh ozr Gh u'yk.” d; r[o{;fjpkB ;oho eoe/ ;kE'A ftdk j' rJ/. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp e/tb 48 e[ ;kb

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ftZu. u"E/ gkfs;akj 47 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu. S/t/A BkBe 48 ;kb, ;st/AgkfsPkj fJZeZsh ;kb, s/ nZmt/A BkBe f;oc ;kY/ e[ nZm ;kb d/ ;B id'Ai'sh i's ;wk rJ/. T[j pj[s neb tkb/ ;B, pV/ jh goT[gekoh ;B.;ohoe ikw/ ftZu j'o bzwk ;wK ihts ofj e/ wB[Zy wkso dh pj[gZyhefbnkD eo ;ed/ ;B. fi; wzso$Ppd ƒ ftP/P ftXhnK Bkb, r[gssohe/ ukj/ T[uh T[uh ofNnk ik fojk j?. nk; ehsh ik ojh j? fe fJ;soQK ;ko/ o'r Bftos j' ikDr/. d[Bhnk Go dhnK y[PhnK nk ikDrhnK.fiBQK r[o{ ;fjpkBK B/ pkDh dh ouBk ehsh, “BkBe o{g” j' e/ ftuo/, T[jBKd[ZyK dh Bftosh bJh nfijk e'Jh ubhjk eZFfNnk j't/, wkbktK x[wkJhnKj'D, T[wo bzwh eoB tk;s/ sob/ eZY/ j'D. fJ; soQk dk e'Jh fposKsfJfsjk; ftZu BjhA fwbdk. fco nZi d/ f;Zy fJB/ Bk;wM fet/A pD rJ/,fe wzso ikgK ƒ, u"AeV/ wko e/, d' uko xzN/ p?mD ƒ, f;woB wzBh p?m/ jB< “;op o'r ek nT[y[d Bkw[” gqukoB tkb/, Iok e[ f;o ghV j'D s/, uzr/vkeNoK s/ tZv/ j;gskbK tZb ƒ d"Vd/ gb Go d/o BjhA bkT[Ad/. tZv/ tZv/“Bkwh ;zs” nkw wohiK tKr wjhfBnK pZXh, j;gskbK ftZu nZvhnKorVd/ y[d t/y/ jB. fGzvoK Ne;kb tkfbnK dk fJZe w[yh (frL r[opuBf;zx) s/oK ;kb sZe, ePN G'rdk fojk ;h (jtkbk^yzv/Xko, 8^03) ;[nkjdh u[Neh (g[Vh) Bkb ;ko/ o'r Bftos eoB d/ dkjt/dko, ;[nkj ftZudtkJh gh; e/ fwbk oZyd/ jB. Bk;wM PoXkb{ ;wM b?Ad/ jB fe pkp/ dh;[nkj jh eokwksh j?.

r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih ;'ofm okr d/ fJZe Ppd ftZu, fJZe' EK ;ko/gkyzv eow d/ pyhJ/ T[X/V e/ oZy fdzd/ jB. gkm ikg, i'r nk;D, w'B,eZgVk GKvk fsnkr d/Dk, T[wo Go xz[wd/ ofjDk, nkfd nB/e e{V ekoi,fe;/ b/y/ ftZu BjhA jB. ;fsr[o{ e/Adoh ftuko (ojkT[ tkbk pzd) fJjpyf;a;a eod/ jBl j/ gqG{` w?ƒ T[Zuh wZs d/thA, w?A ;ko/ nk;o/ SZv e/ e/tbs/oh PoB sZeh j?. tke jB ^

fgnko/ fJB fpfX fwbD[ B ikJh, w? ehJ/ eow nB/ek]jkfo gfoU ;[nkwh e? d[nko?, dhi? p[fX fpp/ek] ojkT[] (641)

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gkm gfVU no[ p/d[ phukfoU fBtfb G[nzrw ;kX/]gzu iBk f;T[;zr[ S[NfeU nfXe njzp[fX pkX/]fgnko/ fJB fpfX fwbD[ B ikJh w? ehJ/ eow nB/ek]jkfo gfoU ;[nkwh e? d[nko? dhi? p[fX fpp/ek]ojkT[]w'fB GfJU eogksh ofjU BrB fcfoU pB wkjh]sN shoE ;G Xosh GqfwU d[fpXk S[Ne? Bkjh]wB ekwBk shoE ikfJ pf;U f;fo eots XokJ/]wB eh w?b B T[vo? fJj fpfX i/ by isB eokJ/]efBe ekfwBh j?to r?to pj[ fpfX dkB[ dkskok]g{ik nouk pzd B vzvkT[s yN[ eowk ov[ ojsk]jT[ jT[ eos pzXB wfj gfonk Bj fwbhn? fJj i[rsk]HHHH(641)^ rktfB s[XB' gT[D[ gkDh p?;zso[ rkt? okik Xow[ d[nko/] (ig[)r[odtkfonK ftZu eJh jiako gkm jo o'I P[o{ j[zd/ jB, eJh jIko

gkmK d/ fBs G'r g?Ad/ jB. nyzv gkm, ;fji gkm, ;zgN gkm, nsh ;zgNgkm, w'B gkm, ;[ywBh gkm, nkg' nkgDk fBsB/w gkm, Bro ehosB, s/ehosB dopko. fJzB/ ;ko/ gkm fBozso j'D d/ pkti{d Gh d[Bhnk ftZu ebjeb/; BjhA fwN/. ;z;ko dh rZb Bk ;jh f;ZyK d/ dZ[yK dh Bftosh sK MZNgZNj' ikDh ukjhdh ;h. ;d nc;';, f;Zy ;wki Gh gq/PkBhnK ftZu ftbefojk j?. n;b rZb ;h e[dos d/ ekBz{B ƒ ;wMD dh. ftekoK ns/tk;aBktK s/ ekp{ gk e/, ;ziw tkbk B/e ihtB pshs eoB dh. go nfijkBjhA j'fJnk, ;r'A ny"sh Xkowe nkr{, G'bh b[ekJh ƒ e[okj/ Gh gk oj/ jBs/ d't/A jZEhA b[ZN Gh oj/ jB.

gzikp ftZu “okXk ;[nkwh” v/ok (fpnk;) fgSb/ ;tk e[ ;" ;kb s'A“Bkw dkB” nkbsh gkbsh nk;D nkfd eotkT[Adk nk fojk j?. fJjBKftZu'A o[Z; e/ frnk “Pkj w;skBk, f;o;/ fty/ v/ok “;Zuk ;"dk” tZyokpDkT[D ftZu ekw:kp j' frnk. fit/A fe v/o/dko ;kXK dh yk;hns jh j?,;oeko Bkb fwbe/ uZbDk, b'eK ftZu'A wodkT[g[Dk (eoKshekoh sZs) ysweoBk. I[bw ftoZ[X TFZ[uk ;kj sZe Bk b?Dk, ;t?wkD fwZNh ftZu fwbk e/ “pzd/

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dk pzdk” pDk e/, g?o g{itkT[D/ s/ i{m sZe ytkT[Dh. ew neb s/ p/r?ospD uZ[e/ b'eK ƒ ;oeko Gh s/ v/o/dko Gh, obe/ b[ZNd/ jB. fJj fgSbZrpD u[Ze/ b'e f;o ;[ZNe/ fiT[D d/ nkdh pD iKd/ jB. nkgD/ ;/teK d/ d[ZyKdh Bftosh tk;s/ okXk ;[nkwh pkp/ wzso dh pyfPP eod/ jB. nZr'A PosfJj bkT[Ad/ jB gJh fJj wzso fe;/ ƒ dZ;Dk BjhA j?. ;t/o/ Pkw w{zj f;oeZgV/ ftZu tb/N e/ fJ; “Bkw” dk ikg eoBk j?. ;ko/ ;z;koh ;[y fwbDr/s/ “okXk ;[nkwh Xkw” ftZu fBtk; fwb/rk. fJjBK dk wzso fJj j? ^

i's fBoziB, T[Aeko, oozeko, ;'jz, ;fsBkw.j[D brd/ jZE fJjBK d/ jh fJZe Bkoki XV/ tZb'A pyf;ank ik fojk

wzso Gh gVQ bU. fJj j? ;Zu/ ;"d/ tkb/ v/o/dkoK tZb'A fsnko, fdZsk ik fojk“Bkw”

“;fs g[oy, fBozeko, nekb w{os, npBk;h, Ppd ;o{gh okw.”fJjBK v/fonK B/ ;oekoh ;ogo;sh ftZu ofj e/, pVh skes pDk

bJh j?. e/tb t'N p?Ae okjhA fJj ;oeko s'A eJh fonkfJsK gqkgs eo b?Ad/jB. T[j fonkfJsK nkw b'eK tk;s/ BjhA j[zdhnK, e[ZM yk; u'Dt/A “wjKg[oyK”bJh j[zdhnK jB. ;oekoh i[bw d/ fybkc fJjBK B/ edh iapkB BjhAy'jbh. d[Bhnk ftZu Gkt/A gob' nk ikt/ fJjBK nkgD/ ;/teK ƒ “Bkwf;woB” eotkT[Dk j?. ipo d/ fto[ZX nktkI p[bzd BjhA eoBh. fJjf;oc “gob'e ;ztkoB dh wjkB ;/tk” eod/ jB. fJ; b'e dh rZb G[ZbikT[. G[Zy woh nDgVQsk, nzXftPtk;h, fpwkohnK, foPtsy'oh nkfdtorhnK nDfrDs nbkwsK, fJjBK ƒ ed/ BIo BjhA nkT[DrhnK. t?;/jiakoK ;kb s'A jh “ozr pozr/” ;kX ;zs, Gkos dh izsk iBkoB ƒ, wzsoikg dh n";aXh y[nkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jB. fJjBK dh ngko feogk ;dek jIkoK;kb sZe, oki;h r[bkwh b'eK B/ G'rh s/ wkBf;e r[bkwh sK nZi Gh G[rsoj/ jB. f;Zy ;kXK s'A b? e/ fjzd{ ;kXK sZe, fJjBK dh fcsos brGr fJZe'fijh j?^ nkgD/ jh b'eK ƒ u{zv u{zv ykDk.

Xow gouko tZb'A f;yK dhnK e/Adoh iE/pzdhnK (Pq'wDh ew/Nh s/fdZbh ew/Nh) f;Zy gzE Bkb Xo'j ewk ojhnK jB. Xow gouko dh

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fizw/tkoh s'A g{oh soQK w{zj w'V e/,okiBhsh dh rzdh ykJh ftZu roe u[ZehnKjB. uVQs dk g?;k wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb o'jV ojhnK jB. pkeh r[odtkokew/NhnK B/ Gh nkgD/ coI dh gSkD Bk ehsh. fJ;/ pZio bkgqtkjh ekoB,EK EK gkyzvh ;kX y[{zpK tKr T[Zr gJ/ jB. bzw/ ;w/A s'A f;ZyK ftZu nkgDkn;o o;{y pDk uZ[fenk fJZe v/ok (wfjs/ u"e tkb/ Ne;kbhJ/) ns/ T[jBKdk j' u[Zfenk fJZe w[yh frL r[opuB f;zx, nkgDh fbyh feskp “r[opkDhgkm doPB” ftZu wzso pko/ gzBk 230 s/ fbydk j? ;zs o/D Bkwh ;kX B/r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih s'A g[ZfSnk fe “s[jkvk w{b wzso fejVk j? < r[o wzsoeh j? < s/ wkbk wzso fejVk j? <” T[jBK B/ fco ;zs o/D ƒ dZf;nk “;kvkr[o wzso tkfjr[o{ j?, w{b wzso >HHHHH j? s/ wkbk wzso ig[ih ;kfjp j?.eosk g[oy ih B/ t, j, r, o dk B"A B"A i[Zr ikg ehsk. fco fJj tkfjr[o{wzso pfDnkHHHH”. :kd oj/ uko/ i[ZrK dh T[wo 43 bZy ;kb s'A tZX pDdhj?. fco B"A B"A i[ZrK dh j'o iop eo t/y'. fJj jB f;o/ dhnK rZgK i' ny"sh;zs, b'eK nzdo XZe oj/ jB. r[opkDh i[ZrK ƒ ftPƒ nkfd s/ d/thnK ƒwkBsk BjhA fdzdh Bk jh fJjBK d/thnK d/tfsnK B/ wB[Zysk dk e'Jh gk;kEzfwQnk j?. ;r'A fJj ;ko/ sK jB jh ebfgs.

nkT[ j[D r[opkDh d/ gowkD gVQhJ/, ftukohJ/ fe “w{b wzso, r[owzso, wkbk wzso” f;ZyK tk;s/ e'Jh j? Gh fe n?t/A wBxVQs ;a';a/ jh SZv/ ikoj/ jB. i/ GkJh r[odk; ih ƒ g[ZShJ/ fe dZ;' ih w{b wzso fejVk j? < sKT[j g{ok BjhA fbyd/ nX nX{ok fbyd/ jB. gV'^

“;fsBkw eosk g[oy w{b wzso f;woD gotkD']” (tko^6)“tkfjr[o{ r[o wzsq j? ikfg jT[w? y'Jh” Gh efjzd/ jB. Bkb jh

“;fsBkw[ gfV wzsq ;[DkfJnk” Gh fby rJ/ jB. nr'A j'o t/y' fXqr ihjtkr[o ;apd ftD[ j'o wzso[ f;woDh (27^10) j'o fby oj/ jB^

e[opkDh fsBk r[of;yk j'fJ fJZe wB r[o ikg igzd/]e[opkDh fsBk r[o f;yk r[opkDh fBs rkfJ ;[Dzd/] (2^32);w[Zuh r[opkDh dh T[usk pko/ jh GkJh r[odk; ih B/ fbfynk j?,

Bk fe;/ fJZe ;apd s/ wzso pko/. j'o t/y'^

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r[ow[fy gzE fBo'b B o'bD o'bhn?]r[ow[y ;pd nb'b[ gh nzfwqs x'bhn?. (19^20)

j'owzsq w{b[ r[o[ tke j? ;u[ ;pd[ ;fsr[o{ ;[DkJ/] 22$40 Gkr[L

nkT[ j[D r[opkDh ftZu'A wzso ikg iK f;woD pko/ gZ[ShJ/. ;fsr[o{ih iku dZ; oj/ jB ^

1H ;qtDh ;[Dhn?, o;Bk rkJhn?, fjod? fXnkJhn? ;'Jh]eoD ekoD ;woE ;[nkwh iks/ fpqEk Bk e'Jh] (611)

ezBK Bkb T[gd/P ;[D', I[pkB d[nkok T[gd/P ƒ fdqV eo', fjod/ftZu'A ;Zu d/ T[gd/P ƒ edh G[bkU Bk. f;oc T[; eoD ekoD ;woE gqG{ƒ fjod/ ftZu t;kT[.

2H r[o e/ uoD wB wkfj t;kfJ] d[y[ nB/ok nzdoj[ ikfJ] (1334)fJ; gzesh ftZu r[o{ d/ uoD wB ftZu p;kT[D dk j[ew j?. go d;K

gkfs;akjhnK d/ ;oho eoe/ sK nZi e'Jh uoD BjhA jB. fBozeko gqwkswkGh ;oho ofjs j? T[;d/ uoD j'D dk ;tkb jh BjhA j?. fco uoD eh jB< ji{o fJj “uoD r[o T[gd/;” jB.

3H iB e/ uoB p;fj w/o? jhno? ;zfr g[Bhsk d/jh] ( )fJ; gqwkD ftZu Gh oZp ih d/ uoB fjod/ ftZu tZ;D dh rZb nkyh

rJh j?, wsbp T[gd/P.4H d[y GziB[ s/ok Bkw[ ih d[y GziB[ s/ok Bkw[]

nkm gjo nkokXhn? g{oB ;fsr[o{ frnkB[] (218)j/ oZp ih` ;ko/ wkBf;e o'rK ƒ ysw eoB tkbk s/ok frnkB j?.

nZm/ gjo s/ok ft;akb fBnw (frnkB) ;wMe/, ;[yh ihtB pshs ehsk ik;edk j?.

5H wjK wzsq[ r[o fjod? pf;U nuoi Bkw ;[fBT[oh](384)fJZE/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[o{ d/ T[gd/P ƒ jh “wjK wzso” eoe/ fpnkB

ehsk j?.6H phi wzsq[ jfo ehosB rkT[] nkr? fwbh fBEkt? EkT[] (391)

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fJ; EK ;fsr[o{ ih B/ joh i; ƒ “phi wzso” nky e/ tfvnkfJnkj?.

7H “phi wzsq[ ;op e' frnkB[] uj[ toBk wfj ig? e'T{ Bkw[](;[ywBh^9^5)

fJ; gowkD ftZu ;kfjp ih B/ b'e gqb'e pko/ ;kok frnkB, oZppko/ s/ T[; dh ekfJBks pko/ ;kok frnkB jk;b eoB dh skehd ehsh j?.

8H r[o ek puB[ ifg wzs[] J/jk Grfs ;ko ss[](895)n;bh Grsh fJjh j? fe ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew ƒ ;theko eo',

ihtB ftZu Ykb'.9H wB wfj ikfg Grtzs[] r[fo g{o/ fJj[ dhB' wzs[](396)g{o/ ;fsr[o{ B/ fJj T[gd/P fdZsk j?, ;dk oZp ih ƒ u/s/ oZyDk j?.10H r[o eh ;[ofs fBefN efo ikB[]

r[o ek ;pfd ;fs efo wkB[] (897)nkgDh wZs ƒ r[ows nB[;koh pDkT[. r[o{ T[gd/P ƒ ;Zs puB wzB

e/ ;theko eo'.11H r[o ek T[gd/P ;[Bhi?] BkBe ;[fy ;jfi ;whi?] (896)j/ GkJh ;fsr[o{ ih dk T[gd/P ;[D' wzB', fJ; ƒ ;thekoB ftZu jh

;ko/ ;Z[y jB.12H ;u fpB[ ;s[ ;zs'y[ B gkt?] fpB[ r[o w[efs B nkt? ikt?]

w{b wzsq[ jfo Bkw[ o;kfJD[ ej[ BkBe g{ok gkfJnk] (1040);ZukJh d/ wkor s/ uZbDk, ;zs'yh pD/ ofjDk, fJjBK T[sw ftukoK

dk ;fsr[o{ s'A frnkB fwbdk j?. r[o{ s'A pr?o GNeDk ysw BjhA j't/rh.yk; ihtB dksh ;zihtBh p{Nh gqG{ ih dh :kd ns/ r[D jB. id'A r[o{do;kJ/ okj s/ wB[Zy uZb gt/rk, ;wM' w{b (w[ZY) Bkb i[V frnk.

13H wkJh uoB r[o whm/]tv? Gkfr d/t? gow/;o[ e'fN cbk do;B r[o vhm/] (717)

j/ wK` ;fsr[o{ ih dh ;aoD ftZu ofj e/ ihtB pshs eoBk pj[suzrk brdk j?. fi;d/ tZv/ Gkr j'D T[jh wB[Zy, ;fsr[o{ d/ r[DK ƒ XkoB

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eodk j?. eo'VK soK d/ j'o eowK s'A T[FZsw j? gqG{ ih dh :kd s/ ;fsr[o{ih dk T[gd/P.

14H “r[o efjnk” ;k eko ewktj[];pd[ uhfB ;ji xfo nktj[] ;ku? BkfJ tvkJh gktj[] (832)

j/ r[of;Zy'` i' ;fsr[o{ c[owkB eodk j? T[;/ soQK ezw eo'. r[o{ d/v{zx/ G/d tkb/ puB ƒ ;wM e/ fNekT[ ftZu nk ;e'r/. fJ; ;ZukJh tkb/wkor s/ ubfdnK tfvnkJh gkT[r/.

15H g[zB dkB ig sg i/s/ ;G T{gfo Bkw]jfo jfo o;Bk i' ig? fs;[ g{oB ekw] (401)

e'Jh dkB g[zB eodk j?, e'Jh ftP/P wzso ikgdk j?, fJjBK ;ko/ezwK s'A T[go, oZph :kd ftZu pshs ehsk, B/e ihtB j?. fJ; soQK d/ftnesh B/ ihtB dh g{oBsk gqkgs eo bJh ;wM'.

16H “r[o T[gd/f;” ighn? wfB ;kuk]“r[o T[gd/f;” okw ozfr okuk]“r[o T[gd/f;” s[Nfj ;fG pzXB, fJj[ Gow[ w'j[ go ikbDk]

(1077)j/ r[of;Zy'` ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk w[skpe ;Zu/ oZp ih ƒ fjod/ ftZu

t;kT[. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk okjhA oZph ozr ftZu ozr/ oj'. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P BkbGowk tkb/ ;ko/ pzXB N[ZN ikDr/.

17H p'fb jfo Bkw ;cb ;k xoh]“r[oT[gd/f;” ;fG d[y gojoh] (1134)

nekbh fBnw ftZu i' ;wK pshs j't/rk,T[jh ;cb wzfBnk ikt/rk.fJj ;'Mh r[o{ s'A gqkgs j[zdh j?, r[o{ ftekoK s'A w[es eoB dk sohek dZ;dkj?.

18H wB eh wfs fsnkrj[ jfo iB J/jk pks em?Bh]nBfdB[ jfo jfo Bkw[ fXnktj[ r[o ;fsr[o eh wfs b?Bh]

(800)j/ GkJh, nkgD/ wB dh S'Nh ws ƒ fsnkr fdU, fJj rZb pVh

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n"yh bZr/rh. fBskgqsh gow/;ao ƒ :kd oZy', ;fsr[o{ dh py;ah wZs p[ZXXkoB eo', fJjh n;b ihtB iku j?.

19H nT[yX wzsq szsq ;G Sko[] eoD?jko fod? wfj Xko[] (196)efj epho ikek Bjh nzs] fs;e/ nkr/ szs[ B wzs[] (971)

tkfjr[o{ ih ƒ ;dk fjod/ ftZu :kd oZy', j'o ;ko/ wzso szso T[jVy'jV wkw{bh jB, e/tb ;[nkj dh fBnkJh` gow/;ao i' p/nzs r[DK poesKdk wkbe j? T[; dh :kd jh n;bh wzso j?. j'o e'Jh wzso nkfd T[; s'AT[FZsw BjhA j' ;ed/.

20H e[p[fX fwN/ r[o ;pd[ phukfo] ;fsr[o G/N? w'y d[nko]ss[ B uhb? wBw[y[ ifb ikfJ]d[owfs ftS[fV u'Nk ykfJ] (944)

j/ fgnkfoU` r[o{ d/ Ppd (r[opkDh) ƒ ftuko^;wMe/ gVQ'. fJ;soQK ;fsr[o{ ih dh nkyh rZb ;wM nk ikt/rh. wBwZ[y fJB;kB gs/ dhrZb BjhA ;wMdk. fJ; soQK nzdo'A ;fVnk G[Zfink ofjzdk j?. G?Vh wZsekoB ;fsr[o{ s'A (ftukoK eoe/) d{oh pDh ofjzdh j?. fJ;/ ekoB ftS'V/ dkd[Zy Gh ;fjzdk j?, ns/ ;z;ko ftZu Gh brksko m'eoK yKdk d[yh j[zdk j?.nkyoh fBu'V^gkme iB' s[;hA r[opkDh gowkDK ;fjs gVQ fbnk, r[opkDhftZu, “wzso, phi wzso, wjKwzso, w{b wzso” ;fsr[o{ d/ T[gd/P tk;s/nkfJnk j?. r[ows ftZu fe;/ wzso ikg bJh e'Jh EK BjhA, Gkt/A T[jr[opkDh ftZu'A jh fbnk j'fJnk j't/. fJZE/ sK ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew ƒ ;wMftuko e/ T[; nB[;ko ihtB ubD pDkT[Dk j?.r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ I[bw dkykswk wzsoK Bkb BjhA, f;nkDg ns/ fjzws Bkb ehsk ;h. f;ZyK B/nDfrDs w[;hpsK fgzv/ s/ MZbhnK ;B. wzso ikgK Bkb, pkpo, ijKrho,n"ozrI/p, Bkdo, nfjwd;akj, Ieohnk ykB nkfd BjhA wo/. wzso ikgKftZu gk e/ f;ZyK ƒ w{oy s/ p[Ifdb pDkfJnk ik fojk j?. v/fonK tkb/, f;ZygzE ƒ fJ; jB/oh yZv tZb Xed/ ub/ ik oj/ jB. fJ; d{b/ gzE ƒ fJZefBozeko d/ bV bkfJnk ;h ;fsr[o{ ih B/. nZi jo wZmkXkoh, v/o/dko s/iE/dko y[d jh y[dk pD p?mk j?. gkmK ikgK dhnK nB/e ftXhnK gquZbs

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eo fdZshnK jB. fJjBK wzsoK gkmK Bkb, ;ko/ ftrV/ ekoiK dh ;cbskdh rozNh t/uh ik ojh j?. “;zsK jZE ;fsr[o{ ukph ;"Ag rJ/ jB” goukfonkik fojk j? “nBjd pkDh g{zih] ;zsB jfE okyh e{zih” (893) gzesh ;[Dke/ f;ZyK ƒ r[o{ Bkb'A ftS'V e/ eZu/ fgZb/ ftneshnK d/ ;/te pDkfJnk ikfojk j?. id'A fe fJ; gzesh d/ noE fJT[A jB ^ e[dos dk nBjs (S'js'A fpBk oZph rhs) Bkd r[o{ dh gktB pkDh ftZu'A gqrN j' fojk j?. r[o{ d/okjhA fJ;dh ;wM g?Adh j?.

fJZe j'o Ppd ftZu ;fsr[o{ fJ; r[zMb ƒ ;kc eod/ j'J/ fJ; soQK;/X pyP oj/ jB F

r[o[ e[zih, gkj{ fBtb[, wB[ e'mk, sB Sfs]BkBe r[o fpB[ wB ek ske[ B T[xV? nto B e[zih jfE] (1237)r[o{ dk frnkB ukph j?, g?oK ftZu ftekoK dhnK p/VhnK jB wB sB

ftekoK ftZu rq;/ j'J/ jB. j/ BkBe wB sB d/ pzd skb/ (fteko) e/tb r[o{d/ frnkB okjhA yZ[bd/ jB. j'o e'Jh fJzBk ;woZE BjhA fe wB[Zysk ƒ ;jhfrnkB d/ ;e/.j'o t/y' ^

;fsr[o dksk Bkw ek j'o[ dksk e'Jh Bkjh] (1258)nyho ftZu fJZe gqG{ Bkb B/Vsk pko/ fJZe r[opkDh T[gd/P fbye/

;wkgs eod/ jK ^^ J/e' J/e ;G[ nkfy tykD?] j[ew[ ;{M? sK J/e' ikD?] (1176)jfo fJZe', eosk fJZe[, fJZe' dhpkD[ jfo]jfo fJZe;? dk j? nwo[, fJZe' jfo fufs Xfo]fjo fs;[ fpB e'Jh BkfJ, vo[ Gqw[ GT[ d{fo efo]jfo fs;? B' ;kbkfj, fi s[X[ oy/ pkjfo xfo]jfo fi;B' j'fJ dfJnkb[ ;' jfo ikfg GT[ fpyw[ sfo (83)

gkmK wzsoK ikgK d/ r'oy Xzd/ ftZu p/nzs ;wK s/ nEkj XB popkdj' uZ[fenk j?. v/o/dkoK dhnK e'mhnK T[;o ojhnK B/, si'ohnK Bek Be GorJhnK jB. f;Zy j'o eoweKvh, tfjw rq;s s/ ezrkb j[zdk ik fojk j?.

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fJj jB e[ZM ekoD ;kvk p/Vk roe j'D d/. fJ; p/V/ ƒ v[ZpD' pukT[D bJhr[opkDh dk frnkB, fJfsjk; dh ;wM, r[ows fcbk;ch, ofjs wfonkdkpko/, jo f;Zy wkJh GkJh fisBh d/o u/szB BjhA j[zdk, T[Bh d/o gkyzvhnK

d/ ieVpzd *u'A fBeb BjhA ;eKr/.

yk; B'N L^ e?B/vk c/oh ;w/A (;szpo nes{po 06) Bkw f;woD d/jwkfJsh e[M ftneshnK B/ nZyK whNe/ u"AeVk wkoe/ ;t/o/ ;kio/ Bkwf;woD s/ pj[spb fdsk ;h. fJj Bkw f;woD fe;/ ftnesh dk fBihw;bk j' ;edk j?. id'A nDgVsk pj[sh ;h T[; tes f;Zy tkfjr[o{ iKwzrbk uoB ig b?Ad/ ;B. nZi ftfdnk dk i[r j? tX s'A tX r[opkDh noEK;w/s gVe/ frnkB ftu tkXk eoBk ukjhdk j?, Bk fe fJe' gzesh iK PpdB[z pko pko oNh ikDk j?. i/ tkfjr[o{ wzso Bkb ezw ;o ;edk sK 1430gzB/ r[opkDh fbyD dh eh b'V ;h < i/ f;woB fe;/ wzso B{z wzB fbnk ikt/sK fJjBK PpdK d/ eh noE eo'r/ <

e'fN d/th ik eT[ ;/tfj, bfywh nfBe Gkfs]r[gs gqrN ikeT[ nokXfj, gT[D gkDh fdB;[ okfs]Bfynsq ;;hno ;{ofXnktfj, p;[Xk rrBk rktJ/];rb ykDh ;rb pkDh ;dk ;dk fXnktJ/] (456)j/ GkJh` eo'VK d/thnK d/ts/ nB/e sohe/ oZp B{z fXnkT[Ad/ jB.

eJh r[gs YzrK Bkb eJh T[uh p'be/, nokXd/ jB. gT[D s/ gkDh ns/ oksT[;/ B[z :kd eod/ jB. ;ko/ BSZso uzd ;{oi, Xosh s/ nkekP T[;/ B{z rkT[Ad/jB. ;kohnK ykDhnK tkb/ iht ;kohnK p'bhnK okjhA, ;dk jh oZp B{zfXnkT[Ad/ jB.

j[D ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j? fe Xosh uzd ;{oi jtk s/ gkDh oZp B{z fet/Af;wod/ jB < fJj e'Jh wB[y sKr ;oho Xkoh sK jB BjhA. fJ;dk ;gPNwsbp j? fe nekb g[oy d/ pDkJ/ nNZb fBnw nB[;ko nkgD/ fizw/ brh;/tk fBoftxB fBGk oj/ jB. wB[y B/ Gh ekdo dh e[dos B{z ;wMe/ ;[uZikihtB pshs eoBk j? BK fe nZyK pzd eoe/ fe;/ Ppd dk pko pko oNDeoh ikDk. fJ; soQK eofdnK frnkB s'A ;yD/ ofj ikJhdk j?. r[opkDh

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;wM ftuko e/ gVB:'r j? Bk fe oND eoB bJh.n?;k frnkB igj[ wB w/o/] j'tj[ ukeo ;ku/ e/o/] (728)fJ; gzesh ftu r[o{ frnkB B{z igD dk j[ew j?. frnkB ifgnk

iK f;wfonk BjhA ik ;edk. frnkB sK jk;b eoe/ T[; w[skpe ezweoBk j[zdk j?.

pkto/ s? frnkB phuko B gkfJnk] fpoEk iBw rtkfJnk](793)j/ Bk ;wM fJB;kB, s{z r[o{ frnkB ;wfMnk BjhA, ftuko ehsh jh

BjhA. ;kok ihtB fpnoE rztk fbnk.

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r[opkDh wjkB - f;Zy BkdkBr[opkDh wjkB - f;Zy BkdkBr[opkDh wjkB - f;Zy BkdkBr[opkDh wjkB - f;Zy BkdkBr[opkDh wjkB - f;Zy BkdkB

fJZe tkoh f;Zy nkr{nK dh p?me ftZu f;Zyh ƒ T[FZuk uZ[eD bJhI'odko xVwZ; fgnk j'fJnk ;h. fe;/ nkfynk j;gskb y'jb', d{i/ B/fejk ;e{b ukb{ eo'.shi/ B/ sho SZfvnk Bro ehosB eo', s/ u"E/ B/i?ekok rikfJnk ;oeko fto[ZX w'ouk bkU. fe;/ okJ/ fdZsh ykfb;skB s'AfpBK BjhA i/ ;oBk fJZe j'o B/ c[owkfJnk ;ko/ r[odtkfonK ftZu gzE dhuVQdh ebk bJh nyzv gkm eotkJ/ ikD. gzE dh ftrVh sedho ;ztkoBtk;s/ bZr oj/ i'o ekoB ;ko/ “iE/dko” g;hB' g;hBk j'J/, pV/ n"y/ ;kjb? oj/ ;B. r'rV ƒ ;zGkbfdnK gzE d/ dod dh ghV ftZu ftnke[b, fJZefibQk iE/dko yVk j'fJnk, s/ fJbkjh c[owkB gVQe/ ;[DkT[D d/ nzdki ftZue{fenk^ “w/o/ gzE gq;s Gokt'` pVh d/o s'A w?A eZu/ fgZb/ fij/ ftuko ;[Ddknktkiko j' fojk ;K. s[jkv/ e'b'A gzE dh v[Zpdh p/Vh pzB/ BjhA bZrDh.fJjd/ tk;s/ w/o/ e'b fIzdrh dk siopk j?, r[o{ fgnko s/ gzEe dod j?.pVhnK ;ehwK ;[D uZ[fenk jK w?A, j[D fXnkB Bkb w/oh rZb ;[D' s/ nwbhikwk gfjBkT[. fJZe fwzN r[nkJ/ fpBK ;ko/ r[odtkfonK ftZu M[b oj/fBPkB ;kfjp d;-d; c[ZN T[FZu/ eotk fdU. fBPkB T[FZu/ sK ykb;k gzET[FZukHHHH”. iE/dko i/s{ nzdkI ftZu sfDnk yVk ;h. s/ fe;/ B/ i' p'b/ ;'fBjkb dk i?ekok rik e/ fJ; ftuko dh g[;Nh eo fdsh.

uko/ gk;/ pVh ektK o"bh gkJh ik ojh j?, “gzE ƒ ;zGkb', gfssg[Dko'e', B"itkBK ƒ Bf;anK s'A pukU, pqkjwDh eoweKvK s'A w[esh gkUHHH.”ftXh g{ote nkgDh fizw/tkoh ;wMe/ e'Jh iE/pzdh (SGPC s/ DGPC)bzw/ ;w/A d/ ekoi T[bheD bJh fsnko BjhA j?. e[ZM fJZe iE/pzdhnK s/v/o/dko pVh bk i[nkp dbhb xVh xVkJh rZb eoB tkb/ d/ wZE/ eZY wkod/jB.” d/y' ih fJj gktB r[opkDh ;uyzv ftZu'A, pkpk BkBe ih B/ fbnKdhj?. T[FZu/ rrB wzvbK dhnK fJ; ftZu ftZukoK jB. fJ; ƒ e"D ;wM ;edkj? < e"D fJ;d/ noE eoB dh ;woZEk oZydk j? < fJj sK p; rkT[D bJh

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s/ nBzd b?D bJh j?.” eh w?A g[ZSD dh r[;skyh eo ;edk jK fe fJj pkDhpkpk BkBe ih B/ Xosh s/ nke/ jh feT[A fbyh < i/ ;Zuyzv dh t;s{ j? sK T[gofes/ ;zGkb oZyd/, Xosh T[go nkT[D dh eh b'V ;h < fJj pkDh T[jBKp'bhnK ftZu fbyh rJh j?, i' fJ; G{yzv s/ gquZbs ;B. fJ; pkDh ftZuXosh s/ pD/ wzdoK dk fIeo j?, w;fidK dk fiaeo j?. BdhnK dfonktK(rzrk iT[ r'dktfo ikJhn?, e[zfG iT[ e/dko BQkJhn?. r'wsh ;j; rT[ dkB[ehi? 973”) gP{nK, gzShnK, oZ[yK, fpoyK, nzB dkD/ sZe d/ Bkw w"i{d jB.i'rh, i?Bh, p'Xh, fjzd{, w[;bwkB, T[jBK d/ g{iBhe d/ts/, nkfde dk r[o{rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu Gog{o fiaeo fwbdk j?. jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, ;wz[do,uzd ;{oi (i' Xosh s'A BIo nkT[Ad/ jB) skfonK dk Bkw pko pko nkT[Adkj?. i/ fJj pkDh wBZ[y wkso (yk; eo f;Zy gzE) bJh BjhA j?, fco fJ;dhouBk eoB dh Io{os jh e'Jh BjhA ;h. i/ pkDh ƒ e'Jh ;wM BjhA ;edksK fJ; n;{b dk fBoDk fet/A j't/rk fe r[owZs eh j? s/ wBws eh j? <fijV/ b'e fJ; soQK w{oysk tkbk gquko eo oj/ jB T[j fBowb fBnko/ykb;k gzE ƒ pqkjwDh yko/ ;kro ftZu v'p oj/ jB. e[ZM ;kX bkDk i'nBgV j'D eoe/ r[opkDh ftub/ “;Zu” ƒ ;wMD s'A n;woE j'D eoe/,nkgDh ew nebh ƒ S[gkT[Adk j'fJnk fJj nkye/ gZbk S[vk b?Adk j?F “ihpkDh ƒ e"D ;wM ;edk j? < r[o{ eh rs r[o{ ikD/, n;hA r[o{ dh pqkpoh fet/Aeo ;ed/ jK <

fJj T[go tofDs ftuko dk fJZe gZy j?. d{ik gZy fJj Gh j? fe;kv/ ;ko/ gqukoe, Xkowe ;N/i s/ jkiaoh b[nkD tkb/, f;Zy oki;h nkr{,eth, okrh, Ykvh nkfde, ;ko/ jh fJjBK e[ZM e[ puBK ƒ pko pkod[jokT[Ad/ ;[D/ ik ;ed/ jBF “fJj fJbkjh pkDh j?, X[o eh pkDh j?, ;fsr[o;fjpkB d/ fjod/ ftZu'A gqrN j'J/ noPh puB jB. i[r' i[r nNZb r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ih, d;K gkfs;akjhnK dh nkswe i's j?. Ppd r[o{ j?, u"o sysd/ wkbe, PfjBPkjK d/ PfjBPkjHHHH.” fJ; s'A gqrN j'fJnk nZi dkfJbkjh fJoPkd, oZph c[owkB, nZi dk wjKtke dopko ;kfjp s'A pyfPPj'fJnk “nzfwqs t/b/” dk j[ewBkwkHHHH”. gkme iB'` s[;hA fJ; soQK dk

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gquko f;ZyK dhnK Xkowe ;N/iK s'A j[zdk nB/e tkoh ;[fDnk j't/rk. fizB/ftP/PD r[o{ rqzE tk;s/ tZX s'A tZX tos/ ik ;ed/ ;B ;ko/ tos/ ik oj/ jB.j[D iaok r"o Bkb d[pkok fXnkB e/Ados eoe/ ;'u'. fizBh tfvnkJh r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ih dh ipkBh ebkwh ehsh ik ojh j?, eh ;Zu w[Zu fJ; soQK;thekfonk Gh ik fojk j? < f;ZyK dh PoXk w[skpe sK ;koh r[opkDh jh;fsr[o{ ih dk j[ewBkwk j?. fco fJZe Ppd dk j[ewBkwk feT[A < y?o fJZePpd nro “j[ewBkwk” j?, sK eh j[ew dh T[bzxDk Gh ehsh ik ;edh j?< xo ftZu pZu/ wksk fgsk dk j[ew BK wzBD sK eh T[j fgnko gqkgs eo;eDr/ < ndkbsK tZb'A fdZsk frnk “j[ew” e'Jh gbN e/ t/y/` s[ozs ;hyKfgZS/ pzd j't/rk. j[ew tZfvnK tZb'A fdZsk iKdk j?, s/ T[; ftZu S'fNnK dhGbkJh S[gh j'fJnk eodh j?. fijV/ w?Apo xo d/ tZv/ dk j[ew BK wzBD,nkg j[dohnK eoB fco T[jBK ƒ y[nkoh, popkdh s'A e'Jh BjhA puk;edk.

f;Zy p[bko/ s/ f;ZyK d/ u"Xoh ;N/i s/ BkNe pVk tXhnk eod/ nkoj/ jB. go BkNe sK e/tb pDktNh rZb jh j'fJnk eodh j?, T[; ftZujehes sK e'Jh j[zdh jh BjhA. d[Bhnkdkoh d/ ftjko ftZu, ;akfJd BkNeehsk uZb ikt/, go ;Zu/ ;fsr[o{ Bkb Gh Sb BkNe < eh fJj r[ow[yskJhnkyh ik ;edh j? < fBozeko dk fJbkjh “j[ew” id'A ikoh j[zdk j? T[;ƒd[BhnK dh e'Jh skes BjhA o'e ;edh. ;w[zdo TF[ZSb e/ Xosh tZb uVQ gJ/sK spkjh eo fdzdk j?. G[ukb, pko;aK, s{ckB nkfde id'A efjo toskT[Ad/jB, e'Jh BjhA o'e ;edk. id'A y[PhnK y/fVnK tkb/ ;kirko w";w ubd/jB, sK bfjoK pfjoK j' iKdhnK jB. ftP/PD sK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ƒ d/ fdZs/;ko/, pj[s tZv/, go j[ew T[;dk n;b ftZu fes/ Gh BjhA ubdk. ;N/ihSb, BkNe ƒ SZv e/ iaok n;bhns ftZu T[so e/ t/y'. f;Zy gzE dh soi/afIzdrh eh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ “j[ew” w[skpe j? < id'A f;Zy nytkD tkb/jh ;fsr[o{ ih dk “j[ewBkwk” wzBD bJh fsnko BjhA fco y[nkoh s/popkdh jh gZb/ g?Dh j'Jh. ;z;ko Go ftZu nzdkiaB d' bZy r[odtko/ jB.T[jBK ;kfonK EkJhA ;Zuh pkDh dk jo o'ia eJh eJh tko “j[ewBkwk” gVQ

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e/ ;[DkfJnk iKdk j?. p'ov s/ fby fdZsk iKdk j? sK fe jo e'Jh gVQ ;e/.d[yh wB Bkb fby fojk jK fe T[; “j[ewBkw/” ƒ o;w g{osh tKr gfVQnk;[fDnk ik fojk j?. T[;ƒ ;wMD tk;s/ e'Jh isB BjhA ehsk iKdk. ;zrsKƒ ;wMkT[D dk e'Jh gqpzX BjhA ehsk frnk. i' ehosBhJ/ ehosB eod/T[wo fpsk fdzd/ jB, pkDh pj[s ;koh :kd Gh eo b?Ad/ jB. T[jBK ƒ y[dgsk BjhA j[zdk fe n;hA i' rk oj/ jK, fJ; dk noE eh j?. ;fsr[o{ eh“j[ew” d/ oj/ jB. gkmh gkm eofdnK p[ZY/ j' iKd/ jB, fJZe wPhB dhfBnkJh. eh gVQ oj/ jB, eh T[gd/P j? gktB pkDh dk e[S gsk Bjh.;fsr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh r'd ftZu p?m e/, tkfinK fuwfNnK tkb/, bzw/M[ZfrnK tkb/, “;qh wkB 1008, ;zs, pqjw frnkBh” j'D dk Y'b fgZND tkb/“;Zuk j[ew Bkwk” (r[opkDh) fsnkr e/, nkgD/ i'V/ j'J/ fx;/ fgN/ N'Ne/,(eftsktK) G'bhnK ;zrsK ƒ j/eK bk bk e/, ;zx gkV gkV e/ ;[DkJ/ ik oj/jB. G'b/ PoXkb{ wBwsh e{Vk eoeN wB d/ GKv/ ftZu PoXk ;fjs g[nkoj/ jB. pdb/ ftZu fJjBK gkyzvh ;kXK ƒ b'eH wkfJnk d/ tZv/ rZc/ G/Neod/ jB. fJjBK r[opkDh Bkb'A s'Ve/ v/fonK Bkb i'VB tkfbnK dh “uoBKs/ f;o oZye/” g{ik Gh eod/ jB.

nekb sys d/ w[Zy ;/tkdko (iE/dko) dh jkioh ftZu fJZe xkr v/o/dko pko pko ;zrsK dk w{zj fuVKdk fojk, r[owfonkdk dhnK XZihnKT[vkT[Adk fojk, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh s"jhB eodk fojk. “iE/dko *s/ ;zrsKp/p; j'J/ BhthnK gkJh fJ; ;kX dhnK pVQeK oZph j[ew wzB e/ ;[Dd/ oj/. ;N/i s/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK fJ; ;kX ƒ r[of;ZyK tZb'A fejk frnk, “;zs ihfeogk eoe/ ;N/i s/ e/tb r[opkDh rkJh, ;[DkJh ikt/, eZuh pkDh BjhA.”“;zs B/ c[zekok wkfonk, s/to fsZy/ j'J/ nZyK d/ v'o/ bkb j' rJ/. nzdo/nzdo iafjoh Bkr tKr Ifjo x'bfdnK, ;zs ih B/ ;ZspuB nky e/ f;ofjbkfJnk. nrb/ jh gb fJ; ;zs Bz{ ;N/i s'A fJT[A pVQefdnK ;ko/ ;[Doj/ ;B ;w/s “iE/dko” nekb sys.” ;zs ih ;Zu' ;Zu pykB oj/ ;B^“w?ƒ fejk frnk j? fe ;N/i s'A f;oc gZeh pkDh (r[opkDh) gVQhikt/. eZuh pkDh BK gVQh ikt/. fJ;dk wsbp fe i' e[ZM r[o{ rqzE

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;kfjp ftZu doi j? T[jh gZek (mhe) j? pkeh ;G eZu fgb j?, s[jkƒr;hnK g?DrhnK w/ohnK ;ZuhnK rZbK ;[De/, bU ;[D' ^ uko/;kfjpIkfdnK dk r[o{ rqzE ftZu e'Jh fIeo BjhA j?, s[jkv/ uko/;kfjpIkd/ eZu/` p'b' tkfjr[o{. s[jkv/ gziK fgnkfonK dk r[o{ rqzEftZu e'Jh jtkbk BjhA fJ;dk wsbp gzi fgnko/ eZu/ p'b' tkfjr[o{.uko r[o{nK dk Bkw s/ pkDh r[o{ rqzE ftZu BjhA j?. ;wM' s[jkv/ uko/r[o{ eZu/` p'b' tkfjr[o{. ;ajhdK w[ohdK dk, yzv/ dh gkj[b dk e'JhfIeo BjhA, fJj Gh ;ko/ eZu/ fgZb/. p'b' tkfjr[o{HHHH. s[jkv/ GkJhr[odk; s/ GkJh Bzd bkb Gh eZu/, p'b' tkfjr[o{HHH.” xzNk Go fJjp{pBk ;kX (wkB f;zx g/jt/ tkbk) ;kfonK d/ f;o ;[nkj gkT[Adk fojk fe;/dh fjzws Bk gJh fe fJ; dh IpkB pzd eotk ;e/. S/t/A gkfsPkj d/ ;ki/s\s dk “iE/dko” “;zs ih d/ fJj gqtuB nzfwqs ikD e/ ;[Ddk fojk.;zrsK tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ igdhnK ojhnK. gqpzXe BhthnK gkJh fNefNehbke/ r'be ftZu vkbo g?Ad/ t/yd/ oj/. frDsh d/ ;/te euhuhnK tZNd/ oj/.“;zs” ih nkgD/ T[gd/P ;qtD eotk e/ vkboK d/ E?b/ Goe/ mkm Bkb fe;/;aoXkb{ d/ xo g[Zi rJ/.

fJZe iawkBk ;h r[opkDh d/ ;Zu s/ gfjok fdzfdnK, ;fsr[o{ ih d/T[gd/P w[skpe ihtB fiT[AfdnK, r[of;Zy f;o dh pkih bk fdnK eod/;B. fJZe iawkBk ;h id'A f;ZyK d/ d[PwD Gh f;Zy feodko d/ r[D |yo BkbfpnkB efonk eod/ ;B. fJZe ;wK ;h goT[geko fjZs f;Zy pjkdonkgD/ ;ko/ ;[Zy fsnkr fdnk eod/ ;B. T[j Gh tes ;h g{ik d/ XkB (r[o{Bfws wkfJnk s/ gdkoE) ƒ Ifjo ts ikfDnk eod/ ;B. nZi f;Zyfeodko fezBk o;ksb ftZu fvZr fgnk j?, (ftofbnK ƒ SZve/) fpnkBeofdnK jh Pow Bkb gkDh j' ikJhdk j?. ;fsr[o{ ih dk c[owkB j? F

fXqr[ fsBk ek ihftnk fi fbfy fbfy t/ufj BkT[]y/sh fiB eh T[iV? ybtkV/ fenk EkT[.. (1245)

fJZE/ fJj Bk ;wM b?Dk fe Xkr/ sths wzso s/ w[Zb d/ gkmK sZe jhrZb ;hws j?. BjhA, ;r'A bkbu t;, y[droihnK ftZu o[VQe/ Xow d/ n;{b

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t/u d/D/, Xow fJwkB s/ Iwho t/u d/Dh. Xkowe ;wkie s/ oki;h;"d/pkih ftZu fBZi dk ckfJdk jh gqwZ[y oZyDk. r[o{ xoK ƒ u"XoK uwekT[Dd/ nZv/ pDk b?Dk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh T[Zsw f;Zfynk s/ Bk uZbe/ e/tbpkDh dh nkV ftZu wkfJnk d/ nzpko fJeZm/ eoB/. nfij/ ;ko/ b'eK tk;s/jh T[gq'es gzeshnK jB. fJZe T[od{ d/ PkfJo B/ pVk ewkb dk f;ano fJ;goEkJ/ fbfynk j? LF

y[dkfJnk jt; e/ pzd/ tck e' p/u d/s/ j?.y[dk e/ xo eh fenk ejhJ/ f:j y[dk e' p/u d/s/ j?.nZi nkw f;ZyK dh rZb sK pj[s fgSKj ofj rJh j?, gzE d/ tkfjd

bhvo e"vhnK d/ Gkn fted/ BIo nk oj/ jB. iE/dkoK d/ xo'A (s/ fdb'A)f;Zyh T[FZv uZ[eh j?. “;kX ;zs” ;zrsK ƒ GowK ftZu gke/ d'B/ jZEhA b[ZN oj/jB. fsnkrh pqjwukoh nytkT[D tkb/ “wjKg[oy” nkbhPkb wfjb T[;kouZ[e/ jB. eo'VK nopK dhnK iawhBk ikfJdksK pDk uZ[e/ jB. nkw f;Zyr[opkDh frnkB s'A e'ok BIo nkT[Adk j?. nkgDh fwjBs dh ewkJh b[N/o/bhvoK s/ oki;h nkr{nK nZr/ Y/oh eo oj/ jB. Xowh u'fbnK ftZu fbgN/b[N/o/ ;kXK ;zsk d/ uoBK ftZu nogD eo oj/ jB. fJ; nk; Bkb fewkfJnk fdZfsnK ;ko/ dZ[y eb/P ysw j' ikDr/. ihtB ;cb j' ikt/rk.

;kvk p/Vk roe eoB bJh fJsB/ ekoD eh ekch BjhA jB< fJ;

bJh jh ;kvk p/Vk v[Zpdk ik fojk j?. ekP e'Jh wbkj pD e/ uZg{ bk d/t/.

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g[oksB p'bh-;z;feqs iK gzikph <g[oksB p'bh-;z;feqs iK gzikph <g[oksB p'bh-;z;feqs iK gzikph <g[oksB p'bh-;z;feqs iK gzikph <g[oksB p'bh-;z;feqs iK gzikph <

fgSb/ bzw/ ;w/A s'A jo ftP/ Bkb ;pzXs g[;seK gVQd/ ofjDkfIzdrh dk nN[ZN fjZ;k pD frnk. fJ;/ ekoB fdwkr ftZu pj[gZyh ftZukoKdk Gzvko fJeZmk j'Dk ;[Gkte jh ;h. gzikph d/ pj[s ;ko/ GkPk ftfrnkBhnK(GkPk d/ wkfjo) dhnK fbysK eJh eJh tko gVQhnK. ftofbnK ƒ SZve/pj[fsnK B/ gfjb'A fBoXkos “;Zu” jh fpBK fMie fpBK fdwkr ƒ y/ubfdZfsnK, d[jok fdZsk. o/s dh ezX tork “;Zu” fJj Gh T[ukfonk frnk.“ny/ gzikph fbZgh r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ fsnko ehsh. fJ;/ ekoB fJ;dk Bkw “r[ow[yh” fgnk.” e[ZM fJZe j'o “f;nkDg” ftykT[AfdnK fby rJ/jB fe gzikph fbZgh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ pDkJh, fbyh s/ gquZbsehsh.” y[dk y?o eo/ fJj fe;/ ekoykB/ ftZu xV/ ikD tkb/ f;Ze/ iK GKv/BjhA jB, fe tXhnk uwedko fij/ pDk e/, ;;s/ Gkn fteD bJh piakoftZu ;[ZN fdU, b'eh MZN yohd b?Dr/. fJj e'Jh BtK c?PB BjhA ;h fet/yfdnK t/yfdnK jh xo xo g[Zi ikt/rk. p'bh pDfdnK, fte;s j[zfdnk,fbZgh fsnko eofdnK br wkso s/ T[ukoD fBoXkos j[zfdnK, d; thj;kb BjhA, ;" d' ;" ;kb Gh BjhA, jikoK ;kb dk bzwK ;co s?j eoBk g?Adkj?. fJj e'Jh fwZ;hnK o'NhnK, rzYk s/ bZ;h dk frbk; Gh BjhA ;h, fe r[o{BkBe ;kfjp B/ nkJ/ doPB nfGbkyhnK ƒ MZN gZN Sek fdZsk.

gzikph p'bh ns/ r[ow[yh fbZgh dk gqwkfDe ;o{g ;kƒ r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ftZu'A sK fwbdk jh j?. ;r'A pkothA ;dh ftZu j'J/ pkpk cohd ih dhfbys ftZu'A Gh gqkgs j?. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftub/ ;p{s ;" gqshPs ftPtkP:'rjB. fJ; w[ekpb/ j'o jo fbys PzektK Bkb fxoh j'Jh j?. pkpk cohd ihdh fbys d/ doPB eo', i' s/jothA ;dh ftZu fbyh^p'bh iKdh ;h ^

! cohdk w? G'bktk gr dk ws w?bh j'fJ ikfJ]rfjbk o{j Bk ikDJh f;o[ Gh fwNh ykfJ] (1379)

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! ezXh T[s? o[yVk feuoe pzB? Xho]cohdk eu? GKv? oyhn? feuo[ skJh Bho[] (1382)

! ;/y j:ksh ifr B e'Jh fEo ofjnk]fi;[ nk;fD jw p?m/ e/s/ p?f; rfJnk] (488)

;zB 1947 sZe ;kok wkMk bZrGr fJjh m/m gzikph p'bdk ;h. nZr'Agkfe;skB ftZu ub/ rJ/ fJbke/ Gh fJjh p'bh p'bD tkb/ ;B. fJ; s'AgfjbK (B"thA ;dh ftZu) r'oy BkE dhnK fbysK fwbdhnK jB. T[jBK ftZuGh gzikph Gko{ “;X{eVh” GkPk tosh rJh j?. Bw{Bk^

wK ej/ w/ok g{s ftnkfjnk. ekY dkw pkxD b/ nkfJnk.frbh bZeV e' x[D ykfJnk. (r'oy dh ouBK)

gzikp d/ e;fpnK, fgzvK ftZu nZi sZe pkDhJ/ b'e tZyoh gSkDtkb/ tjh yks/ oZyd/ jB. fJZE/ d[ekBdko b'e fjzdh, nzrq/Ih fbyD dh EKt/A,nZi sZe fBozso i' fbys tjhnK ftZu fbZyd/ nk oj/ jB, T[; ƒ “bzv/”nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ pkoK nZyo jB. br wkso e'Jh BjhA j?. tgkohb'e fJ;ƒ pky{ph fbyd/ gVQd/ ns/ ;wMd/ jB. bZrGr gzithA S/thA ;dhs'A fJ;d/ gqubD dk ftPtkP ehsk ik ;edk j?.

gzikp s/ w[;bwkBh oki j'D eoe/ fJZE/ gzikph ftZu noph cko;hs/ g;s' d/ Ppd pj[sks ftZu obd/ rJ/. T[AR fdZbh s'A b? e/ i/jbw sZe,oki;EkB s'A b? e/ fPwb/ sZe, (;w/s izw{ d/) gzikph dk jh p'b pkbk ;h.:kd oj/ fjwkub ns/ jfonkD/ dh nZi skJh e'Jh ;[szso fbZgh BjhAj?.Gkos ftZu fjzd{ bkph Gko{ j'D eoe/ fJjBK ;{fpnK ƒ fjzdh p'bh tkb/ipoh n?bkB eo fdZsk frnk j?. id'A fe fJjBK dh p'bh gzikph d/ tX/o/BIdhe j?. 47 s'A wro'A Gkosh jkewK B/ ;'uh ;wMh ;kfiP sfjs gzikphp'bh dk rb x[ZNDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. gzikph gqc[Zbs j'D Bkb r[opkDh dh ;[Zuh(go pqkjwDh ohs^t?fde ohs dh fto'Xh) s/ wB[Zysk dh fjs?Ph, ftZukoXkoktX/ c[b/rh. f;Zy fJfsjk; ikrqs j't/rk. fJ; soQK r[opkDh ftZu fusosehs/ rJ/ ;'jD/ ;wki dh f;oiDk j't/rh. i' fe fjzd{ fcoek gq;sK ƒ BjhAGkT[Adk. fjzdh d/ tkX/ Bkb t?fde ohsK o;wK tXD c[ZbDrhnK. GKt/A

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fJB;kBhns dk xkD j[zdk oj/, go pqkjwD ns/ yZsoh dhnK ;Zs/ y?oKj'DrhnK.

nkT[ j[D Iok fjzdh d/ fgS'eV ns/ g[oksBsk pko/ ftZuko eohJ/.;kv/ e'b oftdk; ih, epho ih ns/ Bkwd/t ih tor/ gow g[oyK dh pkDhw"i{d j?. fJ; pkDh ƒ fjzdh d/ B/V/ s/V/ nkfynk ik fojk j?. r[o{ s/rpjkdo ih dh ouBk ƒ Gh fjzdh obh p'bh nkfynk ik fojk j?. id'A fefJj ;" gqshPs M{m j?. n;b ftZu fJj p'bh i' ;ko/ GrsK ns/ r[o{ s/rpjkdo ih B/ tosh j?, fJj “;X{eVh” p'bh j?. Gkt fe jo fJZe ;kX{nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ PpdK dh pj[sks ns/ pkeh ;kX{nK tZb'A tos/ iKd/ ;KM/PpdK dh tos'A eoe/, nkgD/ ftuko gqrN efonk eodk ;h. T[jBK;fwnK ftZu, fjzdh dk feXo/ Bkw' fBPkB Gh BjhA ;h. n;b ftZu j'fJnkfJ; soQK fe e[ZM EktK s/ fjzd{ w[yhnK tZb'A 1835 ftZu, nkgD/ Xow ns/;fGnkuko ƒ ;zGkbD bJh nzrq/i ;oeko nZr/ p/Bsh ehsh. r'oh ;oekoB/ wzr gZso T[fus Yzr Bkb, ft;Eko ;fjs fsnko eoe/ d/D bJh fejk.fjzd{ w[yhnK B/ i' wzrK oZyhnK, T[; ftZu d/P dh ;KMh ;zgoe p'bh dh wzrGh ehsh rJh. feT[Afe nfijh e'Jh p'bh Gkos ftZu BjhA ;h i' ;GBk ƒgotkB j[zdh. p; T[;/ “;kX GkPk” (;X{eVh) ƒ gotkBrh d/D dh rbehsh. T[;/ dk Bkw wro'A nk e/ fjzdh oZy fbnk frnk. fjzdh fe;/ ;{p/ dhp'bh BjhA ;h, Bk j?.

nrbh fJZe Gkosh p'bh ;h T[Vd. feT[Afe nzrq/IK dk oki d[BhnKGo ftZu c?fbnk j'fJnk ;h. e[dosh j? fe d[BhnK d/ e'B/ e'B/ ftZu'A B"itkBKƒ c"i ftZu Gosh ehsk iKdk ;h. J/Phnk wjKdhg d/ c"ih nkg; ftZu rZbpks eoB bZfrnK, nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ PpdK dh pj[sks tkbh cko;h p'bDdh e'fPP efonk eod/ ;B. cko;h ftZu “T[Vd” c"ih ƒ nkfynk iKdkj?. “T[Vd pikoh” c"i ƒ efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK c"ihnK dh nkg;h ;zgoep'bh ƒ “T[od{” fejk ikD bZr fgnk. T[od{ fJ; bJh fe fJzrfbP ftZu“V” nZyo BjhA j[zdk. T[E/ “o” Bkb ezw ubdk j?. id'A fjzd{nK B/, fjzd{;fGnkuko ƒ pukT[D bJh d[jkJh fdZsh, sd'A jh (1835 ftZu) w[;bwkBK

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B/ Gh, nkgDh ;zgoe p'bh T[Vd{ ;theko eotk bJh. fJj :kd oj/, nZisZe T[Vd{ fe;/ ;{p/ fyZs/ dh wkso p'bh BjhA j?. d/P d/ pNtko/ s'A pkndGkosh jkewK B/, gkobhw?AN ftZu, fJZe GkPk pko/ fpb gk; eotkD bJhfbnKdk. we;d fJj ;h fe d/P dh ;zgoe p'bh fjzdh j't/ iK fJzrfbP.gkobhw?AN w?Apo nZX' nZX tzv/ rJ/. fe;/ gk;/ c?;bk Bk j'fJnk. pVh id'Aifjd s'A pknd “;oekoh ;kXB tose/” frL r[ow[y f;zx w[;kfco s'Afjzdh d/ jZe ftZu fJZe fBoDkfJZe t'N gtke/ Gkos Go ftZu fjzdh ;zgoep'bh pDk fdZsh rJh.

;z;feqs dh g[oksBsk fpnkB eoB s'A gfjbK, fJsBk e[ fgS'eVdZ;Dk Io{oh ;h. j[D d[pkok fJ; B[es/ s/ fXnkB e/Ados eo', fe cko;hp'bh ƒ fgnko eoB tkb/ oki;h skes tkb/, w[;bwkB b'e,fJZe jIko ;kbsZe, Gkos ftZu oki eod/ ofjD d/ pkti{d cko;h p'bh ƒ b'eK dh o'IkBkp'bukb tkbh p'bh BjhA pDk ;e/. fbysh ezw Gkt/A ;kok jh cko;h ftZuj[zdk ;h. cko;h d/ Ppd b'e p'bh ftZu gqt/P Gh eod/ ik oj/ ;B, go wKp'bh dk doik cko;h ƒ gqkgs BjhA j' ;fenk. fe;/ Pfjo e;p/ iK fgzvftZu ;w[Zu/ b'eK dh o'iawok dh p'bukb tkbh p'bh cko;h Bk pD ;eh.ekoD < feT[Afe fJj Gkosh b'eK dh nkgDh p'bh BjhA ;h, pd/P s'A nkJ/b'eK dh p'bh ;h. ;zB 1600 ftZu Jh;N fJvhnk ezgBh ebZes/ ftZu;Ekgs j' u[Zeh ;h. ;kY/ fszB ;" ;kb sZe pzrkbh b'e fJzrfbP d/ y{pwkfjo pD rJ/, cokN/dko nzrq/Ih p'bd/ ;B. go fe;/ fJZe Gh pzrkb tk;hdh wks p'bh fJzrfbP BjhA pD ;eh. fJ;/ soQK pkeh Gkos ftZu nzrq/Ihpko/ ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.

pqkjwD B/ gouko d/ i'o Bkb gZEo d/ N[efVnK ƒ “GrtkB” pDke/ ;dhnK sZe b'eK ƒ w{oy pDkfJnk s/ T[jBK dh g{ik eotkJh. ;dhnKs'A ekbgfBe d/tfsnK ƒ G'b/ b'eK d/ wB w;sZe ftZu m'f;nk s/ b[ZN e/ykXk. jikoK ;kb s'A ;z;feqs ƒ “d/t pkDh” j? dk Y'b pj[s T[FZuk fgZfNnkfrnk. fit/A d/ts/ ebfgs jB, fst/A T[jBK dh pkDh dh g[oksBsk ebfgsj?. Gkos ;oeko B/ ekbiK, :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu, ;z;feqs ftGkr y'jb/

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j'J/ jB. eo'VK o[g? dk pZiN gqtkB ehsk iKdk j?. ;z;feqs ftZu g[;se$b/yfbyD tkb/ ƒ ftP/P fJBkw ;BwkB fdZs/ iKd/ jB. o/vhU NhHthH s/ yk;;fwnK s/, ;z;feqs ftZu ypoK s/ j'o gq'rokw fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJsBk e[ZMeoB d/ pkti{d, ;z;feqs nkyoh ;kj frD ojh j?. g[okD/ rqzE gVQ ;eDtkbk e'Jh ftobk ftnesh bZGdk j?. w/o/ nkgD/ iZdh fiab/Q, gfNnkb/ ftZu,d' fgzv nfij/ jB, fiBQK dh p'bh m/m gzikph BjhA j?. pj[s jZd sZejfonkDth p'bh Bkb fwbdh i[bdh j?. ;dhnK phs rJhnK fJjBK d't/AfgzvK (ebtkD{z d/XBk) dh wks p'bh BjhA pdbh. feT[AFe iBw s'A jh pZfunKƒ wksk fgsk d[nkok fJjh p'bh ;[DB ƒ fwbdh j?. gzikp d/ ftZuekoofjzfdnK Gh, fJjBK dh nkgDh p'bh nZi sZe m/m gzikph BjhA pDh. gskBjhA fezBk tes gfjbK, fJjBK fgzvK d/ tv/o/ fe;/ nfij/ fyZs/ ftZu'A nke/gfNnkb/ fIb/ ftZu fJjBK d' EkJhA fgzv t;k bJ/. p'bh T[jh, fiE'A T[FZm e/nkJ/ ;B, nZi sZe gquZbs j?.

gzikph ƒ gSkVB d/ p/nzs isB j'J/, gfjbK fJZe jIko ;kb sZedcsoh p'bh cako;h pDkJh rJh. nzrq/Ih oki d"okB dcsoh ;oekoh p'bhfJzrfbP pDkJh rJh. i' nZi sZe Gh dcsoK ftZu tosh fbyh ik ojh j?.d/P tzv s'A pknd gzikph ƒ fjZe d/ skD fjzdh dh d[p/b pDkfJnk ik fojkj?. gkfe;skBh gzikp ftZu gzikph ƒ e'Jh wkBsk BjhA. r[ow[yh fbZgh ƒgkfe;skB' d/; fBekbk fwfbnk j'fJnk j?. fco Gh T[j b'e gzikph p'bd/jB. nfij/ pdso jkbks ftZu Gh d'tK gzikpK dh gzikph p'bh ihts j? s/ihts oj/rh. b'V tes Gkos ftZu pj[s ;ko/ b'e fJzrfbP p'bd/ jB.fJzrfbP gVd/ fbyd/ jB, pj[s ;ko/ nypko o;kb/ s/ g[;seK nzrq/Ih ftZuSgdhnK jB. fco Gh ;ko/ Gkos ftZu fe;/ fJZe Gh fgzv iK ftnesh dhwks p'bh fJzrfbP BjhA j?. ekoB < fJj Ugoh p'bh i[ j'Jh.

nZi sZe g{oh skes bk e/ goukfonk frnk j? fe Gkos dh ;G s'Ag[oksb p'bh ;z;feqs j?. ;z;feqs g[oksB GkPk sK Gkt/A j't/ go Gkosh p'bhsK jofrI BjhA j?. i/ fJj p'bh Gkosh j[zdh sK Gkosh fyZs/ ftZu e'Jh fJZe;{pk sK nfijk pfunk j[zdk, fiZE'A dh fJj wks p'bh j[zdh. e'Jh fJZe

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Pfjo, iK fJZe fgzv sK ;ko/ ftPkb d/P ftZu j[zdk, fiZE/ t;d/ ;ko/ b'e,o'IkBk ;z;feqs p'bd/, gVQd/ fbyd/. d[BhnK Go ftZu fJZe Gh wB[Zy nfijkBjhA fwb/rk, i' ;z;feqs ƒ wks p'bh d/ s"o s/ p'bdk j't/. feT[Afe ;z;feqsftZu pqkjwDh eoweKvh rqzE fby/ j'J/ jB. i/ ;z;feqs E'V/Q pj[s ;kj b?Adhojh sK gkyzvhnK dk gkyzv ubdk oj/rk. GftZy d/ wB[Zy ƒ ;z;feqs e[ZM Ghd/D s'A n;woE j?. t/bk ftjk u[Ze/ ftuko, ;z;feqs rqzEK ftZu pE/o/ fwbikDr/. fit/A i/s{ w[;bwkBK B/ Gkos ftZu ofj e/ g[;seK fbyhnK nophcko;h ftZu. T[j feskpK ikDekoh sK e'Jh d/ ;edhnK jB. go ;kvhnkgDh p'bh ftZu BjhA jB. fJ;/ soQK pj[s ;ko/ r'fonK B/ nzrq/Ih ftZufeskpK fbyhnK. T[jBK ftZu frnkB fwbdk j?, go ;kvh p'bh ftZu BjhAjB. fJ;/ soQK ;z;feqs fJ; d/P dh p'bh BjhA j?. jikoK ;kb gfjbK fi;fyZs/ ftZu'A jwbkto ephb/ T[FZm e/ nkJ/ ;B, nkgD/ Bkb e[ZM ohsh fotkis/ e[ZM ezw ubkT{ ;z;feqs fbysh rqzE fbnkJ/. i/ ;z;feqs T[jBK b'eK dhwks p'bh j[zdh sK T[j wodh ed/ BK. d[BhnK ftZu e[ZM ephb/ nfij/ Gh jBfiBk dh nkpkdh e[ZM jIko sZe jh ofj rJh j?. fco Gh T[jBK dh wksp'bh ihts j?.

g[oksBsk dk Y'b pj[s tZi frnk j?. fit/A d/ts/ edh Xosh s/ BjhAnkJ/, fst/A Gkosh Xosh dh “d/t pkDh ;z;feqs” nkgDh BjhA j?. r[o{BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ d/tfsnK dh pk^dbhb n;bhns ;kv/ ;Bw[Zy oZy fdZshj?. pqkjwD d/ gkyzv ns/ ;dhnK s'A ehsh ik ojh nzBQh b[ZN dk GKvk u"okj/ftZu GzB fdZsk j?. t/dK dh ftukoXkok B/ wB[Zysk ftZu tzvhnK s/ ftjbVg[Dkgk fdZsk j?. nfijh f;Zfynk dh nZi e'Jh ehws BjhA j?. ;fsr[o{ ih B/nkgDh gktB pkDh r[ow[Zyh$gzikph ftZu T[ukoD eoe/ “d/t pkDh” ;z;feqsƒ rb'A bkj fdZsk j?. d[BhnK ftZu gzikph p'bD tkb/ bZrGr thj eo'V wB[ZyjB. s/ d/tpkDh ƒ p'bD tkbk e'Jh fJZe gfozdk sZe BjhA. ;z;feqs dk Mzvku[Zeh fco oj/ b'e Gh fJ; ƒ wksp'bh tKr BjhA p'bd/. eK;h dh ftfdnkpko/ r[o tke

! eKPh s/ X[fB T[gi? X[fB eK;h ikJh]

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ek;h c{Nh gzfvsk X[fB ejk ;wkJh] (857)! Bk ek;h wfs T[gi? Bk ek;h wfs ikfJ] ;fsr[o fwfbn? wfs T[gi? sk fJj ;'Mh gkfJ]fJj[ wB[ ek;h ;fG shoE f;fwqfs ;fsr[fo dhnk p[MkfJ]nm;fm shoE fs; ;zfr ojfj fifB jfo fjod? ofjnk ;wkfJ] (491)pV/ d[Zy dh rZb j? w[;bwkB s/ fjzd{ gzikphnK B/ pVh p/j:kJh

Bkb gzikph wK p'bh s'A w{zj w'V fbnk j?. p'bh B{z Xow Bkb i'V fdZskj?. e[ZM pj[s/ “wkvoB b'e” brksko oN bkJh ik oj/ jB fe n;hA“gzikph e"w s/ gzikph p'bh”, gzikph ;ZfGnsk B{z gqc[Zbs eoB dk:sB eo oj/ jK. p'bh B{z “Xow dh e?d” ftu BjhA ofynk ik;edk. ;fBwo p/Bsh j? fe nro gzikph ihtB ftu'A f;ZyK dh;{owrsh eZY d/JhJ/, ;fsr[o{ ih tZb'A ehs/ T[geko ft;ko d/JhJ/, sKgzikp ftu nokiesk, p/gsh, ekfJosk ns/ rdkohnK s'A f;tkJ/ j'oeh j?< fJ; gzikph p'bh B{z ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgDh gktB pkDh fbye/nwo pDk fdZsk. BZuD rkT[D tkb/, GzvK tork ihtB pshs eoBtkb/ gzikph f;Zyh XkoB eoe/ ;z;ko d/ f;ow"o ;{ow/ j' fBpV/. i/f;Zy gzikph s/ gzikp B{ z BK ngDkT[Ad/ sK nZi sZe fJjd't/A jB/ohnK r[cktK ftu roe rJ/ j[zd/. f;Zy nfeqsxD BjhA pD/.nkgDk coi pky{ph fBGkfJnk. gzikph p'bh ns/ f;Zyh B{z nbZr

oZfynk jh BjhA ik ;edk fJj d't/A fJZe' f;Ze/ d/ gk;/ jB.

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nzfwqs eh j? <nzfwqs eh j? <nzfwqs eh j? <nzfwqs eh j? <nzfwqs eh j? <

;z;ko ftZu g?dk j'fJnk e'Jh iht woBk BjhA ukj[zdk. nDfrDse'fPPK eoe/ j'o tX/ok ;wK fiT[Dk b'udk j?. iht izs{nK B/ nfijh ;'uiK ftXh fte;s BjhA ehsh fe T[j fpwkoh iK w"s ƒ Nkb ;eD. wkBf;egZXo ewI'o j'D eoe/ (PkfJd) iht izs{ w"s s'A wB[Zy fizBK vod/ Gh BjhAjB. fJB;kB B/ w"s ƒ NkbD dh wB;k Bkb ikd{ wzso jE"b/ N{D/ nkfd s'Aftek; eoe/ dtk dko{ dk ;jkok fbnk. wkBf;e gq/PkBhnK s'A puD tk;s/“Xow” dk nk;ok fbnk. Pkwh XowK ftZu nkp/j:ks dk fynkb T[FZGoe/;kfjs ftZu Sk frnk. fjzd{ g"okDe rqzEK ftZu d/tfsnK s/ okyPK ob e/,;w[zdo foVfenk s/ nzfwqs eZfYnk. fJj ghDk fe;/ ƒ B;hp Bk j'fJnk.nzfwqs dh tzv eofdnK d'tK fXoK dh y{Bh izr j'Jh s/ ;kok nzfwqs v[Zbfrnk. id'A ;oho dh Bk;tkBsk o'eh Bk ik ;eh sK nkswk dh nwoskdk ;zebg g?dk j'fJnk. g[Bo iBw d/ ftZuko fgZS/ Gh fJj' fJZSk ezw eodh;kc BIo nkT[Adh j? fe eh j'fJnk i/ w?A j[D ;oho eoe/ wo fojk jK, w/ohnkswk nwo j?, S/sh jh fe;/ j'o ;oho okjhA d[pkok iBw bt/rh. nfij/j'o Gh pj[s ;ko/ N[ZNt/A ftuko ;z;ko ;kfjs ftZu'A fwb iKd/ jB.

;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ gqrN j'D Bkb o[e/ j'J/ ftukoK ƒ, ;kfjsƒ, fJfsjk; ƒ, XowK ƒ, wB[Zyh ihtB gZXsh ƒ fJZe Bt/ebh rshPhbskgqkgs j'Jh. yV's dk fPeko j' uZ[e/ wB[Zyh tosko/ ƒ fiZE/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ j'opj[s e[ZM T[FZsw doi/ dk pyfPP ehsk, T[E/ nwosk pko/ Gh Bt/ebkfdqPNhe'D g/P ehsk. r[opkDh B/ vze/ dh u'N Bkb n?bkB eo fdZsk ^

i?;k ;[gBk o?fB ek s?;k ;z;ko]fdq;fNwkB ;G[ fpBf;n? fenk brfj rtko]fJfe ukb/ fJfe ukb;fj ;fG ngBh tko]HHH (808)

nzfwqs dh gfoGkPk r[opkDh ftZu pky{ph w"i{d j?. ftP/ tzv w[skpenzfwqs d/ pj[s ;ko/ tZy' tZyo/ noE ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;wMkJ/ jB. nkT[ fJZe

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fJZe eoe/ r[opkDh dh neZN rtkjh gqkgs eoe/ nzfwqs pko/ ikBD dhe'fPP eohJ/ ^ ekfJBks d/ wkbe ƒ r[opkDh dh p'bh ftZu nzfwqs fejkfrnk j?, Gkt fe T[;dk “Bkw” jh nzfwqs j? ^

1H nzfwqs Bkw[ fBXkB[ j? fwfb ghtj[ GkJh]fi; f;wos ;[y gkJhn? ;G fsyk p[MkJh] (318)

r[opkDh i' ;fsr[o{ ih B/ gqG{ dh f;cs ;bkj ftZu T[ukoD ehshj?, fi; d[nkok wB[Zy wkso ƒ fIzdrh fiT[D dk tZb nkT[Adk j?, T[;r[opkDh ƒ Gh nzfwqs dh ;zfrnk fdZsh j? ^

2H nzfwqs pkDh jfo jfo s/oh];[fD ;[fD j't? gow rfs w/oh] (103)

i' ;fsr[o{ gftZso T[gd/P okjhA wB[Zysk ƒ ;'Mh d/t/ ;oho okjhAgoT[geko eo/ T[j y[d Gh nzfwqs dk ;'wk j?. gktB tke jB ^

3H ;fsr[o ftfu nzfwqs Bkw[ j? nzfwqs[ ej? ejkJ/]nzfwqs pkDh ss[ j? r[ow[fy t;? wfB nkfJ] (1423)

r[opkDh dh p'bh ftZu oZph j[ew ƒ Gh nzfwqs fejk frnk j?. fit/AX[o dorkj'A r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp nekb g[oy d/ xZb/ nkJ/ ;B. fJ;/ soQK nZr'Ay[dkJh ofjws ;dek f;ZyK ƒ r[osk gqkgs j[zdh ojh s/ T[j r[o{ pD ftZuo/.fw;kb bJh^

4H nwodkf; nwos Ssq r[o okwfj dhnT[] (1408)id'A ifrnk;{ fJZe wB nekb g[oy ƒ :kd eodk j?, nkgDh

nkswk s/ gJ/ fteko X' d/D bJh r[o{ s'A ;'Mh gqkgs eodk j?, sd'A T[jt/bkt\s Gh nzfwqs tKr j[zdk j?^

5H nzfwqs t/bk ;u[ BkT[ tfvnkJh thuko]eowh nkt? egVk Bdoh w'y[ d[nko[] (2)

ub oj/ goeoD ftZu d[ZX ƒ Gh nzfwqs ;zfrnk fdZsh rJh j? ^6H ;'fJB eN'oh nzfwqs Goh] b/ Bkw/ jfo nkr? Xoh] (1163)fco wZyD sK dZ[X Bkb'A Gh fInkdk ehwsh j?, wZyD ƒ Gh nzfwqs

fejk frnk j? ^

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7H o;Bk Bkw igj[ sp wEhn? fJB fpfX nzfwqs gktj[] (728)fJB;kB dh nZy pj[s e[ZM t/ydh rfqjD eodh j?, uzrk Gh s/ p[ok

Gh. ;fsr[o{ p[okJh s'A o'e e/ B/eh tZb bkT[Dk b'Vd/ jB. j/ wB[Zy` s/ohfdqPNh nzfwqs torh pD ikt/^

8H ;{e/ jo/ ehJ/ fyB wkj/] nzfwqs fdq;fN ;zfu ihtkJ/] (191)eoskg[oy ihtK s/ ;dk ofjws eodk ofjzdk j?, j'o nB/e poesK

d/ Bkb Bkb ;'e/ s'A pknd whAj g?Dk Gh nzfwqs dh poyk j' ojh gqshs j[zdhj?

9H fMfw fMfw to;? nzfwqs Xkok] wB[ ght? ;[fB ;pd[ phukok] (102)y[dktzd eohw B/ feogk ehsh nzdo'A jh T[;d/ doPB j' rJ/. puB

jB 10H nzdo[ bGk okw Bkfw nzfwqs Bdfo fBjkb] (48)nrb/ jtkb/ ftZu nBzs r[DK tkb/ T[FZu/ oZp ih ƒ ;dk :kd oZyD pko/

j[ew j? ^11H fijt/ nzfwqs jfo r[D rkT[] (1219)

fwZm/ puBK ƒ Gh nzfwqs nkfynk frnk j? F12H fij gq;kfd p'bfj nzfwqs o;Bk] (269);[nkdb/ gdkoEK ƒ Gh nzfwqs ;zfrnk fdZsh rJh j? ^13H fij gq;kfd Sshj nzfwqs ykfj] (269)t/yDk ;[DBk s/ ykDk gftZso nzfwqs tork jh j't/. ;r'A ;fsr[o{ ih

sK ;kƒ ;w{bfunK ƒ jh, nzfwqs pDk d/D bJh feogk eo oj/ jB ^14H nzfwqs p'b? ;dk w[fy t?Dh] nzfwqs t/y? goy? ;dk B?Dh]

nzfwqs eEk ej? fdB[ oksh ntok nkfy ;[BktfDnk] (118)uzr/ r[D XkoB eoe/ ;w[Zuk ;oho jh nzfwqs pD iKdk j? ^15H nzfwqs ekfJnk oj? ;[ykbh pkih fJj[ ;z;ko']wB[Zy f;Zfynk b? e/ ftek; eo ;edk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;[:'r sohe/

uhiaK dh tos'A nzrK dh tos'A eoBh f;Zy ikJhJ/. fJ; ftek; Yzr ƒnzfwqs nkfynk j? ^

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16H fpy[ ;/ nzfwqs[ GJ/ r[owfs p[fX gkJh]nej[ gowb gJ/ nzsfo tk;Bk t;kJh] (565)

uzr/ ezwK dk Bshik d/o ;t/o uzrk jh gqkgs jzdk j?, fJ; ƒ fJT[AfpnkB ehsk j?^

17H r[of;yh jfo nzfwqs[ phfink jfo nzfwqs Bkw[ cb[ nzfwqs[ gkfJnk](304)

r[o{ dk Ppd iK pyfPnk Bkw fjod/ ftZu t; ikt/, GNeDk ;dkbJh w[Ze ikt/^

18H J/e' t/yk nto[ Bphnk] r[o go;kdh nzfwqs ghnk]r[o e? ;pfd fsyk fBtkoh ;ji/ ;[fy ;wktfDnk] (113)

nkfyo ftZu ;fsr[o{ ih c?;bk ;[Dk fdzd/ jB fe pkeh sK ;ze/s jB,rb ;wMkD bJh, f;o/ dh rb sK fJj j? fe nzfwqs e/tb fJZe' jh j?. T[jj? Gh fjod/ ftZu jh. fiBQK s/ tkfjr[o{ ih B/ ngko feogk eo fdZsh T[jBKdk ihtB ;zto frnk. Bkw T[gd/P okjhA nzdo ukBD j' frnk ^

19H fiB tfvnkJh s/o/ Bkw eh s/ os/ wB wkfj]BkBe nzfwqs[ J/e[ j? d{ik nzfwqs[ Bkfj]BkBe nzfwqs[ wB? wkfj gkJhn? r[ogo;kfd]fsBh ghsk ozr f;T[ fiB eT[ fbfynk nkfd](1238)

wB[Zy B/ nkgDhnK usokJhnK ubkehnK Bkb fJ; “Xosh Xow;kb”T[s/ nk e/ pj[s B[e;kB ehsk j?. T[; ƒ fJZE/ ofjDk p;Dk jh BjhAnkfJnk. nkgDh nbg p[ZXh ns/ y[droIhnK ekoB ;wki ftZu nB/egqeko d/ eb/P ehBk ;kVk b[ZN y'j nkw t/yD ftZu nk ojh j?. ;fsr[o{ ihwB[Zy ƒ Xosh s/ nkT[D dk, nkgD/ T[FZu/ coiaK dk, pko pko u/sk eokT[Ad/jB. fe GkJh s/ok ihtB ftekoK s'A ofjs j'e/, nzfwqs tork pDBk ukjhdkj?. ;r'A fJZE/ iBw b?D dk wZ[y go:'iB jh j? fe p[okJhnK ƒ fjod/ xoftZu'A eZY d/t/A, s/ nzfwqs tork ;tZS ihtB pDk bt/A. sk jh s/ok nkT[Dk;cb wzfBnk ik ;e/rk. tke jB ^

20H fi;[ ib fBfX ekofD s[w ifr nkJ/ ;' nzfwqs[ r[o gkjh ihT[]

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S'vj[ t/;[ G/y us[okJh d[fpXk fJj cb[ Bk jh ihT[] (598)T[go tofDs r[opkDh dhnK gktB gzeshnK fJ; rZb dk m'; ;p{s

jB fe ftP/ dh pDso iK uZb oj/ goeoD d/ w[skpe nzfwqs Ppd pj[s;ko/ noEK ftZu tofsnk frnk j?. fJ; s'A pknd ;zB 1699 dh ft;kyhƒ i' ekoi d;w gkfsPkj ji{o B/ ehsk T[j e"se, f;Zy bfjo dh f;yobhwzib ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJj fBoDk Gh eo fbnk ;h fe nZr'A ykb;k gzEdk w?Apo pDkT[D dk nfXeko w?A gzi f;zxK dh gzukfJs ƒ ;"Ag d/Dk j?. goT[j fejV/ yk; ekoB jB fiBK eoe/ Bt/A f;foT[A f;ZyK ƒ e[ZM gqD eoD bJhgkpzd ehsk frnk < nkT[ Iok T[jBK dh e[ZM e[ fBPkB d/jh eoB dk isBeohJ/ ^

BzL 1H gfjbh pZio e[ofjs e/; jBl fJjBK ƒ oZph dks ikDe/;fseko ;fjs oZyD dk j[ew ehsk frnk. dkjV/ e/;K tkbk GotK e[doshi[Z;k f;oiDjko B/ wB[Zy ƒ p\f;nk j?. e/; eNkT[D tkb/ b'e e[dos d/fBnw dh T[bzxDk eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. d{ih rZb fe n"os wod dh ;ohoepDso tZyoh j'D dk pkjoh fuzB jB e/;. pj[ frDsh ihtK ftZu fJjhe[dosh fBnw gosZy t/fynk ik ;edk j?. e/;K dh ;zGkbtk;s/ f;o T[s/ ;z[do d;sko Gh Io{o ;ikJh iKdh j?. s/ d;sko e/tbjkew fXo d/ b'eK ƒ ;ikT[D dk jZe ;h, r[bkwK ƒ d;sko ;ikT[D dk e'JhjZe BjhA ;h. g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu dkjVh e/; eZNDk, p/fJIsh dk gqshe;h. ;G s'A fInkdk PowBke ;Ik ;h dkjVh e/; eZN d/D/ ns/ d;skoT[skoe/ p/gZs eoBk s/ nZr'A bJh d;sko pzBD s/ o'e bk d/Dh. i/ jkewN'bk i'o Ipo eo/ sK ;fsr[o{ ih B/ feogkB pyPh j? fJ; dh tos'A eoBhikfJI j?. fw;bK d/ fGnkBe d"o ftZu id'A e'Jh f;Zy frqcsko eo fbnkiKdk, sK fJZe' Pos ;h^e/; eNtkD/ gotkB eo bt' ikB p\P fdZshikt/rh. fe;/ fJZe Gh f;Zy ;{ow/ B/, e/; eNtke/ p/gsh tkbk fiT[Dk gotkBBk ehsk. fJ; s'A fpjso r?os tkbh Pjhdh ƒ gfjb fdZsh. ;odkoh s/f;Zyh dh Bt/ebh gSkD e/; ns/ d;sko ekoB jh j?. s[ob/ cob/ fJj;'jDhnK d;skoK s/ jh ;ikJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. nodk; ftZu e/;K dk d' tkoh

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fieo nkfJnk j? “fiBK f;zxK f;zxDhnK B/ Xow j/s ;h; fds/HHHHf;Zyhf;de e/;K ;[nk;K ;zr fBGkfjnK.” d{ih tko^ “f;ZyK ƒ f;Zyh dkB e/;dkBHHHHnky e/;K dh ;bkwsh ukjh j?. gzi eekoK ftZu gfjbk eeko e/;jh oZy/ rJ/ jB. pZio e[ofjsK ftZu Gh gfjbh e[ofjs e/; jB. e/;K dh;zGkb pko/ p/nzs gowkD ;kv/ fJfsjk; ftZu'A s/ ofjsBkfwnK ftZu'A t/y/ ik;ed/ jB. GkJh osB f;zx ih Gzr{ gqkuhB gzE gqek; ftZu e/;K pko/ fbyd/jB

“okyj[ eS eVk e/; feogkB. f;zx Bkw e' fJj fB;kB.ezxk e/;'A e/ ;zr oj?. fJj' gKu eeko Xo/ j?.

BzL 2H gosB rkwh r[o{ ;kfjp dh fBrokBh ftZu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjpd/ T[gd/PK w[skpe f;ZyK dk ihtB Ybdk ik fojk ;h. f;Zy pV/ B/e nkuoDd/ XkoDh pDd/ iK oj/ ;B. go d;w gkfsPkj jI{o B/ wfj;{; eo fbnkfe nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftZu f;ZyK ƒ, bzwh y{Bh izr bVBh g?Dh j?. d[PwD B/j'o eo{osk Bkb f;ZyK s/ i[bw eoB/ jB. Xow d'yhnK tZb'A fJB;kBhnss'A fro/ j'J/ ewhD/ eko/ Gh eoB/ jB. nfijh wkBf;e ghVK ftZu'A pdb/ dhitkbk GVe g?Adh j?. nfij/ fGnkBe d"o ftZu, n"osk ƒ fpBk ekoB s'AnB/e soQK d/ ;zskg G'rD/ g?Ad/ jB. fJfsjk; rtkj j? ikbw je{ws d/ekfozfdnK B/ wk;{w d[ZX u[zxd/ pZfunK s/ Gh ofjw Bk ehsk. f;Zy phphnKƒ p/UVe s;hj/ fdZs/ rJ/, g[Zi e/ ngwkBs ehsk frnk. go f;ZyK B/;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew ƒ f;o wZE/ gotkB eofdnK ;dk jh gokJhnK n"osKdk ;fseko ehsk. f;ZyK d/ eksb Gh fJj fJbikw BjhA bk ;e/, fe f;Zy“iBkjh” j[zd/ jB. w[;bwkB s/ nzrq/i fbykohnK fBo;ze'u fJ; gy'A f;ZyKdh go;z;k ehsh j?. f;ZyK ƒ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ gktB puB ;dk u/s/ofjzd/ ;B ^

fBwy ekw ;[nkd ekofD e'fN fdB; d[y gktfj]xoh w[js ozr wkDfj fcfo pj[fo pj[fo gS[sktkfj] (403)

nfijh fJZe xNBk dk fIeo GkJh ;zs'y f;zx B/ r[ogqskg ;{oirqzE ftZu ehsk j?. izr ;w/A fJZe w[;bwkB ioB?b dh i[nkB n"os f;zxKd/ x/o/ ftZu nk rJh. d[PwD ikB puk e/ BZm rJ/, s/ e[ZM wko/ rJ/. B"itkB

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f;Zy fJ; p/p; n"os Bkb BhthA gZXo d/ wike eoB bZr gJ/. tv/oh T[wod/ f;ZyK B/ rGo{nK ƒ tofink. T[j nZr'A j'o r[Z;/ ftZu nk rJ/. ny/w[;bwkB ;kvhnK XhnK G?DK Bkb i' ;b{e eod/ jB, T[j fe;/ s'A G[Zfbnkj'fJnk BjhA j?. i/ n;hA pdbk b?Dk ukjhJ/ sK ;kƒ o'fenk feT[A iKdk j?< f;nkD/ f;ZyK ;bkj fdZsh fe MrVk BK eo', ub' d;w gksPkj ji{o s'Ac?;bk eotk b?Ad/ jK. ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ nke/ ;koh j'Jh phsh nky ;[DkJh.GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ih fbyd/ jB^

g[fB f;zxB p[M? r[BykBh. ;rb s[oe G[rt/A fjzdtkBh.f;zx pdbk b/ Gbk iDkt?A. r[o ;k;so feT[A toi jNkt?A <;[D p'b/ ;fsr[o fs; p/o/. jw b/ ikD' gzE T[u/o/.Bkfj nX'rsh fpy? g[ukt?A. sK s/ ebwb eoB jNkt?A.gokJ/ o{g ftZu roe j'e/ fJB;kB fIzdrh spkj eo b?Adk j?.

nkgD/ xo dk u?B, gotkfoe ;[Zy ysw j' iKdk j?. J/vi torhnKfGnkBe fpwkohnK w"s d/ w{zj ftZu XZe fdzdhnK jB. nZi ;z;ko dk jof;nkDk wB[Zy gokJ/ sB s'A puD dk T[gd/P d/ fojk j?. d[BhnK Go dhnK;oekoK nkgD/ b'eK ƒ J/vI dh fGnkBesk s'A ikD{ eotk ojhnK jB.

;zB 1971 ftZu pzrbkd/P dh izr ;w/A f;Zy c"iK B/ nkgD/ T{FZu/ ;[Zu/feodko dk gorNktk ehsk. gke;skBh c"ihnK tZb'A nkgD/ jh XowtkbhnK (w[;bwkB) itkB n"osK dh PowBke jZd sZe p/gsh ehsh. T[jBKd/ pzeoK ftZu'A t;sojhD nXw'JhnK bVehnk fwbhnK. f;Zy c"ihnK B/nkgDhnK d;skoK gkV e/ T[jBK phphnK d/ sB Ye/. :'r EktK s/ ;BwkBg{ote g[ukT[D dk gopzX ehsk. fJZe nkw f;Zy Gh fJ; rZb s'A Gbh GKsikD{ j? fe w/o/ r[od/t ih B/, w?ƒ e[eow eoB'A ;ysh Bkb tofink j?.GNe/ j'J/ GkJh i'rk f;zx tKr{ ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk ;kƒ popkd j'D' pukb?Adh j?. fJ; gftZso nkuoD ;dek f;Zy :'fXnK dk d[PwDK B/ Gh r[DrkfJB ehsk. fJ;/ ekoB T[jBK ƒ ;wki ftZu ;fseko:'r EK fwbh. jopj{ p/Nh fB;zr j'e/ f;ZyK dh ;/tk eoBh nkgD/ tZv/ Gkr ikDdh ;h. f;ZyKdh “okyh” ftZu d/P dhnK p/NhnK fJZis Bkb ofjD i'r j'JhnK. go eh nZi

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dk G/yh f;Zy, f;Zyh ;o{g ƒ dkrh sK BjhA eo fojk <3H szpke{ jo soK dk B;k fJB;kB T[d'A eodk j? id'A T[;ƒ d[yK

eb/PK gq/PkBhnK B/ uko/ pzfBT[A x/fonk j't/. id'A fdwkr p/pZ; j' iKdk j?,jkbks Bkb w[ekpbk eoB s'A, sd'A rw ƒ G[bkD bJh BP/ dh PoD ftZu fvZrg?Adk j?. tesh s"o s/ BP/ dh tos'A Bkb fdwkr dh ;'uD fefonk ;fEbj' iKdh j?. ;?FZb woB/ P[o{ j' iKd/ jB. dZ[yK d/ ekoB sK fiT[A d/ fsT[A w"i{djB. BP/ ekoB fdwkr dh ;zt/dBPhbsk ewI'o g? iKdh j?. BPJh ftneshƒ fJT[A goshs j[zdk j? fe BPk pVh uzrh uhI j?. feT[Ai' fJ; Bkb gq/PkBhdk nfj;k; xN iKdk j?. ;fsr[o{ fJ; wB[Zyh ewI'oh ƒ pky{ph ikDd/;B. fJ;/ bJh T[jBK jo soK d/ BP/ fto[X I'odko nktkI T[mkJh.c[owkB j? ^

d[owfs wd[ i' ghtd/ fpybh gfs ewbh]okw o;kfJD i' os/ BkBe ;u nwbh] (399)

fJ;bkw Xow Pokp ƒ nsh fBzdBh: t;s{ wzBdk j?. ;ko/ ikDekob'e fJ; ƒ p[ok ;thekod/ oj/ jB. ;Gk ;[;kfJNh ftZu fJ; dh tos'Ab[et/A Yzr Bkb j[zdh ;h. gfotkoK ftZu fJ; ƒ Bcos ehsh iKdh ;h. jKe[ZM ftjbV, u'o T[uZe/, i[nkohJ/, iK rohpK dk y{B fBu'V e/ ghD tkb/gkgh nfjbeko, “}w rbs” eoB bJh Pokp dh tos'A eo fbnk eod/;B.

i'rhnK B/ fJeZb/gD d/ }w ƒ G[bkD tk;s/, wksk fgsk pZu/ gsBh,G?D Gok dh :kd ƒ G[bkD tk;s/, xo d/ ;[y G[bkD bJh Pokp dh (ns/ j'oBfPnK dh) pj[s tos'A ehsh j?. fjzd{nK d/ d/ts/ (<) Pokp ƒ ;'Aw o;nkfynk eod/ ;B.d/tsk iB (<) Pokp, w'jDhnK (gohnK) dk ;kE, Bkbjh i{J/ dhnK pkihnK nkw bkT[Ad/ ;B. fco T[jBK d/ u/b/ u/bhnK feT[A BknkgD/ d/tfsnK (<) tkb/ okj s/ uZbD < d/P dh izsk gt/ y{j ftZu T[jBKƒ eh. j"bh j"bh tXdh j'Jh Pokp xoK, fJeZmk s/ oki dopkoK dh o"DepDB bZr gJh. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ; ftoZ[X I'odko nktkI T[mkJh. nZi sZed[BhnK Go ftZu PokphnK d/ N'fbnK B/ e'Jh |yo:'r ekoi BjhA ehs/.

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wB[Zysk dk e'Jh Gbk BjhA ehsk. ftfrnkB dhnK e'Jh ekYk BjhA eZYhnK.;z;ko ftZu g;o/ j'J/ nB?se tosko/ ftoZ[X edh e'Jh ijkd BjhA S/fVnk.BPJh dh p[ZXh ewI'o g? iKdh j?. T[;dh iwho wo w[Ze iKdh j?. BPJhnkgD/ BP/ dh gqkgsh tk;s/ g?;k f;js s/ fJZis, ;G e[ZM rtk b?Adk j?.T[j nkgD/ pZfunK, gsBh, wksk fgsk ƒ Gh u{zv u{zv e/ ykD s'A Pow BjhAeodk.

szpke{ Gkos ftZu w[rbK d/ Bkb jkbh BtK BtK nkfJnk ;h. b'eKƒ fJ;d/ d[PN goGkt pko/ e'Jh frnkB BjhA ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fiZE/ j'o;ko/ BfPnK dh tos'A s/ f;Zy bJh wBkjh ehsh, T[E/ szpke{ dk ftP/P fieoehsk. Gkt fJj fe fJ; BP/ ƒ wkw{bh BK ;wMDk, fJj Gh d{i/ BfPnK tKrjh wB nkswk s/ ;oho bJh spkj e[B j?. BfPnK ekoB MrV/ j[zd/ jB,n?e;hv?AN j[zd/ jB, jikoK gqtko T[FZiV iKd/ jB. w[eZdw/ G[rsfdnK i/jbKeNfdnK T[woK phs iKdhnK jB. fJ; tes ;oekoh nzefVnK w[skpe,gzikp J/;hnk ftZu'A gfjb'A doi/ dk Pokph ;{pk j?. b[fXnkDk fibk d[BhnKftZu'A gfjb/ doi/ dk BPJh fIbk j?. fiBQK f;ZyK e'b gktB r[opkDh dknzfwqswJh yikBk j't/. fiBK f;ZyK e'b nw'be dks yzv/ dh gkj[b (nzfwqs)tork Bk:kp s'jck j't/. fJ; fto;/ d/ wkbe f;Zy BfPnK ftZu v[Zp oj/j'D, nsh d[ydkJh j?. fco BP/ yk gh e/ f;Zy nytkD tkb/ ;G s'A fInkdkyo{d eod/ jB. i/ bVB tk;s/ e'Jh j'o BK fwb/ sK pZfunK ns/ gsBh d/jZv ;/eD/ Gh osh Pow BjhA eod/. BfPnK s/ popkd j' fojk nopKo[fgnk ;KG e/, nro wB[Zysk d/ T[EkB tk;s/, ewI'o f;Zy gotkok d/ Gb/tk;s/ f;Zyh d/ pj[gZyh gouko tk;s/ ;zGkb e/ yofunk ikt/ sK f;Zy gzEd/ d[BhnK ftZu vze/ tZi ;ed/ jB. go nc;';, ;kv/ tZv/ tZv/ u"Xoh s/T[jBK d/ i[zvhdko y[d jh Pokp d/ dfonktK ftZu u[ZGhnK bk oj/ jB, nkwftnesh ƒ eh nkyhJ/ < u'Dk tes tZv/ nekbh (<) r[o{ eh r'be dk g?;kPokp nchw s/ o'VQd/ gosZy t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. nfij/ jkbksK ftZu f;Zyhdk GftZy ;'u e/ o{j ezp T[FZmdh j?.

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;fsr[o{ ihT[ pj[Vh eo'lfpy[ p'fjEk bfdnk dhnk ;w[zfd wMkfo[]ezXh fdf; B nktJh B T[otko[ B gkfo] (1009);' f;Zy bJh ;ko/ BP/ ;w/s szpke{ d/ g{oh soQK wBk jB.4H eZ[mk wk; e[ZM b'e nkgDh fbys okjh iK p'bK d[nkok wk; d/

fto[ZX g{ok skD bk fdzd/ jB. T[jBK ƒ fJj G[b jh iKdk j? fe f;Zy ofjswfonkdk ftZu “e[Zmk” Ppd fby e/ j/mK ;Nko wkoe d/ e/, ;gPNheoDfdZsk frnk j? ^“e[mk s'A Gkt T[j wk; j? i' w[;bwkBh sohe/ Bkb fsnkoehsk j't/.” i/ r[opkDh ftZu wk; dk fBy/d ehsk frnk j[zdk sK “e[Zmk” dkfIeo eoB dh b'V BjhA ;h, f;oc fJzBk fbyDk jh ekch ;h fe “wk; BjhAykDk”. fJZe/ f;Zy ;wki d/ goukoe s/ b/ye (ftob/ ƒ Sve/) GNe rJ/.fJ; d/ fgS'eV ftZu ezw eo ojh GktBk ƒ BK ;wfMnk. wk; ykDk iK BkykD jo fJZe fJB;kB dk fBZih w;bk j?, fJ;ƒ Xow dk nzr wzBD dh rbshpko pko ehsh ik ojh j?. f;js dh wip{oh ekoB fwZmk fsnkrDk g? iKdkj?. d[ZX wZyD SZvDk g? ;edk j?.HHHHn;b ftZu e[Zmk ykD bJh wip{o eoBk,fJj fe;/ ftnesh dh ;[szso ;'u ƒ e[ubD dh wko{ goftosh j?. jkewfXo B/ fiE/ j'o nB/e wBwkBhnK Xow d/ Bkw s/ ehshnK. T[E/ T[jBK nkgD/;wki ftZu, nkgD/ Xow ftZu gqubs iK gqtkfBs n;{bK ƒ d{finK s/ m';DkP[o{ eo fdZsk. id'A wB[Zy r[bkw j' ikt/ sK T[;d/ ;ko/ wB[Zyh nfXeko yswj' iKd/ jB. nZi sZe e[b ekfJBks ftZu fJj edh BjhA j'fJnk fe e'jh d/;e"w r[bkw Gh j't/ s/ T[;ƒ Xkowe iK ;wkie e'Jh ;[szso nfXeko Gh fwb/j'd. j'o sK j'o nkgD/ xoK ftZu BhM bke/ goy eo'. i' bVeh ;kv/ xotj[Nh pD e/ nkJh j? fe T[j nkgDk fgsk tkbk Xow iK ftjko ;j[o/ xo g[rk;edh j? < ;kvh p/Nh ftnkjh ike/ ;j[o/ xo iKdh j?, sK eh T[;ƒ g/e/ xotkb/ ;ko/ ohsh fotki fsnkrD/ BjhA g? iKd/ < fJ; soQK feT[A j'fJnk<feT[Afe bVeh dh ;[szso j?;hns nZi sZe gqtkB jh BjhA ehsh rJh. T[jbVeh gotko dk fJZe iao{oh nzr j?. fJ; ykBdkB B{z T[;B/ nZr/ N'oBk j?,fco Gh T[j r[bkw j?. fiBQK ikpo b'eK B/ d{i/ d/;aK, b'eK B{z r[bkw jh b[ZN

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Bhsh ekoB pDkfJnk j't/, T[jBK s'A wBZ[yh pokpoh dh feE/ nk; oZyh ik;edh j?<

i/s{ jkew fXo B/ sbtko d/ i'o nDfrDs b'eK B{z Xow pdbh bJhwiap{o ehsk. i' f;ZX/ fJ;bkw ftZu ;akwb Bk j'J/ T[jBK B{z p/gZs eoB bJhiiahnk N?e; brkfJnk frnk. shoE :ksok eoB tkb/ s/ N?e;, rT{s/ N?e;, pqkjwD s/ N?e;. wzdoK ftZu g{ik s/ o'e, Xow gquko s/ o'e,Bt/A Xow n;EkB pDkT[D dh o'e, g[okD/ wzdoK dh w[ozws dh wBkjh.e'Jh wB[Zy T[FZuk Y'b BjhA tikJ/rk, T[FZuk Mzvk BjhA brk ;e/rk.x'V/ dh ;tkoh BjhA eo ;e/rk. nkgD/ f;o s/ d;sko BjhA ;ikJ/rk.nkgDh jo uzrh uhia fJbke/ d/ u"Xoh e'b g/;a eo/rk ;w/s pj{ p/NhnKns/ g[ZsoK d/. r[bkw b'e ykDk Gh nkgDh fJZSk dk BjhA yk ;ed/.eZgVk Gh T[j' fijk gkT[Dr/ fi;dh wkbe fJikias d/t/. r[o{ BkBe;kfjp ih fJjBK tXhehnK dk r[opkDh ftZu eJh EkJhA fiaeo eod/jB L

rT{ pqkjwD eT[ eo[ bktj[ r'po soD Bk ikJh]X'sh fNek s? igwkbh XkB wb/Sk ykJh] (tko nk;k)

iK fco ^Bhb p;so gjfo j'tfj gotkD] wb/S XkB b/ g{ifj g[okD]

(tko nk;k)fit/A fe;/ iawkB/ ftZu nkohnB b'eK B/ Gkos s/ jwbk eoe/,

fJE'A dh w{b t;'A B{z g{oh soQK e[ub fdZsk. tZv/ gZXo s/ spkjhwukJh, fi; fe;/ B/ iaok f;o u[ZeD dh fjzws ehsh, f;o eZN fdZskfrnk. fJZE'A d/ n;b t;Bhe fJsB/ e[ ihts ofjD fdZs/ rJ/,fisfBnK dh jkew N'b/ B{z trkoK eokT[D bJh b'V ;h. iwhB xorfjDk rZNk, fJZiswkD ns/ jfEnko Gh ;G y'j bJ/ rJ/ sK fe w[Vedh wB ftZu nkiakdh dk ;[gBk sZe Bk b? ;eD. T[jBK pdB;hpfJB;kBK dh gP{nK torh i{B nZi Gh EK^EK t/yh ik ;edh j?. fJji' P{do jB fJjh jB T[j b'e.

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d;w gkfs;akj jI{o B/ nkgD/ tZb'A fsnko ehsh “nekbh c"i” B{z;ysh Bkb j[ew fdZsk fe s[;hA ;kfonK r[o{ dh pkDh d/ ukBD ftZu ihtBpshs eoBk j?. jkew fXo iK g[ikoh N'b/ e[ZM Gh nkyh ikD fe;/ dh N?A BjhAwzBDh. T[FZm ojh fJ; BthA skes ƒ, T[FZGo ojh BthA u/sBk ƒ, ;t?wkD BkbfiT[Dk ukj[zd/ b'eK ƒ oki wZd ftZu nzB/ j' u[Ze/ b'e podkPs BjhA eoBr/.fjzd{ ;wki dh (f;ZyK dh Gh) g[ikoh Pq/Dh Gh T[FZm ojh skes d/ ftoZ[XG[rs/rh. g{ik dk XkB yk yk e/ g[ikohnK dh Iwho wo ikfJnk eodh j?.fJ;/ bJh nZi sZe edh g[ikohnK B/ fJBebkp dk okj nyfsnko BjhAehsk. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ f;ZyK ƒ i' wkBf;e nkIkdh pyP fdZsh sK fco oki;hr[bkwh T[j fet/A podkPs eo b?Ad/ < ;fsr[o{ ih s'A nkfrnk b? e/ f;ZyKoDihs Brko/ pDkJ/ tikJ/. x'fVnK d/ Pkj ;tko pD/. Mzv/ M[bkJ/, s[ob/cob/ d;skoK ;ikJhnK. phphnK d/ f;o eZi/, Gkt&n"os ƒ ipo dkfPeko j'D' pukfJnk. p/gs j'Jh n"os ƒ “uz[Bh bZE rJh, iK f;o' Bzrh j'rJh” fejk iKdk j?. Xow n;EkB jh BjhA pDkJ/ ;r'A Bro e;p/ s/ Pfjop;kJ/. T[go tofDs ofjwsK Bkb wkbkwkb eoe/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ c[owkBikoh eo fdZsk^ w/o/ fgnko/ f;Zy pZfuU` id'A s[jkv/ jZe e'Jh y'jD dh Bhujoes eo/, sK jZeK dh okyh tk;s/, d[;wD ƒ ;pe f;ykT[D bJh w?A s[jkƒfJZe Bk:kp s'jck pyP fojk jK^ “feogkB”. fJ; dk ft;kj BjhA eoBkJ/esk d/ ;{so ftZu go'J/ ofjDk. tke jB ^

fpBk ;;so e/;z Boz G/v ikB'. rj' ekB ske' fes? b? f;XkB'.;jh w/oh nkfrnk ;[B' j/ fgnko/. fpBk ;;so e/;z d/t' Bk dhdko/.

(r[LgqL;{L)ip jwo/ do;B e' nktj[. pD ;[u/s sB ;;so ;iktj[.ewo e;k eo d/tj[ fdykJh. jwoh y[;h j'fJ nfXekJh.

(r[LgqL;{L)iK ^ ;;so rohp dh oZfynk. iotkD/ dh GZfynk.i' b'e fPeko eoB d/ pjkB/ jfEnko oZyd/ ;B, je{ws B/ T[jBK s/

Gh o'e bk fdZsh. nro fe;/ B/ wk; ykDk jh j? sK ;oeko tZb'A gqtkfDs EktK

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s'A wk; yqhd e/ ykXk ikt/. fJjBK d[ekBK s/ fteD tkbk wk; eZ[mk (jbkb) jhfwbdk ;h. feT[Afe ;oeko ikDdh ;h fe i' wB[Zy fPeko y[d eo/rk, T[jjfEnkopzd j't/rk. fPeko eoB bJh izrbK ftZu N'bhnK pDk e/ jh ikfJnkik ;edk j?. PPsoXkoh ftnesh PPso dh jo gZy'A tos'A Gh eoBhf;Zy/rk. fBoG?sk Gh T[; ftZu nkt/rh. wB ns/ ;oho eoe/ pbtkB j't/rk.nfij/ ;{ow/ edh Gh w"ek w/b pD ikD s/ je{ws d/ fto[ZX prkts yVh eo;ed/ jB. wIp{s iE/pzdh pDk fe;/ Ikbw nc;o, tIho ƒ ehs/ dh ;ikd/ ;ed/ jB. tes nkT[D s/ j' ;ed? nfij/ “f;o fco/” b'e oki gbNk jheo d/DHHH. MNe/ iK jbkb ehs/ wk; ftZu T[;dh pDso w[skpe e'Jh coeBjhA j?. gqw[Zy w;bk nkgD/ ;t?wkD Bkb fiT[D dk j?. Bkw d/t ih ƒ geVe/ pkdPkj B/ nkfynk ;h, y[dk nky. Bkwd/t ih efjD bZr/ y[dk s/ gqw/PofJZe' jh jB, w?ƒ gsk j?. s[jkv/ dpkT[ ftZu vo e/ w? ikBpyPh bJh y[dk BjhAnkyKrk. nkgDh y[Ph Bkb Gkt/A jo o'i nkyK.

yzv/ eh gkj[b okjhA, jo ftnesh (fJ;soh, g[oy) f;Zy iE/pzdhdk w?Apo pD ;edk j?. fit/A c"i dh fJZe ftP/P todh j[zdh j?. i' c"ihnKƒ J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu go'Jh oydh j?. fJ;/ soK g[fb; ftZu, ;e{bK ftZu,y/v d/ w?dkB ftZu, e[ZM todhnK fBPfus jB. fJ;/ soQk f;Zy bJh gzieekoh todh Io{oh eo fdZsh rJh j?. ;G s'A gqw[Zy f;Zy dh fIzdrh dknkXko nrtkJh dk ;'wk gktB r[opkDh j?. f;Zy dh pkjoh gSkD bJhtodh j?. yzv/ eh gkj[b b? e/ gzE dk w?Apo pDBk j?. ihtB Go f;ZyhewkT[Dh j?. e[ZM Bk ;wM b'eK B/ yzv/ eh gkj[b ƒ Gh nB/e eokwksK Bkbi'V fdZsk, sK jh sK ;kvk p/Vk rofenk j?.

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syas ;kfjp dh s"jhB d/ d'Fh e"D <syas ;kfjp dh s"jhB d/ d'Fh e"D <syas ;kfjp dh s"jhB d/ d'Fh e"D <syas ;kfjp dh s"jhB d/ d'Fh e"D <syas ;kfjp dh s"jhB d/ d'Fh e"D <

;fseko :'r GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk gzE d/ gqf;ZX r[ows f;XKsKd/ nbzpodko j' r[iao/ jB. nZi sZe T[jBK dhnK fbysK ftdtkBK ftZu wkDgk ojhnK jB. go ;[fDnk j? fe T[jBK ftoZ[X e'Jh “j[ewBkwk” edh ikohj'fJnk j't/ < T[jBK dh ;G s'A gfjbh fttkdrqs g[;sZe “jw fjzd{ BjhA”;zB 1899 ftZu Sgh ;h. fi; ekoB fjzd{ iE/pzdhnK B/ T[jBK fto[ZX s{ckBjh yVQk eo fdZsk ;h. gzikp dh ssekbhB ;KMh ndkbs f;awb/ ns/ bkj"od/ eJh tko T[jBK ƒ uZeo bkT[D/ gJ/. Gkt/A fJj ngDk e/; fiZs rJ/ gogpfbe fto'X ƒ PKs eoB dh wB;k Bkb BkGk gsh okik jhok f;zx B/fJjBK ƒ B"eoh s'A poyk;s eo fdZsk. fJZe ;kb s'A tZX ;wK fJj ePwhoftZu nfrnks tk; ofje/ fbyd/ oj/. okik jhok f;zx d/ nB/e ezw fJjBKs'A pr?o EkJ/A o[e rJ/. fJ; soQK jkbks mhe j'D s/ fco GkJh ;kfjp ihƒ BkGk fty/ B"eoh s/ p[bk fbnk frnk. fJjh eow fszB tkoh d[jokfJnkfrnk. go nekb s\s d/ g[ikoh (sd'A ;kfonK ƒ g[ikoh nkfynk iKdk;h) B/ uj[zfdnK Gh j[ewBkwk ikoh Bk ehsk. feT[A < fJ; bJh feT[Afeokik jhok f;zx ekjB f;zx ih dh fgZm ‘s/ ;h. fJjBK jh ftukoK dk XkoBhrohp f;Zy GkJh r[ow[y f;zx gzE ftZu'A ykoi eo fdZsk frnk ;h.

nZi eZb d/ ihts f;ZyK ftZu'A r[opkDh dk T[Zu e'Nh dk wkfjofBogZy s/ fBob/g GkJh r[opyP f;zx ih ekbk ncrkBk ;ko/ pzB/ uoukftZu j?. ;kok gzEe bkDk jo o'ia pqkjwD s'A puD dh d[jkJh d/ fojk j?.tfjwK GowK, ikd{ wzsoK, to ;okg d/ Gowikb s'A ;ktXkB j'D tk;s/ uhefojk j?. go i/ fJZe fJZe pqkjwDh eow eKv d/ goyu/ T[vkT[D tk;s/ r[Lf;zx ih B/ r[opkDh d/ ukBD ftZu g[;seK fby e/ ;[Zs/ gzE ƒ irkT[D dkphVk u[Zfenk j? sk gzE d/ g[ikoh (iE/dko) nfij/ fBXVe :'X/ ƒ e[ubDdhnK fsnkohnK eo oj/ jB. Bkb jh B?PBb gq'c?;o nk| f;yfJIw ;Lr[os/i f;zx dh ipkB pzd eoB d/ i[rkV pDkJ/ ik oj/ jB feT[Afe T[j Gh

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r[L f;zx ih d/ ;Zu Bkb yb'sk j?.j[D/ fij/ fJZe feskp ;L e[btzs f;zx tZb'A fbyh j'Jh wkoehN ftZu

nkJh “Pq'wDh ew/Nh ƒ rqfjD”. fJ; g[;sZe ftZu ysfonK dh gqtkj BkeofdnK b/ye B/ eo{o ;Zu T[rfbnk j?. gVQe/ iE/dkoK, g[ikohnK,okiBhshtkBK dhnK wzd eos{sK ekoB gkDh gkDh j' ikJhdk j?. fgSb/ gzie[ ;kbK ftZu fit/A nekb s\s ;kfjp ƒ fyv"D/ tKr tofsnk s/ tb{zXfonkfrnk j?, gVQe/ G[ZpK fBeb iKdhnK jB. iksh feVK eZYD tk;s/ fto'XhnKƒ frZuhT[A BZgD tk;s/ jo oki B/sk B/ fJjBK ny"sh iE/dkoK ƒ emg{sbhnKtKr Xow d/ Bkw s/ BukfJnk j?. fe;/ ftZu fJzBh I[nos BjhA ;h fee[oZgN s/ Xow s'A ;ZyD/, oki;h nkektK fto[ZX nZy u[Ze e/ Gh t/y ;eD.;r'A bhvoK d/ doK s/ fGykohnK tKr fbbeVhnK b?Ad/, fJj iE/dko t/y/iKd/ oj/. nZr'A f;sw t/y' r[ows d/ ftnkfynkeko ;L r[opyP f;zx tk;s/nkN/ d/ ;hAj pD c[zeko oj/ B/. gzE gq;sK ƒ jo jhb/ X"A; ftykT[Dh s/ gzEd'yhnK dhnK sbhnK uZNDhnK fJjBK dh y;bs pD rJh j?.

w"i{dk iE/dko GkJh i'frzdo f;zx t/dKsh ;[fDnk j? fe f;Zy Xowdh ubdh fcodh :{Bhtof;Nh dwdwh Ne;kb ftZu “gfVnk” (<) j?.fi;ƒ gzMh ;kb sZe Pq'L ew/Nh d/ ofj u[Ze/ gqXkB ;qL r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk;N/iK s/ ;b[jsk eo uZ[e/ jB. T[; ny"sh :{BhL ftZu fe; soQK dh ftZfdnkfdZsh ik ojh j?, fiZE'A frnkBh feogkb f;zx, ;kpek iE/dko, frnkBh;kfjp f;zx ;kpek rqzEh dopko ;kfjp, frL i'frzdo f;zx t/dKsh, gVQ/ jB,e[ZM Bw{B/ jkIo jB

fJjBK dh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ e[bgsh frnkBh r[opuB f;zx B/ e[ZMfeskpK fbyhnK jB. fBwosk d/ g[zi nytkT[D tkfbnK dh feskp dhfibd d/ pkjo b/ye pko/ fJj fbfynk j? ^

“;qh wkB gzE osB ftfd:k wkoszv, ;zs, frnkBh, r[opuB f;zxih, ykb;k, fGzvoKtkb/ (fco'Ig[o) gkme tho' fXnkB d/Dk nkgD/ Bkw Bkbnkg/ jh nDfrDs fvrohnK fugek bJhnK. pkeh d/ noE sK s[;hA;wMd/ jh j', p; ftfd:k wkoszv ;wM b?Dk. ikDh fe frnkB dk ;{oi.

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wkoszv^;{oi. fJj fBwosk dh jZd j? fe jzeko dh f;yo < w/o/ ;kjwD/fJjBK dh feskp “r[opkDh gkm doPB” 1969 dh n?vhPB w"i{d j?. ;p{stk;s/ Io{oh gzfBnK d/ c'N' T[sko/ eoe/ G/i fojk jK.

1H nZi eZbQ pV/ I'o P'o Bkb pkjtK T[bkoe/, ;zx gkVe/, r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ih dh ji{oh ftZu e[co s'fbnk ik fojk j? fe ;kvh dwdwh Ne;kbwjkB :'X/, ;h; sbh s/ fNeke/ izr ftZu i{MD tkb/, pkpk dhg f;zx ih s'AuZbh j?. i' g[;sZe w/o/ ;BwZ[y j? (c'N' ekgh jkio eo fojk jK) fJ; ftZufrL r[opuB f;zx tZb'A r[opkDh gkm doPB d/ gzBk 253 s/ Ne;kb GkJhwBh f;zx s'A uZbh fbfynk j'fJnk j?. pkpk dhg f;zx dk nZr'A e'Jh u/bkBjhA do;kfJnk. fJjh rZb frnkBh w'jD f;zx fi; B/ rZdh Bk fwbD eoe/nbZr ;zgodk ubk bJh. nkgD/ tZb'A SgkJh r[opkDh gkm do;B 1986n?vhPB ftZu gzBk 245 s/ GkJh wBh f;zx s'A Ne;kb uZbh ;thekodk j?.;s'tkbh rbh nzfwqs;o fty/ ofjD tkb/ fJZe j'o v/o/dko GkJh wZyD f;zxGh r[opkDh noEK tkbh gfjbh g'Eh ftZu Ne;kb ƒ GkJh wBh f;zx s'A N[ohfbydk j?. fgSb/ thj e[ ;kbK s'A nfijk g?AsoK pdfbnk Ne;kb tkfbnKB/ nkgDh oZ;h fyZu e/ pkpk dhg f;zx Bkb i'V fdZsh. PkfJd GkJh wBhf;zx dk pzd pzd eNtk e/ Pjhd j'Dk xZN pjkdoh tkbk ekoBkwk wfj;{;j'fJnk. Po/nkw jo o'I r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh ji{oh ftZu M{m p'b e/;zrsK ƒ r[wokj ehsk ik fojk j?. fJj t/dKsh ih T[E'A jh gVQ/ jB.

2H fJ;/ g[;se d/ gzBk 45 s/ fbfynk j? fe d;w gksPkj B/ gziKf;zxK d/ f;o eZN fdZs/. fco nzfwqs fsnko ehsk, f;o eZN/ j'J/ r[o{ rqzE;kfjp d/ nZr/ oZy fdZs/. fiZE'A f;o eZN/ rJ/ ;h w'fYnK tkbh EK s/, nzfwqsfSVfenk frnk. s[ozs Bt/A f;o g?dk (T[Zr) j' rJ/. g[okD/ f;oK dk ehehsk eZ[M gsk BjhA. nfijh T[Fb ib{b fbyD tkbh :{BhL ftZu'A gVQ/ jB;kv/ fJj sysK d/ iE/dko.

3H fJ;/ feskp d/ gzBk 88 s/ doi j? fe nzfwqs SeD s'A pknd e'JhfizBhnK woiah rbshnK gkg e[eow eo/, d; jIko ;kb sZe BoeK ftZuBjhA ikt/rk. fJ;/ eoe/ frnkBh i'frzdo f;zx ƒ fe;/ gkg eow dk G? BjhA

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fojk. fJ;/ bJh wBwoIh d/ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eoh ik oj/ jB. d; jIko;kb sZe e'Jh vo BjhA. fJjBK Ne;kbh fbysK dh Ekt/A r[opkDh dkfJbkjh c?;bk ^ sK fJT[ j? ^

u'o[ ;bkj/ uhs[ B Ghi?] i/ pdh eo/ sk s;{ B Shi?]u'o eh jkwk Go/ B e'fJ] u'o[ ehnk uzrk feT[ j'fJ] w^ñ^662fJj sK wzfBnk BjhA ik ;edk fe frnkBh i'frzdo f;zx B/ e'Jh

gkm BjhA ehsk, Bk jh fJj ;theko ehsk ik ;edk j? fe T[; ƒ r[opkDhd/ noE Bk nkT[Ad/ j'D. feT[Afe T[j g[oksB fbysh feskpK dh ;zgkdBkeodk j?. s/ wjkB ;fsr[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih d/ s\s dk ;/tkdko(n;b ftZu r[o{ Bkb'A tZvk j'D dk gkg Gow) nytkT[Adk j?. i' e{V epkVNe;kb tkfbnK B/ ipkBh ns/ fbysh f;Zyh d/ g/N/ gkfJnk j?, T[j frnkBhih B/ Bk gfVQnk j't/ fJj n;zGt j?.

fJjBK Ne;kbhnK B/ i' j'o nB/e py/V/ gzE ftZu g?dk ehs/ jB,T[jBK ftZu'A Bk ekpb/ podkPs, gzE dh ;w[Zuh j'Ad ƒ yso/ ftZu gk d/D tkbkpZio gkg fJj ehsk j? fe gktB gftZso r[o{pkDh P[ZX ;'Bk o{g, f;Zy ;wkid/ ihtB dh nXko fPbk T[FZgo Gh e'Mk tko ehsk j?. fJjBK dh feskpr[opkDh gkm doPB d/ gzBk 260 s/ frnkBh r[opuB f;zx, “r[owfswkoszv” (frnkB dk ;{oi) Po/nkw fby fojk j? fe “dwdwh phV Bkb'Aeoskog[oh phV ftZu eohp gzdoK ;" s'A tZX gkm G/d jB. Gkt fe dwdwhphV mhe j? feT[Afe fJjBK B/ nkgDh iE/pzdh dk fgS'eV dwdwk ;kfjpBkb BZEh eo fbnk j?. fJ;/ ekoB dwdwh phV P[ZX j?, go eoskog[ohphV i' r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih B/ fbytkJh s/ GkJh r[odk; B/ fbyh T[jgzdoK ;" Ekt/A rbs j?.” eh t/dKsh ih B/ fJj e[co gkm fJjBK dh feskpftZu edh BjhA gfVQnk < Io{o gfVQnk j? ;?AeV/ tko gfVQnk j?. gor[opkDh f;XKsK s'A T[FZgo t/dKsh ih Ne;kb dhnK fbysK ƒ wkBsk d/ oj/jB. BjhA sK eh ekoB j? fe ekbk ncrkBk ih r[opkDh d/ eJh eJhgowkD d/ e/ nkgDh rZb ƒ mhe f;ZX eo oj/ jB, T[jBK ƒ cK;h bkT[D dk;kok nvzpo ofunk ik fojk j?. d{i/ p/JhwkBh dh f;yo t/y' Ne;kbhJ/

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r[ows n;{bK dhnK XZihnK T[vk oj/ jB, gktB eoskog[oh phV dh P[ZXskƒ u?bzi eo oj/ jB T[j fco Gh n;bh r[of;Zy rodkB/ ik oj/ jB. y[dt/dKsh ih Gh T[;/ pqkjwDh Ne;kb ftZu'A f;Zy e/ nkJ/ jB fe fe;/ f;Zy ƒfBo'b ;Zu p'bD ekoB f;Zyh u'A ykoi eo d/Dk, fbysK s/ gkpzdh bk d/Dh,fJjh sK ehsk frnk j?.

nekb s\s ;kfjp tZb'A gqtkfBs “f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk” d/ w[ekpb/s/ fJjBK (1994) nkgDh tZyoh ofjs wfonkdk pDk bJh j?. nDfrDstko fJjBK gzEe j;sh ƒ u?bzi ehsk j?. ;/tk d/ pjkB/ s/oK ;kb sZenekb s\s ;kfjp dh ;/tk d/ Bkw s/ d/P ftd/P s'A f;ZyK ƒ b[ZfNnk frnkj?. pkeh uko ;kEh ;/tk tkb/ pkp/ p/fJIs eoe/ fjZe d/ skD ;/tk *u'A bKG/eo fdZs/ rJ/, sK fe wBwkBhnK ehshnK ik ;eD. nZi sZe “pkpk ioB?bf;zx ihts j?, uVQdh ebk ftZu j?, nkye/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu,jikoK d/ fJeZm ;kjwD/ pVh p/ j:kJh Bkb e[co s'fbnk ik fojk j?. s/t/dKsh ih fco Gh PKs B/. p; fJjBK ƒ r[Z;k nkT[Adk j? sK T[d'A id'A fJjBKtZb'A ;zgkde ehsh g[;se r[ofpbk; gkL 6 s/ e'Jh T[Arb T[mkt/. fJjnkgDh g[;sZe ftZu ;fsr[o{ ih dh niws xZN/ o'b d/D, ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ e"bKdk nkfPe f;ZX eo d/D, pkpk p[ZYk ih s'A to ;okg d[nKd/ ofjD, r[odtko/dopko ;kfjp ƒ johwzfdo (joh ftPƒ dk wzfdo) n?bkBh ikD, f;Zybte[P dh n"bkd pD/ ofjD fJj ;G mhe j?. go i/ e'Jh r[ows dk ikD{zfJjBK ƒ o'e/ N'e/ sK gzE d[PwD nkye/ S/e d/Dr/.

;{oi gqekP (GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ofus) gzMh go;?AN s'A fInkdkr[ows s'A T[bN fbys j?. nB/e EkJhA ;fsr[o{ ƒ p/fJIs ehsk frnk j?.d/thnK d/ g[ikoh, BP/ yKd/ ghAd/ ns/ j'o gkg eod/ fbfynk j'fJnk j? fcoGh T[jBK rqzEK dh r[odtkfonK ftZu jo o'I eEk j[zdh j?. d;w rqzEftubhnK nPbhb ekw T[s/iBk Gog{o eEktK fJjBK ƒ eVkj tKr fgnkohnKjB. fgqzH ;fspho f;zx dhnK g[;seK ftZu'A Y/o ;kok r[ows fto'Xh e{Vkfwb iKdk j?. EK EK s/ ;kX ;zs r[ows s'A T[bN wfonkdktK ubk oj/ jB.pkDh ƒ s'V wo'V oj/ jB. ;kv/ gzEe bhvo Po/nkw r[ows dh fyZbh T[vk

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oj/ jB. fit/A uj[D iE/dkoK d/ ezB wo'V e/ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eotk b?Ad/ jB.BP/ gfssg[Dk gzikp ftZu tpk dh soQK c?bdk ik fojk j?. r[odtko/ f;yKƒ ;'Mh d/D dh Ekt/A tgkoe ndko/ pD u[Ze/ jB. d/P ftd/P ftZu dki ekoBf;Zy bVehnK ƒ esb ehsk ik fojk j?. Go{D jZfsnk ia'oK s/ j?, s/ ;kv/iE/dko u?B dh pz;oh tik oj/ jB. iK fco ftdtkBK fto[ZX nkok fsZyk eooj/ jB.

Ne;kb tZb'A Sgh j'Jh frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dh fbyh j'Jh fJZej'o feskp j?, ;qh r[ow[y gqekP. fJ; ftZu Gh oZi e/ M{m fbfynk frnkj? s/ gzE d/ G'b/ pZfunK ƒ r[wokj ehsk frnk ;koh fJpkos gzB/ tkJhi Bkbc'N' ekgh eotk e/ G/i fojk jK. eh t/dKsh ih B/ T[j Gh BjhA gVQh Io{ogVQh j?, fJ;/ eoe/ sK phphnK ƒ dopko ;kfjp ftZu ;ckJh ;/tk ftZuPkwb BjhA j'D fdZsk iKdk. feT[Afe fJj b'e nkgDh Ne;kb ftZu phphnKƒ ehosB gkm, nodk;, j[ewBkwk, gzi fgnkfonK dk gqPkfd BjhA b?Dfdzd/. f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk d/ T[bN phphnK ƒ nzfwqs SekT[D dh fvT[Nh(gzi fgnkfonK dh ;/tk) ftZu Pkwb BjhA j'D fdzd/. PkfJd Ne;kb tkb/phphnK ƒ fJB;kB wzBD s'A Bkpo j' u[Ze/ jB t/dKsh ih ƒ fJj ;G gqtkBj?.

PkfJd ;kv/ iE/dko G[Zb rJ/ jB fe Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu fJZe wdfJj Gh doi j? fe fe;/ ftnesh Bkb, iks, Xow, p'bh, fbzr d/ ekoBftseok BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. ftseok eoB eokT[D tkbk ;Ik dk Gkrhj't/rk. t/yDk fe;/ gzE ftZu'A ykoi ehs/ ftnesh B/ i/ ndkbs dk p{jkyVek fdZsk sK iE/dkoK ƒ b[eD bJh EK BjhA bZGDh. f;ZX/ jh i/jb ikUr/,feT[Afe ftukoK d/ wsG/d ekoB fe;/ f;Zy ƒ gzE ftZu'A S/eD dh nfijh ;IkfdZsh jh BjhA ik ;edh.

ni/ Gh tes j? gzE dh uVQdh ebk tk;s/ ;e{b ekbi y'jb',fwPBoh g?dk eo'. tZX s'A tZX r[ows ;kfjs Skg e/ tzv'. nkgDk nypkoxN' xZN sq? Gk;h (gzikph, fjzdh, nzrq/Ih) ukb{ eo'. r'beK dh ;jh tos'Aeo'. r[o{ xoK ftZu ;[bM/ j'J/ f;Zy skfJBks eo'. ;[bM/ j'J/ eEktkueK

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okjhA NhH thH u?BbK s/ r[ows ftnkfynk eotkT[D. fdZbh ew/Nh, Pq'wDhew/Nh ns/ pkeh Xow n;EkBK ƒ okiBhsh d/ nZv/ pDB s'A pukUHHHHH.fJj s[jkvh pj[s tZvh ;/tk j't/rh. ftdtkB r[of;ZyK ƒ gzE ftZu'A ykoieoB Bkb e"w dk e'Jh Gbk BjhA j'Dk. ;r'A iE/dkoK d/ wZE/ s/ fJZe ekbydk j'o fNZek bZr ikt/rk. wkw{bh wsG/dK ekoB j[ewBkwk o{gh e[jkV/ ƒ Bktos'A. i/ fJ;/ soQK eod/ oj/ sK s[;hA jh gzE d[PwD frD/ ikUr/. ;w/A B/gfjbK Gh nfij/ jkbks t/y/ jB s[jkvhnK ehshnK dk c?;bk Gh GftZyeo/rk.

BkBe nzXk j'fJ e? d;/ okj?, ;G; w[jkJ/ ;kE?]nr? rfJnk w[j/ w[fj gkfj, ;[ n?;k nkr{ ikg?] (140)

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BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?

edh edkJhA ekbi d/ ftfdnkoEh nkgDhnK e[ZM fBr[DhnK fijhnKwzrK ƒ b? e/, gqpzXeK fto[ZX jVskb eo fdzd/ jB. jVskb ƒ rowkT[D bJhekbi dk coBhuo s/ fJwkos s/ PhP/ s'V fdZs/ iKd/ jB. gopzXe g[fb;;Zd b?Ad/ jB. nkT[AfdnK jh g[fb; tkb/ i' gfjbk ezw eod/ jB, T[j j?bkmh ukoi s/ r'bhHHHHH. GrdV wu iKdh j?, fiZXo fe;/ ƒ okj bZG/ BZ;T[FZmdk j?. eJh w[iakjokekoh cZNV, eJh frqcsko, j;gskb$i/jb dkyb.w[eZdw/ doi gVQkJh ysw, wksk fgsk dh BZ; GZi. e[ZM fdBK s'A pkndftfdnkoEh bhvoK d/ nypkoK ftZu fpnkB Sgd/ jB “;kv/ ;ko/ cV/ rJ/;kEhnK ƒ fpBK Pos fojkn eo', doi ehs/ M{m/ w[eZdw/ tkg; bU.gVQkJh ftZu j'J/ B[e;kB bJh fonkfJsK fdU, fJwfsjkB b/N eo fdUHHHH”.fiBK wzrK ƒ b? e/ jVskb ehsh ;h T[j ;G ft;o rJhnK. nkyoh wzr ehofj rJh frqcsko ftfdnkoEh fojkn eo'.

fJj ekbiK ftZu gVQd/ ftfdnkoEh “fBnkD/” jB i[nkBh dk i'Pj?, rbshnK j' iKdhnK jB. bU “f;nkfDnK” dh eos{s tZb Mksh wkobU. *47 s'A pknd gzikph ;{p/ dh gqkgsh tk;s/ pV/ w'ou/ bkJ/, pj[s I[bw;j/ e?dK eZNhnK. ;skoK nmkoK ;kb pknd i' gzikph ;{pk pfDnk T[j ;Gd/ ;kjwD/ j? fco j'o ofj rJhnK wzrK pko/ w'ou/ bZr/, *84 dk xZb{xkoktkgfonk, j'o T[sokn uVQkn nkJ/. nekbh ;oekoK nkJhnK s/rJhnKHHHH. pj[s bzwh, nD gbkfBzr bVkJh bVfdnK nekbh bhvo$toeoEZe e/ u{o j' rJ/. gzikp dhnK, f;ZyK dhnK T[j ;kohnK wzrK GZ[b ft;orJhnK, fiBK dh gqkgsh tk;s/ Bkjo/ s/ w'ou/ bkT[Ad/ ;h. j[D jkbs fJjpD rJh j? fe pkdb N"jV/ dh gkN' XkV ftZu “gzE” dh spkjh BIo nkT[Adhj?. fJjBK d'tK dh J/esk ftZu jh “gzE dh uVQdh ebk” fd; ojh j?. w{bw[Zd/ ed'A d/ ft;ko fdZs/ rJ/ jB. XzB f;Zyh

ub' ih SZv' fJjBK ƒ, fJj sK oki;h bhvo jB, fJjBK dk Xow

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s/ okiBhsh rZv/ d/ d' pbd jB, fJj nkokw Bkb rZv/ ftZu p?m/ Psozi dhnKr'NhnK ub oj/ jB. go i/ g[ZS t/yhJ/, wjK g[oy' s[jkvk oki feZE/ j? <r[odtko/ dh gqXkBrh sZe < s[jkvk Xow feZE/ j?, r[o{ eh r'be sZe < ehfJj' jh Xow s/ okiBhsh j? < n;b ftZu Bk gZb/ Xow fojk Bk oki fojk,e/tb ;[gB/ t/y/ ik oj/ jB. e/tb pZfunK dh y/v y/vh ik ojh j?. edht/fynk i/ ;Zso ;Zso ;kb d/ “pZu/” nfijh Bht/A gZXo dh y/v y/vD < Xowd/ Bkw s/ okiBhsh d/ Bkw s/, wjkB r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ Bkw s/, pj[shtkoh r[o{ dh jI{oh ftZu jhHHHHH. nkU j[D gzSh Mks s\sK d/ iE/dkoK d/ftjV/ ftZu Gh wko bJhJ/. fgSb/ gzi S/ ;kbK s'A ;kv/ ;fseko:'r ;fsr[o{ih d/ gktB n;EkB s/ p?m e/, i' ir j;kJh fJjBK iE/dkoK B/ ehsh j?,T[j fe;/ s'A G[Zbh ft;oh BjhA. fet/A E'e ftZu “j[ewBkw/” ikoh ehs/ rJ/,fet/A fto'XhnK ƒ gzE ftZu'A S/fenk frnk. oki;h b'eK B/ fet/A iE/dkoK dh;zxh BZg e/ wB woIh d/ ‘j[ewBkw/’ ikoh eotkJ/. fijV/ j[ewBkw/ oki;hb'eK ƒ ok; nkT[Ad/ ;h, T[j oZy bJ/ rJ/, pkeh tkg; eotk fdZs/. j[D fcop/jh eVQh ftZu T[pkb nkT[D bZrk j?. GkJh oDihs f;zx tZb'A 1999 ftZuikoh ehsk frnk “j[ewBkwk” gzi ;kbK fgS'A wzBD tk;s/, G[Zb pyPkT[Dtk;s/, oki;h b'eK B/ fco v[rv[rh tik fdZsh j?. s\sK d/ iE/dko fcoemg{sbhnK tKr BZuDr/, ;kfonK ƒ swkPk ftykDr/. pkdb N"jV/ dhJ/esk ƒ gzEe J/esk dk iknbh ;koNhche/N fdZsk ikt/rk. XzB f;Zyh

“skJ/ dh Xh uZbh w?A feT[A ojh fJeZbh” d/ eEB w[skpe frnkBhfJepkb f;zx gNBk ;kfjp sys d/ iE/dko B/, T[E/ d/ jh goXkB wfjzdof;zx o'wkDk ƒ, e[ZM fJbIkw sok;h eoe/ “j[ewBkw/” okjhA gzE ftZu'A S/efdZsk j?. feT[Afe o'wkDk ih B/ efEs s"o s/ d;w rqzE d/ fto[ZX wzd/ Ppdtos/ ;B. Bkb jh iE/dko fJepkb f;zx pko/ Gh e[ZM rbs fpnkB fdZs/;B. fpbe[b mhe ehsk j? GkJh fJepkb f;zx B/, jZE ftZu seVk ;'Nk j't/s/ fco pzdk tes g?D s/ tos'A Bk eo/, fJj fet/A j' ;edk j? < nekb sys;kfjp tZb'A gotkfBs f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu ;kc fbfynk j'fJnk j? fer[od[nko/ ftZu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ s[Zb fe;/ g[;se$rqzE ƒ n;EkgB$goekPB

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dh ;\s wBkjh j?. bzw/ no;/ s'A T[jBK EktK s/ (gNBk s/ ji{o ;kfjp) r[o{rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ pokpo d;w rqzE ƒ n;EkgB ehsk j'fJnk j?. gkm j'fojk j?, ns/ j'o nDfrDs r[ows s'A T[bN ezw j' oj/ jB. sd'A ;kv/t/dKsh ih x{e ;Z[s/ oj/, Pq'wDh ew/Nh d/ gqXkB ;kfjp oki;h y/vK y/vd/oj/. j[D id'A gNB/ s'A j[ewBkwk ikoh j' frnk j?, sK fJjBK B/ ;Z[s^T[BhAd/fij/ ftZu T[pk;hnK b?D tKr fpnkB fdZs/ jB. U Gb/ wkD;' i/ s[;hA nkgDhb'V tk;s/ E'e ftZu j[ewBkw/ ikoh eo ;ed/ j', iE/dkoK ƒ E'e ftZu pdb;ed/ j', fco GkJh fJepkb f;zx rqzEh B/, T[jh ezw eo fdZsk sK T[j p[okfet/A j'fJnk <

fiBQK gkg Go/ okjK s/ ;kv/ nkr[ N[o oj/ jB T[jBK pko/ f;Zy ;wkipj[s e[ZM ikD u[Zfenk j?. e[ZM j'o dh w'Nh fijh ikDekoh jkIo j? gzikpftZu f;Zy i[nkBh BfPnK ftZu roe j?, gfssg[Dk f;yoK S'j fojk j?,nBgVsk ftZu gzikp ;ko/ ;{fpnK s'A nZr/ ik fgnk j?. nekbh db dh th“gzikph gkoNh” pD u[Zeh j'Jh j?. sysK d/ iE/dko bZrGr nzr{mk Skg jhjB. f;Zy ;wki wVQhnK epoK g{iD d/ okj g? uZ[fenk j?, wBws dhGowko j?, ;kX bkDk G'b/ f;ZyK ƒ fBu'V fojk j?, “eko ;/tk” d/ Bkw s/ f;Zyftok;s ƒ wbhnk w/N ehsk ik fojk j?HHHHHH. s/ ;kv/ iE/dko s/ bhvo u?Bdh pz;oh tik oj/ jB. nZX/ s'A tZX r[odtko/ gkfe;skB ftZu ofj rJ/ jB,gNB/ tkbk s\s ns/ j'o r[odtko/ Pq'wDh ew/Nh s'A pkjo jB. BKd/V (ji{o;kfjp) ew/Nh nbZr j?. fjwkub ew/Nh tZy j?. fdZbh r[odtkok ew/Nhpj[s d/o s'A nbZr j?. jfonkD/ d/ f;ZyK B/ Pq'wDh ew/Nh Bkb'A s'V ftS'VkeoB dk n?bkB eo fdZsk j?. gkfe;skB ftub/ r[oXkwK bJh Pq'L ew/Nh dkJ/eknfXeko y'j e/ gkfe;skB r[L ew/Nh tZyoh pD uZ[eh j?. EkT[A EK fBihwbehns tkb/ v/o/ r[odtko/ XVkXV T[;o oj/ jB. nkb fJzvhnk r[odtkokn?eN y{jyks/ ftZu g? u[Zfenk j?HHHHs/ ;kv/ ;fseko :'r iE/dko rcbs dhBhAd ftZu x{e ;[Zs/ j'J/ jB. XzB f;Zyh.

nkU sysK pko/ fJZe j'o gfjb{ s'A ftuko eohJ/. S/t/A BkBe;fsr[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ nekb p[zrk (nZi eZbQ nekb s\s)

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pDkfJnk ;h. fJ;d/ Y/o ;ko/ ;p{s g[oksB fJfsjk; ftZu gqkgs jB.fJE/ jh nB/e tko ;opZs ykb;k i[Vdk fojk j?, c?;b/ j[zd/ oj/ jB, gopkeh uko sysK dh g[oksBsk pko/ iE/dko ;p{sK d[nkok dZ;D dh y/ubeoBr/ < edh T[jBK s\sK s/ ;opZs ykb;k i[fVnk < edh j[ewBkw/ ikohehs/ rJ/ < eh T[jBK ƒ s\s wzfBnk ik ;edk j? < pj[s g[okDh rZb BjhAj? sbtzvh ;kp'Q (dwdwk) fBjzr f;zxK d/ dpkn nXhB 1966 ftZu “s\s”s;bhw ehsk frnk j?. fJZe j'o gfjb{ tb fXnkB fdU^;fseko:'r nZmr[o{nK Bkb ;pzXs e'Jh s\s BjhA j?. r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih Bkb fJZes\s (nekb s\s) ;pzXs j?. pkeh uko s\s gNBk, e/;rV, sbtzvh;kp'Q s/ ji{o ;kfjp, d;w gkfsPkj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb ;pzXs jB.edh fJekro fuZs ftuko eo t/yDk fe d;w gkfsPkj Bkb uko s\s feT[AjB <

nkU nZr/ N[o', gNBk ;kfjp s\s feT[A j? < fejk ik fojk j? feT[; n;EkB s/ (r[o{) r'fpzd okJ/ ih dk gzi G{se ;oho gqrfNnk ;h. e/tbfJ;/ ekoB s\s j?< go eh (r[o{) r'fpzd okJ/ ih iBw s'A jh ;kv/ r[o{ ;B< eh T[jBK ƒ r[o{ BkBe i's dh Io{os BjhA ;h < T[jBK ƒ r[o{ rZdh gqkgsj'Jh j? 1675 ftZu, eohp ;kY/ B" ;kb dh T[wo/. iBw tes sK T[j r[o{BjhA ;B. sK T[jBK d/ iBw ekoB s\s fet/A pfDnk < ;fsr[o{ BkBe;kfjp iBw s'A jh ;kv/ r[o{ ;B, fJ; soQK sK BBekDk ;kfjp gfjbk s\sj'Dk ukjhdk ;h. fco T[j gfjbk s/ tZvk s\s feT[A BjhA pfDnk < fJ;/soQK pkeh r[o{ ;kfjpkB fiZE/ fiZE/ iBw/ ;B T[j ;ko/ n;EkBK ƒ Gh s\sgotkB eo b?Dk ukjhdk ;h. fco nZr'A dbhb fdZsh iKdh j? fe fiZE'A;fsr[o{ ih “j[ewBkwk” ikoh eoB T[j' ;EkB s\s j[zdk j?. fJj rZb Ghdbhb s/ yoh BjhA T[sodh. feT[Afe ;fsr[o{ ih d/ w[ykofpzd s'A T[ukfonkjo Ppd jh ‘j[ewBkwk’ o{g j?. fco sK fi; Ekt/A fBtk; eoe/ ;fsr[o{ih B/ T[gd/P ehsk, T[jh s\s j't/rk. nZmt/A gkfsPkj ƒ fiZE/ ehosg[ofty/ r[orZdh fdZsh rJh ;h, fiZE/ S/t/A s/ ;Zst/A gkfs;kaj T[gd/P eod/ oj/;B T[; r[odtko/ ƒ Gh s\s ;kfjp nkfynk iKdk j?. fiE/ p?m e/ oZph pkDh

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dh ouBk ehsh T[jh EK sys j?. i' ys ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;zrsK d/ Bkw fby/ T[jBKƒ Gh ;fseko Bkb f;Zy “j[ewBkw/” efj fdzd/ jB. dhB/ eKrV s'A d;wgkfsPkj B/ n"ozrI/p tZb ys fbfynk ;h dhBk eKrV Gh s\s j' frnk. vkHrzvk f;zx d[nkok ;zgkds g[;se “j[ewBkw/” w/o/ ;Bw[y j?. fJ; feskp ftZugNB/ s'A nZi sZe e/tb fJZe “j[ewBkwk” ikoh j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fJ;dhskohy j? cotoh 4, ;zB 1862 JhL. fJj j[ewBkwk g[ikohnK tZb'A fJbke/ dh;zrs tZb eko G/N fbnkT[D pko/ j?. ;kc doi j? fe fBPkB ;kfjp ns/ coPdh ;/tk ftZu fjZ;k gkU. fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o e'Jh “j[ewBkwk” gNB/ s'A ikohBjhA j'fJnk.

w/oh e"w d/ wbkj' iE/dko', so; eo' fJ; f;Zy ;wki s/, e'JhfBZro ;/X fdU nkgDh T[FZws ƒ. e'Jh ftXh ftXkB xV' s\s d/ wkB;BwkB tk;s/. iE/dko ƒ bkT[D jNkT[D tk;s/, ns/ ftZfdne :'rsk pko/e'Jh m'; n;{b fsnko eo'. fBo/ j[ewBkfwnK d[nkok f;Zy ;wki dk;ztoBk e[ZM BjhA fprV pj[s e[ZM ikt/rk. f;Zyh o;ksb tZb fBZxo ojh j?,i/ ;Zu/ jwdod j' sK fJ; ƒ T[Gko'. fJ; rZb ƒ I'o Bkb T[GkoB dh b'Vj? fe s\s e/tb fJZe' jh j?. i/ d{finK u"jK ƒ s\s Gh wzBd/ j' sK fcoT[j “j[ewBkw/” ikoh eoB bJh Gh ;[szso wzB/ ikDr/. i/ T[j uko/ s\sS'N/ jB sK dZ;' fet/A S'N/ jB < feogk eoe/ gzE d;/ok nkr{ pD' toBk pj[sd/o j' u[Zeh j't/rh. nkr{ pko/ r[o c[owkB j? L^

e{V[ p'fb w[odko[ ykfJ] ntoh B' ;wMktfD ikfJ]w[mk nkfg w[jkJ/ ;kE?] BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?] w^ñ^139

go ftuko/ iE/dko ;[szso c?;bk fet/A b? ;ed/ jB, emg[sbhnKdh v'o fe;/ j'o jZE j[zdh j? ^

ekm eh g{soh ejk eo? pg[oh fybktB jko' ikB?]

i?;k b/y[ eokt? pkihro[ Uj[ s?;' jh ;ki[ nkB?] w^õ^206

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w[nkch Bkw/ dh okiBhshw[nkch Bkw/ dh okiBhshw[nkch Bkw/ dh okiBhshw[nkch Bkw/ dh okiBhshw[nkch Bkw/ dh okiBhsh

;z;ko d/ skesto b'eK B/ ewi'aoK fBwkfDnK s/, ;dk jh tfjPhI[bw, s/ esb' rkos ehs/ jB. eJh tkoh sK e/tb nkgDh X"A; iwkT[DbJh jh tZv/ gkg eo fdZs/ iKd/ jB. d{finK ƒ b[ZND iK p/gZs eoB dhgoftosh wB[Zy d/ X[o nzdo sZe X;h j'Jh j?. id'A s'A wB[Zysk ;kih rJhj?, nkg;h fto'X b[ZNk y'jK iK d{finK ƒ B/;s'A Bkp{d jh eo d/Dk, nkgD/r[bkw pDk b?Dk, nkw j[zdk fojk j?. f;ezdo B/ fpBk ekoB d[BhnK ƒ fiZse/, nkgD/ nXhB eo b?D d/ wB;/ Bkb, p/nzs y{B pjkfJnk. uzr/IykB dhje{ws dk dkfJok d[BhnK ftZu ;G s'A tZX ;h. fJsBh tZvh ;bsBs bkPKd/ nzpko fuD e/ y{B d/ dfonk trk e/ jh ekfJw ehsh rJh ;h. nzrq/IKdk nZXh Xosh s/ epik, w[;bwkBk d/ nB/e izr s/ i[bw fJfsjk; ftZu'AgVQ/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. iowBh d/ skBkPkj fjNbo B/ i' efjo Ykfjnk, T[jsK ni/ eZbQ dh rZb j?. fco fjNbo dhnK jwkfJsh c"iK jko uZ[ehnK ;B.fJZe jcs/ d/ nzdo, T[jBK jfEnko ;[ZN d/D/ ;B. fco nwqhek d/ n?Nw pzpfet/A goy/ iKd/ < jho'Phwk tkbk fJZe' nrBh pzp ikgkB ƒ w[ZXk eo frnk.d{ik Bkrk;keh s/ ;[fNnk frnk gowkD{ pzp, e/tb X"A; iwkT[D bJh ;h.fJj do;kT[D bJh Gh fe ;kv/ e'b e/tb fJZe' n?Nw pzp BjhA j?, j'o pE/o/j?r/ B/.

;wK phsD Bkb i\w GoB/ P[o{ j' iKd/ jB, t?o fto'X s/ d{ohnKxND brdhnK jB. gfjbK tkb/ (f;ZX/ fizw/tko) jkew pdb iKd/ jB.nkg;h ftPtkP g?dk eoB tk;s/, iipksh ;KM tXkT[D bJh, gfjb/ikpoK tZb'A ehs/ rJ/ i[bwK bJh, wib{wK e'b'A o;wh fijh w[nkch wzr bJhiKdh j?. ftuko/ ewI'o b'e, p/p; j'J/ fJ; “;"oh” nkyD ƒ nkgDh“wjkB fiZs” ;wM e/ c[Zb/ BjhA ;wkT[Ad/. f;ZyK Bkb nkgfDnK B/ jh Xo'jewkfJnk j?. fijBK Bkb nkgDh fe;ws i'Vh, fijBK s/ ftPtk; ehsk,fijBK bJh nEkj e[opkBhnk ehshnK. tes nkT[D s/ T[jBK ;ko/ T[geko

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y{j ftZu ;[ZN fdZs/. e[opkBhnK bJh ;BwkBs eoB dh Ekt/A f;ZyK ƒ fpBktikj ngwkBs ehsk frnk. ;fjw tkbh s/ d[p/b fIzdrh fiT[D bJhwIp{o ehsk frnk. fJj Gkt/A je{ws eoB tkbh gkoNh eKro; ;h, iKGkigk. iK fJjBK tZb'A ;Ekgs ehs/ ozr pozr/ efwPB. f;sw fJj gJhGkosh ndkbsK ftZu'A Gh f;ZyK ƒ fJB;kc BjhA fwbdk. feT[Afe ndkbsKdk Gh ed/ dk “fjzd{eoD” j' u[Zek j?. ekƒB dh sZeVh dk soki{ jw/PK jhfJZe gk;/ M[Zfenk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. f;ZyK d/ ;opBk; T[FZs/ Gh ekƒB dh w'jobrtk bJh iKdh j?. fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe f;Zy e"w fJZe tZv/ i/jb ykB/ ftZupzd j?. nkgDh fJZSk w[skpe, fJjBK s'A r[bkwh eotkJh iKdh j?. fi; ƒfdb ukj/ geV e/ w[ekpbk pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?, cK;h dk czXk rb ftZugkfJnk ik ;edk j?. esbrkj ftZu pZMk p/p; pZeok, i/ ikB pyPh dksobk eo/ Gh, sK f;oc e;kJh e'b< e;kJh ofjw dh nghb gotkBeofdnK esb ehs/ ik oj/ iht ƒ bkJhB ftu'A pkjo eZY e/, e[ZM fdB j'o“y[PhnK wkBD dk” tes d/ d/t/. fJ; d/ N'e/ dh wko ftZu e'Jh nrbkgqkDh nk ikt/.

;zB *84 ftZu f;ZyK s/ i' I[bw dh jB/oh M[Zbh, T[;ƒ edh Gh fpnkBBjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Bk jh ed/ T[;ƒ G[bkfJnk ik ;e/rk, s/ fJj i[bwehsk Gh nkgDh ;oeko B/. o;wh s"o s/ iowB d/ okPNogsh, j?bwNe'b B/ eJh ;kb j'J/, fJIokJhb ns/ ;wZ[u/ :j{dhnK s'A y[Zb/Q nkw w[nkchwzrh. ikgkBhnK B/ Gh ;z;ko ftZu ehsh spkjh bJh w[nkch wzr bJh. gonwqhek B/ nkgD/ n?Nw pzpK tZb'A ehsh rJh spkjh dh, ni/ sZe w[nkchBjhA wzrh. fJjBK gd fuzBK s/ ubfdnK, Gkos d/ j?AeVpki jkewK tZb'AGh f;ZyK s/ ehs/ i[bwK bJh w[nkch BjhA wzrh rJh. fiBQK ewhD/ jkewKB/ gzikp d/ p/nzs jZeK d/ vkek wkfonk, ;KswJh ;fsnkrqj ftZu bZyK f;ZyKB/ frqcskohnK d/ e/ i/jbK Go fdZshnK, nkgDh e"w d/ tv/fonK tZb'AehshnK e[opkBhnK dh :kd dokBh eokJh, ;zftXkB ftZu f;ZyK dh “tZyohgSkD” jh ysw eo fdZsh rJh j?, T[jBK j?AeVpki j[ewokBk s'A fBwosk;fjs w[nkch wzrD dh stZe' fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j? < f;ZyK d/ wZeko f;Zy

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nkr{nK B/, Gkos dh gkobhw?AN ftZu iK gzikp ftXkB ;Gk ftZu (ftofbnKfJZeV d[ZeVK ƒ SZve/) fJwkBdkoh Bkb f;ZyK d/ dod dk gZy jh g/P BjhAehsk. fdZbh (j'o PfjoK dk fIeo eoBk f;Zy bhvoK ft;ko jh fdZsk j?)ftZu j'J/ tfjPh f;Zy esbkw dh gVskb tk;s/ nB/e efwPB pD u[Ze/ jB.“gVskb” eofdnK B/ thj ;kb r[Iko fdZs/ jB. ni/ sZe bZyK isBk d/pkti{d Gh d'PhnK dk y[ok BjhA bZfGnk. f;Zy izsk G'bh j? s/ bhvo b'b/,jB.

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pkdb nekbh db gkoNh ƒ gzikp tk;hnK B/ okirZdh ;"Ag fdZsh. gzikpftZu'A f;ZyK dh B[wkfJzdrh eoB tkb/, b'e ;Gk w?Apo, tkigkJh ;oeko ƒ,fpBK Pos jwkfJs sK fdzd/ oj/ go “nkgDk ikDe/” tkigkJh ;oeko s'Agzikp dk fJZe Gh w;bk jZb BK eotk ;e/. dopko ;kfjp d/ jwb/ bJhw[nkch tkbk BkNe Gh Bk eotk ;e/. y[d gqekP f;zx pkdb B/ gzikp dhnKfiBQK wzrK bJh w'ou/ bkJ/ ;B, f;ZyK ƒ pj[stko g[b; s'A e[NtkfJnk ;h.bzwhnK BiopzdhnK MZbhnK ;B. T[jh pkdb ;kfjp gzi ;kb sZe w[Zywzsoh dh e[o;h s/ p?m e/, pVh p/dodh Bkb ;G e[ZM G[Zb frnk. nkgD/fgnko/ tkigkJh s'A e'Jh wzr wBtkT[Dh sK d{o ojh, gzikp dhnK wzrKtk;s/ i[pkB sZe BK fjbkJh. gzikp ;oeko dh fwnkd g[Zr ikD d/, nkyohfdBK ftZu, gzikp ftXkB ;Gk nzdo o;wh fij/ Yzr Bkb “dopko ;kfjps/ j'J/ c"ih jwb/ dh fBy/Xh” ehsh rJh. eJh tko phph ;'Bhnk rKXh ƒw[nkch wzrD bJh gq/os eoB tkb/ fpnkB nkT[Ad/ oj/. j[D skik ;fEshfJj nkD Y[Zeh gJh d/; dk “f;Zy” gqXkB wzsoh vkH wBw'jB f;zx dopko;kfjp s/ j'J/ c"ih jwb/ bJh, f;Zy gzE e'b'A w[nkch wzr/.

j[D fJZe tkoh ;[osh fposh fco fgSKj ƒ w'V bJhJ/l fiBKnekbh bhvoK B/ dopko ;kfjp gqhf;o ;w/s, ;w[Zu/ r[odtkfonK ƒ Xowgquko d/ e/Ado pDkT[D dh Ekt/A, wB[Zysk dh ;/tk ftZu ssgo j'D dh EKt/,p/JhwkBh d/ oki;h nykV/ pDk Xfonk. fJjBK gftZso n;EkBK s'A oki;hbkjk b?D tk;s/, jo o'i e{V e[co PoXkb{nK nzdo m'f;nk frnk. gftZsoXow n;EkBK dh d[otos'A eofdnK nekbh nkr{nK B/, i' ngwkB y[dr[odtkfonK dk ehsk j?, edh T[;ƒ :kd eoe/ ykb;k gzE ns/ ;fsr[o{ ihe'b'A w[nkch wzrD dh db/oh eo ;eDr/ < fiBQk b'eK B/ gktB r[oXkwK ƒizr d/ nykV/ pDkfJnk, nzdo w'ou/ pzdhnK ehshnK, eh T[j b'e Gh;fsr[o{ ih s'A edh fywk ikuBk eoBr/ < fiBK ny"sh ykVe{nK B/ dopko;kfjp d/ nzdo, wko{ jfEnko fJeZm/ ehs/, Nq/fBzr ;?ANo pDk e/ G'b/ B"itkBKƒ y{B dh j'bh y/vD dh f;ybkJh fdZsh, eh T[jBK d/ tkfo; ;fsr[o{ s'A ehs/dh w[nkch wzr ;eDr/ < fiBK nekbh bhvoK B/ y[d ;w/A dh gqXkB wzsoh

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ƒ gzikp ftZu c"i G/iD dh, dopko ;kfjp ftZu'A ykVe{ eZYD dh p/Bsh ehsh;h, eh T[j Gh ed/ ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ ;h; M[ek e/ fywk bJh sobk eoBr/< fiBK bhvoK nekb sys s/ r[o{ ƒ jkio Bkio ikDe/, wo fwND dhnKe;wK ykXhnK ;B, f;Zy ;oXkb{nK dhnK bkPK ƒ, g?oK j/m o'bd/ pkjtKyVhnK eoe/, ;jh ;bkws ikB puke/, ehs/ e"b ft;ko e/, ;oekohrZvhnK ftZu p?m e/ r?;N jkT[;K ftZu “e?dh” pD rJ/. eh fJjBK gkgeowK bJh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A w[nkch wzrD tk;s/ T[jBK dh wo u[Zeh iwhoedh nzrVkJh bt/rh < fiBK w[Zy rqzEhnK ns/ tZv/ iZE/dkoK dh fIzw/tkoh“wfonkdk ƒ ekfJw oZyD” dh ;h. T[j nkgDh fizw/tkoh s'A w{zj w'V rJ/,dopko ;kfjp nzdo Xow s'A T[bN wzd eos{sK j[zdhnK t/ye/ Gh I[pkB Bky'jb ;e/. edh T[j wjK g[ikoh Gh, ;fsr[o{ ih s'A, fBwosk ;fjs w[nkchwzrDr/ < ;qh gqekP f;zx pkdb B/ ;oekoh w[bkiwK ns/ f;Zy c"ihnK ƒp?oeK SZvD bJh T[e;kfJnk. fi; ekoB p/nzs c"ih tho b/y/ bZr rJ/.bzwhnK e?dK eZNhnK, s;hj/ MZb/. T[;/ ;qL pkdb B/ w[Zy wzsoh pDe/, c"ihnKns/ f;Zy jZeK dh g?otJh Bk ehsh. eh ;qL pkdb edh fJjBK x'o gzE d'yhezwK ekoB ;fsr[o{ ih s'A ofjw dh nghb eoBr/ < Pq'wDh ew/Nh w?Apo,nkgDh Iwho ƒ fsb fsb esb j[zdk ;fjzd/ j'J/, Xow gquko dh ;/tkfBGkT[D dh Ekt/A, Xow s'A T[bN wzd eos{sK eod/ t/yhd/ jB. pVh p/dodhBkb “r[o{ eh r'be” ƒ fBZih n?P gq;sh bJh, ns/ oki;h e[o;hnK dhgqkgsh bJh popkd eod/ ns/ eokT[D d/ Gkrhdko pDd/ jB. eh nfij/Pq'wDh ew/Nh w?Apo edh p/ j'P j' u[Zeh nkswk ƒ irkT[D dh y/ub eoBr/< edh ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ jZE i'Ve/, fBwosk ;fjs w[nkch bJh nodk;eoBr/ < fBs fdB tckdkohnK pdbd/, f;Zy f;nk;h bhvo, wZekoh Go/fpnkB d/D' pki nkT[Dr/ < co/p ƒ fsbKibh d/ e/, ;Zu d/ gfjo/dko pBDr/< f;Zyh ;o{g ftZu nDfrDstko Sb BkNe eoB tkb/, edh nkgDhnK“gZEo nZyK” ftZu'A gSskt/ d/ d' jzM{ e/o ;eDr/ < gZEo tor/ fdb ftu'Anodk; dh sVg g?dk j't/rh < w[nkch wzrD dh fjzws eo ;eDr/ fJj gkgd/ g{sb/ <

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;qh gqekP f;zx pkdb B/ vkH wBw'jB f;x ƒ f;Zy Gok j'D d/ Bks/fdZbh ftZu T[jBK d/ fBtk; ;EkB s/ ike/ tXkJh fdZsh j?. nekb s\s d/iZE/dko dh fizw/tkoh y[Zd jh ;zGkbd/ j'J/, fJj fpnkB Gh dkr fdZsk fedopko ;kfjp nkT[D s/ gqXkB wzsoh ;kfjp ƒ f;o'gkT[ Gh fdZsk ikt/rk.i/ vkH wBw'jB f;zx f;Zy tho j?, sK xZN frDsh rmi'V tkbh wBw'jB f;zx;oeko ƒ, pkdb db fpBk Pos Bk ;jh, e[ZM PosK Bkb jh ;jh, ;woEBfeT[A BjhA fdzdk < tkigkJh ns/ nvtkBh dh RSS dh fcoe{ ;'u ƒ pkdbfpBk Pos jwkfJs fdzdk fojk. f;Zy Gok wBw'jB f;zx T[jBK Bkb'AfInkdk p[ok sK BjhA j? < dopko ;kfjp s/ ehsk jwbk nfsnzs fxBkT[DhekotkJh ;h. T[; bJh Gkos ;oeko ƒ w[nkch Gh wzrDh ukjhdh j?, ns/popkd j'J/ gzikp ƒ nkpkd eoB bJh, m'; edw Gh u[ZeD/ ukjhd/ jB.T[FZiV/ gqtkoK ƒ t;kT[D d/ g[ysk gqpzX Gh eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. gzikp f;o“izrh i[owkB/” d/ s"o s/ m'f;nK frnk eoik Gh w[nkc eoBk ukjhdk j?.e/Ado ftZu GkJhtkb ofje/ ;L pkdb B/ tkigkJh s'A Bk w[nkch wzrtkJh,Bk gzikp dk eoik w[nkc eotkfJnk. wBw'jB f;x ih ;oekoh s"o s/nc;'; gqrN eo d/D sK pj[s nZSh pks j?. go eh ;qh pkdb ns/ T[;d/nekbh (<) tiho, bhvo, ;zrh ;kEh f;ZyK d/ j'J/ xkD bJh w[nk|h wzrDr/< r[o{ ;Bw[y g;ukskg eoBr/ < iE/dko fJ; soQK eotk ;eDr/ <

i/ wkT[ g[s? ft;[ d/ fs; s/ fe;[ fgnkok]i/ xo[ GzB/ gkjo{ eT[D[ oyDjkok]p/Vh v'p? gksDh feT[ gkfoT[skok]nkr{ b? T[MfV gt? fe;[ eo/ g[ekok]i/ efo y/s? ykfJ tkfV e' bj? B ;kok]i/ r[o GowkJ/ ;kr efo fenk f;y[ ftukok] tko 35$22 GkHr[H

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;fsr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu nBzs nBw'b yikB/ jB. gqwkswk dhbkPqhe tkjd j;sh pko/ w[ezwb fBo{gD j?. f;qPNh ouBk pko/, fJ; dhekoi ftXh pko/, gqrN j'D s'A b? e/ gob' sZe d/ ;|o pko/, p/Pehwshftuko wB[Zy wkso ƒ fwbd/ jB. wB[Zy d/ iBw s'A b? e/ pkbgB, i[nkBh,p[Ykgk s/ w"s pko/, sZs;ko w"i{d jB. fIzdrh fet/A pshs ehsh ikt/ ;wkiftZu ofjzfdnK d{finK Bkb fej' fijk toskn ehsk ikt/, fJ; pko/ w[ezwb;/X fwbdh j?. ;wki ƒ ubkT[D tk;s/ oki gqpzX fej' fijk j't/, oki e'gs'A nkIkdh fet/A jk;b ehsh ikt/, oki/ dk feodko ftjko fe; soQK dkj't/, r[opkDh ftZu'A nrtkJh fwbdh j?. foPs/ Bks/, gqtkfoe fizw/tkohnK,n"os wod dk o[spk fej' fijk j't/, ;woZE r[o{ ih okj dZ;d/ jB. fjzwsT[dw, oZp s/ ftPtk;, nodk; ed'A s/ fe; nZr/ eoBh j?, nodk; dh w{bGktBk eh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, Ppd r[o{ wkor o[PBk oj/ jB. fJZe wjkBj;sh gow/Po ƒ wzBfdnK, fit/A Gowikb ƒ s'V ;[ZNDk j?, Xow d/ Bkws/ ehs/ ik oj/ X'y/ co/p s/ b[ZN s'A fet/A ;[oZfyns ihtB fpskT[Dk j?, ;kfjppkDh d[nkok dZ; gk rJ/ jB. Grsh fet/A eoBh j?, Bkw fet/A igDk j?,feos ewkJh fej' fijh eoBh j?, tzv e/ fet/A SeDk j?, ;fsr[o{ ih pyfPPeoe/ ;dk ;wMkT[Ad/ jB. i[bw dk ykswk eoe/, fpwkohnK, G[ywoh,iksh ftseo/ s/ Bcos dk phi Bk; eoe/ “;G/ ;KMhtkb ;dkfJfB” dk;w{zj rhs rkT[AfdnK “p/rwg[o/” d/ tk;h pDe/ ;w[Zuh Xosh ƒ “Xow;kb”pDkT[D dh e{zih, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu ftokiwkB j?. ;[bM/ j'J/ f;Zy ftdtkBvkH skoB f;zx ih fbyd/ jB fe “r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp pko/ c"oh s"o s/ bZrGrfJZe ;" g[;seK fbyhnK ik ;edhnK jB. BktK EktK d/ e'P, fJbkfenKp'bhnK d/, gP{ gzShnK d/, okrK okrDhnK d/, r[opkDh ouDtkb/ wjkg[oyKd/ ihtB pko/, pkDh T[ukoD d/, ftnkeoD fBnwK d/, Ppd noEK s/ GktnoEK d/, f;Zy Xow fcbk;ch d/HHHHp/nzs ftfPnK pko/ rqzE ns/ e'P fby/

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ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.”;e{bK ekbiK ftZu r[owfs gVkT[D tk;s/, ftfdnkoEhnK dh T[wo

tzv nB[;ko ;b/p; fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. Xow gqukoeK dhf;Zfynk bJh T[FZu gkJ/ d/ fwPBoh ekbi ukb{ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. “f;Zyofjs wfonkdk” dh fJZe;kosk bJh, tZv/ jzGb/ dh b'V j?. d/P ftd/PdhnK w[Zy p'bhnK ftZu, r[opkDh d/ u'Dt/A f;XKs ns/ fJfsjk; nB[tkdeoe/, ;;s/ o/NK s/ g[Zidk eoBk ;w/A dh wjZstg{oB b'V j?. f;Zy nypko,o;kb/, NhHthH u?Bb (eEk bJh) nkvhT[ thvhT[ e?;NK, s/ j'o pj[s e[ZMehsk ikD tkbk j?. nkw f;Zy iB ;w{zj nfrnkBsk ftZu j?, p/p; j?. e[ZMr[o{ fgnko tkb/, uj[zfdnK j'fJnK Gh e'Jh tv/ok ekoi eoB' n;woE,fdb w;'; e/, gzE ƒ nksw jZfsnk tZb tZXdk t/ye/, ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ fpp/ep[ZX dh :kuBk bJh nodk; jh eo ;ed/ jB. T[go tofDs nB/e ekoieoB/ f;Zy ftdtkBK, ns/ Xkowe iE/pzdhnK bJh nsh nktZPe jB. fJ;bzwh fsnkoh s'A fpBK gfjbK jh pj[s y[nkoh MZb bJh j?, i/ ni/ Gh v[pdhp/Vh ƒ e'Jh uZg{ Bk bkfJnk sK wVQhnK dk okj d{o BjhA j?.

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fgSb/ pj[s bzp/ no;/ s'A Pq'wDh ew/Nh dk gqpzX ftrfVnk j'D eoe/w?ApoK, gqXkBK, iE/dkoK, d/ foPs/dkoK s/ j'o f;cko;h b'eK dh tZvh c"iew/Nh dh w[bkiws ftZu Pkwb j?. fpBK Io{os s'A w[bkIwK s'A fJbktk tZv/nc;oK, ;eZsoK dhnK tkX{ g';NK g?dk ehshnK rJhnK, sK fe bhvoK d/uj/fsnK ƒ ;[Zy ;j{bsK fdZshnK ik ;eD. Xow gquko tZb'A g{oh soQK w{zjw'V fbnk j?. Pq'wDh ew/Nh ns/ nekbh db (;G s'A fInkdk skesto)

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ob rZv j' rJ/ jB. Pq'wDh ew/Nh r[o{ xo dk nEkj g?;k, nB/e u'o w'ohnKokjhA, oki;h ezwK s/ o'jV ojh j?. oki;h fJeZmK ns/ ekotkJhnK tk;s/,r[odtkfonK dh d[otos'A, ns/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ngwkB Po/nkwehsk iKdk j?. Xkowe i'V w/fbnK s/, oki;h r[zvk rodh fBZs dk toskokpD u[Zfenk j?. fBZs fdB r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh ji{oh ftZu, e{V e[;Zs,fJbikw sok;h, ns/ j'o nB/e ezw r[o wfonkdk s'A T[bN j[zd/ jB. fJjoki;h bZm wko b'e, bzro r[o{ xo'A yKd/ osh Pow BjhA eod/. fJjBK wzdekfonK s'A e'Jh iE/dko o'eD dh fjzws BjhA eo ;edk. eh iE/dko t/y BjhAoj/ <

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fpbNh eotk e/ phVK G/i fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. fgSb/ ;w/A NoZe dkn?e;hv?AN j' frnk, phVK dh p/ndph j'Jh, nypkoK ftZu uouk j'Jh, goiZE/dkoK dh ikD/ i[Zsh. nfij/ ezw eoB tkb/, fe;/ gqekPe ƒ ;ik BjhAfdZsh rJh. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh jZE fbys g[oksB phV, ;zB 2000 ftZue?B/vk, gzi f;zx b?e/ rJ/. nfijh d[obZG t;s{ pkjo G/ih jh BjhA ik;edh. go y[d fJj fJZe iE/dko B/ fGitkJh. T[Xo rJ/ “gzi fgnko/”“ep{so pD T[vkoh wko rJ/”, nZi sZe BjhA bZG/. phV G/iD tkbk iZE/dkoj'o T[FZu/ nj[d/ s/ g[Zi frnk j?, fJj eko/ eoB tkb/ fe;/ ƒ g[ZS/ e"D <

fJZe' tys d' sysK dh ;KMh ;/tk fBGk oj/ iZE/dko Bkb, ftuoBdk w"ek fwfbnk. fiZE/ iE/dko ;oXkb{nK d/ xoK ftZu d[ZX wbkJhnK,fg;s/ eki{ pdkw Se fojk j?. vZBbg d/ rZfdnK T[FZgo A.C. tkb/ ewo/ftZu “phphnK ;/tk ftZu jkIoHHH”. d{i/ pzB/ iE/dko d/ pkvh rkov vokJhtonkfd pkjo o[Zy j/mK b'n ftZu ;Vd/ oj/. gkDh sZe fe;/ Bk fgnkfJnk,bzro tes nzdo'A iE/dko dk j[ew nk frnk, fe “;ko/ ;/tkdko B/V/ d/r[odtko/ ftZu'A goPkdk Se nkT[D.” iE/dko ƒ fwbD tk;s/ fJikIs b?e/ nzdo ikDk j[zdk j?. oks ƒ ;"D bZfrnk iE/dko ƒ ;koh ;[Zy ;j{bsK tkbktZvk ewok, fJeZb/ ƒ ukjhdk j?. go fJ;/ jh xo ftZu, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp fJZeS'N/ fij/ ewo/ ftZu ;[GkfJwkB j?. fJ;/ S'N/ ewo/ ftZu oks tes, uko;/tkdkoK ƒ s[zB fdZsk frnk. fJZe e'B/ ftZu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp, pkeh y{zfinKftZu dV/ j'J/ ;/tkdko. gkme iB' fBoDk eoe/ dZ;' fe gosZy BIo nk oj/tosko/ w[skpe, fJj iE/dko tZv/ jB, fe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp tZv/ jB < fJZe'p?FZv$gbzx s/, gzi d; ;o{g fNek fdZs/ iKd/ jB. eh gzi ;Zs “iE/dko”fJeZm/ fJZe gbzx s/ ;"A ;ed/ jB < fco tZvk e"D j'fJnk < w?ƒ fJ; rZbdk nfj;k; j? fe Ppd r[o{ dk ;fseko fet/A eoBk j?. go iE/dkoK dkn;bh feodko s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ fbT[D bJh fJj fw;kbK d/DhnK Io{oh j'rJhnK ;B. fJZe EK s'A d{ih EK s/ “phV” fbikD tk;s/ eJh tko eko ftZup?me/ ;fsr[o{ ih dk ;o{g gZNK T[go oZy fbnk iKdk j?. go eh e'JhiE/dko fJ; soQK fe;/ d/ gZNK s/ p?mDk ;theko eo/rk < T[;ƒ sk fJeZb/

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ƒ wfjzrh eko ukjhdh j?, fco d'tK ftZu'A tZvk e"D j'fJnk < dopko ;kfjpdhnK gqeowK ftZu, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ fJZe ;o{g ƒ e'mk ;kfjp s'Adopko ;kfjp sZe fbikD bJh, w'Yk d/D tkfbnK dk e'Jh nzs BjhA. ;zyxfVnkb, oD f;zx/, Y'beK, S?D/, s/ nZr/ nZXk xzNk ;tZJhJ/ gVQB/, ;Zso[wkb/ B\o/ Bkb T[skoB/, “o[wkfbnK dh o[wkbK Bkb” jh ;ckJh dk BkNe,fco fes/ j[ew (tke) fbnk iKdk j?. fJ;/ dopko ;kfjp dhnK goeowKftZu, edh fBrkj rJh j?, fezB/ ;o{g S'N/ S'N/ ewfonK ftZu fNekJ/ j'J/jB. T[jBK gftZso ;o{gK ƒ gqekP eoB s/ ;[Zy nk;D eoB bJh, edhgkbehnK fuwN/ S?D/, s/ ;/tkdkoK dhnK GhVK t/yhnK jB < fJeZb/ gkmh s'Af;tkJ/, j'o e'Jh T[FZE/ ;zrs i[Vh t/yh j? < dopko ;kfjp ftZu'A pkjo nkikU, T[;/ nzfwqs;o fIbQ/ ftZu jIko d/ eohp fgzv jB. T[jBK ;ko/ fgzvKftZu fJZe d' jo EK r[odtko/ Gh jB. T[jBK EktK s/ ;t/o/ fJeZbk rqzEh f;zx,nkg/ nodk;, nkg/ f;o s/ wjkokik dk ;o{g, fJZe jZE ftZu u"o s/, fJZejZE wjkoki d/ ;o{g ƒ, fJeZbk jh ;fsBkw tkfjr[o{ dk ikg eodk j'fJnkfbnk e/ gqekP eo fdzdk j?. y[d “j[ewBkwk” gVQdk j? s/ y[d jh fJeZbk;[Ddk j?. eh fJj ;ko/ ;o{g T[jh d;K gkfsPkjhnK dh i's BjhA jB, i'dopko ;kfjp fty/ j? < eh nwho rohp tKr iK T[FZuh BhthA iks tKr r[o{rqzE ;kfjp ih Gh tZv/ S'N/ jB < iE/dko dZ;D dh feogkbsk eoBr/, fefJj tyo/tK feT[A ehsk ik fojk j? < dopko ;kfjp ftZu pj[s wjkBskftyke/, G'b/ PoXkb{nK ƒ nkT[D bJh fyZu g?dk eoe/, wkfJnk yhf;nKftZu'A eYtke/, r[o{ d/ Bkw s/ fJeZso eo b?Dh s/ “iE/dkoK” tZb'A nkgDhwBwoIh bJh tos b?Dh. “eh fJ;/ dk Bkw r[owfonkdk j? <” eh fJjhn;b wfonkdk j? <

nZi eZb fJZe tpk pj[s g;o u[Zeh j?, dopko ;kfjp s'A nkfJnk“nZi dk j[ewBkwk”. fJ; j[ewBkw/ ƒ eJh NhHthH u?BbK tkb/ N?bhek;Neod/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ d/P ftd/P d/ o/vhU ;N/PBK s'A Gh ;[fDnk ik ;edkj?. nypkoK tkb/ Gh “nZi dk j[ewBkwk” Skg e/ ;/tk eo oj/ jB. eJh;kohnK c'B ezgBhnK c'B s/ Gh j[ewBkwk G/i ojhnK jB. fJzNoB?ZN

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;oft; d[nkok Gh dopko ;kfjp dk j[ewBkwk nk fojk j?. go edhneb dk e'Jh yb y{zik co'b e/ ;'uD dh sebhc ehsh j?, fe r[o{ rqzE;kfjp d/ ;o{g, T[; ftZu Sgh gktB pkDh, e[b 1430 gzB/ jh fJZe;kogftZso jB. d[BhnK d/ jo e'B/ ftZu fiZE/ Gh Ppd r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp j?, ;ko/fes/ fJZe' fij/ ;fseko dk gkso j?. ;r'A ;wZ[uh r[opkDh fJZe';ko doikoZydh j?. fco dopko ;kfjp ftub/ ;o{g dk j[ewBkwk gftZso s/ pkeh bZyKr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu nkJ/ j[ewBkw/ ngftZso jB < eh iE/dko dZ;D dhfdnkbsk eoBr/, fe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh pkDh ftZu fJ; soQK dh ftseoktzv feT[A j? < eh ;koh pkDh s/ ;kohnK phVK fJZe' doik BjhA oZydhnK <

fJj fBwkDk ;/tkdko ;fsr[o{ ih d/ T[gd/PK ƒ fdb'A wB' ;thekodkj'fJnk, ;ko/ nkg{z pD/ iE/dkoK ƒ pVh nXhBrh Bkb p/Bsh eoBh ukj[zdkj?, fe e[ZM b'e y/sK ftZu wId{oh eoe/, NZpo gkbd/ jB. e[ZM ;VeK s/ o'Vhe[ZN e/ g/N g{osh eod/ jB. e'Jh B"eoh s/ e'Jh d[ekB iK fpiB; eodkj?. fJj ;ko/ g/N g{osh d/ ;kXB jB, i/ fJj efj fbnk ikt/ fe e'Jh jbtkj[zdk j?, e'Jh N?e;h ubkT[Adk j?, e'Jh j'o pzd{e ubkT[Adk j?, s/ e'Jh y'shtkj[zdk j?, s/ e'Jh “g'Eh tkj[zdk j?.” r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp wjkB jB, go ehosB,gkm, eEk, Ykvh ns/ iE/dko, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih s'A o'ih o'Nh ewkT[D s'Af;tkJ/, e'Jh ;koEe r[ow[yh ;/X Gh gqkgs eo oj/ jB < ;fji gkm, nyzvgkm, ;zgN gkm, nsh ;zgN gkm, w'B gkm.” d;w ;qh r[o{ rqzE gkm, d;w;qh r[o{ rqzE nyzv gkm, ehs/ eokJ/ gkm, ftP/P Ekt/A s/ ftP/P ftneshnKtZb'A ehs/ pj[s wfjzr/ gkm. frnkoK, fJZeh, fJetzik iK fJZe ;" fJZe,fJeZm/ fJZe' EKt/A ehs/ rJ/ nyzv gkm. gzE dh uVQdh ebk tkb/ gkm, ;opZsd/ Gb/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ gkm, epoK s/ gkm, wzdoK ftZu gkm, ;VeK okjK ftZugkmHHHHH. eh ;kv/ “gzE tZb'A Ekg/” (<) ;fsr[o{ tZb'A fBtki/ “iE/dkoK” ƒfJj ;G r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh j' ojh p/ j[owsh edh BiohA BjhA gJh <PkwbkN IwhBK s/ epI/ iwkT[D bJh, r[od[nko/ d/ d[nkb/ d[ekBK pDke/feokJ/ s/ ukVQB bJh, Xow n;EkB dh tos'A j' ojh j?. fizB/ v/o/dko ;kXjB, T[jBK tZb'A pDkJ/ bZrGr ;ko/ r[odtko/ (<) T[jBK dh fBZih ikfJdkd

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jB. ;kX d/ woB sZe T[; ƒ e'Jh v/o/ ftZu'A fjbk BjhA ;edk. fJjBKv/o/dkoK dh ofjs wfonkdk nkg' nkgDh wBwoIh dh j?. go wikb j?fe;/ iE/dko dh, gJh fJjBK tZb'A ehshnK ik ojhnk r[ows s'A T[bN rZbKƒ mZb gk ;eD. ;r'A iE/dko fJjBK dhnK wBwsh ekotkJhnK ftZu y[dPkwb j[zd/ jB, T[jBK dh gq;z;k eod/ jB, wfonkdk gt/ YZm/ y{j ftZu. e[ZMskesto oki;h b'eK B/ r[odtkok ew/NhnK Gzr eoe/, nkgD/ gfotkfoew?Apo gke/, coih “NoZ;N” pDk e/, r'beK s/ gZek epik iwk fbnk j?.iE/dko fco Gh u?B dh pz;oh pik oj/ jB. XzB ;/tk, XzB f;Zyh, XzBiE/dkoh.

GfoPNkuko d/ e/; ftZu T[bfMnk ;qh gqekP f;zx uko fdB i/jbdh jtk SeD ubk frnk. d{yfBtkoB r[odtkok gfNnkb/ ftZu, pkdb;kfjp dk iBw fdB wBkfJnk frnk. pkdb d/ ;/teK ƒ r[o{ xo dh r'beftZu'A ;g?Pb bzro (<) ytkfJnk frnk. pkdb ;kfjp nZ;h bZy o[g? dhIwkBs s/ fojk j'e/, id'A dopko ;kfjp fty/ g[Zik, gfjbK jh gZpk Gko yV/“iE/dkoK” B/ “gzE dhnK T[FZsw otkfJsK fBGkT[AfdnK” Xkn e/ pkdb;kfjp d/ rb ftZu “f;o'gkT[ pyfPP” eo fdZsk. fit/A ;qh pkdb gzikp dkgkDh, fpibh, okiXkBh iK j'o wzrK dhnK gzvK b?e/ gos/ j'D. nekbh c{bkf;zx d/ tkfo; eh fJj' fij/ jh j'fJnk eod/ jB < eh fJjh n;b f;Zyh j?<

j[D b'e ;Gk dhnK u'DK f;o nk gJhnK jB. T[FZXo Pq'wDh ew/NhdhnK u'DK ƒ ;wK T[go'A bzx fojk j?. fgSbhnK ykBdkBh otkfJsK dhgkbDk eofdnK, iE/dko, bhvo b'e, nypkoh fpnkB pj[s dkrDr/.p/nzs fe;w d/ gq'rokw T[bheDr/. nypkoK ftZu bzw/ fJPfsjko SgDr/.ykb;k wkouK d/ Bkw j/m, PoXktkB f;ZyK ƒ ;VeK s/ d[VkT[Dr/. Bt/A ;e{bekbi y'jbDr/HHHHH. u'DK s'A pknd fpod pkD/ dh bki gkbfdnK, ;G ehs/tknd/ T[bhe/ gq'rokw, dkr/ rJ/ nypkoh fpnkB, G[bk fdZs/ ikDr/. ;zB1995 dk ;kb, ;szpo wjhB/ dk nkyoh jcsk, ftPt f;Zy ;zw/bD. p/nzsf;zx w[Zy wzsoh gzikp d/ i[bw s'A sfofjzfdnK ;kok gzikp ;kj^;Zs jhD

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j'fJnk fgnk ;h. r[o{ eh tvkbh s'A nBzdg[o ;kfjp sZe, s/ jfor'fpzd g[o/s'A sbtzvh ;kp' sZe d/, d' “ykb;k wkouK” B/ b'E pD uZ[e/ nekbh dbK s/x[ofBnK ftZu tVhnK c?vo/PBK ƒ ;VeK s/ nkT[D dk pjkBk fdZsk. fJj;h 1994 dk ;kb. fco ehsk ‘ftPt f;Zy ;w/bB’ fi;s/ bZrGr gzikjeo'V o[g? r[o{ eh r'be ftZu'A T[vk fdZs/ rJ/. Bshi/ d/ s"o s/ u'DK ftZu fiZs:ehBh pD rJh. fco ;wK nkT[D s/ “ftPt f;Zy e"A;b” dk fBowkD ehskfrnk. i;fN; e[bdhg f;zx tork ;{MtkB f;zx T[;dk w[Zy ;/tkdkoEkfgnk frnk. ;kv/ neb d/ e'N iE/dkoK ƒ pj[s d{o dh ;[ZMh. T[jBK;'funk, Pq'wDh ew/Nh S'N/ fij/ gzikp sZe ;hws, fdZbh ew/Nh fdZbh sZe,gzikp dk w[Zy wzsoh nkgDh ;zftXkBe ;hwK nzdo. go nkj iZi, eZbQ dhG{sBh ;kƒ ;kfonK ƒ eZu/ bkj frnk, pD p?mk “ftPt Go d/ f;ZyK dkgqXkB.” fJj sK fco S.G.P.C. d/ w?ApoK s'A Gh T[go, iwKdo{ gqXkBS.G.P.C. ;qL N"jVk s'A Gh TFZ[go s/HHHH. fJj tZvk ubke pfDnk fcod?,bkj' fJj ƒ gqXkBrh s'A, N[eV/ N[eV/ eo fdU fJj dh ftPt f;Zy e"A;bd/HHHH. f;Zy eh j'fJnk i/ neb dh rZb eo ikt/ <

j[D fco fJj PskpdhnK nkT[DrhnK, ekoK d"VBrhnK, fpnkBSgDr/, i?eko/ r{ziDr/, bzro pBDr/, d/rK ;iDrhnK, thvhU fcbwKpBDrhnK, eo'VK nopK o{g? d/ fpb gk; j'Dr/HHHHH. fJjBK ;ko/ wjkBgq'rokwK ftZu f;Zy gzE dh uVQdh ebk s'A fpBK j'o ;kok e[ZM j't/rk. f;ZyKdk nypko, NhHthH u?Bb (r[ows f;XKsK bJh) fgzv gZXo s/ r[owsf;Zfynk e/Ado, ofjs wfonkdk dh fJZe;kosk, fJfsjk;e rqzE ;'X e/ xZNehws s/, i/jbK ftZu'A f;Zy B"i[nkBK dh fojkJh, gzikp ns/ f;ZyK d/ j'oIo{oh w;b/ ;oeko s'A jZb eotkT[D/, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ;z;ko dhnK wZ[yp'bhnK ftZu Skge/ tzvD/. pj[s ezw jB, go BkjfonK i?ekfonK s'A fpBKPkfJd j'o e[ZM ;kv/ gZb/ Bk gt/. n? iE/dko ih. feogk eoe/ gzE dh pj[Vheo', ;L r[opy; f;zx iK ;L i'frzdo f;zx “;g'e;w?B” ƒ gzE ftZu'A S/ed/D Bkb e"w dk e[ZM BjhA ;ztoBk. n;hA ;ko/ T[jBK d/ Bkb jK, i/ ckj/bkT[Dk j? sK ;kƒ T[jBK d/ jw?sh nZm d; jiko, “26 dh eBt?PB” tkb/

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f;ZyK ƒ ;kfonk ƒ jh S/e fdU. fJjh s[jkvh “gzEe ;/tk” wzBh ikt/rh,;kƒ e'Jh }w BjhA j't/rk.

w[okd g{oh j'Jh 21^10^06 B{z iE/dko B/ v/oktkdhnK d/ nky/“ssekb” ;/tk eofdnK b/ye fto[X Gh j[ewBkwk ikoh eo fdsk j?. fpBk;[DtkJh s'A fJe sock c?;b/ e'Jh n"ozri/p iK uzr/i ykB jh eo ;edk j?.Xowh g[oy edh nfijk gkg BjhA eo ;edk.

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Xow n;EkBK dh e[tos'_Xow n;EkBK dh e[tos'_Xow n;EkBK dh e[tos'_Xow n;EkBK dh e[tos'_Xow n;EkBK dh e[tos'_

fgSb/ fdBhA GkJh fJepkb f;zx gNBk ;kfjp d/ g[ikoh ns/ GkJhw[fjzdo f;zx o'wkDk (gqXkB) dh wfonkdk pko/ e[ZM rzGho sby ebkwh j'Jhn\pkoK ftZu Sgh. o'wkDk ih B/ nekb s\s ;kfjp tZb'A gqtkfBs f;Zyofjs wfonkdk d/ jZe ftZu ftuko gqrN ehs/, Bkb T[jBK fJj Gh fejk fepqkjwDh eoweKv, X{cK, i'sK, NZbhnK, xfVnkbK r[o{ xoK ftZu tofisjB, go ;kv/ iE/dko fJjh pqkjwDh eow eo oj/ jB, Bkb jh i' gNBk;kfjp s/ ji{o ;kfjp fty/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ pokpo d;w rqzE dk gqekPehsk iKdk j?, T[; dh eoVh nkb'uBk ehsh. fJ;/ ekoB GkJh fJepkbf;zx T[FZpb gJ/. T[jBK nkT[AfdnK jh gNBk ;kfjp s'A \s fby e/ (j[ewBkwk<) o'wkDk ih ƒ f;ZXk jh f;Zyh ftZu'A ubdk eo fdZsk. id'A o'wkDk ih B/nzfwqs;o nghb ehsh sK nekb s\s d/ ;/tkdko B/ fJepkb f;zx dhfuZmh s/ o'e bk fdZsh. rZb eh fJ; xNBk eow B/ f;Zy gzE dh ;ow;kohftZu j'o tkXk eo fdZsk. fe t/y' ;kv/ g[ikoh (iE/dko) feZE/ yb's/ jB.

fJ; r[ows fto'Xh gkg eow ƒ mhe f;ZX eoB bJh fJepkb f;zxih B/ g{ok skD bkT[AfdnK j[D j'o eZd{ ftZu sho wko fdZsk j?. T[jBK B/ e[ZMg[okD/ rqzEK d/ jtkb/ d/D dh e[u/PNk Goh pdBhsh okjhA fJj f;ZX eoB dhe'fPP ehsh j?, “ny/ gNBk ;kfjp sK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ jh s\s pDkfdZsk ;h id'A ;kb;okJ/ ƒ wzih s/ fpmk e/ d;sko pyP fdZsh.” U GZdog[oy'` feT[A d[ZX ftZu eKih gkT[D bZr/ j' < fJ; soQK ehfsnK Bk sK s\spDdk j? Bk sys dk iE/dko pDdk j?. T[j ;ko/ (;kb; okJ/ s'A b?e/ pkndsZe) Xow gqukoe ;B, s\s ns/ iE/dko dk sd'A Bkw' fBPkB BjhA ;h.;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ pj[s ;ko/ f;ZyK ƒ Xow;kb pDkT[D bJh j[ewehsk. XowPkb pBD s'A pknd fJZe w[yh f;Zy ;ko/ ezw ƒ ;ozikw fdzdk.fJ;/ soQK GkJh bkb' ƒ ;?dg[o ftZu wzihdko Ekfgnk. ;ZiD (mZr) ih ƒs[bzp/ dk wzihdko pDkfJnk. GkJh wB;[y ƒ bkj"o dk gqukoe pDkfJnk.

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rZb eh irB BkE g[oh, ekPh, bzek, fjwkbk gops, fsZps, B/gkb, wZekwdhBk, fiZE/ Gh ;fsr[o{ rJ/, goukoe Ekg/. wzihnK p\PhnK, eh T[j;ko/ n;EkB s\s wzB bJ/ ikDr/ < edh Gh BjhA, fco sK ;fsr[o{ BkBe;kfjp dk iBw n;EkB sbtzvh jh ;G s'A gfjbK s\s ;theko eoBkgt/rk. fJZE/ jh rZb BjhA w[e/rh, ;r'A ;fsr[o{ nwodk; ih B/ j'o pkJhwzihnK dh pyfPP TFZ[sw ihtB tkb/ f;ZyK ƒ ehsh s/ tZy'^tZy fJbkfenKftZu gqukoe Ekfgnk. fco fJj pkJh f;Zy ;/te Gh iE/dko nytkT[Dr/ <s/ fJjBK d/ ;ko/ n;EkB “sys ;kfjp” pD ikDr/ < T[jBK pkJh f;ZyK d/Bkw wjkBe'P d/ gzBk BzL 847 s/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fi; Ppd dk fIeoGkJh fJepkb f;zx B/ ehsk j? T[; ftZu (990 tkbk) wzih s\s iK iE/dkohdk feXo/ fIeo BjhA j?. fizadrh d/ ;[Xko tk;s/ jh ;koh r[opkDh T[ukoDehsh rJh j? fe;/ ƒ “s\s” s/ fpmkT[D Bkb x;hN e/ BK i'Vh ikt/. fJ;/soQK d/ Ppd eK;h, rfJnk, bzek, s[bzp/, ;?dg[o, bkj"o nkfde nB/e EktKs/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ T[ukoD ehs/ jB. eh T[j ;ko/ EK s\s pDk bJhJ/ <;fsr[o{ ih fe; n;EkB s/ fezBk ;wK oj/ fJ; Bkb e'Jh coe BjhA g?DbZrk. sbtzvh eohp thj ;kb oj/, ;[bskBg[o nmkoK ;kb oj/. eoskog[oGh bZrGr ;fsr[o{ thj ;kb fpoki/ sK eh fJj ;ko/ s\s pD rJ/ <;/tkdko sK ;ko/ jh f;Zy jB. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ fJfsjk;e ;EkB ;ko/ jh Gb/jB go “s\s s/ iE/dko” fJ; soQK BjhA pDkJ/ ik ;ed/. fco Yke/ dkG{whnk u'o, e"vk oky;, B{oPkj ikd{roBhHHHH fJj Gh ;ko/ s\sK d/iE/dko ;B <

r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ gNB/ dh ;zrs dk ekpb dh ;zrs tk;s/“w/ok ykb;k” \sK ftZu fbfynk j?. eh \s ftZu ykb;k fbyD Bkb jhs\s pD iKdk j? < T[jBK B/ s/ j'o Gh pj[s \s fby/ ;B <

GkJh fdnkb dk; ƒ B/e fJB;kB gftZso ihtB tkbk ikDe/;fsr[o{ ih B/ w[Zy ;/tkdko gNBk fty/ bk fdZsk mhe j?. go GkJh fJepkbf;zx ƒ ;fsr[o{ B/ B/e ubDh dk e'Jh ;koNhche/N BjhA fdZsk. fdnkbdk;dh gdth nkgD/ Bkw fyZu e/ i'VBh fejVh fdnkBsdkoh j? <

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j[D d/y' M{m d/ g?o BjhA j[zd/ tkbh rZb, “fJ; s\s dk Bkw eoDd;w gksPkj B/ ehsk” GkJh fJepkb f;zx fbydk j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjps'A b? e/ d;w gksPkj sZe fJj EK fpBK fe;/ Bkw s'A jh ubh nkT[Adh ;h <nrbh rZb fJepkb f;zx fbydk j? fe wksk ;[zdoh ih B/ GkJh bkb gkbks/ GkJh ;zr' ih ƒ j[ewBkwk d/ e/ G/fink. eh r[o{ BkBe s/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zxih tkb/ j[ewBkw/ ;wK ftjk rJ/ ;B < wksk ;[zdoh ih ƒ gzE dh r[osk BjhAfdZsh rJh, fco T[jBK ƒ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs fet/A j'frnk < efjzd/ jB iK sK pzdk M{m p'b/ jh Bk i/ p'bD bZr jh fgnk sK tZv/s'A tZvk M{m p'b/ wkVk XhVk feT[A p'b/ < GkJh fJepkb f;zx B/ sK fJj Ghfby wkfonk fe nekb s\s ;kfjp e/tb gzikp sZe ;hws j?. pkeh ;kohd[BhnK sK gNBk ;kfjp d/ nXhB j?. tkj GkJh ih tkj. fiZE/ ;opZsykb;/ i[Vd/ oj/, fiE/ t?oh pko pko jwb/ eod/ oj/, fiZE/ S/tA/ gksPkj c"iKs'A BIokB/ b?Ad/ oj/, fiE/ tZv/ tZv/ Btkp pkdPkj M[Zed/ oj/, T[j s\s S'Nkj' frnk s/ gNBk ;kfjp fi;dh e'Jh ;orow G{fwek BjhA ojh T[j ;kohd[BhnK dk e/Ado X[ok <

GkJh fJepkb f;zx dh nrbh fbyh gzesh gV'Q “r[o{ s/r pjkdo;kfjp ih ƒ T[; ;w/A jfowzdo ;kfjp nzfwqs;o d/ ;/tkdkoK B/ dopko;kfjp ftZu dkyb Bk j'D fdZsk. Bk jh nekb s\s nkT[D fdZsk, 50 ridh d{oh s/ p?m e/ tkg; ub/ rJ/.”

r[o{ dh wjkB gdth d/ wkbe'` eh fJ;/ ekoB nekb sys S'Nk j'frnk fe r[o{ s/r pjkdo nzdo BjhA ik ;e/ < gNBk ;kfjp r[o{ nzrd,r[o{ nwodk;, r[o{ okwdk;, r[o{ jfor'fpzd, r[o{ jfookfJ, r[o{ jfo feqPBftZu'A e'Jh Gh ;fsr[o{ BjhA nkfJnk. id'A (r[o{) r'fpzd okJ/ dk iBwj'fJnk ;h sd'A T[j f;ZyK d/ r[o{ BjhA ;B. ;kY/ B"A ;kb dh T[wo ftZu 1675ƒ T[j r[o{ pD/ ;B s/ r[o{ pDB s'A pknd ed/ gNB/ nkJ/ BjhA eh itkp j?fJ; rZb dk < i' e[ZM nekb s\s s/ j' fojk j?, T[jd/ ftu'A pj[s e[ZM rbsj' fojk j? go gNBk ;kfjp fty/ Gh sK pj[s e[ZM rbs j' fojk j?, ;'u' <

frnkBh fJepkb f;zx ih gNBk ;kfjp sZe ;hws ofjzd/ sK pj[s

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uzrk ;h. T[j sK jI{o ;kfjp d/ Gh wkbe pDd/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fiZE/d;w fgsk e[ZM wjhB/ oj/ T[j s\s fet/A pD frnk < e'Jh ;p{s BjhA fdZskfrnk. “;G f;yB e' j[ew j? r[o{ wkfBU rqzE” p; fJzBK tke efj d/D Bkbjh s\s pD frnk. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fiZE/ p?m e/ Gh T[gd/P ehsk fco sK T[jhsys pD ikt/rk. gfjbK ;ko/ gk;/ jh nBzs r[odtko/ w"i{d jB. j[D fcofJjBK ;kfonK dk Bkw pdb e/ “s\s” oZy d/JhJ/ < mhe j? < go GkJhfJepkb f;zx sK ;koh f;Zy e"w ƒ gzE ftZu'A “S/eD” bJh fsnko BIonkT[Ad/ jB.

fezBk uzrk j[zdk i/ GkJh fJepkb f;x fe;/ nfij/ g[oksB j[ewBkw/dk fIeo eod/ i' gNBk ;kfjp d/ iE/dko B/ ykb;k gzE tk;s/ ikoh ehskj[zdk. iK fe;/ ƒ gzE ftZu S/eD tkb/ g[okD/ j[ewBkw/ dk jh fIeo eo fdzd/go BjhA eo ;e/. T[;/ feskp ftZu vkH rzvk f;zx B/ nZi sZe fJZej[ewBkwk ikoh j'Dk fbfynk j?. ;r'A T[j T[rokjh dh nghb j?, j[ewBkwkBjhA j?. ;zB 1862 cotoh 4 ƒ fJbkek fBtk;h ;zrsK ƒ fejk frnk j? fecoP ns/ fBPkB ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu fjZ;k gkU. j'o e'Jh j[ewBkwk fJZE'A(gNBk) iK ji{o ;kfjp s'A ed/ ikoh BjhA j'fJnk. g[oksB fbysK ftZuiE/dko fw;bK d/ w[yh ƒ fejk iKdk ;h r[o{ xo d/ rqzEh ƒ iE/dko BjhAfejk iKdk ;h. ;G s'A tZvh ;[gqhw e'oN d/P ftZu fJZe jh j'fJnk eodhj?. s/ jkJhe'oNK pj[shnK j' ;edhnK jB. gsk BjhA GkJh fJepkb f;zxgzE dk eh ;ztkoBk ukj[zd/ jB fJjBK j[ewBkfwnK d[nkok. nDfrDs ys(j[ewBkfwnK d/ Bkw nXhB) nekb sys ;kfjp s'A nkgD/ fto'XhnK ƒBhtK fdykT[D tk;s/ ikoh j' uZ[e/ jB. oki;h b'eK B/ iE/dkoK ƒ ns/ nekbs\s ƒ nkgDhnK fBih b'VK tk;s/ tofsnk j?. r[ows s'A ;ZyD/ nDgVQftnesh f;ZyK d/ g"g pD/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. r[o wfonkdk s'A T[bN uZbDtkb/ okiBhse pdfdnkBsdko bhvoK ƒ, ns/ gkyzvh bkD/ ;kXK ƒ BZEgkT[D tk;s/ ny"sh iE/dkoK B/ ed/ e'Jh m'; ekotkJh eoB dh i[noZs BjhAehsh. Xow gquko tZb edh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk. gzE o;ksb tZbroedk ik fojk j?, nkg' Xkgh gJh j'Jh j?. tZy' tZyohnK wfonkdktK pDk

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bJhnK jB. BP/, gfss g[Dk, pqkjwDh eoweKv nkfd ƒ o'eD tk;s/ edhfe;/ g[ikoh (iE/dko) B/ fXnkB jh BjhA fdZsk. go id'A e'Jh f;Zy nebdh rZb efj d/t/ sd'A jh g[ikohnK ƒ pj[s r[Z;k nkT[Adk j?. ;pzXsftnesh ƒ gzE ftu'A S/e e/ pj[s tZvh “;/tk” eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. ekP fesys fJe' j't/ ykb;k gzE B{z fJwkBdko okiBhsh dk gkm gVkt/. iE/dkoXow dk w[i;wk ns/ ;z;ko gEo dh okiBhsh dk wkfjo j't/. p/JhwkBnkuoDjhD oki;h b'e f;y Xow dh d[otos'A Bk eo ;eD. ;ko/ f;ZyfJZe' wfonkdk ftZu pZM ikD. Xow gquko dh BthA bfjo ubk d/D. gzEdh J/esk tk;s/ ;koEe T[gokb/ eoB s/ i' rZb eoBh j't/ dbhb ftuko

Bkb eoB. fJj' i'dVh j? fJj' nodk; j?.

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;/tk s/ gftsosk dk xkD;/tk s/ gftsosk dk xkD;/tk s/ gftsosk dk xkD;/tk s/ gftsosk dk xkD;/tk s/ gftsosk dk xkD

Gkosh ;wki ftZu pqkjwDh Xow B/ i' ftrkV g?dk ehs/ jB, T[jBKdh cfoPs pj[s tZvh j?. jEb/ b/y d[nkok e/tb feos Bkb ;pzXs e[ZMftuko ;KM/ ehs/ ikDr/. fJ; d/P d/ Xow rqzEK (<) B/ i' gqukfonkphfink, T[jh g?dk j'fJnk, G[rfsnk. pqkjwD Xowr[o{, g[ikoh sK g{iD:'r pD p?mk, feosh ekwk, fwjBs eoB tkbk, ;kfonK dhnK b'VK g{ohnKeoB tkbk, ezwh ezwhD s/ P{do pDk fdZsk frnk. ;G s'A fInkdk fwjBsh(jZEhA feos eoB tkbk) jh ;G s'A BhtK XZe fdZsk frnk. T[j ezw sK ihnikB wko e/ fdB oks eo/. pdb/ ftZu wzr/ e[ZM Bk, tZN/ ftZu fwbDr/ i{m/N[eV/, gkN/ g[okD/ eZgV/, fBZs fdB fsq;eko, fcNekoK rkbQK. T[FZuk jT[eksZe b?D dh nkfrnk BjhA. fJ; nsh xNhnk tosko/ ƒ, Xow dh ukdogfjbK fdZsh rJh. “Xow rqzEK dk gftZso T[gd/P rodkfBnk frnk.”fJ;/ ekoB Gkos ftZu feos dh tfvnkJh nb'g j' rJh. b'ehA ezw s'Aihn u[okD bZr/, ekwk fJB;kB Bcos dk gkso pDdk ubk frnk. y/sheoB tkbk rowh ;odh ftZu, d[Zy MZbe/, nzB g?dk eoB tkbk P{donytkfJnk. egkj g?dk eoB tkbk, p[DB sDB tkbk, ozrkJh f;bkJhtkbk, ;ko/ Bht/A P{do pDk fdZs/. w[cs dk nzB yke/ veko wko ikD tkbkw[cs ftZu eZgV/ gqkgs eoe/, gfjB b?D tkbk, rohpK d/ jZeK s/ fBZs vke/wkoB tkbk T[FZuh e[b, T[FZuh iks tkbk, g{iDi'r pD p?mk. nfij/ w[cs y'o/ftjbV ƒ jo EK fcNekoK g?DhnK ukjhdhnK ;B. f;sw fJj fe fjZe d/skD nB/e jE ezfvnK d[nkok fsnko ehs/ wko{ f;;Nw w[skpe fJjgoihth (gokJ/ iht dk y{B ghD tkbk) ;r'A g{iD:'r pD p?mk. feosh b'efwjBs Gh eoB, nkgDh feos dk e[ZM fjZ;k fJjBK d/ nZr/ G/Nk oZyD s/uoBK s/ f;o oZye/ Bw;ekoK Gh eoB, j? Bk jB/o rodh <

;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ feos eoB ƒ, goT[geko eoB ƒ

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Xow Bkb i'V fdZsk. ftjbVK dh r[o{ xo ftZu edh ;'Gk BjhA ehsh rJh.r[opkDh r[oT[gd/;K s'A nrtkJh b? e/ f;Zy fjzwsh, feosh, go T[gekoh,iKpkI i'X/ pDe/ T[FZGo/. bzwh izr bVh, w[;hpsK d/ jV okj o'ed/ oj/, gof;Zy nZr/ jh nZr/ tXd/ ub/ rJ/. ;fsr[o{ ih dk Ppd gV'Q^

;/t ehsh ;zs'yJh fiBh ;u' ;u fXnkfJnk]UBh wzd? g?o B ofyU efo ;[feqs Xow ewkfJnk]UBh d[Bhnk s'V/ pzXBk nzB[ gkDh E'Vk ykfJnk]HHHHHtfvnkJh tvk gkfJnk] (467)

fiE/ d[fBnkth ekoi f;Zy ;wki B/ g{oh sBd/jh Bkb eofdnKezrkbh ƒ xo'A eZY fdZsk, T[E/ Bkb jh b'VtzdK dh ;/tk bJh Gh yk; soQK d/T[gokb/ nkozG/. MkV{ g'uk bkT[Dk, wbw{so dh ;ckJh eoBh P{doK dk“ykBdkBh” ezw fwfEnk frnk ;h. j[D fJj ezw “;/tk” dk Gkr pDk fdZskfrnk. posB ;kc eoB/, bzro gekT[Dk Gh S'NhnK iksK tkfbnK dh“fe;ws” ftZu fby fdZsk frnk ;h. r[o{ xo ftZu fJj ezw Gh ;/tk dkgftZso nzr pD frnk. gP{ ;KGD/, xkj gZmk toskT[Dk, d[ZX u'Dk, x'V/pbd gkbD/, fJj ;kfonK dk ;KMk ekoi pD frnk. e'Jh frbkBh BjhA,Bcos BjhA, BhtKgD BjhA.

feos dh tfvnkJh r[o{ xo ftZu fJsBh gqpb o{g XkoB eo rJhfe f;ZyK B/ w[Yb/ n;{bK ftZu feos ƒ Pkwb eo fdZsk frnk. i/ gqwkswkƒ :kd oZyDk Io{oh j?, sK feos eoBh Gh Io{oh j?, s/ fco tzv e/ SeDkGh Io{oh j?. fJ; ƒ fJT[A wkD gqkgs j? ^ “Bkw igDk, Xow dh feoseoBh, s/ tzv e/ SeDk”. ;sr[o{ ih d/ gktB puBK ƒ f;o wZE/ ;thekoeofdnK, nDfrDs r[o{ e/ bkbK B/ ;/tk d/ y/so ftZu :'rdkB gkfJnk j?.tzv e/ Gh Sfenk j? s/ tfjr[o{ dk P[eokBk Gh eod/ oj/ jB. ;'jDhnK,nwhoIkdhnK G?DK, r[o{ xoK ftZu ;fseko ;fjs posB ;kc eodhnK,goPkd/ pDkT[AdhnK, toskT[AdhnK, nkw t/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB. MkV{g'uk bkT[Dk, ib SekT[Dk b'VtzdK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eod/ r[of;Zy thoK

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ƒ jo o'I t/fynk ik ;edk. i'V/ ;KGD/ ;kc eoB/, eZgV/ X'D/ Gh ;/tk dkjh fJZe fjZ;k ;theko ehs/ rJ/ jB. r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh sK f;Zy bJhj? jh nsh Io{oh. ;/tk eoB dh gq/oBk r[opkDh ftZu'A jh sK gqkgs j[zdh j?.xo ftZu iK r[o{ xo ftZu fes/ Gh w"ek pD nkt/, f;Zy B/ r[opkDh dk gkmeoBk iK ;[DBk jh j?. ;fji gkm, nyzv gkm, ehosB eEk, eVkj gqPkds/ fBsB/w dhnK pkDhnK, fJj ;G sK f;Zy dh fIzdrh dk nfBZyVtK nzrjB. g[oksB ;w/A s'A jh f;Zy pkDh gVQd/ j'J/ ;fseko Bkb ;/tk eod/ nkoj/ jB.

brgr 1960 s'A P[o{ j'e/ fJZe ni/jh wko{ jtk ubk fdZsh rJh fef;Zyh ;/tk dhnK BhjK fjZb rJhnK. id'A ;zs cfsj f;zx s/ wk;No skokf;zx B/ fJZe d{i/ ƒ gSkVB dh Bhns Bkb, gzEe wzu s/ Sb BkNe ehsks/ nekb s\s, ns/ T[;d/ ;/tkdko ƒ fit/A fdb ehsk BukfJnk. fJjfJZe bzwh d[ydkJh dk;skB j?. ;zB 1960 s'A pknd jh wk;No skok f;zxs/ ;zs cfsj f;zx B/ tkoh tkoh woB tos oZy/. pVh p/j:kJh Bkb fpBke[ZM gqkgs ehs/ nXtkfNT[A tos s'V fdZs/. fco nekb s\s s/ nrB e[zvpDkJ/ rJ/. d't/A bhvoK ;w/A ;w/A ;V woB dk r[ows fto'Xh eow ehsk,n?bkD eoe/ w[Zeo woB s'A iKd/ oj/. f;Zy gzE d/ r[Z;/ s'A puD tk;s/ nekbs\s d/ iE/dko ƒ tosd/ oj/. “iE/dko ih ;kƒ posB ;kc eoB, i'VMkVB, MkV{ c/oB s/ gkm eoB dh “;Ik” bk fdT[. pj[sh Bk bkT[Dh p;gzdoK thj fdBK s'A tZX Bk j't/. fJ; soQK ;kv/ r[Bkj w[nk| j' ikDr/ s/ G'b/Gkb/ f;Zy mzY/ mko j' e/ fco ;kv/ wro i?eko/ rikT[Ad/ uZb g?Dr/.”emg[sbh B[wk iE/dko ih B/ fJjh e[ZM ehsk. fJZe B"eo, wkbe ƒ ;ikbkT[D dk y/yD eo fojk ;h. go wkbe ƒ g[ZS g[ZS e/, fJj gzEe otkfJsKs'A Gr"V/ b'e (bhvo) ;Ik G[rs oj/ ;B, dopko ;kfjp ftZu posB ;k|eoe/, pkDh gVQ ;[De/.

T[d'A s'A b?e/ nZi sZe fJjh toskok r[ows dk b/pb bke/ fBozsotoskfJnk ik fojk j?. ;zB 1977 ftZu gzikp dh nekbh ;oeko ftZu fJZe

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f;o eZYt/A f;Zy ;qL nkswk f;zx wkb wzsoh d/ fXnkB ftZu fbnKdk frnkfe gNtkoh s'A b? e/ T[FZgo sZe wfjew/ dk jo tZvk S'Nk nc;o$eowukohfo;ts ftZu v{zxk XZf;nk j'fJnk j?, fJjBK ƒ BZE gkT[ fGqPNK ƒ ;IkfdT[HHHH.

;qL nkswk f;zx dk i[nkp ;h ^“jK s[;hA mhe efj oj/ j', w?AXkowe nkdwh jK, fJ; bJh fJjBK ƒ Xkowe ;Ik jh fdnKrk. nZr'Atk;s/ fJjBK s'A gqD eotKtkrk fe p/JhwkBh, foPtsy'oh s'A pki nkT[D.”g[ZSD s/ nkyD bZr/ tIho ;kfjp fe “fJjBK ;kfonK ƒ w?A nghb eodkjK fe dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o ikD, ;wZoEk w[skpe d/r eokT[D, gqeowkftZu ;/tk eoB s/ gkm ;[BD. jcsk d; fdBK dk gq;ukskg eoe/ fco gqDeoB fe nZr'A foPts BjhA btKr/, sK w?A ;kfonK d/ fgSb/ ehs/ j'J/ r[Bkjw[nk| j'J/ ;wM btKrk. fJ; puekB/ nypkoh fpnkB ekoB ;qL nkswkf;zx dh bzw/ ;w/A sZe fyZbh T[FZvdh ojh ;h. gZsoekoK fJj Gh nkfynk ;hgJh fco g[bh; ns/ ndkbsK dh eh b'V j?, bZ[NK y'jK eo', foPtsK bJhikT[, d[BhnK Go d/ e[eow eoB s'A pknd edh edkJhA dopko ;kfjp ike/ d/r eokT[, fJPBkB eo', pkDh ;[D', s/ ;ko/ r[BkjK s'A w[esh gkT[.

fpbe[b fJ;/ soi s/ uZb oj/ jB ;kv/ bhvo s/ iE/dko. fgSb/bzw/ no;/ s'A t/yd/ nk oj/ jk, fizB/ tZv/ woIh pZio gkg eod/ ikT[, r[o{ehnK r'beK bZ[N', Xow d/ BK s/ f;ZyK ƒ e[okj/ gkT[, b[ZN e/ ykT[ t'NK wzr'.r[odtkfonK ƒ oki;h nykV/ pDk fdT[, u"XoK s/ r'beK pdb/ fJZe d{i/ d/f;o gkV', gZrK T[sko', dkjVhnK g[ZN', ndkbsK ftZu r[o{ ehnK r'beK ƒo'jVd/ ub/ ikT[. M{m p'b', PokpK ghT[, PokpK fgnkT[, n|hw G[Zeh dhpb?e eo' s/ t'NoK ƒ SekT[. ;ko/ r[oXkwK s/ c"iK ukjV fdT[, jIkoKB"itkBK ƒ e'j e'j e/ wko fdT[.nekb s\s Ykj fdT[ (p{Nk f;zx, frL i?bf;zx) nekb sys pDk fdT[ (;zsk f;zx fBjzr w[yh) nekb sys d/ Bkws/ wkfJnk pN'o bt' (Ne;kb) nekb sys dh d[otos'A eo bt'. nodk;Keoe/, e;wK yke/ (nekbh db d/ woihtV/) w[Zeo ikT[, r[o{ ƒ fgZm d/

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ikT[, gzE ƒ y{j ftZu ;Z[N fdT[, ;G w[nkc j' ;edk j?. Gkt/A e'Jh ;zs pkD/ftZu pbkseko eo/ (XBtzs f;zx, PwP/o f;zx ir/Vk, wkB f;zx gj'tk)Gkt/A ;zs b'e y[d v/o/ d/ nzdo (BkBe;o eb/oK tkb/) epi/ tk;s/ r'bhnKdh tkSV Bkb d{i/ ;zs ƒ G[zB d/D. ;G w[nk| j' ;edk j?, p; fJZe tkohdopko ;kfjp nkT[ iE/dko ih nZr/ “g/P” j't'. T[j d'Ph ƒ eoVh ;ikd/Dr/. Gbk eh < ikT[ goeowk ftZu MkV{ bkT[, posD wKi', i'V/ ;kc eo',gkm ;[D' eo', brksko fJZeh fdB iK fJeZsh fdB. fco d/r eokT[Dh, r'beftZu wkfJnk gkT[Dh s/ gzE ftZu tkg;h dh nodk;, G[ZbK pyPD dhnodk; eoe/ ;ko/ r[Bkj X' fdZs/ ikDr/.

nkfyo ftZu rzGho j'e/ Mksh wko'. P[o{ ftZu fIeo ehsk frnk ;h,fe r[o{ fgnko tkb/, wkJh GkJh jEhA ;/tk eoBh XzB Gkr ikDe/ efonkeod/ ;B$jB. fJjBK nzdo r[o{ fgnko r[opkDh dk ;fseko, ;/tk dkT[sPkj mkmK wkodk gosZy t/fynk ik ;edk j?. GkJh r[odk; ih ;/tk pko/fby oj/ jB ^

r[of;yK r[of;y ;/tk bkfJnk];kX ;zrs efo ;/t ;[y cb gkfJnk]sgV MkfVnk ftSkfJ X{Vh BkfJnk]e'o/ wN nDkfJ Bho GokfJnk]nkfD wjK gq;kfd tzfv y[nkfJnk] (Gkr[ L 20$10)

;zg{oD r[o{ rqzE ftZu fes/ fJZe fsb wkso fIeo BjhA fwb/rk fer[opkDh gVQBh ;[DBh e'Jh “;ik” j?. ;r'A nfij/ j[ew p/nzs jB fe f;ZyB/ ;dk jh r[opkDh s'A nrtkJh ;/X b? e/ fIzdrh p;o eoBh j?. fco ;kv/ny"sh iE/dko G[Zb pyPD bZfrnK pkDh gVQB dh “sBykj” feT[A bkT[Ad/ jB< r[o{ xo ftZu ;/tk eoBh gftZso ekoi j?, wkJh GkJh PoXk nXhB y[PhBkb fBZs eod/ t/yhAd/ jB. go G[Zb py;kT[D tkfbnK ƒ fJjh ;/tk eoBdh “;Ik” feT[A fdZsh iKdh j? < eVkj gqPkfd ;zrsK o'IkBk jh eokT[AdhnKjB, fco d/r eokT[D dh “;Ik” fet/A j'Jh < n;b ftZu f;Zyh dhnK

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gftZso GktBktK ƒ tb{zXfonk ik fojk j?. pj[s jh ;zt/dBPhb gktB r[oj[ewk ƒ “sBykj iK ;Ik” ftZu spdhb eoe/ esb ehsk ik fojk j?.tZvhnK rZdhnK d/ fpokiwkB, p"D/ wB[Zy, r[of;Zyh dh ;fsekos Ppdktbhƒ d{fPs ns/ ebzes eo oj/ jB. i/ r[opkDh gVQBh ;[BDh ;Ik j? sK e'Jhf;Zy y[Ph Bkb pkDh feT[A gVQ/rk < i/ ;/tk eoBh ;Ik j? sK e'Jh r[o{ fgnkoftZu fGZie/ ;/tk feT[A eo/rk <

n;b ftZu fJj “sBykj iK vzv” sK j? jh BjhA, go oki;h b'eKdh fwbh G[rs eoe/ iE/dkoK B/ ;/tk ƒ vzv ftZu pdb fdZsk. feT[Afe pj[s/iE/dko :'rsk d/ nkXko s/ BjhA nkT[Ad/ pbfe gqXkBK (gqXkB S.G.P.C. s/gqXkB nekbh db) dh ih ji{oh eoe/ fJjBK nj[fdnK s/ brd/ jB. ;kok;wK fJjBK dh y[Ph jk;b eoB ftZu jh phs iKdk j?. b/ye fBih s"o s/rtkj j?, fe ny"sh iE/dko gqXkB ƒ g[ZSe/ c?;b/ eod/ jB. i/ ;Zu w[Zu fe;/f;Zy B/ rbsh ehsh j? sK ;G s'A gfjbK T[;ƒ T[; nj[d/ s'A posoc eoBkukjhdk j?. ehsh rJh rbsh w[skpe fJZe ;kb gzi ;kb (iK xZN tZX) sZeT[;ƒ fizw/tkoh tkb/ o[sp/ s/ nbZr eo fdZsk ikt/. T[j ftnesh wB[Zyskdh, f;Zy gzE dh, r[o{ xo dh fit/A fdb eo/ ;/tk eodk oj/. T[; tZb'A ehshrJh ;/tk, f;Zyh ftZu ftPtk;, r[opkDh dk noEK ;fjs frnkB, fJfsjk;dh ikDekoh, f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk dh gogZesk, ns/ fBZih ihtB ftZunkJh spdhbh dh uzrh soQK goy ehsh ikt/. ;jh okj s/ nk ikD s'Apknd ;w[Zu/ f;Zy gzE ns/ nekb g[oy s'A fywK ikuBK eodk j'fJnk;pzXs ftnesh nZr'A bJh nfijh fe;/ rbsh s'A pfunk ofjD dk gqDeo/. ftPtk; j' ikD s'A pknd jh T[;ƒ fe;/ fizw/tkoh tkb/ nj[d/ s/ bZrDdh fJIkis fdZsh ikt/. eh iE/dko s/ oki;h bhvo, gzEe nj[d/ ns/gzEe ;N/iK dh d[otos'A eoB s'A pki nkT[Dr/ < eh gftZso ;/tk ƒ ;IkpDk e/ jh ;kj b?Dr/ < i' wkJh GkJh pkDh gVQ oj/ jB s/ f;de fdbh Bkb;/tk eo oj/ jB eh T[j ;ko/ fe;/ ehs/ e[eow dh ;Ik G[rs oj/ jB <feogk eoe/ ;/tk ns/ ;Ik ƒ nbZr nbZr ofjD fdT[. f;Zy gzE ftZu

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;fsekos Ppdktbh s/ ;fsekos GktBktK dk xkD Bk eo'. e[eowh s/p/JhwkB oki;h b'eK tk;s/ (i/ eo ;e') ;Zuw[Zu dh e'Jh ;Ik fBPfuseo'. iE/dko ih, eh fJ; soQK eoB dh ;'jDh fgos gk ;e'r/ <

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epho dh iziho fet/_ N[ ZNh <epho dh iziho fet/_ N[ ZNh <epho dh iziho fet/_ N[ ZNh <epho dh iziho fet/_ N[ ZNh <epho dh iziho fet/_ N[ ZNh <

;fsr[o{ ;fjpkB ns/ ;fseko:'r r[opkDh ou?sk GrsK B/, wB[Zywkso B{z ihtB Yzr f;ykT[D tk;s/ pj[s i[rsK toshnK. fiZE/ T[jBK dkihtB ukBD w[Bkok ;h, T[FZE/ f;Zfynk T[gd/P th bki[nkp ;B. T[gd/P B{zo"ue pDkT[D bJh eftsk dhnK nDfrDs tzBrhnK r[opkDh ftZu toshnKrJhnK jB. pj[s ;kohnK f;ZfynktK B{z T[dkjoDK d/ e/ ;wMkT[D dh e'f;a;aehsh rJh j?. eJh rZbK nkgD/ nkg s/ Y[ek e/ fbyhnK fwbdhnK jB.fJjBK r[zMbK d/ G/s ;wMkT[D tkb/ f;ZyK d/ brGr ;ko/ Xkofwe ndko/okiBhsh dh dbdb ftZu roe j' u[Ze/ jB. r[ows d/ w"fbe f;XksK B{z;Bw[Zy oZye/, Bk fJfsjk; fbfynk frnk j?, wkjo ftdtkBK dhnK ew/NhnK pDke/ Bk r[opkDh d/ noE ehs/ rJ/ jB, fisBh fe;/ ;ZiD dh ;wM;woZEk ;h, T[;/ Yzr Bkb r[opkDh d/ noE eo fdZs/ rJ/. ;ko/ Nhekeko Gkt/A r[opkDh gqsh pj[s ;fseko oZyd/ j'D, go fco Gh T[jBK d/ ehs/ noEKftZu wko{ jZd sZe wsG/d jB, NeokT[ jB. r[opkDh ftubh ‘e/AdohftukoXkok’ s'A pj[s/ b/ye nDikD jB. w[ZYb/ n;{bK B{z ;wMkT[D tk;s/e'Jh e/Adoh ew/Nh nkfd th BjhA j?. r[opkDh ftnkeoD d/ B/wK B{z ;BwZ[yoZy e/, tkX{ dhnK ;kyhnK ftZu bg/ND s'A fpBK, ;gZ;aN Yzr Bkb gq'H ;kfjpf;zx ih B/ noE eoe/ BthA P[o{nks ehsh ;h. T[jBK tZb'A ftykJ/ rJ/,ftfrnkBe sohfenK B{z Pq'wDh ew/Nh tZb'A nZi sZe wkBsk BjhA fdZshrJh. fiZE/ T[jBK ezw SZfvnk ;h, T[; s'A nZr/ N[oB pko/ sK Pq'wDh ew/NhB/ edh ;[gBk th BjhA fbnk.

gq'H ;kfjp f;zx s'A gfjbK fiBQK b/yeK B/ Nhekekoh d/ y/so ftZuebw ubkJh ;h (ikD/ iK nDikD/ ftZu) T[jBK B/ noE eoB bZfrnK, fpBKtiQK ;apdK Bkb ;kyhnK i'V fdZshnK. id'A fe ;kyhnK dk ;apd dh w{bGktBK Bkb d{o dk th tk;sk BjhA j?. Grs oftdk; ih, Bkwd/t ih, ephoih dh pkDh ns/ ihtB Bkb p/^f;o g?o dhnK pj[s ;kyhnK i'VhnK ik

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u[ZehnK jB. fiBQK ftZu'A ‘nZi dh fiazdrh’ pko/ e'Jh ;koEe ;/X BjhAfwbdh. fJj ;kyhnK ftfrnkBe BiaohJ/ Bkb t/fynK th ‘yohnK’ BjhAT[sodhnK. pkDh ou?sk wjKg[oyK dh tfvnkJh sK fes/ ojh, ;r'A fJjBKdh s"jhB eoB s[Zb jB. r[o{ ehnK ;zrsK, gqpzXe s/ gqukoe jB fenfrnkBsk ekoB, Xkowe ;N/iK s/ ;G e[ZM ‘r[o{ ek gqPkd’ ;wM e/ gqtkBeoh ik oj/ jB. r[opkDh sK wB[Zy wkso B{z Gog{o frnkB pya;a ojh j?,nfrnkBsk B{z T[vk ojh j?. c[owkB j?L^

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dh jB/oh tr gJh j?. id'A mkmK wkodk frnkB dk ukBD T[FZwv gt/ fconfrnkBsk, tfjw Gow ns/ jo gqeko d/ pzXB, ‘frnkB eh nKXh’ nZr/, eZyKekfBnK tKr T[FZv iKd/ jB.

T[AR sK r[opkDh ou?sk wjKg[oyK pko/ pj[s ;kohnK xNhnk s/n;aoXe eEktK gquZbs jB. ;w/A f;o T[jBK pko/ th ftuko ehskikt/rk. nZi epho ih d/ fJZe ;apd dh ftuko ehsh ikt/rh. nZr'A nfij/rbs noEK ekoB i' wko{ gqGkt f;Zy ;wki s/ g? fojk j?, T[j fpnkB s'Apkjo j?. nkT[ gfjbK ;apd ns/ noE gVQhJ/ L^

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e'Jh bkG BjhA j' ;edk. ojkT[.’(fJj fto'Xh b'e) w?B{z (epho B{z) izihoK Bkb pzBQ e/ v{zxh rzGho

rzrk wksk ftZu (v'pD bJh) b? rJ/, (Gkt T[; rzrk ftZu b? rJ/ fi;B{z fJj‘wksk’ nkyd/ jB). T[; wksk e'b'A w?B{z ikB'A wotkD dk ngokX eoB bZr/.1. (go v[ZpD d/ EK) rzrk dhnK bfjoK Bkb w/oh iziho N[ZN rJh. w?A(epho) T[; ib T[FZs/ fJT[A soB bZr fgnk fit/A fwqrSkbk T[FZs/ p?mk j'fJnkjK.2. epho nkydk j? (j/ GkJh` s[jkv/ fwZE/ j'J/ eoweKv iK shoEfJ;aBkB) e'Jh Gh ;zrh BjhA pD ;ed/. gkDh s/ Xosh jo EK, fJZegowkswk jh oZyD i'r j?. r[o{ rzqE gzBk^1162, dogD g'Eh 8^446 rzrkfJZe dfonk j? nkw dfonktK tork, fit/A d/ ;sb[i, fpnk; jB.pqkjwDh rqzEK ftZu rzrk dfonk B{z pVk tfuZso ns/ e"seh o{g fdZsk j'fJnkfwbdk j?. ny/ r';tkwh dh gsBh fJjh rzrk ;h. ny/ f;at B/ rzrk B{zngDk ‘thoi’ nogD ehsk. T[;B/ XkoB Bk eoe/ pkjo ;[ZN fdZsk. ;[ZN/rJ/ thoi B{z pqjwk B/ rzrk ;w/s nkgD/ b'N/ ftZu ;zGkb fbnk. pj[s bzw/;w/A wro'A GrhoE dh p/Bsh gqtkB eofdnK rzrk B{z Xosh g[o ubh ikD dhnkfrnk j'Jh. Xosh s/ T[;B{z ;KGD tkbk e'Jh Bk fBsfonk. fco f;at ihB/ nkgDhnK iNK (f;o d/ tkb) ftZu T[soB dh fJIkis d/ fdZsh. jzekohj'Jh rzrk jikoK ;kbK sZe f;at dhnK iNK ftZu T[bMh ojh, pkjo nkT[Ddk okj Bk bZG/. nzs GrhoE dh p/Bsh s/ rzrk T[FZgo so; yk e/ f;atih B/nkgD/ e/;K d/ i{V/ ftZu'A rzrk B{z pkjo fBebD dh fJIkis d/ fdZsh. ftuko/GrhoE B/ fJ; rzrk wJhnk ftZu nkgD/ wo/ pI[orK dhnK n;EhnK(;[nkj) gkJhnK fco T[jBK nGkr/ ihtK B{z ‘;tor’ ftZu gqt/P gqkgsj'fJnk. fJjh rzrk nZr'A ;aksB{z oki/ dh gsBh pDh dZ;h rJh j?. fi; s'AnZr/ e"otK gKvtK dk pz; uZfbnk. ftnkj eotk e/ pZu/ g?dk eoe/, fe;/ekoB Bkoki j' e/ fJj rzrk fco dfonk pD e/ tfjD bZr gJh. pqkjwDih dk bki[nkp uwseko j? fe ;dhnK s'A fJjh puekBhnK, nDj'DhnKw{oysk Gog{o ejkDhnK Xow d/ b/pb bk e/, iB ;w{j d/ nzdo XZehnKik ojhnK jB. fe;/ B{z I[pkB y'jbD dh nkfrnk BjhA j?. fezs{ gqzs{ iK ;aZe

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eoB s/ tZvh s'A tZvh ;Ik fdZsh ik ;edh j?, ‘Xow eosp’ ikDe/. ;ko/p'b/ rzrk wJhnk eh i?, i? wJhnk eh.

fJ; eowksh ‘phph rzrk’ ftZu nDfrDs b'e v[Zp e/ wo u[Ze/ jB.po;ks d/ w";w ftZu pkeh dfonktK tKr fJ; ftZu Gh y{p jVQ nkT[Ad/ jB.p/nzs ikBh wkbh spkjh jo ;kb j[zdh j?. PfjoK dk rzd wzd (wbw{so)ns/ nDfrDs ekoykfBnK dk d{f;as gkDh, rzrk ftZu fvZrdk j?. fi; dhpd"bs fJj gkDh ghD i'rk sK fes/ fojk t/yD B{z fdb BjhA eodk. pkeh;ko/ dfonk T[FZu/ gjkVK ftZu pV/ ‘gftZso’ jB.

fJ;/ soQK rzrk Gh foPh e/P d/ n;EkB sZe ‘gftZso’ (;kca) tfjzdhj?. nr'A fJ; ftukoh dh pj[s d[ors j[zdh j?. eJh EktK s/ Gkos ;oekoB/ PoXkb{nK B[z ‘w[esh’ fdtkT[D bJh gkDh ;kca eoB d/ nfsnzs wfjzr/fcbNo nkfd bkJ/ j'J/ jB. fco th fJj b'eK dh w?b ‘gkg’ X'Adh j'JhfJzBh w?bh j' rJh j? fe ftd/;ah ‘;kpDk’ (izsoK) Bkb o'I fJ;aBkB eodhj?, ‘p/ukoh rzrk wksk’.

gq'H ;kfjp f;zx ih B/ fJ; ;apd dh rfjokJh ftZu ik e/, goy BjhAehsh. T[jBK dhnK wiap{ohnK e'Jh Gh j' ;edhnK jB. izihoK ftZu iefVnkftnesh i/ gkDh ftZu ;[ZN fdZsk ikt/, T[j ntZ;a jh v[Zp wo/rk. gkDh Gkt/A rzrk, iwBk, r'dktoh iK okth dk j't/, jo EK gkDh dh sk;ho fJZe' jh j?‘H2O’. rzrk ftZu nfijh fejVh goT[gekoh or cVe gJh fe epho ihdhnK izihoK s'V d/t/. fco fe;/ uwseko d[nkok fwqr nk;D (fwqr dhyZb) xZb d/t/. epho ih u"AeVk wko e/ T[; eokwksh yZb T[go p?m rJ/.T[j fjoB dh yZb Gh sK e'Jh p/Vh iK fePsh BjhA ;h fe nkokw Bkb gkoeotk fdzdh. fJZe wB[Zy dk Gko u[Ze e/ fwqr dh yZb jofri gkDh s/ BjhAs?o ;edh. fco i' b'e epho ih B{z v[p' e/ wkoB bJh jh fbnkJ/ ;B,T[jBK d[pkok v'pD dk feT[A isB Bk ehsk< ‘eh rzrk d/ noE e/tb rzrkdfonk jh jB.’

r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih B{z nB/e s;hj/ d/D s'A pknd, okth dfonkftZu o'jfVnk frnk. T[j gkDh ftZu v[Zp rJ/, gkDh B/ e'Jh fbjkI Bk

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ehsh. gkDh nkgD/ nNZb fBnw w[skfpe ezw eodk j?. T[; B{z tZv/ S'N/,nwho^rohp, ;kX iK u'o Bkb e'Jh b?Dk d/Dk BjhA j?. fiBQK ihtK d/ nzdo;kj b?D bJh c/cV/ bZr/ j'J/ jB, gkDh ftZu v[ZpD s/ T[jBK d/c/cfVnK ftZu gkDh Go iKdk j?. e[dos tZb'A y[;ae EktK s/ ofjD tkb/ihtK d/ ;oho ftZu c"oh s"o s/ gkDh pkjo eZYD dk e'Jh gqpzX BjhA j?. fJ;/ekoB gqkDh dh w"s jz[dh j?. gkDh ftZu ofjD tkb/ ihtK d/ ;oho ftZu c/cV/ Bjh, ‘rbcV/’ bZr/ j'J/ jB. fiBQK okjh nzdo frnk tkX{ gkDh, Bkb'Bkb pkjo fBebdk ofjzdk j?. b'VhAdh nke;hiB gkDh ftZu'A b? e/ tosbJhdh j?. r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B{z gkDh B/ Bk pyfPnk, epho ih ;akfJd tZXeokwksh ;aeshnK tkb/ ;B< d;w/ gkfs;akj ih dk ;kok gfotko ns/f;Zy, fJZe po;ksh Bkb/ nZr/ p/pZ; j' rJ/. ;o;k Bdh feBko/ nZr'A gkDhdh wko, fgZS/ d[;awD dh wkoHHHH. fJZe S'Nk fizBk Bkbk d;t/A BkBe ih s'Aekp{ Bk nkfJnk< fJ; s'A wro'A th izrK :[ZXK ftZu f;Zy bVd/ oj/. id'Adfonk gko eoB dk ;pZp pDdk sK pj[s ;ko/ (i' s?oB d/ wkjo BjhA ;B)vZ[p e/ wo iKd/. nZi sZe gkDh dh sk;ho BjhA pdbh, pdbD dh ;zGktBkth e'Jh BjhA j?. gkDh B{z nkgDhnK b'VK bJh tosD dh iKu f;ZyD s'A fpBKfJ;B/ ;ztkoBk e[ZM BjhA, ftrkV pj[s d/t/rk.

nkT[ j[D n;b w[Zd/ tZb goshJ/ T[j fejVh iziho ;h i' epho ihB/ s'V fdZsh< T[j fejVhnK p/VhnK ;B i' epho ih B{z ieVB bJhtoshnK rJhnk< T[j fejVh rzrk ;h fi; ftZu epho ih B{z v'fpnk ikfojk ;h< HHHH jikoK ;kb s'A pqkjwD B/ fJ; Gkosh G{yzv ftZu j'o e'Jh;[szso ftukoXkok gBgD BjhA fdZsh. id'A fe;/ B/ pqkjwDh ;'u Bz{ tzrkoBtkbh Iok e[ ;[o T[FZuh ehsh sK ‘gzfvs ih’ dk gkok ;Zst/A nkek;a sZe ikg[Zfink. nkgDh wkD fgqfsPmk Gzr j[zdh BiaohA nkJh. g{iD i'r T[FZukwokspk fwZNh ftZu o[bdk fd;dk. yhoK, eVQkj, frohnK pdkw jZEK ftu'Ay[Z;d/ fdZ;d/. ftjb/ ofj e/ gkb/ j'J/ ;oho y/sK ftZu fwjBs eod/, fwZNhBkb fwZNh j[zd/ fd;/. g{ik dk nfwDtk XkB nb'g j[zdk BiohA nkfJnk.‘;aoXktkB’ ;/teK dhnK pj[^p/NhnK Bkb wBw'je Biako/ T[FZvd/ fd;/HHH.

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;aKsh d/ g[zi pqjw foyh, Xosh T[FZs/ oZp ih dk ;keko o{g gzfvs ih d/ e'wbj'mK ftZu'A nrBh d/ GKpV fBebD bZr//. ‘Xow dh wfonkdk’ B{z tzrkoB tkb/B{z jkEhnK nZr/ ;[NtkfJnk frnk, nZrK ftZu ;kfVnk frnk, gkDh ftZuv'fpnk frnk, ezBK ftZu f;Zek Ykb e/ gkfJnk frnk, nZyK d/ v/b/ eZY fdZs/rJ/, jZE g?o eZND/ sK wkw{bh eow ;h. id'A ih ukj/ f;o ebw ehsk ik;edk ;h. ;D/ pZu/ e'jb{ ghV/ ik ;ed/ ;B. ‘jw ;akg d/ eo G;w eod/Ar/A’ n?t/A efjD wkso BjhA ;h. fJ; dk noE Gkt ;h fe Xkowe g[ikohfe;/ ftnesh fto[ZX i' puB w{zj'A eZYdk ;h ;w/A dk jkew (okik) T[;B{z g{okeodk ;h. n;b ftZu ;aokg Bkb T[At fe;/ dk tkb th ftzrk BjhA j'fJnkeodk. id'A ‘Xow w[yh’ efj d/t/ ^ ‘w?A fJ;/ G;w eo d{zrk’ ;pzfXsnfXekoh dk fJj ‘Xkowe coI’ ;h fe T[; ftnesh B{z ;Zu w[Zu jh nZrftZu ;kV e/ G;w (;[nkj) eo d/t/. id'A g[ikoh fe;/ yk; ekoB ;/te s/y[;ah gqrN eodk ;h sK fJsBk efjDk jh ekcah ;h. ‘fuoziht oj', s[wQ/ nzBXzB eh eGh ewh Bk nkJ/, f:j w/ok todkB j?.’ e/tb E'E/ todkBK Bkbedh GV'b/ BjhA God/, fJ;dk f;ZXk wsbp ;h nwe/ pzd/ B{z okik ;koh T[wor[ikoB i'rk XB d/t/ s/ okik d/ fdzdk ;h, fJjh ;h todkB.

pqkjwD, t/d ns/ gZEo d/ ‘GrtkBK’ fto[ZX Gkt/A pj[s gfjbKwjkswk p[ZX ih B/ ‘prkts’ ehsh ;h. pqkjwDh b[ZN B{z eokoh ;ZN wkohrJh ;h. go fJj sK phs/ :[Zr dhnK rZbK j' fBZpVhnK ;B. p[ZX wZs jkou[Zfenk ;h pqkjwD dk fPezik fco T[;/ soQK wB[Zy wkso s/ eZf;nk iku[Zfenk ;h. B/Vb/ fJfsjk;e ;w/A ftZu gfjb/ fBoG? :'X/ Grs Bkwd/t ihB/ ‘prkts’ dk Mzvk u[fenk. Bkwd/t ih dh Bt/ebh ;'u, ;w/A s'A pj[s nZr/;h. pVk fto'X j'fJnk, go T[jBK dh fbys (pkDh) nkgDk ozr ftyk ojh;h. fJB;kBhns d/ gfjo/dko oftdk; ih epho ihHHH fJ;/ ;'u B{z b? e/nZr/ tXD bZr/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ ;kfonK B{z fJZe' wzu godkB eoe/, fJ;wZXw ;[o B{z p[bzdhnK s/ gj[zuk fdZsk.

rzrk ib dhnK bfjoK Bkb Bk edh jEeVhnK p/VhnK N[ZNhnKjB. Bk jh nZr'A edh N[ZNDrhnK. i' b'e fJ; soQK ;'ud/ jB T[jBK dh

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neb s/ so; jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. n;b ftZu T[so gqd/P (:{HghH)pqkjwDh ;fGnsk d/ gqc[Zbs j'D dk fJj pj[s jh ;[yktK fJbkek ;h. Bkpj[sh ;odh Bk rowh, egV/ gkU iK Bk gkU, e'Jh coe BjhA g?Adk. fizB/pqkjwDh ntsko j'J/ dZ;hd/ jB, ;ko/ jh :{HghH ftZu gqrN/ jB. dfonktKd/ ftueko rzrk, iw[Bk, ;[jktDk w";w, ykD ghD bJh fJE/ ;G e[ZM fwbiKdk ;h. fJ;/ ft;akb T[gikT{ fJbke/ B{z ‘rzrk dh xkNh’ iK ‘rT{ xkNh’th nkfynk iKdk fojk. ;dhnK gfjbK i' nkohnB jwbkto ephb/ GkosftZu ;G s'A fInkdk fes/ fNe/ sK fJjh ;[jktDh rT{ xkNh iK rzrk xkNh;h. fJ;/ xkNh d/ T[gob/ gjkVK ftZu fJjBK nkohnkBK d/ bVke/ ioB?bgBkj b?Ad/ ;B s/ nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A bJh izr dh fsnkoh eod/ ;B. fiBQKB{z nZi d/ts/ fejk ik fojk j? fJj n;b ftZu c"ih ioB?b, Xkowe w[yhiK fJbkfenK d/ u"Xoh jh ;B. pj[sk g"okDe ;kfjs fJ;/ ;EkB s/fbfynk frnk. wzB{z f;fwqsh th fJXo jh fe;/ EK fbyh rJh. g[oksB;fwnK ftZu nkgD/ nkg B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD dh fJjh fJZe uzrh EK ;h. ghDbJh ;kca gkDh, b'V w[skpe ykDk. d' BdhnK (rzrk^iw[Bk) ‘ykJh’ dk ezweoB. fgZS/ T[FZso tZb gjkVK dh nfiZs ezX. ;kjwD/ e/tb fJZe' pkjh pkehofj rJh. nkT[D tkb/ d[;awD B{z fJZe pkjh s'A o'e b?Dk, e'Jh w[;aeb BjhA;h. fJE'A jh nkgD/ fto'XhnK B{z dpkT[D tk;s/ w[fjzwK uVQdhnK ;B. fJE/jh r[bkwK B{z e[ubD tkb/ c[owkB ikoh j[zd/ ;B. fJ;/ jh ;{p/ ftZu pqkjwDhftZfdnk dk e/Ado ‘ek;ah’ pDkJh rJh. skes ns/ neb d/ ia'o fJE'A d/ w{bfBtk;hnK B{z pVh p/ofjwh Bkb e[ufbnk iKdk fojk.

jIko pzd;aK d/ pkti{d epho ih B/ T[FZu ftZfdnk gVQh. ;ko/pqkjwDh rqzEK dk v{zxk nfXn?B ehsk. g[ikohnK dhnK ukbkehnK B{z uzrhsoQK ;wfMnk. fJjBK tZb'A ehsh ik ojh b[ZN ns/ fJB;kBhns gqshp/ofjwh tkbk tshok gofynk. t/dK Pk;soK ftZu fbyh spkje[B ftukoXkokB{z ;wM e/ vze/ dh u'N Bkb n?bkB eo fdZsk^

epho pkwB[ r[o{ j? irs ek GrsB ek r[o Bkfj..nofM T[ofM e? gfu w{nk ukoT[ p/dj[ wkfj. (237)

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g{oh us[okJh ns/ skes d/ pbp{s/, pqkjwD Gkosh b'eK dk iBws'A jh r[o{ ;h. e'Jh fJZe th ftnesh fJBeko eoB dh fjzws BjhA eo;edk ;h. epho ih B/ db/oh Bkb n?bkB eo fdZsk fe fJ; d/; (T[jBKg[oksB ;fwnK ftZu jkbh d/P Grsh dk e'Jh ;zebg BjhA ;h. fJj GkoshG{yzv ;?AeV/ d/;aK dk iwxZNk fijk ;h, fJ;/ bJh ;apd ‘irs, d[BhnK,;z;ko’ tofsnk j?) d/ pkeh b'eK dk r[o{ Gkt/A pqkjwD j't/ gow/ok (epho) r[o{ BjhA j?. fJj sK y[d jh t/dK dh rbs f;Zfynk dk f;aekoj' u[Zfenk j?. uko/ t/dK d/ eoweKv, pbh, j'w, :Zr nkfd ftZu T[bM frnkj?. wB[Zysk bJh sK fJ; B/ e[ZM th BjhA ehsk. j'o t/y' ^

epho wkfJ w[zvT[ fsj r[o{ eh ik s/ Gow[ B ikfJ..nkg v[p/ uj[ p/d wfj, u/b/ dhJ/ pjkfJ.. (1370)n?;/ gkyzvh frnkB jhD/ M{m/ r[o{ nytkD tkb/ dh wK dk f;o w[zB

d/Dk ukjhdk j?, i' y[d sK rbs ftukoXkok ftZu v[Zfpnk jh ;h, ;r'A fgSbZr u/b/ th t/dK dh rbs f;Zfynk ftZu v'p fdZs/. epho ih sK ;r'A ;gZ;aNnky oj/ jB, fe w?B{z s[jkv/ rqzEK ftub/ T[gd/P dh b'V BjhA j?. ;r'A s[;hAfjzd{ s/ w[;bwkB w/o/ s'A yoh gs/ dh rZb ;[D' s/ ihtB ;[Xko'. tke jBL^

ejs epho okw r[B rktT[.. fjzd{ s[oe d'T[ ;wMktT[..(429) ejs epho Gb/ n;tkok.. p/d es/p s/ ojfj fBokok..(329)

wjkB eoKsh ekoh ;{ow/ epho ih id'A pqkjwD dh iVQ, t/d B{z jhwkBsk BjhA d/d/A sK T[j g[ikoh pqkjwD B{z nkgDk r[o{ feT[A ;theko eoBr/< ;r'Aepho ih sK m'e tik e/ nky oj/ jBL^

jwok Mrok ojk B e'T{.. gzfvs w[bK Skv/ d'T[..gzfvs w[bK i' fby dhnk.. Skfv ub/ jw eS{ B bhnk..(1158)

epho ih B/ ;ko/ MrV/ w[ek e/ ;kc efj fdZsk fe n;hA pqkjwD iKw[ZbK dh e'Jh f;Zfynk gqtkB BjhA eoBh. i' e[ZM fJjBK B/ ;wki B{z b[ZNDtk;s/ ‘Xow g'EhnK’ ftZu fby Xfonk j?, w?A T[j ;G Beko fdZsk j?. w/ok nkgDk fiT[D Yzr j?, w?B{z j'o fe;/ dh r[bkwh ;theko BjhA j?.

pqkjwD tZb'A ‘Xow dh Sso SkfJnk ftZu’ ;dhnK s'A wB[Zysk s/ i'

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nefj I[bw ehs/ rJ/ epho ih B/ T[jBK B{z pVh p/pkeh Bkb Bzr/ ehsk j?.y{B ghDhnK o;wK B{z g{oh soQK oZd eo fdZsk j?. c[owkB jBL^

epho v{pk Ek g? T[pfoT[ ‘r[B eh bfjo’ Mpfe..ip d/fyU p/Vk ioiok sp T[sfo gfoU jT[ cofe..(1368);ko/ Grs ;kfjpkB B{z (nS{s j'D eoe/) pqkjwDh rqzEK ftZu Bcos

Goh fBrkj Bkb t/fynk iKdk ;h. fiE/ pokpo dk ;fseko jh Bk j't/, T[;Bkb'A s'V ftS'Vk jh fpjso j?. fJ; bJh epho ih B/ ;kc efj fdZsk ^‘fJj pqkjwDh ftuko o{gh p/Vk pj[s d/o sZe uZb uZ[fenk j?. fJ; tesfJj v[ZpD B/V/ jh j?. w?A fJ; vZ[p oj/ p/V/ ftZu feT[A ;tko ojK< fJ;/ bJhw?A pkjo SbKr brk fdZsh.’

epho ih B/ n?t/A o'; gorN BjhA ehsk m'; dbhbK s/ ;p{s g/Pehs/ jB. j/ gzfvs ih ;[D' fXnkB Bkb` n;hA fwjBs wiad{oh eoe/, jZejbkb dh o'Nh ykJhJ/ sK Bhu s/ P{do rodkB/ ik oj/ jK. go s[;hA jokwdhnK yk e/, iks gksh tzvhnK gk e/, edh jEhA fwjBs Bk eoe/, g/Ng{osh eoB tkb/ uzr/ s/ T[FZu/ fet/A pD p?m/< s[;hA b'e sK ‘Xow n;EkBK ftZuXow g[;seK ftZu'A Xow wzso gVQe/, wB[ZyK B{z nkfonK Bkb uho e/ d'ckVeo fdzd/ j'. fco th nkgD/ nkg B{z T[FZu/ o[sp/ tkb/, w[Bh d/ts/ nytk oj/j'.’ uzr/ pDB bJh uzr/ ezw eoB/ iao{oh jB. c[owkB jBL^

‘gzvhnk etB e[wfs s[w bkr/..p{vj[r/ gotko ;eb f;T[ okw[ Bk igj[ nGkr/..’p/d g[okB gVQ/ ek fenk r[B[ yo uzdB i; Gkok..okw Bkw eh rfs Bjh ikBh e?;/ T[sof; gkok..ihn pXj[ ;[ Xow[ efo Ekgj[ nXow[ ejj[ es GkJh..nkg; eT[ w[fBto efo Ekgj[ ek eT[ ejj[ e;kJh.(1102)epho ih g[eko g[eko e/ efj oj/ jB fJjBK pqkjwDh rqzEK B/ Gkos

tk;h ;ko/ fJB;kBK d/ g?ohA p/VhnK, jZEK B{z jZEeVhnK gk e/, g{oh soQKr[bkwh ftZu ieV fdZsk j?. Bkwd/t ih s'A b? e/ d;w gkfs;akj jI{o sZe,fJ; wkBf;e r[bkwh d/ ;zrb s'VB tk;s/ pj[s isB ehs/ rJ/. fJzB/ izr

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oki;h r[bkwh B{z yasw eoB bJh BjhA bV/ rJ/ fizB/ Xkowe r[bkwh yasweoB tk;s/ bV/ rJ/ jB. go fJj r[bkwh ni/ th fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZufiT[A dh fsT[A poeoko j?. j'o fe;/ ;p{s dh b'V BjhA j?, epho ih s'A jhg[ZShJ/L^

p/d eh g[sqh f;fwqfs GkJh.. ;Keb i/toh b? j? nkJh.eNh B eN? s{fN Bj ikJh.. ;k ;kgfB j'fJ ir eT[ ykJh..jw d/ys fifB ;G[ ir[ b{fNnk.. ej[ epho w? okw efj S{fNnk.. (329)fJj pqkjwDh ftukoXkok dh nwo t/b fJzBh ysoBke j? fe

r[opkDh torh bk;kBh ftukoXkok ;Bw[Zy j'D d/ pkti{d f;Zy gzE g{oh soQKfJ; dh ieV geV ftZu cf;nk j'fJnk j?. pj[s fte;s :{oghB w[beKftZu ofjD tkb/ f;Zy th fJ; pqkjwDh eoweKv ftZu g{oh soQK T[bM/ j'J/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. gzikp d/ fi; fJbke/ ftZu'A e'Jh ftnesh gotk; eoe/pd/P frnk j?, j'o tiB sK Gkt/A ijki ftZu bZd e/ BjhA fbik ;fenk, gov/o/dkoh ;kXtkd Bkb iao{o b? e/ frnk j?. :{oghB w[beK ftZu ofj oj/ f;ZyKs'A T[whd ;h fe gzikp B{z p"fXe nrtkJh d/Dr/. ;r'A T[bNk uZeo fJj uZbfrnk j? fe pd/;ak ftub/ pj[^frDsh f;Zy, p"fXe gy'A gzikp Bkb'A pj[sgSV rJ/ jB. ykb;/ d/ fBnko/gD dhnK vhrK wkoB tkb/ r[opkDh dhftukoXkok B{z fgZm d/ e/, d;w rqzE d/ g[ikoh pD rJ/ jB. ny"sh dwdwhNe;kb (wfjs/ u"e tkb/) nkgD/ nDG'b pZfunK s'A jtB eokT[Ad/ oj/ jB.fJjBK d/ ‘pqjw frnkBhnK’ tZb'A fbyhnK g[;seK f;ZyK B{z yko/ ;w[zdo ftZuv'pD bJh ekcah jB. gzikp ftZu rZvhnK d[VkJh x[zw oj/, nDfrDs ‘pqjwfrnkBh’ Ne;kb dk M{m Bzrk eoB bJh ;Zu Bk p'b ;e/. e'Jh fJZe‘pqjwfrnkBh’ jh fJzBh db/oh eoe/ nky fdzdk fe ‘GkJh ioB?b f;zx;ajhd j' uZ[fenk j?. s[;hA e[co Bk s'b', iK dZ;' fe; G{nk dh e[ZSV ftZup?mk j?<’

ekch ;wK gfjbK w[;bwkBK ftZu nkJh froktN B{z t/yfdnK fJepkbB/ fJZe jT[ek Gfonk ;h. fi; d/P ftZu w[;bwkB dkyb j'J/ T[E/ jh nkgDhje{ws ekfJw eo bJh. jo jhbk tos e/ ;ko/ b'eK B{z iK s/ w[;bwkB pDk

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fbnk iK esb eo fdZsk frnk. p; fJZe fjzd';skB jh nfijk d/P j?,fiZE/ nk e/ w[;bwkB wks yk rJ/. Gkt/A gkfe;skB s/ pzrbk d/P ftZu eohpshj eo'V w[;bwkB fjzd{nK s'A pD/ j'J/ jh ofj oj/ jB. Gkos ftZu thgzdok eo'V w[;bwkB w"i{d jB. edh th nkgD/ bJh tZyok d/P b?D dh wzrT[mk ;ed/ jB. go fJepkb B{z d[Zy fJ; rZb dk j? fe ;w[Zuk Gkos fJ;bkwd/ Mzv/ j/m feT[A Bk nk ;fenk< fJ;bkwe p/V/ Bz{ roe eoB tkbh dbdbpVh fGnkBe j?. fijVk fJZe tkoh ‘eztb d/ ;'jD/ c[b’ gqkgs eoB tk;s/dbdb ftZu dkyb j' frnk T[j fco edh tkg; gos e/ BjhA nkfJnk.T[j dbdb j? ‘rzrk dh xkNh pqkjwDh ;fGnsk’ f;ano j?L^

:/j dhB/ jikih ek p/pke p/Vk, B i/j{z w/A nNek Bk ;/j{z w/A mfjok.ehJ/ gko fi;B/ E/ ;ks'A ;w[zdo, t'j ‘v{pk djkB/ w/A rzrk e/ nkeo’.

(fJepkb)fJZE/ p[ZX wZs dw s'V frnk, fJZE/ i?B Xow nzsw ;kjK s/ j?. fJZE/

epho gzEhJ/, Bkwd/t gzEhJ/ nkgDh ftbZyDsk r[nk u[Ze/ jB. fJE/ f;Zy thfBrfbnk jh frnk ;wM'A. fJZe tkoh rKXh B/ (ny"sh ok;aNo fgsk) vkHnzp/deo B{z ebkpkiah ftykT[Afdnk fejk ;h ‘jw fjzd{ b'r nS{s'A e/ ;kEpqkpoh tkbk fttjko eo/Ar/. d/P eh nkiakdh e/ pknd, nkge/ GkJhT[A e'e'Jh f;aetk BjhA oj/rk.’ sK vkH nzp/deo B/ eokoh u'N eofdnK w'VtKjZbk p'fbnk ‘rKXh ih` w?A nkgeh I[pkBh ejh j{Jh pks go :ehB BjhAeo ;esk. fiB sEkefEs, Xkowe rozE'A w/A jw P{do'A e/ bhJ/, esb eod/B/ tkb/ T[gd/P fby/ j'A< T[B ;G eh J/e J/e gqsh b/ eo pVh GhV e/;kjwD/ uKdBh u"Ae fdZbh w/A, ngB/ jkE'A ;/ nkr brk eo ibk d/A. w?A ;wMb{zrk fe nkg tkeJh fJB;kBhns e/ gy;a w/A j?. rKXh fubkfJnk “n?;/BjhA j' ;esk”

;' epho ih B/ p/VhnK s'VhnK ;B T[j ;B pqkjwDh ftukoXkokdhnK p/VhnK jEeVhnK. T[jBK B/ jo fJZe o;w' fotkia, B{z eoweKv B{zg{oh soQK oZd eo fdZsk, i' wB[Zy B{z fe;/ d{i/ dk r[bkw pDkT[Adk j't/. sKfco rzrk xkNh ftZu gqtkB uVQh pqkjwDh ftukoXkok o{gh ;zrb oZ;/ (pzXB)

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epho ih B/ s'V fdZs/. fJjBK t?fde ns/ wB{z f;fwqsh ftZu i' Xow b/pbbk e/ wko{ nkd/P s/ b[ZN e/ ykD tkb/ j[ew fby/ j'J/ jB T[jh jB wB[Zyskd/ rb gJ/ pzXB fiBQK B{z epho ih B/ s'V fdZsk j?, ;kB{z g{oh soQK w[es wkors/ uZbD dk okj gZXok ehsk j?. nrb/ gzB/ s/ p/dK dh n;bhns fpnkBeod / e [ ZM gowkD fby / ik oj / jB, sK fe fe; / B { zG[b/yk Bk oj/ fJj p/dK s/ ntskoK pko/ r[opkDh dk eh c[owkB j?L^

! ;k;s f;fwqs p/d ukfo w[ykro fpuo/..sg/ sgh;o i'rhnk shofE rtB eo/..yN[ eowk s/ d[r[D/ g{ik eosk BkfJ..ozr[ B br' gkopqjw sk ;ogo Boe/ gkfJ.. (71)

! pj[ ;k;sq pj[ f;fwqsh g/y/ ;op YzY'fb..g{if; Bkjh jfo jo/ BkBe Bkw nw'b.. (265)

! n;w/X irB/.. s[bk g[oy dkB/.. gqkr fJ;BkB/..sT[ B g{ifj jfo ehofs Bkwk..rfJnk fgzv Gosk.. pBkof; nf; p;sk..w[fy p/d us[o gVsk.. ;rb Xow nfSsk.. (873)

! ukfo p/d fijt GB/.. d; n;N yN; ;qtB ;[B/.BjhA s[fb r'fpzd Bkw X{B/ (229)

! wfjwk B ikfBfj p/d.. pqjw/ BjhA ikB? G/d..ntsko Bk ikBfj nzs[.. gqw/;[o[ gkopqjw p/nzs[.. (894)

! g[zB gkg[ ;G[ p/fd fdqVkfJnk, r[ow[fy nzfwqs[ ghi? j/. (1050)! ;k;sq p/d g[zB gkg phuko.. Bofe ;[ofr fcfo fcfo nT[sko.. (385)! d; nm bhy/ j'tfj gkf;.. uko/ p/d w[ykro gkfm..

fpB[ p{M/ ;G yVhnf; pzfX.. (1169)! eEk ejkDh p/dh nkDh gkg g[zB phuko..

d/d/ b?Dk b? b? d/Dk Bofe ;[ofr ntsko. (1243)t?fde ftukoXkok iK pqkjwDh Gowikb B{z r[opkDh g{oh soQK oZd

eodh j'Jh wB[Zy wkso B{z ;[szsosk godkB eodh j?. fJj p/VhnK s/

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jEeVhnK ftZu ieV e/ fJeZb/ epho ih B{z jh ‘rzrk dh bfjo’ (fjzd{;ZfGnsk) ftZu BjhA roe ehsk frnk. ;r'A tZv/ tZv/ Xow, ;aesh;akbh oki/, ;'jD/ ;wki, fJ; ‘rzrk dh dbdb’ ftZu roe j' rJ/ jB. fJ;/ soQKfBnkok ykb;k gzE, pqkjwDh yZv ftZu nZi th v[Zfpnk eb th v[Zfpnk. j?e'Jh nfijk f;nkDk wbkj, i' v[Zpd/ v'bd/ gzEe p/V/ B{z uZg{ bk e/ feBko/bk d/t/< BjhA sK ;kvk p/Vk rofenk jh ;wM'.

p/Vk pzfX B ;feU pzXB eh t/bk..

Gfo ;oto[ ip T[Sb? sp soD[ d[j/bk.. (794)

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f;zx G'iBf;zx G'iBf;zx G'iBf;zx G'iBf;zx G'iB

;fsr[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ gftZso r[opkDh okjhA i' T[gd/P fdZs/, T[j;opd/Ph s/ ;opekbh jB. e'Jh ftuko r[opkDh ftZu nfijk BjhAfwb/rk i' fJZe wB[Zy dh fizdrh B{z ok; nkT[Adk j't/, s/ d[i/ B{z w[nkce Bkp?mdk j't/. fw;kb bJh t/y' r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ b'V tes T[dk;hnK t/b/ gfjbK r/o{J/A (Grt/A) p;so gfjB/. fjwkbk gops tZb dh c/oh tes,feT[Afe pockBh fJbke/ dh :ksok eoBh ;h, uwV/ d/ ;{N p{N fsnkoeotkJ/, gfjB/. wZe/ tZb dh :ksok tes ‘Bhb p;so Xko/ pBtkoh’, Gktjkih w[;bwkBK tkbk gfjoktk gfjB fbnk. jZE ftZu wip{s vKr, w'Y/ s/;kwkB tkbk E?bk, fBtki gVQB tkbk w[;Zbk (egVk) nkfd. tkg; gose/ ‘gfjo ;z;koh egV/ wzih p?m ehnk ntskok’, d/ tke w[skpe nkwd[Bhnkdko frq;sh b'eK tkb/ egV/ gk bJ/, s/ wzih s/ fpokiwkB j' e/ ;zrsKB{z T[gd/P eoB bZr gJ/. fJ;/ bJh f;ZyK T[go gzi eekoK dh todh dkXoBh j'Dk sK bkiwh j?, go pkeh gfjokt/ pkps e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. i/nfijh gkpzdh nkfJd eo fdZsh ikt/, sK d[BhnK d/ g"D gkDh w[skpe,w";w nB[;ko, f;Zy bJh ihtB pshs eoBk efmB j' ikt/rk. fJ;/ soQKykD ghD s/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA bkJh. jK Bf;anK dh ;yswBkjh ehsh rJh j?, feT[Afe fJj fiazdrh spkj eo fdzd/ jB. ykD ghDpko/ ;G s/ bkr{ j'D tkbk ;fsr[o{ ih ek c[owkB j?L^

nfXe ;[nkd o'r nfXekJh, fpB[ r[o ;ji B gkfJnk.. (1255)r[opkDh Bkb ;pzXs ns/ fJfsjk; pko/ ;?AeV/ ft;a/ nDS'j/ gJ/

jB. fiBK dh ftnkfynk bJh nDfrDs feskpK fbyhnK ik ;edhnKjB. fw;kb bJh ^ r[opkDh ou?sk GrsK wjKg[oyK pko/ shj g[;seK,ekw, e'qX, b'G, w'j, jzeko, fo;as/ ns/ n"os dh pokpoh. Xow gqukopko/, f;Zy okiBhsh pko/, d/P ftd/P ftub/ f;ZyK d/ w;fbnK pko/, ;z;ko

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B{z r[opkDh eh ;KMk T[gd/P fdzdh j? nkfd< nc;'; fe fJ; gk;/ fe;/ B/y/ub BjhA ehsh. jK wk; pko/ jZe ns/ fto'X ftZu eohp gzi g[;seKfbyhnK ik u[ZehnK jB. fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fe f;Zy ;wki (BjhA f;Zyb/ye<) ;ohoh gZXo s'A T[FZgo BjhA T[FZm ;fenk. fJZehthA ;dh, ezfgT{Nohi[Zr, d[BhnK okeN dh ;ghv Bkb nZr/ tZX ojh j?, s/ n;hA jkbh sZe g[okD/rZv/ s/ jh ;tko jK. f;Zy gqukoeK s'A g[ZS/ ikD tkb/ ;tkb Gh pV/ p"D/ fij/jh j[zd/ jB. fco T[jBK d/ i[nkp d/D tkb/ feZE'A r[owfs gVQe/ nkJ/ jB<Xkowe ns/ d[BhnkthA ftZfdnk fe; gZXo dh j?< fJj gZy BK jh S'fjnkikt/ sK fpjso oj/rk.

;fsr[o{ ih dh ftukoXkok B{z Ugoh Bio/ BjhA rfjokJh ftZu T[soe/ ;wMD dk isB eohJ/. wjKg[oy B/e ihtB tkb/ Grs oftdk; iks gZy'Auwko, wo/ gP{ Y'D tkb/. T[jBK pdp{ wkod/ w[odk gP{nK dhnK yZbKT[skod/ b'eK dhnK i[ZshnK pDkT[Ad/, w[odk gP{nK dh ofjzd y{zjd, jZvhnKnkfd b/y/ bkT[D tkb/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B{z T[j Bhu Biao BjhA nkJ/,fgnko ebkt/ ftZu fbnk, T[jBK d/ puBK (pkDh) B{z nkgDh pkDh BkbT[skok eoe/ fjZe Bkb bk fbnk. Grs ;XBk ih ikBto wko e/, wk; t/uD dk ezw eod/ ;B, wk; dh d[ekB, b'eK B{z wk; t/ud/ j'D, s/ y[d Bk yKd/j'tD< ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ; feZs/ ekoB ;XBk ih Bkb e'Jh Bcaos BjhAehsh. ;fseko ;fjs T[jBK dh pkDh dk T[skok eoe/ ;KG fbnk. pkpkP/y cohd ih, gZe/ w[;bwkB, jbkb ehsk wk; ykD tkb/, ;aoQk d/ gkpzd,;fsr[o{ ih B{z pj[s uzr/ brd/ jB, T[jBK dh pkDh Gh nkgD/ e'b ;KG bJh.P/y GhyB ih gZe/ ;aoQJh w[;bwkB T[j Gh ;fsr[o{ ih Bkb fpokiwkB jB.;wK nkT[D s/ fJjBK dh gftZso ouBk r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ns[ZN nzrpD ;eh. ;kJhA whnK who ih (gqubs otkfJs w[skpe) r[o{ xo ftZu;fseko:'r jB. fJZe gZe/ w[;bwkB jbkb ehsk wk; ykD tkb/, gzit/ABkBe B/ p/nzs ;fseko fdZsk T[jBK B{z, dt?s okJh wkso Gh BjhA. g?Ad/ ykBS/t/A BkBe ih dk Biao/ eow fojk, T[jB{z ;kohnK w[;bwkBh ohsK fBGkT[Ddh g{oh nkiakdh ;h. w[fj;BckBh S/t/A ;fsr[o{ ih dk pj[s ;fseko eodk

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;h. ;fsr[o{ ih T[; Bkb uzr/ d';s tork ftjko eod/ ;B. Gkos dk;wokN nepo s/ ijKrho r[o{ xo ftZu wkD gkT[Ad/ oj/ jB. eJh tkohT[jBK tZb'A r[o{ xo B{z G/NktK Gh nogD ehshnK iKdhnK ;B. o'gV B/V/fgzv e'Nb/ dk tk;h fBjzr yK, B"t/A ;fsr[o{ ih dk ;/te ;h. d;t/A gks;akjdh ;bkwsh tk;s/ fJ; B/ pV/ ezw ehs/. fBjzr yK d/ g[Zso d/ ftnkj tes,d;w gks;akj eJh fdB fJ; d/ xo mfjo/, f;ZyK d/ iZE/ ;w/s. GkJhpfuso f;zx ih 1705 d;zpo ftZu, ;o;k feBko/ izr ftZu ;yas iaywh j'rJ/ ;B. fBjzr yK d/ xo eJh fdB sZe fJZE/ jh fJbki eokT[Ad/ oj/,gqPkdk gkDh Sed/ oj/. ;aZe g?D s/ r;ash N'bh B{z nkgDk dkwkd dZ; e/ fJ;dh ikB pukJh. fJ;/ gq/wh fBjzr yK d/ ;e/ GkDi/, Bph yK rBhyK d;wgks;akj ih B{z ysfonK ftZu'A ;jh ;bkws puk e/ b? rJ/ ;B.okJ/ e'N fty/fiZE/ ;fsr[o{ eJh fdB mfjo/ ;B, T[j okJ/ ebk fBjzr yK d/ pfjB'Jh ;h.;fsr[o{ ih fJjBK Bkb fgnko Gfonk ;b{e eod/ oj/. gho p[ZX{ ;akj ;fsr[o{ih dk nfBB ;/te, nkgD/ g[ZsoK ns/ ;/teK B{z toQdh nZr ftZu M'e fdzdkj?. ;fsr[o{ ih T[; B{z (nZXh d;sko d/ e/) Gok pDk b?Ad/ jB, Bcos dkfes/ Bkw' fB;akB BjhA. B/e fJB;kB P/o w[jzwd yK, wb/oe'Nbk, ;fsr[o{ih bJh ns/ ;ko/ f;Zy irs bJh g{ik dh jZd sZe gotkB j?, feT[A i' T[;B/I[bw d/ fto[ZX ia'odko ntkia p[bzd ehsh ;h. T[; tZb'A ehs/ rJ/ j'o nB/e I[bw Biao nzdki eo fdZs/ rJ/. fJj ;ko/ ns/ nDfrDs j'o w[;bwkBr[o{ xo ftZu ;fseko gkT[Ad/ oj/. nZi dh f;sw iohch t/y'` wk; Bk ykDtkbk f;Zy, wk; ykD tkb/ f;Zy B{z Bcos Gh eodk j? s/ T[;B{z f;Zy Gh BjhA;wMdk. j? Bk fBo'b Bk ;wMh ns/ XZe/;akjh dk toskok<

;kvk ;kok fJfsjk; ;{oi ts o";aB j? fe ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB y[df;aeko eod/ oj/. ikBtoK B{z wko ;[ZNDk e'Jh P"e BjhA ;h, nfijh;w/A dh b'V ;h T[; s'A pknd f;Zy :'X/ f;aeko eod/ oj/. wjhfBnK pZXhst/ dh gZeh o'Nh B;hp BjhA jz[dh ;h. i' Gh izrbh iht jZE nkfJnk G[zBe/ yk b?Dk, fJZe nkw toskok ;h. wkX' dk; B/ d;w gks;akj nZr/ fJZef;aetk ehsk ;h, fe w/o/ gkbs{ ikBto, fjoB pZeo/ f;ZyK B/ MNek bJ/

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jBHHH fJj pj[s tZvk gkg j' frnk. j[D w?A fJ; Xow n;EkB ftZu Grshfet/A eoKrk< iht jZfsnk j' rJh, nfijh ngftZso EK Bkw ftZu wB fet/A fNe ;edk j?< ;fsr[o{ ih nkyD bZr/, ‘wkX' dk; j';a eo, ikr`s/o/ v/o/ ftub/ gkbs{ ikBto woB ekoB gkg j' frnk, go Gkos ftZu trojhnK y{B dhnK BdhnK s?B{z Biao jh BjhA nkJhnK< ;koh Xosh y{B Bkbozrh j'Jh s?B{z BjhA fdZ;h< pZfunK p[ZfYnK phphnK dk v[ZfbQnk y{B s?B{z y{Bjh gqshs BjhA j[zdk< bZyK b'e nikJhA wko fdZs/ rJ/, Xow ;EkB Yfj Y/oh eo fdZs/ rJ/, s{z fJ; v/o/ dh gftZsosk dk Gow gkbh p?mk j?A<HHH wkX'dk; dk fjodk ezp T[FZfmnk, jZE i[V rJ/, ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBhA Yfj fgnk.;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[owfs gVQkJh, yzv/ eh gkj[b SekJh, jfEnko gfjBkJ/,f;ZyK dk ioB?b Ekg e/ Bkw pzdk f;zx oZye/, iakbwK B{z ;'XD tk;s/ gzikptZb ftdk eo fdZsk.

nro Bk ;wMh ekoB ikBto wkoB tkb/ gkg g[zB d/ uZeoftT{ ftZuc; rJ/ sK fBeb BjhA ;eKr/. r"o eo'` w[;bwkB b'e ;{o B{z SZve/ pkeh;G soK dk ykD i'r wk; yk b?Ad/ jB. d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk d{ik XowfJ;bkw j?. ;kv/ nB/e Gok nop d/;aK ftZu o'iah ewkT[D iKd/ jB, jbkbwk; ykD tkfbnK d/ nXhB. T[;/ ewkJh ftZu'A r[odtko/ G/Nk nogD eod/jB, fi; G/Nk ftZu'A nZr/ j'o eJhnK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB. T[;/ewkJh ftZu'A pZfunK dh gkbDk eod/ jB, fco fet/A nkyhJ/ fe fJj fBo'b;akekjkoh jB< d{i/ pzB/ r'o/ b'e ;{o ns/ rT{ ;w/s ;G soQK dk wk; yk b?Ad/jB. wk; B{z Bcaos eoB tkb/,bZyK o[g? you eoe/ nB/e gkgV t/b e/, wk;ykfDnK d/ d/;aK tZb BZ;/ ub/ ik oj/ jB, ;w/s ny"sh ;zsK pqjw frnkBhnKd/. ftd/;aK ftZu pj[s tZv/ tZv/ ;N'o jB, fJZe' d[ekB ftZu'A jo soQK dk ;wkBfwb iKdk j?. T[jBK d/ ;N'oK ftZu pj[s fe;w dk wk; fsnko eoe/oZfynk j[zdk j?. eJh EkJhA fiT[Ad/ e/eV/ wZShnK nkfd Gh oZy/ j[zd/ jB,s[ozs jh b'VhAdk ;wkB yohdd/ jB. wk; ykD tkb/ r'fonK d/ d/P ftZu sKwk; fto'XhnK B{z ikDk jh BjhA ukjhdk. r'fonK d/ nXhB B"eoh sK ed/ GhBjhA eoBh ukjhdh. wk; ykD tkb/ fJ;kJh b'eK dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu

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;G s'A fiankdk j?. wk; ykD tkfbnK jh d[BhnK s/ oki ehsk j?. i/ wk;ykDk gkg j? sK fJjBK b'eK B{z fJj gkg feT[A BjhA bZrdk< fJjBK wk; ykDtkfbnK B/ jh ftfrnkB dhnK p/nzs bZGsK bZGhnK jB. wk; fto'XhnK B{zfJjBK dh tos'A Gh fco BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.

Gkos d/ b'e jIkoK ;kbK sZe jo soQK dk wk; yKd/ oj/, ;w/s rT{wk; d/. fort/d wzB{z f;wqsh, wjKGkos, owkfJD nkfd fJ; rZb d/ fbysh;p{s jB. :Zr eoB tes rT{ wko e/ wzso gVQfdnK, T[j wk; fsnkoehsk iKdk ;h. fco gq;akd o{g ftZu ;kfonK B{z toskfJnk iKdk ;h. fJ;B{z efjzd/ ;B ‘rT{ w/X :Zr’. fJ;/ soQK x'Vk wko e/ i' :Zr ehsk iKdk ;hT[j ‘n;atw/X :Zr’ nytkT[Adk ;h. j'o f;sw t/y' wB[Zy B{z wko e/ T[; dkwk; fsnko eoe/ ;kfonK B{z y[nkfJnk iKdk ;h ‘Bow/X :Zr’. nzrq/ih;oeko tZb'A 21 BzH Xkok okjhA ;zB 1845 ftZu Bo pbh s/ gkpzdh bkJh rJh;h, go fJj ekB{zB g{oh soQK bkr{ BjhA j' ;fenk. nZi sZe fjzd{nK d/ p/nzs wzdoK ftZu eZ[eV, G/v{, pZeo/, M'N/ nkfd dh pbh fdZsh ik ojh j?. nZisZe fBZehnK pkbVhnK wzdoK B{z nogD eo fdZshnK ik ojhnk jB.nfrnkBsk d/ u;aw/ T[sko e/ edh t/yDk, fijBK tos'A tkbhnK uhiK B{z bzw/;w/A sZe tos'A :'r oZyDk j[zdk j?, sK eh eohdk j?< N[ZE g/;NK, eohwK,gkfb;aK, g/AN;, dtkJhnK, ;kpDK, s/b nkfd ftZu gP{nK dh uophfwbkJh iKdh j?. wB[ZyK T[go dtkJh N?;N eoB s'A gfjbK, gzShnK,gP{nK s/ niwkJh iKdh j?. fJj iht pj[s ;ko/ wo iKd/ jB, Beko/ iKnzrjhD j' iKd/ jB. nkgD/ ofjD bJh wB[Zy d/ irQk pDkJh, izrb eZN/ s/izrbh iht ysw. fJj gkg fe; B{z bZfrnk< g?ohA i[Zsh, p?bNK, nN?uh,e'N, Y'beK i'VhnK, ;kozrh nkfd ;G gP{nK dh yZb s'A jh pDd/ jB. i'r[o{ xoK ftu toshd/ jB.

nkT[ j[D nkgD/ xoK nzdo Gh Mksh wko t/yhJ/. gfjb/ ;fwnKftZu fJZe n"os eJh eJh pZfunK B{z iBw d/ fdnk eodh ;h. nZi eZbQfJZe d' pZfunK s'A tZX feT[A iBw BjhA b?Ad/< c?wbh gbkfBzr. :kBhpZfunK B{z iBw b?D s'A o'eD dk ftfrnkBe Yzr. pZu/ B{z iBw jh Bk b?D

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d/Dk, eh fJj wB[Zyh esb tork ngokX BjhA< wk; d/ fto'Xh G?D Gok, oZpdh oiak ikDe/ pZfunK B{z iBw fdzd/ ikDr/< edh ;'ue/ sK t/yhJ/. f;ZynytkT[D tkfbnK ftZu fJZe j'o pVh fGnkBe fpwkoh tpk tKr c?b u[Zehj?. roG ftZu N?;N eotk e/ gsk bk b?Dk, bVek j? fe bVeh. i/ g/Nnzdo bVeh j? sK ysw eo fdU. pZio gkg. ‘sT[A feT[A w[orh wko/’,nky e/ wk; dk fto'X ehsk iKdk j?, go d[BhnK ftZu edw oZyD s'A gfjbKjh pkb ezfBnktK B{z e[ub fdZsk iKdk j?. nro epho ih nZi w[V e/ nkikD sK ;akfJd fJ; soQK nkyD bJh wiap{o j' ikD ^ ‘fsT[A feT[A bVehwko/’< pqkjwD tZb'A e{V gqukfonk frnk fe wk; ykD tkbk BoeK ftZu r's/ykt/rk. d{i/ gk;/ pqkjwDh rqzE wk; ykD dh jwkfJs eod/ jB. d/ts/ nky/ik oj/ ;ko/ jh wk; yKd/ jB. w[;bwkBK d/ oki ftZu fJjBK B/ e[ZN yk e/wk; dk fto'X P[o{ ehsk. fJ;/ goEkfJ wbQko dh tko ftZu r[o{ BkBe;kfjp ih dk fJZe pj[s bzwk ;apd$;b'e j?. e[ZM gzeshnK jB^ fJ;sqh g[oy fBgifj wk;j[, gkfs;kj[ ;[bskBk.

i/ UfJ fd;fj Bfoe iKd/, sK T[BQ ek dkB[ B b?Dk..d/Adk Bofe, ;[ofr b?Ad/, d/yj[ J/j[ fXCkDk..nkfg B p{M?, b'e p[MkJ/, gKv/ yok f;nkDk.. (1290)n"os wod oki/ wjkoki/ ;ko/ fJB;kB, iht, wk; s'A g?dk j[zd/

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fiZE'A sZe r[opkDh ftZu'A nZX/ nX{o/ ;apd uZ[e e/ gowkD fdZs/ iKd/jB, T[j ikfJia BjhA feT[Afe g{ok ;apd gfVQnK jh n;b wiaw{B ;kjwD/nkT[Adk j?. i/ r[opkDh okjhA iht jZfsnk fto[ZX gowkD d/ e/ nfjz;k gow'

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Xow dk e'Jh XkoBh pDB dk :sB eo/ sK BjhA pD ;e/rk. f;Zy P/o (f;zx)j?, s/ P/o dh y[oke ;ko/ b'e uzrh soQK ikDd/ jB. f;Zy B/ rkso/ feogkBgkJh j'Jh j?, e/tb g{ik eoB bJh BjhA tos'A bJh j?. c;bK s/ ;pihnKs/, ehV/ wko dtkJhnK dh nkw tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. i/ T[jBK ihtK B{z Bkwkfonk ikt/, sK T[j ;kohnK c;bK uZN ikDr/, wB[Zy B{z G[Zyk ofje/ woBkgt/rk. xoK ftZu nB/e ehV/ ekY/, u{j/, fNZvhnK nkfd g?dk j' iKd/ jB,i/ T[jBK B{z Bk wkfonk ikt/, sK wB[Zy bJh e[ZM BjhA pu/rk. fco Gh i/ fe;/ftnesh dk wB wk; ykD bJh okiah BjhA sK e'Jh rZb BjhA, T[j Bk ykt/.b/feB wk; ykD tkb/ Bkb Bcos Bk eo/. r[opkDh sK wB[ZyK B{z wkoB s'A Gho'edh j?, Gkt I[bw fe;/ s/ BjhA eoBk. fjzd{ ws dh fJZe gozgok dk jtkbkd/ e/ ;fsr[o{ ih ;wMkT[Ad/ jB^

‘dkBz gok g{op/D G{uz s/ wjhg s/..fpgohs p[Xz wkos b'ej BkBe fuozekb d[y G'rs/..’ (1356)

Gkt (fjzd{ ws w[skpe) dkB eoB eoe/ nrb/ iBw ftZu uzr/ o[sp/, okifwby gqkgs j' iKd/ jB. nwhoh ekoB n?P tkbh fiazdrh pshs eofdnK,neb B;aN j' iKdh j?. fco T[jh nkdwh wB[Zysk B{z nB/e sohe/ b[ZNDk gq/;akB eoBk, wkoBk P[o{ eo fdzd/ jB. fJjBK gkg eowK ekoB fco BoeftZu ik fvZrd/ jB.

fJj Gh ftuko bJhJ/ fe e/tb wk; dk fsnkr eoe/ eh XowhpfDnk ik ;edk j?< j'o pj[s ;ko/ fteko fit/A ekw eq'X b'G w'j jzeko,d{Jh dt?P nkfd yzG bk e/ T[FZv iKd/ jB< wk; ykD tkb/ b'e Gh pV/ fwjBsh(fJ;kJh w[;bwkB) fJwkBdko, jo soQK d/ fJB;kBh r[DK Bkb Gog{o jB.e/tb wk; dh tos'A ekoB Bcos eoBh ikfJia BjhA j?. d{ik gZy ftuko'`yho ykD tkbk pqkjwD (ftofbnK B{z SZv e/) pVk Ikbw j?. jZEhA feos BjhAeodk, d{finK dh ewkJh s/ gbdk j?. b'eK B{z e[okj/ gkT[Adk j? b[ZN e/ GhyKdk j?, g{iD:'r Gh pfDnk p?mk j?. ftofbnK B{z SZv e/, d[ekBdko(pkDhnK) w{zrh dh dkb ykD tkbk, ;"dk xZN s'bdk j?. fwbktN Gh eodkj?, tZX Gkn Gh bkT[Adk j?. i/ e'Jh o[gJ/ ftnki s/ b? bt/ sK ;G e[ZM b[ZN

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e/ nkgD/ g/N/ gk b?Adk j?. w{zrh dh dkb ykD tkbk pj[s em'o fuZs j?, oskso; BjhA eodk, fe;/ dk tYKrk eoB bZfrnK.

bZrdk j? fe f;Zy ;wki dk pj[sk fjZ;k, jkbh sZe ;ohoh sb s'AnZr/ ;'uD d/ ;woZE BjhA j'fJnk. ykD ghD gfjBD sZe jh ;[os B/ ;cos?j ehsk j?. r[opkDh ftZu'A T[FZusw ftukoK gqkgs eoe/ frnkBtkB pDBk,ihtB ftZu'A ftekoK dk ykswk eoBk, n;b we;d ;h f;Zy dk. e'Jhftobk gq/wh j? fi; B/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp, noEK ;w/s ftuko e/ gfVQnk j't/. pkeh sK o;w g{osh ehsh ik ojh j?. wk; fto'Xh Gh T[jBK jh n"rDKftZu v[Zp/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB, fiBQK ftZu wk; ykD tkb/ skohnk bk oj/ jB.T[;/ soQK MrV/, f;o gkND/, gZrK bZEDhnK, r'beK dh d[otos'A eoBh ;Gpkd;s{o ikoh j ?. fezBk uzrk j [ zdk nro fJ; ci{b fij/Mw/b/ dk fsnkr eoe/ gzE dh uVQdh ebk bJh ;koEe T[gokb/ ehs/ iKd/.;fsr[o{ ih n;bh t?;aB{z T[;B{z wzBd/ jB, i' ;ko/ ftekoK dk g{oB fsnkreo d/t/. tke j? ^

;' p?;B' j? ngo ngko.. ej[ BkBe fsB si/ fpeko.. (199)i/ wB[Zy B/ p[okJhnK s/ ekp{ Bk gkfJnk sK T[j fJ; ftekoK dh i[nkbk ftZu;Ve/ ;[nkj j' ikt/rk c[owkB j? ^

jz; j/s[ b'G[ e'g[ uko/ BdhnK nfr..gtfj dMfj BkBek sohn? eowh bfr.. (147)fiBK pjkdoK dk f;Zy nodk; ftZu cyo Bkb jo o'ia Bkw gVQd/

jK, fiBQK eJh ghjVhnK izrbhA tk; ehsk, fijBK dh pd"bs n;hA okiGkr d/ wkbe pD/, T[j ;ko/ f;Zy ;{ow/ wk; ykD d/ MrV/ edh BjhA gJ/. Btkpeg{o f;zx, iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk, ;qH uVQs f;zx, joh f;zx Bb{nk, P/o/ gzikp wjkokik oDihs f;zx, ;akw f;zx nNkoh tkbk,;ko/ jh wk; yKd/;B. gzE gqtkBs ‘f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftu’ e[Zmk wk; ykD dh wBkjh j?.fBjzr f;zxK d/ S"fDnK ftZu nZi sZe wk; dh nkw tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.nkgD/ xo ftZu pZfunK Bkb XZek, gsBh B{z fcNekoK, wksk fgsk dkfBokdo eoe/ wB nzdo dfJnk nfjzdk g?dk BjhA j'Jh, peoh dk b/bk

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e[eVh dk u{uk t/y dfJnk dk BkNe pj[s EktK s/ j[zdk t/fynk ik ;edkj?.

r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih wZe/ dh gquko c/oh bJh uZb gJ/. e'Jh r?ow[;bwkB, jkihnK d/ G/y XkoB eoe/ BwkiaK ndk eofdnK jh jZi bJh ik;edk ;h. ;' ;fsr[o{ ih B/ jkiahnK tkb/ Bhb/ t;so gfjB bJ/. jZE ftZu;'Nk geV fbnk, ;wkB tkbk E?bk w'Y/ s/ bNek fbnk. Bwkia tes tos'AftZu nkT[D tkbk eZgVk (w[;Zbk) th Bkb b? fbnk. w[;bwkB jkiahnK d/fJZe ekcab/ ftZu ;akwb j' rJ/. id'A w[;bwkB Bwkia ndk eod/ ;B, sK;fsr[o{ ih fJBeko BjhA eo ;ed/ ;B, fe w?A Bwkia ndk BjhA eoKrk.Bwkia th y[dk dh pzdrh dk fJZe Yzr j?. nkw b'ehA fJjBK ekcab/ tkb/ b'eKdk pVk ;fseko eod/ ;B. fJjBK dh sB'A wB'A ;/tk eoBh ngDk Xkowecoi ikDd/ ;B. T[; bzw/ ;cao ftZu ;fsr[o{ ih B{z d' ;kb s'A tZX ;wKr[ikoBk fgnk. fJj Gh :kd oj/, fe T[jBK fJbkfenK, d/;aK ftZu e'Jhfjzd{ f;Zy sd'A BjhA ;h, i' ;fsr[o{ ih bJh nbZr G'iB dk gqpzX eo fdzdk.;kXkoB fijh rZb j? fJzB/ bzw/ ;w/A tk;s/ gkDh gq;akdk Bkb pzBQ b?Dk n;zGt;h. eh fJj wzB fbnk ikt/ fe r[o{ ih B/ ykDk ykXk jh BjhA, fJzBk ;wK<

w[;bwkB b'e jkiahnK d/ ekcfbnK B{z oks tes, ;woZEk w[skpegzi^gzi, d;^d; B{z nkgD/ xoK ftZu fbik e/, ;/tk eod/ ;B. fJ;aBkB,p;so, ;ckJh o;s/ bJh ykD ghD bJh e[ZM d/Dk, g[zB (;tkp) ikDd/ ;B.wk; ykDk w[;bwkBK ftZu Xkowe s"o s/ gqtkB j?. id'A ;aoXkb{ xoK ftZufJjBK jkiahnK B{z ykDk go';d/ ;B, sK ;ko/ fJeZm/ p?m e/ ykDk yKd/ ;B.fJ; tes ykD/ ftZu wk; dk ;akfwb j'Dk nkw rZb j? s/ T[j wk; i' jbkbsohe/ Bkb fsnko ehsk iKdk ;h. v{zxkJh sZe ;'uhJ/. eh T[; tes;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fJj rZb efj ;ed/ ;B, fe w?A wk; BjhA yktKrk<w?A w[;bwkB BjhA jK. fJ; bJh jbkb ehsk wk; sK fpbe[b BjhA yktKrk.fi; we;d bJh ;fsr[o{ ih, bzw/ g?Av/ bJh uZb/ ;B, fco T[j g{ok BjhAj'Dk ;h. i/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp b'V tes w[;bwkBK Bkb p?m e/ wk; tkbkykDk yk ;ed/ jB, sK nZi d/ wk; fto'Xh fJ; dbhb dk eh i[nkp

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d/Dr/< GkJh wodkBk ih ;fsr[o{ ih Bkb gzikj ;kb s'A tZX ;wK fojk ;h,eh ;fsr[o{ ih T[; Bkb GoktK (GkJh) tork fgnko Gfonk toskn BjhAeod/ j'Dr/< T[;B{z nbZr GKv/ u[ZeD bJh oZyD bJh wiap{o eod/ j'Dr/<fco p/Bsh j? fe fJjBK tkX{ Mw/fbnK s'A feBkok jh ehsk uzrk j?. r[opkDhnoEK ;w/s gVQhJ/ ;ko/ ;aze/ nkg/ jh d{o j' ikDr/.

yk; B'N L gzBk 1289 s/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ ;b'e dk noEeofdnK P'qwDh ew/Nh tZb'A Sgh ‘PpdkoE’ g'Eh u"Eh s/ fJ; soQK noEehs/ rJ/ jB “fJj ;b'e e[oy/so d/ shoE s/ gzfvs BkB{ gqsh T[uko/ r[o{;kfjp B/ T[; ;w/A wk; fozfBnk. gKv/ Bkoki j' e/ r[o{ ih s/ jwbk eoBbJh nkJ/. r[o{ ih pV/ Xhoi s/ ftuko Go/ Yzr jk;^o; ftZu T[jBK d/c'eN fB;funK d/ pyhJ/ T[X/Vd/ jB.”

;w[uk GktL T[FZgo j'Sh ws B{z SZve/ ;jh wZs nyfsnko eoBkdZf;nk ;h. i' ;Zu/ r[o{ s'A fwbdh j?. fJZE/ gzfvsK d/ fJZe G[b/y/ B{z d{o eod/jB. T[j wk; ykD B{z p[ok ;wMd/ ;B. r[o{ ih T[jBK B{z dZ;d/ jB fe wk;fJZe nfijh t;s{ j?, fi; Bkb ;kB{z jo t/b/ tk;sk g?Adk j?.n;hA fJ; B{zfe;/ Bk fe;/ ;aeb ftZu iao{o tosd/ jK. fco gzfvsK dhnK Xkoweg[;seK ftZu fJ; d/ ykD dk fiaeko nkT[Adk j?. fJZe fBzds uhI d/ s"o s/BjhA, ;r'A d/tfsnK dh wB g;zd uhia d/ s"o s/. i/ fJj dbhb wzB bJhikt/ fe wk; ykD Bkb iht jZfsnk j[zdh j? ns/ ;kr ykD Bkb BjhA sK thmhe BjhA feT[Afe fizadrh dk w{b wkdh ekoD sK gkDh j?. fi; s'A nzB cbnkfd ykD dhnK uhiK g?dk j[zdhnK jB. i/ g{oB t?;aBt pDBk j? sK fJjuhiK Gh SZvDhnK g?DrhnK. “;pdkoE L g'Eh u"Eh gzBk 1289 Skgegqek;ae Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh, nzfwqs;o, Skg 1979H

frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dh fbyh, Ne;kb tb'A Sgh feskp “r[opkDhgkm do;aB” ftZu wk; ykD pko/ fJ; soQK fbfynk j'fJnk j? ^ “ykb;kfjzd{ w[;bwkB e;kJh (fJ;kJh<) t?PB' ;G s'A ofjs j?. ykb;k nekbg[oy eh c"i j?, i/ fes/ Xow dh oZfynk eod/ j'J/ izr ftZu nzB nkfd BKfwb/, sK gqKDK dh oZfynk tk;s/ ykDk gt/ sK jZEhA MNek eoe/ yk bt/, gqkD

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pukJ/. T[j ph sK i/ fuZs ukj/ sK. T[AM th SeDk j't/ sK th jZEhA MNekeoe/ ykt/.” (gzBk 74 Skg 1969)

GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ;{oi gqek;a rqzE ftZu fbyd/ jB fe r[o{ nzrd;kfjp ih d/ ;w/A bzro ftZu wk; pDdk ;h fpBK ;ze'u ykXk iKdk ;h.fbys fJ; soQK j? ^

gjfs Gks (dkb u"b) pos:' gqEw, g[B nkfwy (wk;) nktk.fJe fd; gzefs wfj d:', sp fJB do;ktk.(gzBk^1375)

wfjwk gqek;a g'Eh dh fbys w[skpe wk; ykDk nkw rZb ;h. r[o{nzrd ;kfjp d/ ihtB pko/ fbfyfdnK ;o{g dk; GZbk fJT[A fbydk j? L

“uo poB T[jK ;w;o/. wkNh posB G'iB eo/.ftfX fBy/fX (wk; fto'Xh Gowh b'e) ike/ wB j'Jh.n?;' sjK B ikt? e'Jh.nik (pZeok) wk; G:' f;ZX o;'Jh. nto? dkb Gks Gh j'Jh.rKt s/ f;Zy e'T{ sfj nkfJnk.nkfrnk GJh wSbh sb fbnkfJnk.;fsr[o sjK ehB go;kd. d:kb j'fJ ej:' Gb' ;[nkd.”

(jtkbk g[;se r[ows wkovzv, gzBk^763, GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk)fe;/ fjzd{ d/ “ifrU gths” (izi{) o;w t/b/ nkJ/ ;e/ ;pzXhnK

bJh, wk; fozBQ e/ ykDk ytkT[Dk nkw toskok ;h. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fJ;dhrtkjh God/ jB

pqkjwD nkg wk; yke/ fco ;G B{z fJikis fdzdk ;h fe j[D;kfonK B{z tosk fdU.

“sr[ egkjj[ eshn? pkwD[ tN/ nkfJ..e[fj peok fozfB ykfJnk ;G[ e' nky? gkfJ..” (471)pqkjwD b'e wk; s' e'Jh goj/i BjhA eod/ ;B. ;r'A jbkb ehsk

wk; Gh nkw jh yKd/ jB. fJ; wk; tkb/ G'iB B{z gftZso G'iB nkyd/ ;B.r[otke fJT[A jB

“nGkfynk ek e[mk peok ykDk.. uT[e/ T[gfo fe;/ Bk ikDk..” (471)

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T[jh ykDk, ghDk, gfjBDk, ;tkoh eoBh, s/ ;"Dk Gbk j?, fi; Bkb;oho B{z sebhc Bk j't/. wB nzdo p[o/ ftuko g?dk Bk j'D. r[o{ c[owkBj?

pkpk j'o[ ykDk y[;h y[nko[..fis[ ykX? sB[ ghVhn? wB wfj ubfj fteko.. (16)wk;[ g[okDh wk;[ es/ph uj[ ir wk;[ ewkDk]izR eki thnkj[ ;[jkt? T[E? wk; ;wkDk] (1290)

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nebh gfVQ e? p[Mhn?nebh gfVQ e? p[Mhn?nebh gfVQ e? p[Mhn?nebh gfVQ e? p[Mhn?nebh gfVQ e? p[Mhn?

i' th fbys, fJfsjk; iK eEk ejkDhnK, Pqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp, tkoKGkJh r[odk; ih ns/ GkJh Bzd bkb ih dh ouBktbh tkbh e;tZNh s/g{ohnK BjhA T[sodhnK, T[jBK ƒ Bk wzBD bJh jo f;Zy ƒ g{ok g{oknfXeko j?. f;ZyK bJh fJj jh fJZe' fJZe goy dh e;tZNh j?. i' e[ZM GhfJ; goy nB[;ko mhe BjhA T[; wro bZrD ƒ f;Zyh s'A fvZr ikDk, d{o j'ikDk, w[Beo j' ikDk, fpqEk iBw rtkT[Dk, fpgoh ukbK ftZu c;Dk, iK r[o{s'A p/w[Zy j'Dk jh fejk ik ;edk j?. rbsh iK fe;/ e[ohsh ƒ ;[XkoBk jhf;Zyh j?. nzX ftPtk;h j'Dk, e[dos d/ T[bN uZbDk, frnkB s'A feBkokePh,nkgD/ nkg ƒ jh iBkT[Dk w{oyskJh s'A fpBk j'o eh j' ;edk j? < gqekP,frnkB, ;Zu iK o"PBh Gkt/A T[j nzsqht j't/ Gkt/A pkjoh, T[;ƒ jk;b eoBks/ d{;fonK ƒ godkB eoBk jh f;Zy dk Xow j?. goekP i' ;"yh soK j';e/, frnkB i' nk;kBh Bkb ;wfMnk$;wMkfJnk ikt/, fJ; dk fto'XiƒBh b'e jh eod/ jB. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ dopko ;kfjp ftZu fpibh bkT[Dt/b/ ns/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ ;Nhe iK gd^S/d eoB t/b/ pVk fto'Xj'fJnk, i' ni/ th ikoh j?.

e?Eb d/ okik T[d? f;zx tZb'A GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ih ƒ r[o gqskg ;{oirqzE dh ouBk bJh fBih ;ogq;sh s/ wkbh ;jkfJsk fdZsh iKdh ;h. rqzE dhouBk s/ ;'X ;[XkJh bJh th uko gzfvsK dh fJe N'bh Ekgh rJh ;h. T[BQKgzvsK ƒ GkJh ;zs'y f;zx fto[ZX ;G s'A tZvk fJsokI, fJBQK dk pqkjwD ikshftZu'A Bk j'Dk, go ;z;feqs rqzEK dh uouk eoBk, ns/ r[o fJfsjk; fbyd/ ;w/A;BksB Xowh ;z;ekoK d/ nB[e{b eEB Bk eoBk ;h.

eth ;zs'y f;zx fbyd/ jB fe ;{oi gqekP rqzE ouBk ;w/A, T[jBkd[nkb/ wzd wZs M'N/ nfVzrd/ ;B, ;{o x[oed/ ;B, y's/ jhArd/ ;B s/ e[Zs/G"Aed/ ;B. fJj gP{ wzvbh T[BQK dh ‘;ko^;wZroh’ ƒ ‘d{fPs’ eoB bJh

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g{oh soQK gqfsfrnk^pZX ;h. ekP fe fijVhnK T{DskJhnK GkJh ;zs'yf;zx ih t/b/ T[BQK dh ‘;ko^;wZroh’ ftZu fpgoK B/ gkJhnK ;B, T[BQK ƒ d{oehsk iKdk, go fJ; s'A n?B T[bN, T[BQK dh nkPk d/ fto[ZX, T[; ‘d{fPs;wZroh’ ƒ nXko pDk e/ pVk eZ[M fbfynk frnk j? f;ZyK d/ fJfsjk; ftZu.

frnkBh r[opuB f;zx fGzvoK tkb/ dk fbfynk ‘;qh r[ow[y gqekP’ns/ r[opkDh gkm doPB fi;ƒ T[j ;zs ;[zdo f;zx ih dk gftZsq ihtBefjzd/ jB, Gh fJe nfijh fbys j?, i' fpZgoh ukbK dh ofj rJh ewhA ƒg{ok eodh j?. fJ;/ fbys ƒ nXko pDk e/ dwdwh Ne;kb B/ nkgDhwfo:kdk pDkJh j'Jh j?, fi;dk gzEe ‘f;Zy ofjs wfo:kdk’ Bkb B/V dkth tk;sk BjhA. Ne;kb dh fJj wfo:kdk nro sK T[BQK d/ nkgD/ dkfJo/ftZu jh oj/ sK e'Jh rZb BjhA, go id'A Gh fJ;ƒ ;ko/ gzE T[go m';D d/:sB ehs/ iKd/ jB, sK gzE dh J/esk ns/ fJe;kosk ƒ Ykn bZrdh j?,s/ pj[s soQK d/ c[ZN gkT{ MrV/ T[sgzB j[zd/ jB.

Bkw igDk, feos eoBk, tzv SeDk f;Zyh d/ w[ZYb/ ns/ ;[Bfjohn;{b jB. rqfj;s^XkoB eoBk ;G s'A tZvk Xow j?. gqwkswk dh oIkftZu okIh ofjDk, e[dosh d[Zy ;[Zy ;w/A nv'b ofjDk, f;Zfynk pZu/ s'A thb? b?Dh go nzX ftPtkPh j'e/ fe;/ p[ZY/ wro Gh BjhA bZrDk, fe;/ th;wZf;nk ƒ ftukoK eoe/ jZb eoBk, r[opkDh ƒ gVQBk, ;wMDk, ftukoBkns/ T[; s/ nwb eoB dh e'fPP eoBh, ;wkfie p[okJhnK ƒ fsnkrDk,ihtB ƒ wzfIb BjhA wkor ;wMDk, wkor^gKXhnK Bkb ;'jDk ftjko,fwbtosD ns/ ;jkfJsk b?D$d/D dk Bkw jh f;Zyh j?.

f;Zyh ;kvh iK s[jkvh BjhA. fJj sK fi;B/ ;kih, iK fBGkJh,T[;dh j?. jK fJ; ƒ y'ok bkT[D tkbk, fJ;d/ ;[Bfjoh f;XKsK ƒ wbhnk^w/NeoB tkbk, fJ; ƒ o'Ih^o'Nh dk t;hbk ;wMD tkbk, nkw izsk ƒ ;IK d/fojk fpgo spek j?. gfjbK sK T[j Xow d/ BK s/, G/y ns/ gyzv eoe/b[ZND dk ;kXB pDkT[Adk j? s/ fJ; s'A tZvk nBoE fJj fe f;Zyh tZb'A d{oeoe/ g[Zm/ o;s/ s'o fdzdk j?. fJj fJ; soQK j? fe e'Jh nzBQ/A ƒ y{j ftZufvZrD s'A pukT[D d/ EK, ikD p[ZMe/ ftZu XZek d/ fojk j't/. fe;/ ƒ ;ohoe

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s"o s/ ysw eoB tkb/ ƒ d[BhnK Go dhnK ndkbsK ;Ik fdzdhnK jB, gofijV/ fe;/ ƒ nksfwe s"o s/ wko fdzd/ jB, T[BQK ƒ ;Ik sK eh fwbDh j?,;r'A XowhA, nkr{, ;fseko:'r, iK goT[gekoh eoe/ ikD/ iKd/ jB. jB/o ;kJhA dk.

wZX dhnK nodk;K eoB tkb/ fJj b[ZNd/ Gh wZX tor ƒ jh jB,feT[Afe T[gobk (ftdtkBh) spek fJBQK dhnK ukbK ftZu BjhA c;dk, s/ EZb/tkb/ (rohpK) e'b fJBQK ƒ d/D bJh e[ZM BjhA j[zdk. fJj ftdtkBK Bkbftuko r'PNh BjhA eo ;ed/, ns/ rohpK dh nfsnksfwe s"o s/ e'JhwZdd eoBh BjhA ukj[zd/. eJh ;ZiD fJj Gh efjzd/ jB, fe “ih fJj thgouko sK f;Zyh dk jh eod/ jB.” fJ;ƒ n;hA fJ; soQK ;wM ;ed/ jKfe eVkj gqPkd sK eVkj gqPkd jh j?, go ftdtkB eVkj gqPkd ƒ gotkBeoke/ r[o{ dh fwjo, r[o{ dh p\fPP, r[o{ dh feqgk ;wMe/ Sed/ jB. goid'A T[;/ eVkj gqPkd ƒ ;hs^gqPkd (i{m) ftZu spdhb ehsk iKdk j?, sKnZyK whNh Gkt/A e'Jh yk bt/, go d/y e/ wZyh fBrbDh pj[s emB j?.

;kv/ r[o{ ih eokwks ƒ efjo efjzd/ jB, iK tZX s'A tZX BkNe u/Ne;wMd/ jB. ubhj/ eZND/, row iK mzY/ sg ;kXD/, w'B XkoB eoBk,fJZSk^g{osh bJh (gkm) wzsq ikg, nzB dk fsnkr, ;wkXhnK bkT[DhnK,;_or dk bkbu, BoeK dk G?, to iK ;okg wzBDk, Pqhoe gftZsqsk, gqsZydoPB, fppkB uVQe/ ;Zu^yzv fgnkB/, rqfj;s XkoB Bk eoBk, jtBKtke[o ;g?Pb ;wZrohnK dh wzr, fe;/ yk; irQK tZ;D eoe/ w[esh b'uDh,e[M yk; ozrK dk fsnkr, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu'A wB woIh Bkb gzB/ d/ nZr/fgZS/ iK ftueko'A Ppd ƒ tXhnK iK eoVk wzB e/ u[DBk iK gVQBK, r[o{nK,f;ZyK iK wksktK ƒ fgSb/ iBwK d/ ntskoh f;ZX eoBk, rqfj;sh ihtB ƒfsbKibh d/Dk, r[opkDh ƒ f;o| s/ f;o| gVQBk go ftukoBk BjhA,nkoshnK T[skoBhnK, d/jXkoh doPBK d/ cb fwbD/, ;Zuyzv doPB,f;o| nzfwqs^gkB eoB d/ ;z;eko ;w/A jh nksw frnkB j' ikDk, wzr e/ykDk ns/ ;qh r[ow[y gqekP dhnK j'o pj[s ;kohnK T{DskJhnK fJj wzreodhnK jB fe ;kƒ j'o fiZE/ fes/ Gkt/A fcZN eo fdT[, go r[o{ d/ f;ZyK

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B/ ;kƒ fe;/ ƒ Gh B/V/ BjhA Y[ZeD d/Dk.f;Zy Xow ftZu nk u[ZehnK e[ohshnK ns/ wjzsK, ;kXK, g[ikohnK

okjhA c?bkJ/ ik oj/ fpgotkd ƒ mZb gkT[D bJh, f;zx ;Gk bfjo ns/ uhcykb;k dhtkB d/ ;KM/ :sBk ;dek thjthA ;dh d/ P[o{ ftZu ‘f;Zy ofjswfo:kdk’ pBkT[D d/ T[gokb/ P[o{ j'J/. :kd oj/ gzEe f;Zy ofjs wfo:kdkg{o/ 13 ;kbK dh fwjBs pknd ;zB 1945 JhL ƒ B/go/ ukVQh rJh ;h. fJ;/jh ;w/A 1933 JhL s'A b? e/ 1935 JhL sZe frnkBh r[opuB f;zx B/ ;qhr[ow[y gqekP rqzE th w[ezwb eo fbnk ;h. frnkBh r[opuB f;zx 1921JhL s'A b? e/ 1930 JhL sZe ;zs ;[zdo f;zx j'oK d/ Bkb ofj u[Ze/ ;B ns/1930 JhL ftZu ;zs ;[zdo f;zx d/ nekb ubkD/ wro'A T[BQK dh rZdh s/fpokiwkB j'J/. p/PZe wkfJnk d/ fbPekfonK ftZu T[bM/ v/o/dko, gyzvh;kX, fJZE'A sZe fe nekb sys d/ iE/dko th ;qh r[ow[y gqekP dh ;bkj[DkG{fwek ftZu eod/ jB, go ;wMdko f;Zy ftdtkB ed/ th fJ; soQK dhnKfbysK s'A gqGkfts BjhA j[zd/, ;r'A fJBQK dk yzvB eoB bJh :Ek^Pes:'rdkB gkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ jB. v/o/ dk w[yh tZv/ ;zsK dh po;h fJ; bJh jhwBkT[Dh ukb{ eodk j?, fe nrKj T[; B/ Gh nkgdh po;h wBkT[D dh fgosgkT[Dh j[zdh j?.

frnkBh r[opuB f;zx, GkJh p[ZX f;zx ih ofus ‘ykb;k Pse’ gzL521, ns/ ;zs fBjkb f;zx e/;oh dh ouBk gzL 475, nkgD/ Bkw EZb/ fbye/, fbys u'oh eoB d/ i[ow s'A poh BjhA j' ;ed/. fJE/ fJj fpbe[b Bk;wfMnk ikt/, fe n?t/A fe;/ ƒ BhtK fdykT[D bJh iK f;o| fezs{ gzqs{ eoBbJh jh fbfynk frnk j?. fJj sK sZs frnkB ftZu roV^frnkB obkT[DdhnK ukbK ƒ mZb gkT[D dk fBwkDk fijk :sB j?. fJj gVQe/ fi; ƒ thn"fynkJh wfj;{; j' ojh j? iK e'Jh r[ow[y fgnkok fJj ikDBk ukj/ fefJj tkfenk jh ;Zu j? sK Bkb brkJh ik ojh ;{uh ftZu gzL BzL fdZs/ rJ/jB, nkg d/yD$gVQB dh y/ub eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;{uh s'A fpBk j'o Ghpj[s ewhnK jB, fit/A fe r[opkDh fbyD ftZu nP[ZXsk (gzL 130, 148,598, 599), fJfsjk; y'iD s'A fpBk jh xNBktK fpnkB eoh ikDk. fit/A

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fe r[o{ BkBe nkrwB eZs/ dh g[zfBnK ns/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih d/;kEh pkbk torhnK rbs rZbK dk gquko nkfd.

;zgodkJh frnkBhnK ƒ fBwosk ;fjs fjdkfJs ehsh iKdh j?,fe ;BksBh gqGkt ns/ ezB o;h tkbhnK c'ehnK ejkDhnK ƒ SZv e/, sZsfrnkB dk gquko eoBk, ns/ sZs ykb;k ƒ fJj ;{uBk d/ s"o s/ dZ; oj/jK, fe n;bhns ftZu fezBk e[ZM Bebh obkfJnk frnk ;h$j?, s/ T[j Ghf;Zyh d/ wjKoEhnK tZb'A. gqwkswk fwjo eo/ i' ;kƒ f;Zyh d/ T[FZu/ ns/fBnko/ n;{bK dh ;'Mh j't/, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp T[FZgo PoXk ns/ ftPtk; j't/,ykb;k gzE dh J/esk s/ wIp{sh bJh :sBPhb ofjzd/ j'J/ ihtB ;|bkeohJ/.

frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dk fbfynk ;qh r[ow[y gqekP gVQe/ nkwf;Zy pqkjwDtkd d/ T[; rfjo/ ;w[zdo ftZu roe j' ikt/rk, fiZE'A ;kƒ r[o{ih B/ eZfYnk ;h. f;Zyh sK fJZe ihtBîKu j?. fJ; ftZu brkJhnKnDj'DhnK gkpzdhnK, Bk fBGD:'r^jZm eoe/ ehshnK o;wK, wB[Zysk ns/f;Zyh s'A d{o eoB tkbhnK jB. fe;/ ƒ wkoB bJh Ifjo ƒ yzv dh gosftZu iK y[oke ftZu obkT[Dk j[zdk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ jh ;qh r[ow[y gqekP ftue[ZM rZbK pkps r[opkDh ns/ tkoK GkJh r[odk; ih ftZu'A Gh jtkb/ fdZs/ rJ/jB, i' nkw fJB;kB dk wB N[zpd/ jB. fJ;d/ Bkb Bkb GkJh ;zs'y f;zxih d/ efjD w[skfpe ‘;ko ;wZroh’ ftZu ofbnk T[j ‘d{fPs wkdk’ ‘irQkirQk’ ns/ ‘tko tko’ fbfynk frnk j?, i' ;XkoB f;Zy eo jh BjhA ;edk,ns/ f;Zyh ftukoXkok dh fto'Xsk j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb c'ehnK ohsK, vo,tfjw, GftZypkDhnK, Iks^gks, ;[Zuî{m, gftZso^ngftZso torhnKwko{ o[uhnK fdb ftZu ;wkXhnK bke/ p?m ikDrhnK.

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tkbh nt;Ek wkDd/ j'J/, ihtB^w[es j'Dk b'ud/ jB T[j ‘;qh r[ow[y gqekP’tkbh ‘d{fPs ;wZroh’ Bkb esJh ;fjws BjhA j'Dr/.

!!!!!!;qh r[ow[y gqekP d/ e[ZM gzL BzL fiZE/ ‘d{fPs ;wZroh’ d/yh ik

;edh j?.r[od[nko/ dk fBPkB ;kfjp ;[Bfjoh yzv/ dk L^ 10r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk iBw eZs/ dh g{oBwkPh ƒ L^ 16, 244r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ;kEh wodkBk ns/ pkbk L^18, 528uoBK Bkb wZek c/oBk L^ 18nzs ;w/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh d/j BjhA fwbh L^ 19pkb/ B/ iBw ;kyh fbyh L^ 22wksk rzrk ih B/ pkp/ p[ZYk ih gk;'A g[Zso gqkgsh dk to fbnkL 31, 36;tk bZy ig[ ih L^ 49, 123, 152, 153, 227, 422, 449, 599,

601, 603, 620, 621SZsh bZy w{bwzsq L^ 48, 123, 128, 129, 449, 601, 619, 620, 624r[o{ jfo feqPB ih ns/ okw okfJ ih dh goy ;w/A wzi/ d/ gkt/ ftZu ;{Jh y[ZGDh L^

54n"ozr/ ƒ ;fsr[oK d/ doPBK dh irQk Xosh ftu s/V fd;Dh L^ 59wZyD Pkj b[pkD/ dk ijkI L^ 62fpnk; ftZu'A 13 fdBK pknd r[opkDh d/ gzB/ ;[Ze/ fBebD/ L^ 63d/ru/ ftu'A ;{o fBebD/ L^ 69s/r dk tko uZbD s'A gfjbK f;o XV Bkb'A i[dk j'Dk L^ 70d;w/P ih B/ gkDh GodhnK BkoK dhnK rkroK s'VBhnK L^ 73SZsh nZyok ikg (wjK^wzso) L^ 76, 267, 326G/N ehs/ nzpK ƒ fco fpqSK Bkb i'V d/Dk L^ 77fPeko ehs/ ihtK ƒ fco fIzdk eoBk L^ 77ehoshnk d/ fgsk ƒ foZS i{B s'A S[vkT[Dk L^ 77nzfwqs$gskfPnK tkbk fuVk fuVh :[ZX L^ 78

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‘e?’ dh irQk ‘e/’ efjD s/ swkuk L^ 80, 457i'rk f;zx dh okyh L^ 81r'v/ ns/ g?o i'V e/ w{s/ ns/ E[Ze/ sK vo fwN/ L^ 81285 S/eK tkbk rzrk;kro L^ 87, 542r[o{ B/ f;ZyK ƒ e/;K s'A cVQe/ BoeK ftu'A eZYDk L^ 91fpd/jh Ne;kbhJ/, ekDk fdU eZYDk, r?o nzfwqsXkoh d/ jZE'A gqPkdk Bk

SeDk L^ 93B"jo fgzv wo/ ep{so fIzdk eoB/ L^ 93;[j/tk fgzv ftZu izv ƒ fgZgb ykJ/ sK ykb;k oki j't/ L^ 93ib ftZu yVQe/ sg eoBk L^ 101wksk ;kfjp d/tK fgSb/ iBw ftZu oki/ ;s;zX dh Xh ;h L^ 101d;w/P ih dk x'V/ ;w/s ;Zuyzv fgnkBk L^ 10325 fpp/eh f;Zy gyzvtkd L^ 107X{c, e[zG, ib, dhtk, fxU[ Io{oh L^ 108, 381gzi fgnko/ gzi GrsK d/ ntsko ;B L^ 112wzrs/ ƒ dkB s/ gzShnK ƒ gkDh L^ 125Pokp d/ Bkb Bkb wk; dk pzXB L^ 123, 476shoE GowD L^ 126r'fJzdtkb ig[ih gkm eoe/ u[ok;h eZNDh L^ 127, 346, 541, 619fJe bZs Gko j'e/ ;[ywBh gVQBk L^ 129, 449r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu'A tke nkgDh fJZSk nB[;ko b?Dk L^ 130, 148, 236,

598, 599, 615izwd/ ;ko eZS s/ eVk gkT[Dk L^ 131d' ;kb dk rkso/ feqgkB, fdB oks tkfjr[o{ ikg L^ 132;Zst/A ;kb br ezBk ftuko e/ gkm eoBk L^ 135pkb bhbk ;wkgsz L^ 138ukbh fdB r[o wzsq, ukbh fdB w{b wzsq L^ 143, 441dtkJh BjhA tosDh L^ 145, 256

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G{s Gfty d/ ikBDjko/ L^ 147GKfvnK dh i{m ghDk L^ 150wZShnK dh oh; eoe/ gkDh ftZu sg eoBk L^ 151, 247;fsr[oK d/ gosZy doPB L^ 155, 601;Zu yzv doPB L^ 166, 379, 573, 590fppkB uVQe/ ;Zu yzv fgnkBk L^ 173, 399, 579nzfwqs SeD ;w/A jh nksw^frnkBh j' ikDk L^177r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ G'r^T[gqzs fco ig[ih Io{oh L^ 180, 282, 383d;w/P ih tKr jh pkwQD d/ mke[o o'VQB/ L^ 181gZuh fdB w'B XkoB eoBk L^ 181, 253, 277, 356, 403, 441;zs ;[zdo f;zx bJh Bkw d/Dkl w[oko/, ;qh ;zs, dhB fdnkB, r[;kJhA,

;[nkwh, nzsoikwh, jfo ;zs, ;zs nrkX ngko, ;zs f;oski,nekb^o{g, gqG{, BkE, ;kJhA, jfoih, wfo:kdk gqP'sw, ;[nkwhL^ 346, 355, 378, 398, 435, 436, 442, 411, 433,453, 459, 496, 501, 519, 520, 540, 583, 593

w{bwzsq dk ;zgN bke/ gkm eoBk L^ 204, 362,m 363, 460, 584, 604, 612

ukbh f;zxK B/ ukbh fdB ;tk^;tk bZy w{bwzsq ehsk L^ 205ofjok; gzi rqzEh nB[;ko gVQBh j? L^ 210iZE/ d/ Ppd rkfJB ;w/A o[ZyK s'A o; u'Dk s/ gzShnK B/ o[eDk L^ 24;[zdo f;zx ƒ 1914 JhL ftu eByb fty/ 243 ;kb d/ ;zs Bkb fwbkgL^ 231nzfwqs d/D ;w/A d;w/P ih B/ ;h; eZN e/ jZE ftZu cVQ/ L^ 232gmkDK ƒ Pjhd fdZ;D/ s/ gkrb j'e/ eZgV/ ckVB/ L^ 250dfonk dh SZb dk gkDh Bht/A EK frnk Bjha T[FZu/ EK uVQ frnk L^ 251r[o{ nwodk; ih B/ feZbh cVQ e/ sg eoBk L^ 260;[ywBh ;[D e/ ;Zg B/ wo ikDk L^ 264phph ih dh fJj tfvnkJh ;h fe Pkdh Bjha ehsh L^ 269nyzv gkm ;w/A ;g?Pb ;wZroh L^ 271

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feos Bk eoB ƒ ;bkj[Dk L^ 275101 nyzvgkm eoB/ L^ 275, 436, 440, 463, 465, 621, 636gkm ;[BD wro'A fpqeshnK B/ sB d/ p;sq bkj[D/, e[Nhnk gkT[DhnK,pBtk; b?Dk L^ 282, 286r[o{ d/ y{j s'A wkPeh gkDh Bk GoB d/Dk ns/ p'ek gkDh L^ 314, 328jok, bkb, GrtK, ;{jk ozr fsnkrDk L^ 321, 475r[o{ e/ bzro ftZu ;kX{nK dh gzrs nbZr bkT[Dh L^ 345nodk; wro'A nkosh L^ 352S/ wjhB/ dhnK ;wkXhnK bkT[DhnK L^ 355;fsr[o eh ekPh t;D dk cb L^ 370f;Zy B/ nzp okj ftu u{g b?Dk s/ r[mbh b? ikDk L^ 380;[ywBh gVQB Bkb ;G ;[y fwbD/ L^ 402gZuh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp fJeZm/ gqekP eoB/ L^ 413, 414, 416

(wjksw gzL 419);Zs nyzv gkm eokT[D/ L^ 418gzdoK nyzv gkm eokT[D/ L^ 444wZX dh nodk;$eEk L^ 421;[u? d/ noE ;[Zu dh irQk ;'uDk eoB/ L^ 423w[esh^bkVh ftnkj[Dk L^ 428;zs^do; cb L^ 430, 436, 523wj'S/ eoe/ ftjbV ;kXK ƒ y[nkT[Dk L^ 434fwqse o;w d;t/A w[ekt/ L^ 444wkbk wzsq L^ 457wBh f;zx ƒ ;zgodkfJ ubkT[D ƒ fejk L^ 458p/Bsh u"gJh sho ;sZdqt sZe thuko/ L^ 471nzfwqs SekT[D ;w/A w{bwzsq gT[Vh ;w/s gVQkT[Dk L^ 471Pohoe gftsqsk L^ 504PzsK d/ fJPBkB ib Bkb okih j'Dk, oki/ B/ L^ 523

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nekb e[Nhnk, r[o{nK ƒ ntskoh f;ZX eoBk L^ 543SZph nyzv gkm gqekP eoBk L^ 554jz; ;wkB fpqsh gkDh SZv d[ZX SeDk L^ 555;gskfje gkm L^ 561, 601jo g{oBwkPh ƒ nyzv gkm L^ 570r[o^Ppd dh ftnkfynk s'A gfjbK eZuh pkDh tkbk wzrbkuoB Io{oh L^ 574jo o'I w{bwzsq dh 33 wkbk, iK gzi ;[ywBh, iK 25 ig[ih, iK gzi rqzEh,

iK 25 jIko tkfjr[o{ wzsq igDk eo' L^ 577, 615eSfjo/ T[go t;s{ BjhA gkT[Dk L^ 577jZE ftZu sho oZyDk L^ 577gkmh dh ngftsqsk eoe/ o'r Bk jNDk s/ T[; o'r ƒ nkgD/ T[FZgo b? b?Dk L^ 580w{bwzsq ;b'e ;w/s L^ 596nyzv gkm s/ nk;k dh tko fJeZm/ uZbD/ L^ 597rowh ;w/A o/s d/ fNZp/ s/, mzY ;w/A gkDh ftZu sg eoB ƒ d[Zy^;[Zy ;wsk

f;ZX eoBk L^ 601f;Zy^gzE s'A tZyoh wfo:kdk EkgDh L^ 604cohde'Nh Nhek L^ 617r[o{ BjhA ;r'A f;zx oytkb/ L^ 623;tk bZy tkfjr[o{ L^ 624iE/ d/ f;zxK ƒ ;[Zy/ dh wBkjh BjhA L^ 631fJj s/i ;[GkT[ s/ bVke/ th j' ;ed/ jB L^ 634rIk eoBk$wzr ykDk L^ 634

fJj ;zgodkJh ohs j? s/ ;zgodkJh noE eoB/ jB L^ 640, 641

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Xow s/ okiBhsh - fJZe ;kfiFh rZmi'VXow s/ okiBhsh - fJZe ;kfiFh rZmi'VXow s/ okiBhsh - fJZe ;kfiFh rZmi'VXow s/ okiBhsh - fJZe ;kfiFh rZmi'VXow s/ okiBhsh - fJZe ;kfiFh rZmi'V

id'A dh ;[os ;zGkbh j? T[d'A s'A jh f;ZyK dk ‘Xow s/ okiBhsh’fJeZmk j?, ;[Ddk nk fojk ;h. ;wK phsD Bkb ;kfjs fJfsjk; ns/r[opkDh dk ;woZEk w[skpe nfXn?B ehsk. j"bh^j"bh gosK y[ZbQDhnK P[o{j'JhnK fe r[opkDh w[skpe Xow eh j? s/ okiBhsh eh j?. fJj Ghgqukfonk frnk fe f;ZyK dk, Xow s/ okiBhsh dk ;[w/b, S/t/A ;fsr[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih s'A nkozG j'fJnk. id'A gftZso r[opkDh s'A ;tkb eohJ/,sK i[nkp fwbdk j? fe Xow s/ okiBhsh, Grsh s/ Pesh, oki s/ i'r,whoh s/ ghoh, nkfd r[o{, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih s'A nkozG j'JhnK ;B. i'T[gd/P iK n;{b r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ T[ukoD ehs/, T[jBK d/ T[ZsonfXekoh,r[o{ ;kfjpkBK B/ T[jBK ƒ jh nZr/ gqukfonk, ft;Ekfonk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjpftZu'A oki i'r d/ ;[w/b d/ doPB eo'L^r[o{ BkBe ih pko/

efp eb ;[i;[ rktT[ r[o BkBe oki[ i'r[ fifB wkfDT[.. (1389)r[o{ nzrd ih pko/ ^ oki[ i'r[ bjDk eo?.. (1392)

r[o{ okwdk; ih pko/ ^f;fo nksgs[ ;u" sys[ i'r G'r ;zi[s[ pfb..r[o okwdk; ;u[ ;b[ GfD s{ nNb okfi nGr[ dfb.. (1406)

r[o{ noiB ih pko/ ^r[o noi[B ebuo? s? oki i'r o;[ ikfDnkT[.. (1407)jo fJZe f;Zy ;dk u/s/ ftZu oZy/ fe d; gksPkjhnK (d; r[o{) fJZe

i's, fJZe frnkB, fJZe' ;o{g d/ wkbe ;B. S/t/A ;fsr[oK e'Jh ezw nfijkBjhA ehsk, i' r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh ;Z[uh ftukoXkok ƒ tZyoh eodk j't/.fco Grsh s/ Pesh S/t/A ;fsr[o{ jh ikoh BjhA ehsh, fJj sK r[o{ BkBe;kfjp ih s'A jh gotkfjs j' ojh ;h. fe;/ eth dh eZuh ouBk dk ;jkok

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b? e/ (r[o fpbk; gkL S/thA) gfjbK S/t/A ;fsr[o{ ƒ iBw tes pkpk p[ZYkih d/ ‘to’ Bkb iBw/ fbfynk. fco ftPƒ d/ ntsko pDk Xfonk. fiBQKpqjwk ftPƒ fPt ƒ r[opkDh Brko/ dh u'N Bkb Beko ojh j?, T[jh ftPƒS/t/A gksPkj ftZu dkyb eo fdZsk frnk. gVQ' r[opkDh c[owkDL^

e'fN fp;B ehB/ ntsko.. e'fN pqjwzv ik e/ Xow;kb..e'fN wj/; T[gkJ/ ygkJ/.. e'fN pqjw/ ir[ ;kiD bkJ/.. (1156)izrK :[ZXK ftZu fJZe sbtko, fJZe Ykb s/ nkw toshAdh j?, nkj

d' sbtkoK tkbk nihp GkDk tosk fdZsk. ftPƒ B/ nkfynk ;h gJh fJZew/oh sbtko bVkJh ftZu BjhA tosDh, i' Grsh tkbh j?. j? Bk nihpejkDh< edh sbtko Gh Grsh ns/ Pesh dh nZv' nZv j'fJnk eodh j?<sbtko fe;/ soQK dh j't/, tko eoB s/ T[jB/ ;oho ftZu X; jh ikDk j?.fco j'o ejkDh xV bJh fe nekb sys d/ ;kjwD/ d' fBPkB ;kfjp bZr/,Grsh s/ Pesh d/ gqshe jB. nZyK y'jb e/ t/yD s/ T[E/ jh fbfynk gVQbJhdk j?, fe fJZE/ gfjbK bZrk j'fJnk fBPkB g[okDk j' e/ fvZr fgnk ;h.;zB 1843 ftZu wL P/o f;zx ƒ Gow gk fdZsk frnk fe fBPkB fvZrDk, f;Zyoki bJh ‘nP[ZG’ j?. T[; B/ f;Zy oki dhnK ‘iVQK’ gZehnK eoB d/ ftukoBkb d' wIp{s fBPkB rvtk fdZs/. pJh nZr'A Bk edh fBPkB fvZrD s/ Bkf;Zy oki v'b/. nc;'; fe fBPkB d't/A yb's/ j'J/ jB, oki dk sd'A (1849)jh G'r g? frnk ;h. fJZE/ e/tb dopko ;kfjp dhnK goeowK ftZu, Grshs/ Pesh whoh s/ ghoh dk y{p P'o gkfJnk iKdk j?. pkeh Xow n;EkBKftZu Iok xZN j?. Grsh s/ Pesh i/ fJeZmh ;theko eoBh jh j't/ sK fJjf;ZyK d/ nkfd r[o{, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp s'A ;theko eoBk jh r[ows j?.

nkgD/ IwkB/ d/ oki i'r d/ XkoBh, f:P{ w;hj Gh ;B. T[jBK ;w/Adh Ikbw je{ws ns/ gkyzvh Xkowe nkr{nK fto[ZX I'odko nktkI T[mkJh.fJ;/ ekoB T[jBK ƒ Pjhd ehsk frnk. fJ;bkw d/ pkBh jIos w[jzwd;kfjp, w[;bwkBK d/ Xkowe w[yh Gh ;B, ns/ oki;h w[yh Gh ;B. eJhizrK ftZu T[jBK w'joh j' e/ feogkB tkjh. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih pko/, Gkt/AfJfsjk; ykw'P j?, go T[jBK dh fBXVe P\;hns s'A ;fji/ jh ftPtk;

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ehsk ik ;edk j?, fe ;fsr[o{ ih feogkB Io{o jh oZyd/ ;B ns/ sd'A ;w/Adh gqEw b'V ;h, jfEnkopzd j'Dk. gfjb/ gziK ;fsr[o{nK pkps r[opkDhftZu oki i'r ;gZPN fbysK nk u[Zehnk jB. fco e/tb S//t/A ;fsr[oK Bkbjh xNBktK i'VB dk e[u/PNk Gfonk we;d ;gZPN BIo nk iKdk j?. r[o{jfo r'fpzd ;kfjp ƒ r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok s'A, nS'gb/ fij/ Yzr Bkb,nbZr eoBk s/ ftPƒ Bkb fugek d/Dk feT[Afe r'fpzd Bkw ftPƒ dk j?,fJZXo Gh jfor'fpzd j?. fJ;/ soQK dh d;w gkfsPkj ƒ r[o{ BkBe bVh s'AtZy eo fdZsk frnk j?. fiZE/ fjwkbk gops dh u'Nh s/ ftPƒ fBtk; eodkebfgnk frnk j?, T[E/ jh d;w gkfsPkj jI{o ƒ fgSb/ iBw ftZusgZf;nk eofdnK d;w rqzE ftZu fby wkfonk. Bkw th r'fpzd, ftPƒ s/r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx. p; ftPƒ Bkb Gkt/A fgSb/ iBw ftZu jh ;jh, go BZEhIo{o eo fdZsk frnk.

ojh rZb Grsh s/ Pesh dh, ;ko/ jh r[o{ ;kfjpkB Grsh s/ Peshd/ wkbe ;B. ftP/P jkbks ekoB ;ohoe pb dk gq:'r eoB dh Gkt/A e[M;wK Io{os BjhA gJh. Grsh s/ Pesh rJh fes/ BjhA. eh r[o{ BkBe;kfjp ih dh db/oh s'A fJBeko ehsk ik ;edk j?< T[j jo ysoBkeftnesh e'b rJ/. fBvosk Bkb nkgD/ ftuko oZy/. pkpo ƒ bbekfonk.‘gkg eh izR’ nky bkjDsK gkJhnK. ‘y{B d/ ;'fjb/’ rkJ/. d{;o/ gkfsPkjr[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ P/o Pkj ;{oh s'A jko yk e/ tkg; w[V oj/ fjwk:{zƒ, tes f;o yohnK efj ;[DkJhnK. r[o{ nwodk; ;kfjp, nepo BkbfBvosk Bkb g/P nkJ/. r[o{ okwdk; ih ƒ d' tko nepo d/ dopko ftZu,f;Zy f;XksK ƒ p/ y"c g/P eofdnK t/fynk ik ;edk j?. gzit/A ;fsr[o{ ihsK n;{bK s/ gfjok fdzfdnK, Pjhdh sZe gk rJ/. r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp ihƒ ;kjwD/ wZE/ uko izr bVB/ gJ/ sK ikbw jkewK dh BhAd T[FZv rJh. B"t/A;fsr[o{ ih B/ wIb{w dk gZy g{fonk, n"ozrI/p dh eZNVsk nZr/ Bk M[e/.nzs fszB f;ZyK ;w/s, uKdBh u"Ae, fdZbh fty/ Pjhdh gk rJ/. d;wgksPkj ih dk ;kok ihtB ;zxoP ns/ db/oh dh nB'yh fw;kb j?. d;/gksPkjhnK Grsh ns/ Pesh ƒ fet/A gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[Dk j?, wB[Zysk d/

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Gb/ fjZs, fe; tes fejVh oDBhsh nyfsno ehsh ikt/, uzrh soQK ikDd/;B. ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB ih d/ rrB u[zGh ;'u wzvb ns/ p/UVe ;ohoe;woZEk ƒ pko pko Bw;eko j?. T[j sK fJZe fBwkD/ ;/te Gh ;B s/ sysd/ PfjBPkj Gh. T[j fJZe ;kXkoD f;gkjh th ;B ns/ nkgDhnK f;Zy c"iKd/ ewKvo fJB uh| (ioB?b) Gh ;B. T[jBK e'b jo ekoi ƒ B/go/ ukVQd/D dh ;woZEk bki[nkp ;h.

j[D t/yDk fJj j? fe eh ;ko/ f;ZyK e'b fJj ;{M ;woZEk j?< eh nZidk f;Zy, Grsh s/ Pesh dk ;zs[bB poeoko oZyD d/ :'r j?< eh nZi d/f;Zy e'b Grsh (Xkowe ihtB) d/ r[D w"i{d jB< eh f;Zy Pesh ftj{Dkj'fJnk e/tb jzM{ e/o fojk j?, uheK wko fojk j? fe ;Zuw[Zu T[; ƒ Peshftj{Dk j'D dk T[do/tK j?< fJj ftuko eoBh fBjkfJs Io{oh j? fe Grsh(Xow) ns/ Pesh (oki) dh w[V gqkgsh tk;s/ f;Zy nkr{ ;[fjod ;{MtkBs/ db/oh oZyd/ jB< fiBQK d/ fjod/ ftZu Xow jh Bk j't/, T[jBK s'A fe;/ B/eezw dh nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?< nkU fJjBK B[efsnK ƒ fJZe^fJZe eoe/ftukohJ/L^

fjzd{ ;wki ftZu okw uzdo (dPoE g[Zso) dk pVk wkD ehsk iKdkj?. T[j nkgD/ fJbke/ n:[ZfXnk dk oki w[yh Gh ;h. pkbh s/ oktD Bkbizr bVdk j?, jfEnkoK dh y{p tos'A eodk j?. ftPƒ (ny"sh) dk ntskoj'D eoe/ Xow w[yh Gh ;h. d[nkg[o d/ fJZe oki/ feqPB ih ƒ, ftPƒ dkntsko j'D dk wkD gqkgs j?. d{i/ pzB/ T[jh feqPB izrK :[ZXK ftZu w'joh j'e/ bVdk j?, Xow w[yh j?. jios w[jzwd ;kfjp w[;bwkBK d/ Xow w[yh;B, id'A izr bVBh j[zdh sd'A y[d izrh ioB?b Gh j[zd/, w'joh j' e/ d[PwDd/ nkj{ bkj[zd/. T[jBK ;GBK B/ nkgD/ fIzw/ bZrh ;/tk pk^y{ph fBGkJh.;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB Grsh s/ Pesh dk soki{ ;ktK oZyD d/ ;woZE jB.pknd ftZu fw;bK d/ ;w/A Gh f;Zy w[yhnK B/ :'r Yzr Bkb, nkgD/ coIKƒ fBGkfJnk. go nZi feZE/ j? f;ZyK dh Grsh s/ Pesh< IwhB d/ fJZefJzu N[ZeV/ s/ f;ZyK dk epIk BjhA j?, fi; ƒ fJj nkgDk efj ;eD. fcofe; oki iK Pesh dh rZb ehsh ik ojh j?< fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe r[odtkok

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ew/Nh dk e'Jh nj[d/dko pD ikDk, r'be s/ epIk iwk b?DkHHH fes/ fJjhsK BjhA j? f;ZyK dh Grsh s/ Pesh< ;t/o Pkw (wPhBh Yzr) e[M pkDh dkgkm eo b?Dk. r[odtkfonK ftZu fpBK ;zrs s'A ;gheoK dh T[FZuh ntkIBkb xo'A xohA pkDh g[Zidh eo d/Dh. e[M ;fji gkm, nyzv gkm, ;zgNgkm, gkmK dhnK bVhnK, ehosB dopko, ykb;k wkou, Bro ehosB,bzro nodk;HHH fes/ fJjh sK BjhA j? f;Zy ;wki dk wzfBnk ik fojkXow< r[opkDh d/ r'ji Gkt, b{z ezv/ yVQ/ eo d/D tkbk ;{owrsh dh rkEktkbk fJfsjk;, fes/ gfVQnk gVQkfJnk ik fojk j? fe BjhA< ;e{bK,ekbiK, r[odtkfonK, xoK ftZu'A ‘;w/A dk jkDh’ yIkBk BjhA fwbdk. BP/gfssg[Dk, eoweKv f;yoK S'j oj/ jB. bhvo b'e Grsh s/ Pesh dhnKcVQK wko oj/ jB. T[; dodBke nt;Ek ƒ t/y$wfj;{; eoe/ jzM{nK dhXkok tfj N[odh j?. wB e[obkT[Adk j?, nkswk ftbedh j?, id'A pd/PKftub/ ‘ykfb;skBh’ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ƒ f;o s/ u[Ze e/, (;[y nk;D ;w/A)Y'behnK S?fDnK Bkb Ppd Gh gVQd/ jB s/ ‘;[y nk;D ;EkB’ nZr/ yb' e/,nkgD/ v/Y ;" ;kb gfjbK y[Z; rJ/ oki ƒ tkiK wkod/ jB. fpbe[b T[;:shw s/ nBG'b pZu/ tKr, fi;dk d[BhnK ftZu e'Jh ;jkok BjhA. pkjod[PwDK dhnK tkjoK jB. xo ftZu ykD bJh r[iko/ bkfJe e[ZM BjhA j?.Bk fJj ;wM j? fe nZr'A eh ehsk ikDk ukjhd?< fJj d[ydkJh nt;Ek j?;kv/ ‘ykfb;skB fIzdkpknd’ d/ nzdo tVe/ i?eko/ bkT[D tkfbnK dh. id'AGftZy pko/ nfBPusk j't/, o{g o/yk T[bheD dh :'rsk Bk j't/, Xow pko/v{zxk frnkB Bk j't/. ;z;ko ;kfjs ftZu'A fJBebkph bfjoK s'A oki;h dkT[g/u Bk gVQ/ ngDkJ/ j'D. fco nfijh nt;Ek ftZu fJB;kB, wfwnk;edk j?, vfvnk ;edk j? jzM{ e/o ;edk j?, s/ ;wK gk e/ r[bkwh Bkb;wM"sk eo b?Adk j?.

Xow d/ n;{b wB[Zysk d/ Gb/ tk;s/ j'fJnk eod/ jB. nkw t/yDftZu fJjh nkfJnk j? fe Xow ƒ wB[Zysk dk xkD eoB tk;s/ Gh pj[s tkohtofsnk frnk j?. fjzd{nK d/ ny"sh Xkowe rqzE, wB[Zysk T[FZs/ Ykj/ rJ/efjo, ehs/ rJ/ I[bwK dk w{zj p'bdk gZek ;p{s jB. i' GftZy ftZu Gh fJ;/

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soQK ehs/ rJ/ nDwB[Zyh i[bwK ƒ ‘Xow dk Io{oh nzr’ rodkBd/ ofjDr/.w[;bwkB jkewK B/ r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih ƒ Pjhd ehsk, sK e[onkB ƒYkb ti'A tofsnk frnk. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih s/ fszB f;ZyK ƒ p/nzss;hj/ d/ e/ Pjhd ehsk frnk. T[; tes Xow g[;se e[onkB ftZu'A jtkbkd/ e/ ;Ik sIthi ehsh rJh. S'N/ ;kfjpikfdnK ƒ Pjhd eoB tes,e[onkB s/ ekIh Pkwb ;B. fJ; s'A pknd th id'A id'A f;ZyK ƒ x'o s;hj/fdZs/ rJ/, esb ehsk frnk, sK jw/PK Xow dh ukdo T[Zgo skD bJhrJh. nkw w[;bwkB ƒ, izr ftZu Pkwb j' e/ fto'XhnK ƒ \sw eoBtk;s/ id'A Gh T[e;kfJnk frnk sK ‘ijkd dk’ (Xow:[ZX) Bkjok p[bzdehsk frnk.

nDfrDs gkg eowK ftZu v[Zp/ oki;h b'e, nkgD/ frod, r[bkwifjBhns tkb/ Xow d/ u'b/ gkJh p?m/, fteD bJh fsnko ny"sh (n;bftZu Xow d/ d[PwD) Xkowe N[ZeV p'uK ƒ, gkb b?Ad/ jB. fJj ‘Xowh’oki;h r[zfvnK dh gqPz;k d/ ;zx gkV e/ p/;[o/ rhs rkT[Ad/ jB. fJjBK ƒfBjebze dZ;d/ jB, fgSb/ ehs/ ikg, dkB g[zB dh pd"bs oki ;[y G'rDdk, okr nbkgd/ jB. fJjBK s'A w'NhnK oewK gqkgs eoe/, ehs/ rJ/ gkgKdh Bftosh bJh ‘wzso’ gVQd/ jB, gkm ikg eod/ jB. B/sk ih fJjBK d/ikjok s"o s/ uoB S{zjdk j?. fJj ‘ewhD/ Xowh’ nzdoyks/, B/sk ih d/uoBK s/ f;o oZy fdzd/ jB. fJ;/ bJh oki dopkoK ftZu Pkjh ekih, PkjhfJwkw, oki gq'fjs, oki r[o{ s/ oki eth nkfd dhnK T[gkXhnK BkbBtkfink iKdk j?. Gkos d/ fJZe okPNogsh vkH okfizdo gq;kd B/ Xowhj'D dk y/yD eofdnK okPNogsh GtB ftZu frnkoK pqkjwDK ƒ ;Zd e/,fsBQK d/ g?o X' e/ y[d ‘uoB^nzfwqs’ ghsk. neb d/ nzB/Q b'eK B/ okPNogshƒ tZvk Xowh g[oy wzB fbnk. nypkoK B/ ;'fjb/ rkJ/. tkj okiBhsh s/o/o{g jIko. nDfrDs pZio gkg eoB tkb/, gkyzvh okiBhfse ftnesh,eow uzd rKXh ƒ ‘Xowh g[oy’ g/P eoB tk;s/ nDfrDs gkgV t/b/. bZyKo[g? youD/ gJ/, bzr'Nh XkoBh gJh, g{ik nouDk, shoE :ksok nkfdeoBh gJh, fco fes/ T[;ƒ ‘wjkswk’ pDkfJnk ik ;fenk. go fdbh

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ftu T[j jw/;k fpobk ;/m d/ xo mfjodk ;h.rohpK dk y{B fBu'V e/, T[jBK dk jZe y'j e/, r[bSoo/ T[vkT[D tkb/

oki;h b'e, Xow n;EkBK ƒ wkfJnk d/ y[Zb/ rZc/ ‘dkB’ eod/ jB. pdb/ftZu Xkowe b'e, fJjBK dh b'e gob'e ftZu i? i? eko j'D dh b[GktDhnodk; eod/ jB. oki;h rZdhnK gqkgs eoB tk;s/, Gkt/A wzdo w;fidd/ g[okD/ w[od/ g[ZND/ g?D, Gkt/A ebfgs noiD dk wy"Nk gfjB e/ oE:ksok eoBh gt/. p/PZe dopko ;kfjp s/ N?AeK s'gK s/ c"iK Bkb wko{ jZbkp'bDk gt/. Gkt/A ‘ykb;k wkou’ eZYD/ g?D iK fco ‘gftZso ;q'to dh eko;/tk’ eoBh gt/. nZi f;ZyK dh dPk J/Bh fBZxo rJh j? e'Jh ftneshr[od[nko/ nk e/ ;" o[g? oZy d/t/ sK MZN gZN T[;ƒ ‘f;o'gkT[’ pyP fdZsk iKdkj?. fe;/ B/ ;fji gkm, fe;/ nyzv gkm eotkfJnk bT[ ih f;o'gk. i'V/;KGD, bzro, ehosB, eEk tkfbnK ƒHHHH f;o'g/ E'e ftZu tzv/ ik oj/ jB.j[D s/ gzE d'yhnK ƒ Gh f;o'g/ feogkBK xoh ik e/ fdZs/ ik oj/ jB, T[jGh tZv/ iE/dkoK tZb'A. ;fsr[o{ ;[wZs pyP d/D. gktB c[owkB j?L^

ihn pXj[ ;[ Xow efo Ekgj[ nXow ejj[ es GkJh..nkg; eT[ w[fBto efo Ekgj[ ek eT[ ejj[ e;kJh.(1102)ethnK ;kfjsekoK ƒ ;BwkB ns/ ;j{bsK d/D dk we;d n;b

ftZu fJjh j?, fe fJj b/ye ;oeko dhnK b'e fto'Xh BhshnK ƒ u[Zg ukgnzfwqs dk x[ZN ;wMe/ gh b?Dr/. jo uhI ƒ ;BwkB tkb/ ozrhB uPw/(n?Be) ftZu'A dh t/yDr/. nypkoK NhHthH u?BbK dh nkgDh ehws j?. fe;/dh xZN fe;/ dh tZX. i/, n?wHn?bHJ/H s/ n?wHghH b'V tes tZvh ehws skoe/ yohd/ ik ;ed/ jB sK r[od[nkok ew/NhnK d/ w?Apo (;w/s n?;HihHghH;hH)fteD s'A fet/A fJBeko eo ;ed/ jB< T[j sK ftuko/ pj[s/ jh P[;hb jB,‘Xkowe ftnesh’ i[ j'fJ.

yohd t/u dk fJj Xzdk fJsB/ ;fji Bkb uZb fojk j?, nkwftnesh PZe sZe BjhA eo ;edk. fJZe pj[s tZv/ ftnesh ƒHHH ;zs ihB/ w[bkeks bJh ;Zfdnk. ‘v{zxhnK gzEe ftukoK pzd ewo/ ftZu j'JhnK.’s[;hA jo ;zroKd tkb/ fdB d' xzN/ ;kv/ v/o/ nkfJnk eo', ;zs ih B/ fejk.

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‘go w/oh fIzdrh pj[s o[M/ftnK Goh j?, w/o/ bJh nkT[Dk w[Peb j?,’ tZv/pzd/ B/ i[nkp fdZsk. s[jkv/ d' xzN/ fezB/ e[ ehwsh jB< d' xzfNnK d/ thjjIko o[g?. mhe j? w?ƒ gotkB j?, s[;hA ;zroKd tkb/ fdB r[opkDh ;[D'ihtB ;cbk eo'HHH. ;"dk s?j j' frnk, s/ ;zs ih d/ rkjeK ftZu Y/o ;koktkXk j' frnk feT[Afe fJZe u'Nh dk tZvk ftnesh pkpk ih ƒ Bw;eko eoBnkT[Adk j?, b'eK dhnK tjhoK feT[A Bk nkT[D< d't/A ckfJd/ ftZu, :kohgZeh.

fJZe j'o ;odko ih d/ uko fJZNK d/ GZm/ jB, d; e[ NoZe Gh fJZNKg[ukD bJh oZy/ jB. pV/ gZe/ r[of;Zy jB, fe;/ ;kX nZr/ BjhA M[ed/.HHHpkpk ih B/ fwbD dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh. eJh tko c'B eoB s'A pknd;odko ih nk rJ/, ezw g[ZfSnk. ;zs ih p'b/ ‘r[ow[y fgnko/ ihU, n;hAr[odtko/ dh BthA fJwkos fsnko eo oj/ jK, d' NoZe fJZNK dh ;/tk eo'.’‘d' NoZe sK eh w?A frDsh dhnK d' fJZNK Gh fe;/ ;kX ƒ BjhA fdnKrk’.w?A ikDdk jK s[jkv/ ;[Gkn ƒ. d' NoZe fJZNK dh ehws fezBh pDdh j?<fJjh e'Jh gzdoK e[ jIko< w?A s[jkƒ d' NoZe fJZNK dk shj jIko o[fgnkfdnKrk, s/ Bkb s[jkvh ;/tk dh go;z;k eoKrk. Go/ dhtkB ftZu ;o'gk d/e/ n?bkB eoKrk ;qH ih B/ r[o{ xo tk;s/ d' NoZe ;/tk eokJh j?, p'b/ ;'fBjkbHHHH. ;kX ;zrs s[;hA Gh y[Zb/ fdb ;/tk eo'. ;/tkdkoK dk sKsk P[o{j' frnk, fJZe dh gq;z;k d{i/ dh nkwdBh

s[w gfts gktB g[oy gqG ;[nkwh, jw feT[A efo fwbfj i{mkoh..jwo? ihfJ j'o[ w[fy j'o j's j?, jw eowjhD e{fVnkoh..jwoh w[dq Bkw[ jfo ;[nkwh, fod nzsfo d[;N[ d[;Nkoh.. (528)bzw/A ;w/A s'A G'bh fijh ;kX ;zrs ƒ nB/e Yzr sohe/ tos e/ y{p

b[ZfNnk j?. r[ows dk frnkB sK T[FZek jh BjhA fdZsk frnk. Iok ;'u'`nro dkB g[zB Bkb ;wki dk e[M ;ztoBk jzdk, sK ;dhnK s'A dkB g[zB j[zdknk fojk j?. j[D sZe sK ;G gqeko dhnK p[okJhnK fteko \sw j' ikD/ukjhd/ ;h. jK g[ikohnK dk pj[s e[M pD ;zto frnk j?. vZek d{jok eoBs'A fpBK, fizadrh dhnK ;G ;j{bsK G'r oj/ jB. nkw fJB;kB ƒ ;\s

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fwjBs s'A pknd w;hA oZithA o'Nh B;hp j[zdh j?. ftjbV g[ikoh N'b/, d[ZXwbkJhnK, frohnK pdkw Se oj/ jB. fJj g[ikoh s/ Xow n;EkBoki;h r[zfvnK d/ epI/ ftZu jB. fJj fJZe pj[s ftPkb skDk pkDk j?, fe;B/ feZE/ ‘fPeko’ dh T[vhe ftZu czdk bk e/ p?mDk j?, gfjbK jh fBPfusj'fJnk j[zdk j?. gof;ZX eth fJepkb dk fJoPkd j?L^

jt; e/ pzd/ tck e' p/u d/s/ j?A.y[dk e/ xo eh fenk ejhJ/, f:j y[dk e' p/u d/s/ j?A.r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ ;?AeV/ ;kbK dk gbkB fsnko eoe/, nkgDk

ezw P[o{ ehsk ;h. bzwh xkbDk s'A pknd fes/ ;wki dk w{zj wZEk ;ztfonk;h. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ fJZe fJPko/ s/ ;G e[M tko d/D tkfbnK dk ekcbk wzIbtZb uZb fgnk ;h. f;oK dh pkIh bk e/ I[bw dk ykswk ehsk ;h. nZid[ZX ghD/ wiƒ, J/H;hH dhnK jtktK ftZu ;tor d/ fwZm/ ;[gB/ b?D tkb/,r[ows dh jo gqhfynk ftZu'A c/b b'ehA, jZEhA m{m/ cVhA, dhB JhwkB t/u e/e[o;hnK bJh bkbQK ;[ZNd/, ;k| BIo nk oj/ jB. g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu ‘w?AgfjbK ;h; tko fdnK’ dh gftZso ;'u ;h. nZi ‘w?A gfjbK e[o;h s/ p?mK’,fJjh fBZxfonk j'fJnk okr ;[DkJh d/ fojk j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/Xosh d/ N[ZeV/ s/ oki BjhA ehsk, go eo'VK b'eK d/ fdbK s/ ;dhthA okiehsk j?. nZi f;Zy bhvo Xosh d/ N[ZeV/ s/ oki eoB bJh sob'wZSh fdZ;d/jB. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp tZb'A pyP/ T[Zsw r[DK s'A ykbh ;ZyD/. nro Xow pufrnk, fjod/ ftZu fNe frnk, sK oki dh nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?. Xowjh Bk fojk s/ oki e?;k s/ fet/A nkt/rk< Xow ftj{Dk< Xow s/ okiBhshfJeZmh dh v"Avh fgZND tkb/, Xow ƒ pdBkw eo oj/ jB, oki fJjBK e'bnkT[Dk e'Jh BjhA. e/tb Xow ƒ e[u/PNk Go/ Yzr Bkb tosfsnk ik fojkj?. gktB pkDh dk p'X j'Dk sK d{o dh rZb, fJZE/ sK f;ZyK d/ w[yhnK B/ f;Zyj'D dh gfjbh Pos ^ yzv/ dh gkj[b Gh g{oh BjhA ehsh. fiBQK nD;od/ƒ rb feogkB bNekJh j?, T[j Gh gkyzvh r[o{nK, v/fonK s/ BZe orVd/t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fsbe, w[eN, jtB, rb bkb u[zBhnK gkJh, p/PowhBkb x[zw oj/ jB. tkfjr[o{ ih ek ykb;k, ‘okw ih eh cs/’, p[bk e/ r[o{

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r'fpzd f;zx ih dk ngwkB eo oj/ jB. j? e'Jh o'eD tkbk< r[otke jBL^ekdh e{V[ p'fb wb[ ykfJ.. pqkjwD Bkt? ihnk xkfJ..i'rh i[rfs Bk ikD? nzX[.. shB/ T[ikV/ ek pzX[.. (662)n;b rZb sK fJj ;h fe okiBhsh ns/ Xow, d't/A jh b'ekJh d/

Gb/ fjZs j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. jkbks dh wIp{oh ekoB ;theko eo b?Ad/ jK feoki;h b'eK s'A jZe ;Zu dh T[whd BjhA oZyh ik ;edh. fJjBK oki;hr[zfvnK ƒ Xow n;EkBK dh d[otos'A eoB'A sK o'fenk ik ;edk j?. goid'A u'o s/ e[Zsh nzdo yks/ fJZe j'D sK xo ;[oZfyns fet/A ofj ;edk j?<ny"sh Xow w[yh b'e Gh sK ftuko/ fJ;/ ;wki ftZu izw/ gb/, s/ gotkB uVQ/jB. fco ;wki ftZu tos oj/ tosko/ s'A, T[j fet/A nfGZi ofj ;ed/ jB<

coI eo' fJZe f;Zy vkeNo j?, T[j tekbs BjhA eo ;edk, GtBfBowkD iK j'o nfij/ ezw BjhA eo ;edk, fi;dh T[;B/ f;Zfynk Bk bJhj't/. eo/rk sK rbs eo/rk. tehb fe;/ wohI dk fJbki BjhA eo ;edk,feT[Afe T[; dh f;Zfynk nbZr fe;w dh j?. nDfrDs feZfsnK ftZu wkjof;Zy fwbDr/, go f;Zfynk ekoB ezw nZv' nZv j'Dr/. fJ;/ soQK ;kv/ g[okD/;w/A d/ pI[orK B/, Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh, r[o{ xoK dh ;/tk ;zGkbtk;s/ pDkJh ;h. Xow gquko bJh B"itkB fsnko eoB/, f;Zy ;kfjs Skge/ tzvDk, d/P ftd/P d/ f;ZyK dhnK w[PebK d{o eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBh.nypko o;kb/ ukb{ eoB/, f;ZyK ƒ fJZe e/Ado, fJZe' ftukoXkok ftZu go'e/ oZyDk nkfd. Pq'wDh nekbh db dh fIzw/tkoh ;h, fe f;ZyK d/ oki;hjZeK tk;s/ isBPhb ofjDk. i/ edh w"ek fwb/ sK gzikp ftZu nekbh;oeko pDkT[Dh. j? sK d't/A fXoK f;Zy ;B, go ekoi y/so dh tzv ehshrJh ;h. ;w/A B/ eotN pdbh fe d't/A fxT[ fyuVh j' rJ/. r[o{ xoK ftZuPoXk Bkb nogD ehsk g?;k, oki;h ezwK s/ c{fenk ikD bZrk. Pq'L ew/Nhw?Apo n?wHn?bHJ/H s/ n?wHghH pDB bZr/. y[d r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk, nkyoh;[nk;K Bkb, ‘Xow s/ okiBhsh fJeZmh fBG/’ s/ g{ok T[sfonk. i' d[odPkXow s/ T[Zsw n;{bK dh, p/JhwkB oki;h b'eK B/ ehsh j?, T[; s'A j[D e'JhnDikD BjhA j?. fJjBK y[droI b'eK B/, fiZE/ okiBhsh ƒ fJZe i{nk pDk

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Xfonk j? sK Xow ƒ x'Vk. fJZe wjkB fcbk;co ybhb fIpokB d/ puB;[D' ‘w?A d[BhnK t/yh, izrbK s'A PfjoK tZb, M[ZrhnK s'A wfjbK tZb,tXfdnK t/fynk. w?A oki GtBK ekbiK, wzdoK pbhp/dhnK (esbrkjK)s/ frnk. w?A t/fynk wId{o nwho dk r[bkw j?. nwho f;gkjh dkr[bkw j?. f;gkjh ioB?b dk r[bkw, ioB?b oki/ dk r[bkw. okikgkdoh dk r[bkw j?. gkdoh fJZe w{osh dk r[bkw j?. i' fwZNh dh pDhj'Jh j?, fi; ƒ P?skB B/ y{B ftZu r[zB e/, w[odk y'gVhnK d/ Y/o T[Zs/,fNekfJnk j'fJnk j?. p[okJh s/ gkg dk pdp{dko rzdk phi, e"wK nZr/s'A nZr/ n"bkd d/ Bkw, t;hns eo fdzdhnK jB. e'Jh nkdwh ykBdkBhgstzsk BjhA jz[dk, p/nzs b'e jB, i' ekfsbK d/ T[FZso nfXekoh jB.i' ftnesh nZi izIhoK ftZu iefVnk j'fJnk j?, Io{oh BjhA T[jngokXh j't/. eJh tkoh fJj izIhoK ;'B/ d/ jkoK Bkb'A pj[s ehwshj'fJnk eodhnK jB. ‘;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK ftZu nodk; j? Xowhfbpk; tkbk, nzdo'A Gh Xowh j't/. Xow dhnK NkjoK wkoB tkbkXow n;EkBK s'A d{o oj/, iK fco B/e okj s/ uZb gt/.’

;uk Xow[ g[zB[ Gbk eokJ/.. dhB e? s';? d[Bh B ikJ/..dhB[ SvkJ/ d[Bh i' bkJ/.. d[jh ;okJh y[Bkwh ejkJ/..(743)nZi f;ZyK e'b Xow d/ Bkw j/m pj[s ;ko/ eoweKv jB, o;wK

ohsK jB. tfjw Gow jB, fIzdrh ;Zu/ Xow tZb'A ;ZyDh gqshs j' ojh j?.g?;/ dh nzBQh d"V B/ Xow n;EkBK ns/ Xow rqzE ƒ ewkJh d/ ;kXB ti'AtosDk P[o{ eo fbnk j?. r[opkDh tZb'A gqukfonk ;Zu wkB'A yzG bk e/ T[FZvfrnk j?. d{i/ gk;/ d' uko gqkDh T[Zmd/ jB, nB/e jop/ tosd/ jB, s/ BthAoki;h gkoNh ƒ iBw d/ fdzd/ jB. gzE d/ Bkw s/, gzE dh fgZm ftZu S[oky'GD tkb/ t'N s/ B'N dh wzr eod/ edh BjhA PowkT[Ad/. n? ;fsr[o{ ihU`s[;hA ;woZE ;hr/, Xow s/ okiBhsh ƒ s[;hA wB[Zysk d/ efbnkD fjZspky{ph tofsnk fBGkfJnk. nkgD/ f;ZyK ƒ nkd/P fdU` fJj nkgDk Xows/ nkgDh okiBhsh nbZr nbZr eo b?D. toBk Bk Xow gZb/ ofjDk j?, s/Bk jh oki fwbDk j?.

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d[pXk w/ d'B'A rJ/, Bk wkfJnk fwbh, Bk okw.wkD; ykD/ efoj fBtki] S[oh trkfJfB fsB rfb skr]fsB xfo pqkjwD g{ofj Bkd] UBk fG nktfj Ujh ;kd]HHH;ow Xow ek v/ok d{fo] BkBe e{V[ ofjnk Gog{fo] (tko nk;k)

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ebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnkebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnkebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnkebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnkebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnk HHHHH

jo f;Zy dk ns/ jo fJZe f;Zy ;z;Ek dk, fJj Xkowe coI pDdkj? fe ;fsr[o{ ih d/ T[gd/PK ƒ r[opkDh ftZu'A gVQ/, ;wM/, ftuko/, fco fes/;zrsK sZe g[ukD dh e'fPP eo/. fpjso fJj j? fe Pq'wDh ew/Nh nfij/wkfjo f;Zy ftdtkBK dk, fJZe p'ov pDkt/. f;Zy Xow Bkb ;zpzXs jo/efeskp T[jBK tZb'A gk; ehsh j'Jh jh gqwkDhe wzBh ikt/. pd fe;wsh Bkbnfijk BjhA ehsk frnk. jo ftnesh nkgDh wBwoIh Bkb r[opkDh d/noE eo fojk j?. fJfsjk; ƒ s'V wo'V e/ g/P eo fojk j?. e'Jh g[ZSDtkbk BjhA j?. ;r'A ;kv/ iE/dko s/ bhvo b'e T[jBK v/fonK Ne;kbK ftZuik e/ fsBQK dh gq;z;k d/ g[b pzBQ nkT[Ad/ jB. fgSb/ bzw/ ;w/A s'A dwdwhNe;kb pko/ g/sbh fijh ikDekoh ;h. ;zB 1983^84 ftZu pkpk ioB?bf;zx dh uVQs ;w/A T[jBK Bkb w[bkeksK dk nt;o Gh fwfbnk. 84 dkxZb{ekok tkgoB s'A pknd Ne;kb fco uouk ftZu ojh. fJjBK d/gqukoeK ƒ ;N/iK s/ p'bfdnK eEk eofdnK Gh ;[fDnk. fJj b'e e/tbnzBQh PoXk dhnK rZbK jh eod/ fd;/, frnkB soe s'A ykbh. i/ e'Jhftuko eoBh ukj/ sK woB wkoB s/ T[so g?Dk, fJjBK dk ;[Gk j?. w/o/;Bw[Zy frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dh fbyh g[;se “r[opkDh gkm doPB” gJhj?. fJj GkJh feogkb f;zx itkjo f;zx, wkJh ;/tk nzfwqs;o tZb'A 1969ftZu Sgh ;h. fJ;/ g[;se ftZu'A r[ows s'A T[bN ;wZroh gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/oZy fojk jK. pJh fet/A fJj b'e ;zsfroh dk b/pb bk e/, G'bhnK f;Zy;zrsK ƒ e[okj/ gk oj/ jB. r[opkDh d/ rbs noE eo oj/ jB. eokwkshp/^f;o g?o dhnK ejkDhnK r[o{ xo ftZu x[;/VhnK ik ojhnK jB.nfijhnk g[;seK gVQ e/, fJB;kB dk ihtB fej' fijk j't/rk< fBnko/ykb;/ ƒ fJj fe; pqkjwDh dbdb ftZu ;[ZN oj/ jB, edh fe;/ B/ ;'funksZe BjhA. f;ZyK ftZu wko{ jZd sZe eoweKvK ƒ dkyb eoB tkb/ fJjh b'e

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jB. p'dh tkb/, X'sh tkb/, pqkjwDK dk o{g pdb frnk, e/;K i{V/ tkb/pqkjwD, eSfjo/ tkb/, u'fbnK tkb/ pqkjwD, s[jkƒ E'e ftZu fwb ikDr/,feZE'A < Ne;kb ftZu'A. nkT[ fJjBK dh g[;sZe ftZu'A r[ows s'A T[bN e{V;wZroh d/ y[Zb/ doPB dhdko/ eohJ/^1H frnkBh r[opuB f;zx B/ nkgD/ Bkw Bkb i' e[M fbfynk j'fJnk

j? gVQ'^ eosk^“;qhwkB, gzE osB, ftZfd:k wkoszv, ;zs,frnkBh, r[opuB f;zx, ih, ykb;k”. j? Bk fBowkDsk dhf;yo, nZm ftP/PD nkgD/ Bkw Bkb y[d jh bk bJ/.ftZfdnk wkoszv dk noE j? frnkB dk ;{oi. ;{oi Bkb'A tZXukBD fe;/ dk BjhA, s/ fJjBK Bkb'A tZX frnkB fe;/ dk BjhA,j? Bk < (gzBk^1)

2H r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ nkgD/ fgsk, wfjsk ekb{ dk Gh nkgDhfbys r[opkDh ftZu fIeo BjhA ehsk. T[j ;op f;qPNh dk eosk,;KMk fgsk nekb g[oy ƒ wzBd/ ;B. okw uzdo d/ g[Zso e[P{ BkbT[jBK edh nkgDh ;KM BjhA do;kJh, go Ne;kbhJ/ r[o{ BkBeƒ e[P{ dh n"bkd rodkB oj/ jB. gzBk^1

3H ;kohnK fbysK ftZu (pkb/ s'A f;tkJ/) r[o{ BkBe dk iBw ft;ky dkjh fbfynk j? (;w/s GkJh wBh f;zx dh iBw ;kyh d/, eh GkJhwBh f;zx th rbs jB <) go Ne;kbhJ/ eZse dh g{oBwk;h bJhpfiZd jB, feT[A < 9

4H r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih ƒ okwuzdo d/ Gok, bSwD d/ p/N/, sZy d/ykBdkB Bkb i'V fdZsk frnk, feT[A < 10

5H r[o{ nwodk; ih okw d/ Gok, GoE d/ g[Zso GZbD dh pz; ftZu'A g?dkj'J/ fby wkfonk, feT[A < 11

6H r[o{ okwdk; ih bT{ d/ g[Zso, ekb okJ/ dh pz; ftZu'A ;B, fet/A gskbZrk < ;p{s < nZr'A ;ko/ r[o ftneshnK ƒ fJ;/ ;'Yh pz; Bkb BZEheo fdZsk. 12

7H r[o{ jfo okfJ ih d/ nZm ftnkj j'J/ fby wkfonk, feT[A < 158H r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B/ r[orZdh fdZbh s'A G/ih ^ fet/A < (fJfsjk; s'A

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;ZyD/) 189H ykb;k gzE d;w gksPkj B/ ubkfJnk < (gfjb/ B"A r[o ftnesh fco

eh eod/ oj/ <) BkBe fBowb gzE ubkfJnk < dk eh i[nkp j? < 1910H GkJh dfJnk f;zx (fgnkok) bT{ d/ ntsko ;B < 1911H GkJh Xow f;zx (fgnkok) XzBk ih d/ ntsko ;B < 1912H GkJh fjzws f;zx (fgnkok) us[oG[ih d/ ntsko ;B < (ebgs us[oG[ih) 1913H GkJh w'jew f;zx (fgnkok) Bkwd/t ih d/ ntsko ;B < 1914H GkJh ;kfjp f;zx (fgnkok) ;?D ih d/ ntsko ;B < 1915H wkJh ;/tK “gsh pqsk Pesh” dh tos'A eoe/, jo o'I ekp[b s'A

r'fJzdtkb ;/tk eoB nkfJnk eodh ;h < (Uj UE'A jh Pesh Bkb;/tk feT[A BjhA eodh ;h <) 21

16H fJZe phph dk gsh wo frnk, T[; gshpqsk Pesh tos e/ ;{oiuVQB'A o'eh oZfynk id'A GrtkB B/ gsh ihts ehsk sK jh ;{oi uVQBfdZsk < 22

17H ;fsr[o{ ih B/ bkb ozr d/ eZgV/ gkT[D s'A wBkjh ehsh j?. fJjNe;kbh efjzd/ jB.go r[o c[owkB sK fJj j? ^Bk w?bk Bk X[zdbk Bk Grtk Bk eu[]BkBe bkb' bkb j? ;u/ osk ;u[] (1089) 23

18H w{b wzso (wzrb) BkBe j';h Gh ;u[ sZe j?, (rbs, fJj r[ogq;kfd sZe j?, nkfd ;u ;b'e j?) 24

19H id'A pZuk roG ftZu j't/ sK fJj ftP/P Ppd gVQB Bkb oZfynk j[zdhj? < (wBws) 25

20H woki fgzv (fibQk pfmzvk) fty/ GkJh i?d fJ; eoe/ pj[sk pbtkB;h, feT[Afe wksk B/ P/o dk ne; gkDh ftZu t/fynk. ;t/o/ ;[ZshT[FZmD tes ;{oi wZE/ bZrk < (tkj` feZvk M{m fco sK ikBto jhizwDk ukjhdk ;h). 25

21H i?d Bkw/ f;Zy s/ ekb/ yK B/ tko ehsk, sK S/t/A gksPkj B/ eokwksh

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Pesh Bkb tko o'e fbnk < (eokwks Bkb r[o{ ih B/ d[PwDK ƒwkfonk feT[A BjhA<) 25

22H pkpk ;[zdo f;zx d/ fgsk yikB f;zx g[Zso dh gqkgsh tk;s/ jo o'IfJZe g?o s/ yb' e/ ;[ywBh ;kfjp dk gkm efonk eod/ ;B sK ;z[dof;zx dk iBw j'fJnk (gkyzv eow Bkb<) 26

23H yikB f;zx dh gsBh ;[zdo f;zx dh wksk, gzMh gkm ig[ih d/o'IkBk efonk eodh ;h < (wBws) 26

24H ;[zdo f;zx d/ iBw tes ukbh gT[VhnK nBzd ;kfjp dh ehosBehsk, fJj j[ew shi/ gksPkj dk j? < (;p{s d/ ;e'r/ < Ne;kbhnKdh wBws j?) 27

25H ;[zdo f;zx d/ iBw tes, xo ftZu gkm oykfJnk, pZu/ ƒ wZEkfNekfJnk, Bkw oZfynk, fco wK dk d[ZX fgnkfJnk frnk < (t/yhub', fpBK f;o g?o d/ T[gd/P) 27

26H ;[zdo f;zx ƒ izwD;ko ;zg{oD ;fji gkm ;[Dke/, ukbh fdBK ftZuG'r gkfJnk < (nDj'Dh rb) 27

27H nykV/ fgzv fJZe gqtko d/ pZu/ wo iKd/ ;B, fJZe f;Zy B/ feogkBdk nzfwqs SekfJnk pZu/ ƒ iBw d/ e/ wksk wo rJh pZuk BjhAwfonk < (tko/ tko/ ikJhJ/ neb d/) 28

28H pZu/ d/ iBw tes dkJh f;ZyDh jh j'Dh ukjhdh j? < (Ne;kbhJ/ j[Deh eod/ jB < eh j;gskbK ftZu BjhA iKd/ <) 28

29H Bkod w[Bh B/ 75 jIko ;kb ftZfdnk gVQh < (tZvk rg"Vk) 3030H t/d ftnk; frnkoK jIko ;kb sg eodk fojk < (rg"Vk) 3231H ;s/ pbtzv ƒ ns/ GZNK ƒ eKPh d/ pqkjwDK tZb'A ;okg fwfbnk

j'fJnk ;h < (x'o gkg fby wkfonk) 3332H nk;k eh tko pkDh 84 d/ r/V ftZu'A eZYdh j? < (s/ j'o pkDh eh

eodh j? <) 3433H ;[ywBh ;kfjp d/ 24 jIko nZyo jB, u"th xzfNnK d/ 24 jIko

;[nk; jB, u"th n;NgdhnK jB, fJ; soQK gkm eoB Bkb u"th

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jiko ;[nk; ;cb j[zd/ jB < (eh ;koh r[opkDh fJZe;ko BjhA j?) 3434H Xo{ Grs B/ 36000 ;kb sZe nNZb oki ehsk < (g"okDe eEktK d/

rZgK dk fJZE/ eh ezw<) 3635H cohd ih d/ w[;Zb/ j/mK PZeo, yzv, fwPoh d/ Y/o bZr/ t/y/ < 3636H pkpk cohd ih, pkoK ;kb sZe izrbK ftZu sg eod/ oj/, gZs/ yKd/

oj/. (<) 3637H cohd d/ i{znK g? rJhnK, wksk B/ eZYhnk, gZs/ ykD'A o'fenk <

(tZvk ngqkX) 3638H cohd B/ s/oQK ;kb y{j ftZu bNe e/ sg ehsk.(cohdk izrb izrb

fenk Gtfj tD ezvk w'Vfj] fJ; dk eh eo'r/ <) 3639H cohd B/ pkoK ;kb sZe ekm (beVh) dh o'Nh fYZv Bkb pzBQ e/ oZyh <3640H fJZe gzvs ;okg ekoB eKPh ftZu e[Zsk pfDnk j'fJnk ;h, r[o{

BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ T[;dk ;okg eZfNnk< 3941H Xowoki y[d :[fXZPNo dk fJwfsjkB b?D nkfJnk< (ebgDk) 4042H r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih e'b fJZe r'ji eEk tkbh r[gs g'Eh j'fJnk eodh

;h < (e'Jh g'Eh Bjh ;h) 4143H 1699 dh ft;kyh s'A gfjbK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih s/oK wjhB/ sZe

fJeKs tk; ftZu oj/ T[ZE/ e'Jh ;oho BjhA ik ;edk ;h < (Ne;kbhnKƒ ehjB/ dZf;nk < fBoh ebgDk) 42

44H GkJh dfJnk f;zx dk ;h; eZN e/ d;w gksPkj B/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjpnZr/ G/AN ehsk < 43

45H GkJh Xow f;zx, fjzws f;zx, w'jew f;zx, ;kfjp f;zx d/ f;oeZN e/ r[o{ rqzE ih nZr/ G/AN ehs/, r'ji g'Eh ftZu fbfynk j? (Bkr'ji g'Eh j? Bk e'Jh ;p{s j?) 45

46H GkJh fjzws f;zx ƒ fgSb/ iBw dk Pokg fwfbnk j'fJnk ;h, oZpB/ fejk ;h, s?ƒ d;w/ ikw/ ftZu nk e/ f;o b? e/ w[nkc eoKr/(GkJh fjzws f;zx dk x'o ngwkB) 45

47H fJjBK gziK d/ f;o eZN e/ T[FZgo nzfwqs fSVfenk, fiT[Ad/ ehs/

(147)

“Bt/A f;o T[Zr gJ/” (tkj tkj) 4548H r[o{ ih B/ fuVh fuV/ ƒ nzfwqs gk e/ d/ fdZsk, T[j gh e/ bVfdnK

EKJ/ wo rJ/ (<) 4649H r[opyP f;zx Bkwh f;Zy d"V e/ wksk ih ƒ ;Zd fbnkfJnk, T[jBK

nke/ gsk;/ gkJ/, sK nzfwqs PKsh dkfJe pfDnk < (wsbp fe r[o{r'fpzd f;zx ih s'A rbsh j' rJh ;h < wksk ih B/ do[;s ehsh<)

4650H gziK fgnkfonK fejk^ nzfwqs tZN/ eh fdUr/ < ;fsr[o{ B/ fejk

;opz; tko fdnKrk (eh fJj ;okg BjhA j? < i/ fgnko/ fJj wzrKBk oZyd/ fco ;fsr[o{ B/ ;opz; BjhA tkoBk ;h<) 47

51H gziK fgnkfonK fejk fit/A okw uzdo B/ pKdoK ƒ tfvnkJh fdZsh;h, T[;/ soQK ;kƒ wkD d/ oj/ j' < (pKdoK torh tfvnkJh fXZekoj?, ;w[Zu/ f;Zy gzE dh p/fJIsh ehsh j?) 47

52H nzfwqs pDkT[D bJh ib dfonk iK y{j dk jh tosDk, Bbe/ dkBjhA. feT[A < 49

53H nzfwqs fsnko eoB t/b/ gzi fgnko/ pkDh gVQB, nfGbkyh f;zxtkfjr[o{ wzso dk ikg eod/ ofjD (pkDh feT[A Bk ;[DB <) 52

54H gzi fgnkfonK dhnK dZ; nZyK, dZ; r[o{nK dk gqshe jB, dZ; jZEGh dZ; r[o{nK dk gqshe wzBhd/ jB. (fseVwpkih) 52

55H u"gJh sho ;s dqt rqzE ;[Xkok sZe gVQBh Io{oh j? < (wB xVs) 5256H nzfwqs nfGbkyhnK ftZu'A i/ gfjbK fe;/ dk nBzd ekoi Bk j'fJnk

j't/ sK d[pkok bktK gVQ e/ nBzd ekoi eoBk (i/ i'Vh d/ xo pZu/ g?dkj' rJ/ j'D sK eh ehsk ikt/ < i/ gfjbK ftnkj rbs j?, fco sK pZu/Gh izwD/ rbs jB. f;ZyK ƒ gkyzvh pDkfJnk ik fojk j?) 54

57H w{b wzso BkBe j';h Gh ;u[ sZe gVQBk, toBk cb BjhA fwb/rk< 5658H ebeZs/ ftZu fJZe ;kX B/ eZuh szd Bkb f;Zy ƒ wkoBk ukfjnk.

f;Zy B/ w{b wzso gfVQnk s/ ;kX dh jh w"s j' rJh < (f;ZyK d/d[PwDK ƒ w{b wzso gVQ e/ feT[A BjhA wkod/<) 56

(148)

59H wodkB/ ƒ gkDh ftZu v[Zpd/ ƒ pukT[D fjZs tkfjr[o{ wzso fdZsk,wzso gVQ e/ wodkBk gkDh s/ N[oB bZr fgnk (tkfjr[o{ wzso r[o{ BkBeB/ BjhA pDkfJnk, eh Ne;kbhJ/ j[D gkDh s/ N[o ;eDr/<) 57

60H nzrq/IK B/ bZyK o[g? you eoe/ r[opkDh ftZu fwbktN eotkJh, sKjh skes xN rJh < 57

61H tkfjr[o{ wzso uko i[rK d/ uko d/tfsnK d/ Bkw s'A fbnk j? <(r[opkDh i[rK d/tfsnK ƒ BjhA wzBdh) 57

62H nBzd ;kfjp ukbh gT[VhnK fszB tkoh gVQB s/ fprV/ ekoi ok;nk iKd/ jB < (s[;hA gzE dh fprVh ;tko bU.) 59

63H r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp g[oh ftZu rJ/, T[ZE/ T[jBK ƒ ekb/ w{zj tkb/ b'efwb/, rodBK ftZu feZb m[e/ j'J/ b'e fwb/, ;{oK d/ w{zj tkb/ b'e t/y/,fgSKj ƒ w{zjK tkb/ t/y/, bVehnK nkdwhnK dk wk; tZY^tZYyKdhnK t/yhnK < 60

64H jzeko ekoB ;z[B ;wkXh tkb/ b'e ;Zu yzv ftZu'A eZY fdZs/ iKd/ jB,;Zu yzv ftZu ;'do[ dk gkm j[zdk j? < 61

65H fJZe nkiVh N[odk fcodk ;'fjb/ dk gkm eodk ;h, fJ;/ ekoB r[o{BkBe ;kfjp ih d/ g?oK s/ MohNK nk rJhnK, y{B tr fgnk, fJ;soQK N[od/ fcod/ gkm BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. (r[opkDh c[owkB sKfJj j? ^ T[{ms p?ms ;'ts fXnkJhn?. wkofr ubs jo/ jforkJhn?]) (386) 62

66H i/ eSfjok gkT[D ftZu rbsh j' ikt/ sK gzi f;zxK s'A nodk;eokt/, gzi ig[ih d/ gkm eo/ (<) 62

67H ;"D tes ;'fjb/ dk gkm eo', d[nkb/ b'j/ dk febQk pD iKdk j?< 6168H okw uzdo B/ y[P j' e/ jƒwkB ƒ eSfjok fdZsk, T[; s'A f;ZyK ƒ

fwfbnk < (r[o{ dh s"jhB) ;kƒ pKdo pDkT[D s/ s[b/ j'J/ B/Ne;kbhJ/. 62

69H d;w gksPkj fPeko bJh rJ/, fPeko Bk fwfbnk, eekoK dhgVskb ehsh rJh. fJZe f;Zy d/ e/;K ftZu ezxk BjhA ;h, fJ;/

(149)

bJh fPeko Bk fwfbnk (fPeko Bkb ezx/ dk eh ;pzX) 6470H feogkB dh X{g dhg nkfd Bkb g{ik eoBh ukjhdh j? <6671H fJZe foPh B/ ikB pukT[D ykso wzso gfVQnk, d[nkb/ b'j/ dh ezX

T[;o rJh (wzso eh j? <) 7072H fco fJ;/ foPh B/ szpke{ gh fbnk, ;ko/ ig ns/ PeshnK ysw

j' rJhnK, febQk Bk pfDnk, fJZe bVeh B/ fJ;dh fJZIs b[ZNh (sq?ekb fJj rZbK ;zGt BjhA jB) 70

73H szpke{ dh g?dkfJP ekwX/B rT{ d/ g?oK ftZu br/ shoK ekoB tr/, y{B s'Aj'Jh j? < 71

74H r' w/X iZr ;w/A rT{ fizdk Bk j'Jh, T[;/ e[zv ftZu'A szpke{ g?dk j'frnk < 71

75H ebi[r tZSh pDe/ rko/ ftZu y[ZG frnk. fPt gkotsh B/ ezBK s'Ans/ g{S s'A cV e/ fyZfunk, sK ezB s/ g{S g[ZN/ rJ/. g{S Xosh ftZudZp e/ T[FZgo ezB bk fdZs/ ns/ fejk j[D fJ; s'A szpke{ pD/rk < (fJ;soQK edh BjhA j' ;edk) 71

76H wk; ykD pko/ d[pXk tkb/ ftuko. nX{ohnK gzeshnK rbs noEehs/ rJ/ jB, PpdK d/ gzB/ BzL Gh BjhA fdZs/, fes/ wk; yk bT[ fes/Bk ykT[, f;XKsK s'A ;ZyD/ ftuko) 74

77H Bhbk ghbk ekbk fuZNk, ykb;/ d/ fJjh ozr jB, j'o ozr BjhA gkT[D/(eh ekoB < ;gPN eo') 79

78H Bkod foPh B/ nBb gzSh d/ yzG d;t/A gksPkj ƒ G/AN ehs/, sK jhn?BhnK PeshnK ;B < (fJ; dk wsbp r[o{ ih e'b e'Jh PeshBjhA ;h < r[o{ dh s"jhB) 83

79H gykB/ ik e/ gzi tkoh fwZNh Bkb jZE wKiD/, GKv/ d' tkoh fwZNh BkbwKiD/< (;kpD Bkb feT[A BjhA) 83

80H GkJh fdnkb dk; dk bzro d;w gksPkj ih B/ Bk Sfenk,feT[Afe T[j p/^nzfwqshnk ;h. T[j rZfvnK s/ bZd e/ wro fcodkfojk. jcs/ fgS' nzfwqs SeDk wzB frnk. d;w gksPkj B/

(150)

nodk; eoe/ ehfVnK tkbk bzro ;Ziok pDk fdZsk. ;kfonKSfenk < 86

81H d;t/A gksPkj ih B/ ;'Yh e"b f;zx d/ fgSb/ iBwK tkb/ ;ko/ gkg;okg fwNk fdZs/ (<) 87

82H dkB f;zx d/ g[ZSD s/ d;w/A gksPkj dZf;nk fe e/; fJ; tk;s/oZyhd/ jB, e/;K s'A cV e/ BoeK ftZu gJ/ f;Zy ƒ pkjo eZYbtKr/HHHH < (f;ZyK dh p/fJZIsh) 87

83H fi; pzd/ B/ fJZe tkoh nzfwqs SZe fbnk Gkt/A fizBhnK woIhrbshnK eoh ikt/, T[j d; jIko ;kb sZe BoeK ftZu BjhA gt/rk< (u'o eh jkwk Go/ Bk e'fJ] u'o ehnk uzrk feT[ j'fJ] (662)y'N/ yo/ goyhnfB ;kfjp e? dhpkD] (789) ^ edh fJjBK r[o{j[ewK dh ftuko ehsh j? < 88

84H nzfwqs dh Pesh eoe/ fuVhnK B/ pki wko fdZsk < 8885H GkJh dfJnk f;zx d/ ;h; d/D eoe/ f;zxK ftZu dfJnk nkJh < (fco

r[opkDh eh j?<) 8986H Xow f;zx d/ ;h; d/D ekoB f;zxK ftZu Xow nkfJnk j? < (r[opkDh

eoe/ BjhA <) 9087H fjzws f;zx d/ ;h; tkoB eoe/ f;zxK ftZu fjzws nkJh j? < (gfjbK

fjzws BjhA ;h<) (S/t/A r[o{ t/b/ eh ;h <) 9088H w'jew f;zx d/ ;h; d/D eoe/ f;zxK ftZu fNekU nfJnk j? < (gfjbK

p/u?Bh ;h<) 9089H ;kfjp f;zx d/ ;h; d/D eoe/ f;zxK ftZu ;kfjp g[Dk nkfJnk <

(gfjbK wzrs/ ;B) 9190H pkDh xZN gVQB eoe/, nzfwqs ftZu'A Pesh xZN iKdh j?, u"gJh s/ nBzd tZvk

gVQ' (wBws) 9391H phphnK ƒ nzfwqs fsnko eoB ;w/A ftZu Pkwb BjhA eoBk < (x'o

ftseok) ;' feT[A wzdk nkyhn?HHHH] 9492H ;fsr[o{ B/ 84 bZy i{BQK eZND tk;s/ nzfwqs fsnko eoe/ SekfJnk <

(151)

(r[opkDh ekjd/ bJh j? <) 9493H deP foPh B/ ;Zs XhnK, fpBK BZe, ezB S/d/, fpBK rfjD/ gkJ/

ftnkjhnK, T[;ƒ pj[s g[zB bfrnk. fco T[; d/ xo d; jIkoXhnK izwhnK, rbs f;Zfynk ekoD bVehnK d/ BZe ezB S/d/, rfjD/gkJ/, ftnkjhnK, tZvk gkgh pfDnk < 95

94H ftnkj ftZu phphnK B/ frZXk BjhA gkT[Dk < (feT[A BjhA frZXkgkT[Dk) 96

95H joh ;?B oki/ dh gsBh r[o{ dopko ftZu x[zv eZY e/ nkJh. ;fsr[o{ih B/ g[ZfSnk, fejVh ewbh j? < s/ T[j sd'A jh gkrb j' rJh.(r[o{ ih rbsh ekoB fe;/ ƒ gkrb BjhA pDkT[Ad/) 107

96H ewbh j'Jh okDh izrb ftZu Bzrh x[zwD bZrh, r[o{ nwodk; ih B/ ;uB;Zu ƒ nkgDh yVKt fdZsh. wZE/ ftZu yVKt wkoB Bkb gkbrgD yswj' frnk. (eh fpwkoK d/ j[D Gh i[ZshnK wkohJ/ <) 107

97H d;t/A gksPkj B/ f;ZyK ƒ G{sK gq/sK d/ M[zv ftykJ/. G{sK dZf;nk fej[D ;kvh frDsh xN rJh j?. id'A s'A u"E/ gksPkj B/ bktK T[ukoBehshnk jB i' gVQdk j? w[es j' iKdk j?. 109

98H ijKrho dh bVeh fJZe f;Zy, ;zs okw Bkb ftnkj eokT[Dk ukj[zdh;h, f;Zy B"eoh SZv e/ d"V frnk. T[; f;Zy ƒ cVe/ f;o eZNe/bVeh nZr/ oZfynk, bVeh S{jD bZrh sK eZfNnk f;o ;tk frZm T[ZukT[Zm frnk < (nDftfrnkfBe nDfJfsjk;e, ftuko) 116

99H fJZe gsh pqs Xow ftZu gZeh phph B/ pkoK fdBK sZe ;{oi Bk uVQBfdZsk, d/tfsnK B/ T[;dk wfonk gsh fiT[Adk ehsk, fco T[;B/;{oi uVQB fdZsk (;koh d[BhnK Gh ;{oi ƒ uVQB'A o'e BjhA ;edh) 118

100H phph oiBh B/ gsh pqs Xow dh skes Bkb e'jVh gsh ƒ szdo[;sehsk T[j gZNh dk okik pfDnk (BK gshpqs j'Dk e'Jh Pesh j?, Bke'jVh mhe j'fJnk, Bk gZNh ftZu e'Jh nfijk okik j'fJnk) 118

101H ftPƒ B/ ;sh dk ;s Gzr ehsk, ibzXo d?As dh skes xN rJh,fco ftPƒ B/ T[;ƒ wkfonk gfjbK fe;/ s'A jkodk BjhA ;h.

(152)

(M{mhnK g"okDe eEktK dk r[ows ftZu e'Jh EK BjhA) 118102H ncbks{B w{oshnK ftZu b[e frnk, T[;ƒ w"s Gh bZG Bk ;eh (w"s

s'A e'Jh BjhA pfunk) 135103H gkDBh foPh jzeko ekoB gq/s pD frnk ;h, r[o{ BkBe ih B/ eKPh

fty/ T[;dk T[dko ehsk < 137104H B"t/A r[oK fdZbh e?d tes rzBk u{; e/ fSbek ;[ZfNnk, gq/s B/ u{f;nk,

w[es j' frnk. ;oeko d/ pkrhnK sZe rzB/ fe; B/ gj[zukJ/ < 137105H GkJh jhok f;zx pkDh gVQdk wfonk ;h, nekP ftZu'A oE nkJ/, ;tko

j' e/ frnk < (nekP ftZu'A edh fe;/ tk;s/ oE BjhA nkJ/) 137106H i/ pZio e[ofjshnk f;Zy wo ikt/ sK wo/ gJ/ ƒ nzfwqs SekU,

d{finK bJh nodk; jh ekch j? < (BtK gkyzv P[o{) 139107H wo/ gqkDh Bkb tkX{ eSfjok, ezxk, nkfd Bkb pzBDk ukjhdk j? <

(gkyzv fefonk P[o{) 140108H fiZE/ pzdk wo/ T[; EK d; fdBK sZe i?s;oh dh tko dk gkm j't/ <

(gkyzv) 142109H T[;/ EK jo o'I ;j;feqsh d/ S/ S/ ;b'eK dh eEk j'Dh ukjhdh j? <

(gkyzv) 142110H o'D ekoB woB tkbk jzM{nK ftZu v[Zp iKdk j?, gko BjhA ik ;edk < 143111H fJZe wkJh g[Zso wo/ s'A pj[s o'Jh, wo/ g[Zs B/ tkg; nk e/ dZf;nk

fe s/o/ o'D eoe/ okj ftZu jB/ok j'fJnk j? 143112H n;EhnK ehosg[o iK r'fJzdtkb gkt' < (gkyzv) “i/ fwose eT[

ft;Nk wfj o[bkJh] sT[ fwose ek fenk xfN ikJh]” (1160)eh r[opkDh M{m j? < 143

113H GKv/ fp;so/ nfd wo/ gqkDh Bfws rqzEh ƒ fdZs/ ikD (ro[V g[okD tkbkpqkjwDh gkyzv) 145

114H gkmK dhnK fe;wK ^ ;kXkoB gkm, fwose gkm, y[Ph dk nyzvgkm, ;zgN gkm, nyzv ;zgN gkm, ;XkoB ;zgN gkm, ;gskfjegkm (fBok gkyzv gquko) d;w rqzE gkm, d;w rqzE nyzv gkm

(153)

nkfd. 150115H gkmh f;zx eZuk fgnki iK bZ;D Bk ykD, i/ yk b?D sK uko gfjo

ji{oh ftZu Bk ikD f;ZyK ƒ gkyzvh pDk fdZsk. 151116H gkmh Ne;kbh j'D, e/;h fJPBkB eoe/ ji{oh ftZu ikD < (gkyzv) 151117H fizBh tkoh gkmh gykB/ ikD T[sBh tkoh fJPBkB eoB < (gkyzv)

i' rzd jo tes nzdo j? T[;dk eh eo'r/ < 151118H eVkj gqPkfd wfonkdk Bkb Bk pDkfJnk ikt/ sK gkm dk cb BjhA

fwbdk. (gkyzv) 152119H i's bJh d/;h fxU tofsnk ikt/, X{c jo tes X[ydh oj/ <

(gkyzv) 152120H X{c ;wZrohHHHHHH (eJh jiko o[g? dh ci{b youh) fbyDh ;zGt

BjhA j? < (nzBh b[ZN) 152121H nyzv gkm Bkb ig[ih oZyDk Io{oh (gkyzv) 153122H fizB/ nkyzv gkm oZy/ T[B/ jh ig[ih Bkb oZy/ < (gkyzv) 153123H nyzv gkm ns/ j'o ;ko/ gkmK Bkb fBsB/w s/ ehosB Io{oh j't/ <

(gkyzv) 153124H G'r gk e/ nkosh Io{o eoBh < (gkyzv) 153125H wZX dh nodk; Io{o eoBh < (gkyzv) 153126H gkm Bkb i's, X{c, Bkohnb, c[Zb Io{o oZyD/ < (gkyzv) 154127H d/r mzYh eoe/ G'r bkT[Dk row ƒ BjhA < (gkyzv) fes/ feogkB dk w{zj

Bk wZu ikt/ < 154128H r[o{ noiB ih B/ r'fJzdtkb s'A g'EhnK fbnkT[D tes IwhB s/ p?m

e/ ehosB ehsk < (M{m) 155129H r[o{ noiB ih r'fJzdtkb g'EhnK b?D Bzr/ g?ohA nkJ/ s/ tkg; Bzr/

g?ohA rJ/ < 155130H r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu gikwk gk e/ BjhA ikDk, (gkyzv ohsh

fpBK dbhb ukb{ ehsh rJh j?) eh n"osK th nkgD/ gow fgsk ihdh ji{oh ftZu T[go'es nB[;ko jh ikD < 160

(154)

131H r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B/ gzi/ tkbk ;[Zek fgZgb uzdB fSVe e/ jok eofdZsk < 161

132H eVkj gqPkfd dh ohs sd'A uZbh, id'A r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp e'b f;ZX i'rhfpoX o{g XkoB eoe/ nkJ/, s/ e[M ykD ƒ wzfrnk. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ sd'AeVkj pDk e/ SekfJnk < (e'Jh ;p{s BjhA) 161

133H ;G s'A T[Zgo oZp dk Bkw, d{i/ EK r[opkDh, shi/ EK eVkj gqPkfdwzBDk < (wB xVzs rZbK) 161

134H fJBQK ftP/P pkDhnK dk fszB tkoh gkm eoB s/ ekoi ;cb j'Dr/ <(tfjw) 163

135H ekpb d/ fJbkfenK ftZu eVkj gqPkfd ƒ gzik bZrdk j?, i/ Bk bZr/sK ekoi f;ZX BjhA j[zd/ (wBws) 164

136H fJZe f;Zy ekp[b s'A dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o nkfJnk d/r nogDehsh, gzik Bk bZfrnk, fJZE/ feogkB G/AN ehsh rJh. T[; d/ wBnzdo ;z;k ikrh, sK jfowzdo ftZu'A r[gs nktki nkJh “f;Zyk;z;k Bk eo, fJZE/ fJjh wfonkdk j?” < (gzik bZrDk ;zGt jhBjhA,) 164

137H d/r gqtkB j't/ BjhA efjDk G'r bZr/ efjDk j?, bktj[ G'r jfookfJHHHHH (gkyzv) 164

138H G'r bZr/ ns/ gqtkB j't/ fby e/ fJZe tkoh gouhnK nzfwqs ;o'toftZu gkJhnk ;B, G'r tkbh gouh so rJh, d{ih v[Zp rJh, sd'As/ G'r p'bhdk j? < 165

139H fJZe f;Zy B/ e'jV d{o j'D dh ;[Zy ;[Zyh, GkJh ih B/ b'G eoe/ eVkjpj[s yk fbnk fJ;/ GkJh ih ƒ jh e'jV j' frnk. (nB/e soQKdhnK nodk;K dh G/NK r[o{ xoK ftZu nkT[Adh j?, Ne;kbhnK ƒe'jV ;G s'A gfjbK j'Dk ukjhdk ;h) 166

140H j[ewBkwk^;t/o/ yZp/ gzB/ s'A, d[fgjo wZX s'A, Pkw ƒ j/mK s'A bt' <(Gow) 168

141H dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o ftZu ;s Pqh nekb dk i?ekok gzit/A

(155)

;fsr[oK ukb{ ehsk < (fJfsjk; s'A ;ZyD/) 168142H wjkoki d/ o[wkb/ rowh ftZu gsb/ o/Pwh j'D, ;odh ftZu row

o[wkb/ j'D < (gkyzv) 172143H rowhnK ftZu wjkoki ƒ fdB oks gZyk MZbDk, irQk mzYh oZyDh <

(gkyzv) 174144H nodk; s'A pknd tkb/ fszB d'jo/ “nkfrnk GJhHHHHHH” r[o{ r'fpzd

f;zx d/ fby/ j'J/ jB < (fJfsjk; s'A e'o/ nDikD) < 175145H mhe soQK wZEk N/eD Bkb g[Zm/ b/y f;ZX/ j' iKd/ jB < (gkyzv) 176146H ;fji gkm wro'A ig[ih gzi gT[VhnK, nyzv gkm wro'A ;kok ig[ih

gVQ' (gkyzv) 177147H ;[ywBh gVQB Bkb ijKrho dh ib'Xo dh fpwkoh jN rJh ;h <

(ebgDk) 178148H gzit/A gksPkj B/ nkgDh Pjhdh tes f;ZyK dhnK e[opkBhnK dh

GftZypkDh ehsh ;h < (ebgDk) 178149H Jh;k s'A fpBK Jh;kJhnK ftZu j'o e'Jh e[opkBh tkbk BjhA j'fJnk <

(fJfsjk; s'A ;yD/) 178150H Pjhdh tes gzit/A r[o{ e'b wdd tk;s/ ;ko/ d/ts/ nkJ/, u"ok;h

f;ZX i'rh ish nkJ/, T[jBK B/ nk e/ ;ko/ f;gkjh p/j'P eo fdZs/ < 179151H puB ;[D e/ ;kJhA whnK who p/j'P j' frnk < 179152H r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ fgsk r[o{ Bfws gkm eotk e/ pkpk p[ZYk

ih ƒ gkm G/Nk ftZu fJZe jkEh, gzi x'V/, gzi ;" w'jo, p/nzs g[Pke/nkfd fdZs/ (fgsk woB dh fJzBh y[Ph wBkJh) fJj nkg bkbuhukj[zd/ jB ;kƒ J/BhnK G/Nktk fwbD. 180

153H r[o{ noiB d/t Bfws :Zr ehsk frnk, s/oK fdB gkm j'fJnK <(r[owfs fto'Xh) 180

154H r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ r[o{ rqzE ftZu B" X[BhnK uVQkJhnK (fJjX[BhnK y[d gzuw r[o{ B/ uVQkJhnK ;B.) 180

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155H wo/ gqkDh Bfws gkm ehfsnK T[j ;Zu yzv iKdk j?, T[;ƒ ;[y fwbdkj? < (gkyzv) 182

156H wo/ gqkDh Bfws G/Nk, eZgV/, fp;sok, posB i'Vk nkfd d/t/,bzro ubkt/ < (ro[V g[okD ftZu fbyh pqkjwDh b[ZN dh jwkfJs,r[opkDh s'A T[bN) 183

157H r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp B/ g[Zso gqkgsh bJh fsqp/Dh gq:kr fty/nyzv gkm eotkfJnk sK g[Zso iBfwnk (wsbp fe B"t/A r[o{ ƒ oZps/ Go';k BjhA ;h, T[jBK e'b y[d e'Jh ;woZEk BjhA ;h, pqkjwDk s'Ag[Zso fbnk <) 184

158H d{ih tkoh d;w gksPkj B/ sbtzvh ;kp' nyzv gkm eotkfJnk <(ebgDk) 185

159H r[opkDh dk nZyo brK, ezBk, fpzdh, r[o{ ih d/ nzr jB, id'A e'JhnP[ZX gkm eodk j? sK ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ sebhc j[zdh j? (id'A g'EhnKr[Ne/ ;o{g ewI'o j' iKd/ jB, nrB G/N j[zd/ jB sd'A eh nkyhJ/eh j[zdk j? <) 185

160H nkgD/ n;bh r[o{ j'D dk ;p{s d/D tk;s/ d;w gksPkj B/ ezm s'ApkDh T[ukoB ehsh. fes/ f;Zy PZe Bk eo b?D. (i/ PZe j' frnkw[es BjhA j' ;eDr/, ;fsr[o{ ih dk ngwkB) 186

161H fJZe d'fjok r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu d;t/A gksPkj dk j?< “pb j'nk pzXBS[N/” 186

162H okik i? f;zx dh ;z;k Bftosh bJh, dwdw/ fty/ d;w gksPkj B/nyzv gkm eotkfJnk, r[o{ ih B/ ;kok gkm yVQ/ j' e/ ;[fDnk.(Ne;kbhJ/ yVQ/ j' e/ gkm feT[A BjhA ;[Dd/ <) 187

163H gkm ;[Dd/ j'J/ d;w r[o{ yb' e/ jh T[go gkDh g[nk b?Ad/ ;B. (r[o{ ihƒ gkrb Bk pDkU) 187

164H ji{o ;kfjp BKd/V fty/ d;w r[o{ ih B/ ;kok nyzv gkm fJZe' u"AeV/;[fDnk < fJPBkB bJh T[E/ jh T[go gkDh gtk fbnk eod/ ;B< (r[o{ih dh s"jhB) 189

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165H nyzv gkm d/ G'r wro'A r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ;[y nk;D eo fdZsk ikt/< (gkyzv) 194

166H ;zgN gkm, ;zgN jo Ppd s/ bkt', nsh ekoi j't/ sK s[e s[e s/ ;zgNbkt', fiZE/ vzvhnK nk ikD T[E/ jh ;zgN bkt', w{b wzso s/ r[o wzso;G s/ ;zgN bkt' < (gkyzv) 194

167H ;zgN tkbk ;fji gkm ukbh fdBk ftZu g{ok eo', i' ukj' ekoi f;ZXj'Dr/ < (gkyzv) 195

168H ;zgN nyzv gkm wro'A nyzv gkm eoBk, fco ;fji gkm Io{o eoBk< (gkyzv s/ b[ZN) 196

169H ;gskje gkm ftZu gkm fJZe' p?me ftZu 102 gso/ gVQ/ sK cb fwb/rk <(gkyzv) 197

170H gkmh f;zx fe;/ Bkb rZb Bk eo/ w"B oZy/, f;zxDh Bkb “;KM” Bkeo/, i/ ;[gB d'P j' ikt/, izrb gkDh ikt/ sK e/;h fJ;BkB eo/ <(gkyzv) 197

171H fi; ftnesh Bfws gkm eoBk j't/, T[jh nzdo ikt/, j'o e'Jh Bkikt/, pZu/ phph fpbe[b Bk nkT[D < (phphnK dk tko tko fBokdo)

198172H d;w rqzE gkm dh wfonkdk nyzv gkm tkbh j?, ig[ih dh EKt/ ikg[

;kfjp Bkb oZfynk ikt/ < X{c ;wZroh ;G T[jh j? < (r[o{ rqzE dhs"jhB tZvk gkg ehsk j?) 201

173H ig[ih dk tZvk wjksw j?, fJj t/Jh gqt/P tes ;uyzv fty/ T[ukoBehsk ;h < 201

174H ig[ih d/ts/ th gVQd/ jB, fJ; d/ gVB Bkb ;ko/ ezw ok; nk iKd/jB < 202

175H fJZe ig[ih gVQB s/ r[gkbk ih ƒ ;tk bZyh x'Vk ekmh ;w/s fwbfrnk ;h, tZX gVQB Bkb tZX cb feT[A Bk fwb{, fJ;/ bJh nyzv gkmd/ Bkb oyhdk j?, cb pj[s j? < (gkyzv) 202

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176H e[zG oZyD dk wjksw i/eo i'sK s'A nZr bZr ikt/, sK gkDh gk e/ p[Mkb?Dh < (gkyzv) 203

177H e[zG tkbk ib SeD Bkb o'r d{o j[zd/ jB < (frL) r[opuB f;zx s/eosko f;zx B/ feT[A BK Sfenk < 203

178H nzfwqs;o fty/ ;q'to dk ib nzfwqs pD frnk j?, fJ;/ soQK e[zG dkib nzfwqs pD iKdk j?. (f;ZyK ƒ r[wokj ehsk frnk j?, xVk e?Bh,;o'to tkbk gkDh nzfwqs BjhA pDdk. 203

179H Bkohnb ;h; G/N eoB pokpo j? < fco b'V g?D s/ Bkohnb jhG/N eohJ/ < 204

180H d[opk;k foPh B/ o[ZyK ƒ pzd/ bk fdZs/, Bk ykD Bk ghD < oZp B/o'fenk. (ioQk ;'u' edh o[yK ƒ pzd/ bZr ;ed/ jB cbK tKr < fJjw{oysk dh fJzsjk BjhA sK j'o eh j? <) 204

181H i/ gkm ftXh g{ote j'fJnk j't/ sK Bkohnb dh froh ;VQ e/ ;[nkjj' iKdh j? < 204

182H okr wkbk s'A fpBK phV fbyD tkb/ dh ihG ftZu nZm fdBk nzdoehV/ g? rJ/, fco okr wkbk fbyh s[ozs okih j' frnk (nkyzvehosBh iZE/ tkfbnK dk ed/ tkb ftzrk BjhA j'fJnk) 212

183H “fEo[ xfo p?;j[” Ppd dk fSbk eZfYnK ekoi ok; nk iKd/ jB <(gkyzv) 214

184H okr wkbk pko/ GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk B/ rbs fbfynk j? < 216185H s/ik f;zx G;"V tkbk id'A wfonk sK r[gs EK ehV/ g? rJ/ ;B, nZyK

ftZu ;[zvhnK g? rJhnK, ;ko/ ;oho ftZu'A pdp{ nkt/, feT[Afe okrwkbk dk fto'Xh ;h < (M{m dh f;yo ;hwk) s/ frL r[opuB f;zx13 ;kb fpwko ofje/ feT[A wfonk ;h < 216

186H ;zfBnk;h, fBowb/ ;kX ;zs wjzs v/o/dko gfjbK g{oh ofjok;gVQd/ ;B, fJj rVQ rZi nekbhnK B/ xNk fdZsh < (wBwoIh dhj?AeVpkIh s/ XZek) 222

(159)

187H xZN pkDh gVQB eoe/ g[zB dh EKt/ gkg d/ Gkrhdko pDd/ jK < 222188H ;'fjb/ s'A gfjbK uko Ppd gVQ', nodk; eo', uko/ gk;/ b'j/ dk

febQk pD iKdk j?, ;t/o/ fJPBkB eoe/ ig[ih gfVQnK febQk jNiKdk j? < 226

189H ig[ih ;kfjp f;ZyK dk wkbk wzso j? (r[opkDh wkbk s/ wzsoK dkyzvB eodh j? fJj ihtB iku j?) 230

190H ;fsr[o{ ih B/ t/dK ns/ pqkjwDK d/ ntsko GZNK ƒ T[gd/P ehsk,tkfjr[o{ T[ukoB ehsk. (eg'b ebgDk) 234

191H eosk g[oy ih B/ t, j, r, o dk B"A^B"A i[Zr ikg ehsk, sk tkfjr[o{wzso fsnko j'fJnk. (s"pk s"pk) 235

192H ekwo{g dhnK fJ;sohnK B/ wodkB/ ƒ G/v{ pDkfJnk ;h < (wodkBk ihdh s"jhB) 238

193H w{b wzso xNkT[D eoe/ f;ZyK dh skes xN rJh j? (Ne;kbhJ/nkgDh skes feT[A BjhA tXk b?Ad/) 241

194H “r[opkDh gkm doPB” feskp ftZu fbfynk j? fe Ne;kb GkJhwBh f;zx s'A uZbh j?. (gzBk 253), go j[D pkpk dhg f;zx s'ANe;kb uZbD dk g?AsVk pdb fbnk j?. id'A fe fJj d't/A rZbK e'okM{m jB. fe;/ fJfsjk;e rqzE s'A fJ;dh g[PNh BjhA j[zdh feNe;kb dwdw/ s'A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B/ ubkJh. T[jBK XV/pzdhnK,;zgodktK ysw eoe/ ykb;k pDkfJnk ;h. fe;/ ƒ tZX nfXekoBjhA fdZs/. fJj f;ZyK Bkb Po/nkw X'yk j?.

195H eoskog[oh jZE fbys phV s/ Gh frL r[opuB f;zx s/ T[; d/g?o'eko, wko{ tko eoB'A pki BjhA nkJ/. fJj ;G fBtkDk gkoeoe/ fJ;/ feskp d/ gzBk 260 s/ fbyd/ jB^ “eoskog[oh phVftZu seohpB 1500 s'A tZX rbshnK jB, fJzBk tZvk e[co < gkgeow <” r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih f;Zy Xow dh nkXko fPbk jB.Ne;kb tkfbnK f;Zyh f;XKsK n;{bK T[Zs/ sK e'M' tko ehs/ jh ;B,fJjBK d; r[o{ ;kfjpkB ƒ Gh ngwkfBs ehsk j?. f;ZyK d/ f;ow"o

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:'X/ ns/ goT[gekohnK ƒ Gh fJjBK fwZNh ftZu fwbk fdZsk j?.gkyzv s/ e'ok M{m fbyD bZfrnk fJjBK edh Pow Bk ehsh. fpBk;p{s s'A p/f;o g?o dhnK ejkDhnk xVBhnK fJjBK dk P[rb j?.gkg eow dh f;yo sd/ ;keko ;kjwD/ w{oshwkB j[zdh j?, id'AfJj eoskog[oh phV s/ Gh d[PwDk Bkb'A fGnkBe tko eod/ jB.i/ eoskog[oh phV ftZu, ns/ dwdwh phV ftZu, Skg/ dhnKrbshnK ekoB gkm G/d jB, sK fJ;ƒ f;Zy ftdtkBk dhnKwhfNzrK ftZu ftukfonk ikDk ukjhdk ;h. nkg;h ;fjwsh BkbnP[ZX gkm P[ZX ehs/ ik ;ed/ ;B. go fJj b'e ;[Xko BjhA ukj[zd/f;ZyK dh fBT[A (nkXko fPbk) r[opkDh ƒ jh eZy'A j"bh eoB bJhsZsgo BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. dopko ;kfjp d/ rqzEh s/ “iZE/dko” GhfJ;/ “ftZfdnk dh :{Bhtof;Nh” ftZu'A gVQ e/ nkJ/ jB. tkj w/ohf;Zy e"w` s?ƒ e'Jh r?ph Pesh GKt/ puk bt/ toBk puD dk okje'Jh BjhA fojk. “eoskog[oh phV ftZu seohpB gzdoK ;" s'A tZXrbshnK jB”. fJZvk tZvk gkg <fJj b'e pkeh iZE/pzdhnK pko/ Ifjohbk gouko eofdnk ;G jZdK

pzB/ gko eo iKd/ jB. id'A r[opkDh T[ukoD dk w;bk nkT[Adk j? sK fJj;zx gkV gkV e/ nkyDr/ pJh r[opkDh ftZu fpzdh, ezBk bkT[Dk x'o gkg j?.d[i/ pzB/ f;sw Iohch t/y' fJ;/ feskp d/ 650 gzfBnK s/ r[opkDh T[ukoDd/ Yzr sohe/ fby/ gJ/ jB. frL r[ouoB f;zx y[d fby fojk j?l fJE/ fpzdhbkU fJE/ nZXe bkU, g?o ftZu nZXk jkjk bkU, ftPokw bkUHHHHHH < j?Bkd'rbh Bhsh <

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dk ngwkB j'o fJj eh eoBr/ wfjs/ u"Ae fty/fJjBK d;w rqzE ns/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp pokpo gqekP ehs/ j'J/ jB. “pkpkioB?b f;zx ihts j?” dk e[co fJeh ;kb s'A pVh YhmskJh Bkb p'fbnkfrnk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu, jIkoK d/ fJZemK ;kjwD/, j? e'Jho'eD tkbk. pqkjwDtkd ƒ pkjo'A fes'A nkT[D dh b'V BjhA xo d/ nzdo,pj[s/ r[odtkfonK ftZu, nfij/ pqkjwD (f;Zyh t/; XkoB eoe/) jh sK

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ekpi jB. f;Zyh dhnk iVK ftZu s/b d/ oj/ jB. ;fsr[o{ jh puk b?D sKpuk b?D toBK fJjBK r[ows ƒ yko/ ;w[zdo ftZu v'pD dk g{ok gqpzX ehskj'fJnk j?. T[go tofDs 200 s'A tZX B[es/ gzBktko fJjBK dh g[;se“r[opkDh gkm doPB” ftZu'A frL r[opuB f;zx d/ fby/ g/P ehs/ jB.Ne;kb tkb/ fJjBK feskpK ƒ Skg e/ t/ud/ nk oj/ jB. fJj “g{oB pqjwfrnkBh, ykb;k, ;zs, gzE osB, ftZfdnk wkoszv d/ “gftZso” ftukojB.” tkj w/oh e"w d/ wbkj' fJjBK dhnK wBwkBhnK ƒ edh o'e'r/ <pqkjwDh dbdb ftZu'A e"w ƒ edh eZY/r' <

fGzvoK Ne;kb tkb/ thj ;kb s'A ekoiekoh iZE/dko pkpk mke[of;zx, fet/A r[opkDh dk ngwkB eodk fojk j?, nZyhA t/fynk tkfenk ;[D'.GkJh mke[o f;zx id'A fes/ iKdk j? sK fJZe “rVtJhA” b'Nk gkDh s/ s"bhnkb? e/ Bkb ubdk j?. pkp/ B/ i[Zsh gkJh j[zdh j? s/ rVtJh Bzr/ g?oh uZbdkj?. fJZe B"itkB jZE ftZu r[Nek b? e/ Bzr/ g?ohA ubdk j'fJnk, r[Ne/ ftZu'Ar[opkDh gVQdk j'fJnk pkp/ d/ fgZS/^fgZS/ N[fonk fcodk j?. pkpk gP{nKftZu ikt/, y/sK ftZu ikt/, ;?o eoB ikt/, fJj r[Nek gVQdk B"itkB BkbBkb ofjzdk j?. pkpk fe;/ Bkb rZbK eo/, e'Jh ezw eo/, sK Gh gkmh gkmeodk ofjzdk j?. j[D Iok ;'u/ fJZe pzdk pkDh ;fseko ;fjs ;[D jh BjhAfojk, eJh o[M/ftnK ftZu j?, T[;d/ fgZS/ fgZS/ r[Nek b? e/ gkm eod/ ofjDkfeZE'A dh r[ow[yskJh j? < ;r'A gktB r[opkDh dk fJ; soQK tZvk ngwkB j?.go fJj b'e bzw/ ;w/A s'A jh r[opkDh dk ngwkB eoB d/ nkdh j' u[Ze/ jB,f;Zy' ikr' s/ ;'u'.

1H fJE/ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ puB fby d/Dk jh fpjso j't/rk, i' nfij/b'eK bJh tZvh tzrko jB ^

gkyzv gkyzv efo efo Gow/ b'G[ gkyzv[ ifr p[fonko/]jbfs gbfs d[ydkJh j'tfj, iwekb yVk f;fo wko/]HHHHHebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnk ;G e{V? e/ ybtko/];kes Bo ;fG G{y G[ykB/, dfo mkY/ iw izdko/] (981)

(162)

2H fJj wB[ okik b'Ghnk b[GsT[ b'GkJh]r[ow[fy b'G[ fBtkohn? jfo f;T[ pfD nkJh]ebfo y/sh phihn? feT[ bkjk gkt?]wBw[y ;fu B GhiJh e{V[ e{fV rvkt?]bkbu[ S'vj[ nzfXj' bkbfu d[y[ Gkoh];ku" ;kfjp[ wfB t;? jT[w? fpy[ wkoh] (419)

nkyoh ftuko L^ Ne;kb d/ w[Zy p[bko/ “yzv/Xko” w?rihB d/;zgkde frL w'jew f;zx B/ 3^12^03 ƒ w'jkbh d/ c/I S/ d/ r[odtko/ ftZu,gzskbh e[ f;zxK dh jkioh ftZu ftPtkP fdtkfJnk fe Ne;kb ftZu r[o{ rqzE;kfjp d/ pokpo d;w rqzE dk gqekP BjhA ehsk iKdk. fwsh 3^3^04 ƒ;qL ;[yd/t f;zx w'jkbh s'A iZE/ ;w/s wfjs/ g[Zfink. T[E/ d' ;o{g t/y/,j[ewBkwk b?D dh nkfrnk bJh. id'A tke bJh o[wkb u[Zfenk sK f;oueok frnk, jZEK s/ s's/ T[Zv rJ/, j?A n?vk tZvk nBoE < r[o{ rqzE ;kfjpd/ pqkpo nPbhb eEktK Bkb Gog{o rqzE < T[Zs'A frnkBh w'jew f;zx dk 45f;zxK ;kjwD/ g{o/ ftPtkP Bkb p'fbnk frnk e'ok M{m < nfij/ b'eK s'Aedh uzfrnkJh dh stZi'A ehsh ik ;edh j? < tkfjr[o{ feogk eo' gkyzvhnKƒ ;[wZs pyP'.

T[gd/;[ eo/ efo b'e fdqVkt?] ngBk efjnk nkfg B ewkt?] (887)jfo ihT[, nzsfoikwh ikB]eos p[okJh wkB[y s/ SgkJh ;kyh G{s GtkB] (1202)fJj j? nkg/ pD/ tZv/ s/ n;bh f;ZyK dk e{V gquko. p/y"c j' e/

feskpK Skg e/ fBowb p[ZX f;ZyK ƒ fGqPN ehsk ik fojk j?. eh r[opkDhfJjh e{V e[;Zs f;ykT[Adh j? <

^ wfjsk u"e Ne;kb ftu 40 fdB jtB j'fJnk. 23H8H05 dhnKnyapkoK t/y ;ed/ j'.

^ pkpk ioB?b f;zx B{z eKro;h d;D tkbh feskp joBkw f;zxX[zwk B/ obhi ehsh. b/ye ;qH p{Nk f;zx

^ 21 ;kb se pkpk ioB?b f;zx ihts j? dk e[co, mke[o f;zx ns/

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pkeh Ne;kb tkfbnK B/ p'fbnk. r[o{ eh ji{oh ftu. fJ; p'b/ rJ/ M{mbJh oZp e'b'A, ;fsr[o{ e'b'A fJjBK w[nkch BjhA wzrh. gzE e'b'A w[nkch BjhAwzrh. ny"sh iE/dko nfij/ M{m/ b'eK B{z yZp/ ;Zi/ bJh fcod/ jB. r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ih d/ pokpo fJjBK B/ n;bhb ejkDhnK tkbk pfuZso BkNefNekfJnk ns/ T[;dk nyzv gkm ehsk. fJj b'e fBowb gzE B{z fwZNh ftufwbkT[D bJh g{oh tkj bk oj/ jB. fJjBK dhnK SkghnK feskpK e'Jh gVQe/ t/y/ sK ;jhHHHH.

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r[o{ rq zE ;kfjp - ;wki Bt f;oiDk dk nkXkor[o{ rq zE ;kfjp - ;wki Bt f;oiDk dk nkXkor[o{ rq zE ;kfjp - ;wki Bt f;oiDk dk nkXkor[o{ rq zE ;kfjp - ;wki Bt f;oiDk dk nkXkor[o{ rq zE ;kfjp - ;wki Bt f;oiDk dk nkXko

w[ZYb/ o{g ftZu wB[Zy ;wkie gqkDh j?, fJ; ƒ d{;fonK d/ ;kE dhb'V j?. fJeZb ftZu fIzdrh Bho; ns/ ne/t/A Goh j' iKdh j? go fIzdrhpshs fet/A ehsh ikt/ < foPs/ Bks/ fet/A fBGkJ/ ikD < wB[Zy ƒ fJj fet/Agsk bZr/ fe i' w?A eo fojk jK fJj ;jh j? fe rbs, w/o/ ihtB Yzr Bkbw?ƒ y[d ƒ eh bkG j? < gotko ƒ eh ckfJdk j?, iK fco w?A ;wki ƒ ehd/ fojk jK< T[FZgo tofDs ;tkbK ƒ jo fJB;kB y[d jZb BjhA eo ;edk.wB[Zyh wB dh pj[sh xkVs, gqtko ftu, nfXnkge tZb'A ns/ ;wki tZb'A;fji fefonk Bkb xVh iKdh j?. ;zg{oD ;wki dh ihtB P?bh ƒ i/ e'Jh;G s'A fInkdk goGkts eoB d/ ;woZE j?, sK T[j j? “Xow”. Xow dhf;Zfynk wksk fgsk tb'A, ftfdne ndkfonK ftu'A, Xow ;z;EktK ns/;wki d/ sIop/eko ftneshnK okjhA nu/s iK u/sB o{g ftZu gqkgs ehshik ojh j[zdh j?. fiBQK Xkowe w[yhnK B/ ;wki efbnkD fjZs goT[gekoehs/, d[Zy s;hj/ MZb/, p/y'| j' e/ ipo d/ fto[ZX nktkI p[bzd ehsh, T[jBKd/ T[gd/P s/ ihtB, b'eK bJh dzd eEktK pD ikfJnk eod/ jB. Xow ns/gqwkswk fJB;kBh GkJhuko/ bJh, o{j dh ;zs[PNh d/ Bkb^Bkb nkswnv'bsk p\Pd/ jB. Xkowe wjKg[oP iB ;w{zj bJh ukBD dk fwBko iKfIzdrh dk wkvb pD e/ ;dk gq/oBk fdzd/ ofjzd/ jB.

i/ Xow fJB;kBhns ƒ ihtB iku, wB[Zyh GkJhukok, j"A;bk,fdqVsk, goT[geko nkfde dh B/e f;Zfynk BjhA fdzdk sK T[j Xowedkfus BjhA j' ;edk, j'o i' woIh fgnk j't/. fJ; Gkosh fyZs/ d/ b'ee[M nfijhnK o;wK ohsK, tfjwK GowK ns/ g{ik nouDk ƒ jh Xow;wM b?D d/ G[b/y/ dk fPeko j' u[Ze/ ;B. ekbgfBe d/th d/tfsnK tZb'AXosh s/ nk e/ jo soQK d/ ePN jo b?D dk Gow X[o nzfsP eoD ftZuXf;nk j'fJnk ;h. fi; ekoB ;w[Zuk skDk pkDk uowok u[Zfenk ;h. fJE'Ad/ gVQ/ fby/ e/tb “g[ikoh” pD u[Ze/ ;B, d{finK dh feos s/ gbD tkb/,

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jo sohe/ G'b/ b'eK ƒ b[ZN e/ ykD tkb/ fJj ;B g[ikoh g[o'fjs. d{i/ i'rhns/ j'o ;fBnk;h ;kX{ fsnkrh p?okrh Gh fJ;/ okj ub oj/ ;B. fJj xogqtko oZp nk;o/ SZv e/, izrbK gjkVK r[cktK ftZu ik p?m/. fJj ;z;kowkfJnk j? d[ZyK dk xo j/, gqb'e ;ztkoB dh e{Vh nk; Bkb, fIzw/tkoh s'AGZi T[Zm/ ;B. sh;o/ ;h yZsoh b'e fiBQK nkgD/ fIzw/ bZr/ “Xow” ƒfBGkT[AfdnK jfEnkopzd j' e/ d/P dh okyh eoBh ;h, fJj th coIK s'A w{zjw'V p?m/. ;w/A d/ pkdPkj Ikbw pD u[Ze/ ;B, s/ T[jBK d/ nfjbeko oZsghD/ dfozd/. fJB;kc dh e[o;h s/ fpokiwkB ekIh (iZi) foPtsy'o j' u[Ze/;B. fJj ;ko/ nkg' nkgDh Ekt/A ;wki ƒ T[ikV oj/ s/ e[okj/ gk oj/ ;BgktB puB jB L^

ekdh e{V[ p'fb wb[ ykfJ] pkjwD Bkt? ihnK xkfJ]i'rh i[rfs B ikD? nzX] shB/ T[ikV/ ek pzX[] (662)

ns/ysqhnk sk Xow S'fvnk wb/S Gkfynk okjh]f;q;fN ;G fJZe toD j'Jh Xow eh rfs rjh] (662)wB[Zyh GkJhuko/ ƒ fJZe pZMt/A, ;[bM/ j'J/ sohe/ Bkb fiT{D tk;s/

;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ i' wkor doPB r[opkDh okjhA ;kƒ ;[MkfJnk j?, T[;pko/ r[opkDh d/ ukBD ftZu'A e[M ftuko fJ; soQK jB L^

1H > ^ ;G s'A gfjbK ;fsr[o{ ih B/ oZph ;zebg s/ T[;dk;o{g ;gZPN ehsk. fe n? w/o/ pZfuU` gqwkswk bk Pohe fJZe tkfjdj;sh j?. T[;d/ w[ekpb/ j'o e'Jh Bk j? Bk j' ;e/rk. pZ; fJZe T[;/ ƒ wzB'fXnkU s/ T[; d/ wjkB r[DK ƒ XkoB eo'. gP{nK gzShnK dh g{ik pzd eofdU. o[ZyK, fpoyK ƒ g{iDk w{oysk j?, gZEoK w{oshnK ƒ oZp nkyDk s/wzBDk e[|o j?. oZph PeshnK ;kvh ;/tk ftZu jkIo j' e/ ;[y d/ ojhnk jB,fco fJjBK dh g{ik feT[A eoBh j'Jh < wB[Zy Gh ;ko/ gzi sZsK d/ pD/ j'J/jB, fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh g{iD i'rh t;s{ BjhA j?. fJZe' gqwkswk d/ ;ko/ g?dkehs/ j'J/ jB, fJ; bJh e'Jh ftP/P s"o s/ g{iD :'r BjhA j?.

B d/t dkBtk Bok] B f;X ;kfXeK Xok]

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n;fs J/e fdrfo e[Jh] J/e s[Jh J/e s[Jh]B ;{o ;f; wzvb'] B ;gs dhg bj ib']nzB gkT[D fEo[ B e[Jh] J/e s[Jh J/e s[Jh] (144)2H wB[Zyk ihtB^ fJB;kB dh ;dk fJj ikBD dh fJZSk ojh

j? fe w/ok iBw fe; ekoD j'fJnk, fJ; ihtB dk wB'oE eh j?. nkgDhnbg p[ZXh ekoB nDfrDs b'eK fJ; nw[Zb/ ihtB s'A T[fus bkG BjhAfbnk. ykD ghD gfjBD sZe ;hws j'e/, T[wo fpsk fdZsh. id'A sZe e[M;wM g?Adh j?, sd'A sZe pj[s d/o j' u[Zeh j[zdh j?. bzfxnk t/bk edh tkg;jZE BjhA nkT[Adk. fit/A ;wMdko wksk fgsk pZfunK dh fIzdrh ;ztkoBtk;s/ ykD gfjBD s'A pknd T[jBK dh uzrh ftZfdnk dk gqpzX eod/ jB sKfe pZu/ tZv/ j' e/ nkgD/ g?oK s/ yVQ/ j' ;eD, nkgD/ bJh s/ gqtko dhnK b'VKbJh e'Jh uzrk eko'pko eo ;eD. go ;fsr[o{ ih e/tb fIzdrh dk fJZegZy BjhA ;ztkod/. ;r'A T[j sK ;zg{oD wB[Zyk ihtB dh ;z[do xkVs xVe/,fJZe Bw{B/ dk fJB;kB^ “r[ow[Zy” pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. fJ;/ ekoB r[o{ rqzE;kfjp B/ wB[Zy ƒ pko pko skVBk ehsh j? fe n? fJB;kB` fJj ihtB fes/w;hA B;hp j[zdk j?, fJ; s'A pj[sk ckfJdk bthA. ngDk Gh ;ztkohA s/ ;wkidk Gh e[M ;ztkohA. fJ; ;oho ƒ x'V/ dh fBnkJh toshA s/ wB B{z ;tkopDkJh. ;/tk s/ bkJhA goT[geko eohA, i/ goT[geko sfjs fJj ;oho b/y/bZr ikt/ sK tZv/ Gkr ikDhA. ;wM bthA Xosh s/ nkT[Dk ;|b j' frnk j?.r[otke jB L^

d/j x'Vh ih fis[ jfo gkfJnk okw]fwfb ;fsr[o ih wzrb rkfJnk okw] (576);kX' r'fpzd e/ r[B rktT[]wkB; iBw nw'be[ gkfJU fpoEk ekfj rtktT[] (219)3H wksk fgsk d/ coI ^ wksk fgsk ngDh n"bkd ƒ fiZE/

;z;koh ftZfdnk d/D bJh ftP/P isB eod/ jB, T[E/ Xow ftZfdnk d/D tZb'Ant/;b/ j' iKd/ jB. Xow dk fgnko ;fseko jh j?, i' pZfunK ƒ fJZe yk;pzXB ftZu pzBQ e/ oZy ;edk j?. fiE/ d[Bhnk dh ftZfdnk us[okJhnK

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f;ykT[Adh j? sK Xow ftZfdnk f;nkDg f;ykT[Adh j/. ;z;koh gVQkJh b[ZNy'j, d{i/ dk jZe wkoBk X'yk co/p f;ykT[Adh j?, sK fBozekoh frnkB,d{finK ƒ Gh ngD/ fij/ fJB;kB wzBDk f;ykT[Adk j?. jZe ;Zu B/ehgoT[geko dfJnk fywk ns/ ;ziw tor/ T[Zsw r[D, Xow d[nkok jh wB[Zynzdo ;zukos j[zd/ jB. i' nZi nkb/ d[nkb/ “Xow tosdk” n;hA gVQ ;[Dt/y oj/ jK, r[odtkfonK ftZu, gkm, ehosB j[zd/, ;[D, t/y oj/ jK, fJjXow BjhA j?. fJj sK e/tb “o'NhnK ekoD g{ofj skb” tkbh jkbsj?. i/ fJjh Xow j't/ sk fco p[okJh ed/ dh \sw j' u[Zeh j'Dh ;h. fit/AgkDh ƒ pzBQ wko e/ dfonk ftZu nikJhA ik fojk popkdh eo fojk gkDh,BfjoK okjhA y/sK ƒ jo/ Go/ eodk j?. fJ;/ gkDh s/ v?w T[;ko d/ fpibhfsnko eo bJh iKdh j?. fJ;/ soQK B"itkBk ƒ nkg w[jko/ j' e/ e[okj/ g?Ds'A o'fenk ikt/. T[jBK ƒ uzrh f;Zfynk d/ e/ ;wki T[;koh d/ ezwK ftZubkfJnk ikt/. fJZe ;wMdko fozr wk;No y{zyko ikBtoK s'A Gh ezw b? b?Adkj?. eh n;hA f;nkDg Bkb pZfunK ƒ Xow ftZfdnk d/ e/ B/eh d/ okj BjhAs'o ;ed/ < eh wksk fgsk B/ edh fJ; gk;/ fXnkB fdZsk j? < eh gqpzXeKB/ e'Jh nfijh jh gbkfBzr pDkJh j?<

w/o/ okw, jw pkfoe jfo gqG e/ j? fJnkD/]XzB[ XzB[ r[o{ r[o[ ;fsr[o[ gkXk,fifB jfo T[gd/P d/ ehJ/ f;nkD/] (168)g{sk, wksk eh nk;h;]fBw[y B fp;oT[ s[w eT[ jfo jfo ;dk Gij[ irdhP] (496)4H gsh gsBh dk foPsk ^ fJZe gk;/ jkew fXo (oki/

oJh;) ;[zdo itkB bVehnK ƒ nkgD/ jowK (iBkBykBk) ftZu Boe torhfIzdrh fiT{D bJh wip{o eo oj/ ;B. d{i/ pzB/ B;wM b'e xo gqtko SZve/ izrbK r[cktK ftZu pqjwukoh^ish ;sh j'D dk y/yD eo oj/ ;B. d't/AfXoK tZb'A I[bw ipo ehsk ik fojk ;h, p/p; n"os s/ i/ gsh Gok g[ZsoiK fgsk SZv e/ “Grsh” ftZu bhB j' frnk, sK Gh d[ZyK dk gjkV. i/T[Xkbh rJh, i'o ipoh dh fPeko j' rJh, sK Gh fIzdrh spkj. fJ;

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dodBke gZy tZb ;fsro{ ;kfjp ih B/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk. T[jBK gshgsBh d/ ihtB ;kE ƒ wkD fdZsk. frq;s Xow ftZu ofjzfdnK, B/e ewkJheofdnK, ;G fizw/tkohnK fBGkT[AfdnK jh Xowh pDB dk T[gd/P ehsk.Grsh sgZf;nk iK w'eP izrbK r[cktK shoEK s/ GNeD Bkb gqkgs BjhAj't/rh. ;r'A pZfunK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eo' B/e fJB;kB pDkU. p; nkgD/nkg ƒ p[okJhnK ftekoK s'A puk e/ oZy'. fJjh ;Zuk Xow j? L^

;s[ ;zs'y[ ;dk ;u[ gb? ;u p'b? fgo GkJ/]BkBe ftS[fV Bk d[y gkJ/ r[owfs nzfe ;wkJ/] (764)BkBe ;fsr[fo G/fNn? g{oh j't/ i[rfs]j;zfdnk y/bzfdnK g?Bzfdnk yktzfdnK ftZu/ j't? w[efs](522)5H ;wki gqsh tuB pZXsk ^ ;fsr[o{ ih wjkB T[geko

eofdnK jo fJB;kB ƒ nkg' nkgDh fIzw/tkoh g{oh fJwkBdkoh BkbfBGkT[D dh skehd eod/ jB. T[d'A s'A b? e/ nZi sZe ;ko/ pzB/ jcVk dcVh,p/JhwkBh, foPtsy'oh dk pkIko row BIo nk fojk j?. j/mb/ S'N/ w[bkIws'A b? e/ T[Zgo f;o/ sZe jo e'Jh foPtsy'oh ftZu rofenk BIo nkt/rk.nkgD/ jh G?D GoktK dk y{B pVh p/ofjwh Bkb, vheK bk e/ ghsk ik fojkj?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ GkJh bkb' ih, fJZe rohpV/ f;Zy ƒ Sksh BkbbkfJnk ;h. wbe Gkr' d/ ;[nkdb/ gdkoEK ftZu'A ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ rqhpK d/jT[e/, jzM{ s/ T[jBK dk y{B BIo nkfJnk ;h. tZv/ fJeZm ftZu p/fJwkBhtkb/ yho g{fVnK dk fGnkBe fgS'eV, ;G d/ ;kjwD/ p/god ehsk ;h.;fsr[o{ ih B/ roIthA nktkI ftZu ;kfonK ƒ ;ktXkB ehsk ;hHHHHHHHH

“je[ gokfJnk BkBek T[; ;{no T[;[ rkfJ]r[o{ gho[ jkwk sK Go/ ik w[odko Bk ykfJ]rbh fG;fs B ikJhn? S[N? ;u[ ewkfJ]wkoD ykfj jokw wfj j'fJ jbkb[ B ikfJ]BkBe rbh e{VhJh e{V' gb? gkfJ]” (141)6H ezw gqsh tckdkoh g[oksB ;fwnK s'A uZb e/ nZi skJhA

;wki iK oki ftZu u[D/ j'J/ ftP/P ftneshnK ƒ fIzw/tkoh tkb/ pj[s jh

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wjZstg{oB nj[fdnK s/ bkT[D tes e[M fJZe gqD eotkJ/ iKd/ ;B. ;w/Ad/ c/o Bkb gqD G[bk fdZs/ rJ/, e[M o;wK ohsK ofj rJhnK. nZi Gh tZv/nj[d/ jk;b eoB tes o;wh s"o s/ d/P s/ ;zftXkB gqsh tckdkoh dhe;w u[ekJh iKdh j?, gqD eotkfJnk iKdk j?. eJh tkoh jZE ftZu gkDhgk e/ tZv/ fJeZm ;kjt/A, e[ZM wzso gVQ e/, o;w g{osh ehsh iKdh ;h.;fsr[o{ ih fJjBK o;wK ohsK dh Ekt/A, gqwkswk dk fBowb GT[ d/ e/,ngD/ fIzw/ bZrh ;/tk ƒ B/e Bhsh Bkb fBGkT[D dh jdkfJs eod/ jB ^Xowh wB[Zy nzX ftPtkPh Bk j't/, frnkB Bkb Gog{o j't/. gsh gsBhfJZe d{i/ gqsh tckdko ofjD. fJjh T[jBK dk ish j'Dk gqtkB j?. pqkjwD;zs'yh j't/ b'eK d/ xo b[ZND tkbk Bk j't/. frq;sh wB[Zy ngDh feosewkJh ftZu'A d;tzX o{g ftZu, b'VtzdK dh b'V g{oh eo/. d/P dk okik (ns/T[;d/ efozd/ nc;o iZi) ;jh wkfjfBnK ftZu goik ƒ fJB;kc d/D.T[jBK d/ d[Zy d{o eoB s/ b'eK ƒ ngDh n"bkd tKr ;wMD. gfVQnk wB[Zy,o[Zyk frnkB Bk u[Zeh fco/, fBoh jzeko dh gzv jh Bk pD ikt/. ftZfdnk ƒjZe ;Zu dk gfjo/dko pDkt/, ;wki ƒ uzrh wZs d/t/. fJ; soQK s[jkvk gqDg{ok j'fJnk wzfBnk ikt/rk s/ ;wki dk w{zj w[jKdok ;zto ikt/rk. tkefJT[A jB ^

BkBe u[bhnK ;[uhnK, i/ Gfo ikD? e'fJ];[os/ u[bh frnkB eh i'rh ek is[ j'fJ]pqkjwD u[bh ;zs'y eh, frojh ek ;s[ dkB[]oki/ u[bh fBnkt eh, gfVnk ;u[ fXnkB[]gkDh fus[ B X'gJh, w[fy ghs? fsy ikfJ]gkDh fgsk irs ek fcfo gkDh ;G ykfJ] (1240);fsr[o{ ih B/ T[ikV EK ftZu eoskog[o “t;kfJnk”. yv{o s/

r'fJzdtkb T[ZiV u[Ze/ EktK s/ w[V “t;kJ/”. nzfwqs;o xDh nkpkdh tkbktgko dk e/Ado, Xow dk e/Ado, f;ZyK dh okiBhsh dk X[ok, ;fsr[o{ ih B/“t;kfJnk”. nZr/ soB skoB, jfor'fpzdg[o, eoskog[o (ibzXo),

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ehosg[o, nBzdg[o, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ “t;kJ/”. fBZs T[ZiV fojk fjzd';skB;fsr[o{ ih B/ w[V t;kfJnk. ;fsr[o{ ih dh gktB pkDh ftZu'A fJZe BtKfJBebkp T[Zfmnk. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ T[gd/P ftZu'A fJZe Bt/A wB[Zy dh xkVQsxVQh rJh. gktB pkDh ftZu'A BthA ;fGnsk nzrVkJhnK b?D bZrh. jIko;kb s'A Bw'Ph, ekfJosk, popkdh, b[ZN esb' rkos s'A pknd, fJ; Xoshs/ BtK ;{oi ufVQnk. nfrnkBsk dh bzwh ekbh p'bh oks ftZu'A, BthA ;t/oT[FZr gJh. iks^gks d/ ;zrb N[ZN rJ/, tfjwK GowK ƒ GkiVK g? rJhnK.;h; tkoB tkb/ ;{ow/, ;kjt/A wZE/, fjZeK vkj e/ izr d/ i"jo ftykD bZr/.gzikph p'bh ƒ gfjbh tko r[opkDh okjhA tv/ok wkD fwfbnk. BthA Peb';{os tkb/, tZyo/ ;[Gkn tkb/, wB[Zy Gh r[opkDh d/ ukBD ftZu'A gqrN j'J/.g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu i/ r[opkDh gVQB ftukoB tkfbnK B/, pjkdoh ns/goT[geko d/ bk;kBh ehoshwkB ;Ekgs ehs/ ;B, sK GftZy ftZu n;hAfBok;sk feT[A ftykJhJ/. ewoe;/ eoe/ I'odko jzGbk wkoB dh b'Vj?, xo xo r[opkDh dk ukBD g[ukT[D dh Io{os j?, fco fJZe BthA;t/o dk nkrwB j't/rk.

;fsr[o{ ih jo fJZe p'bh ƒ jo fJZe ;{p/ ƒ jo/e d/P ƒ jo/e Xowƒ ns/ ;ko/ Xowh b'eK ƒ fgnko eod/ jB. fJ; rZb d/ r[opkDh ftZu ;p{sw"i{d jB. id'A pj[s ;kohnK p'bhnK, fyZfsnK, GrsK ƒ fJ; ftZu ;BwkBgqkgs j?. go jK` ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ ftyktk s/ gkyzv T[FZek g;zd BjhA j?. n;hA;ko/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu'A Xow pko/, ;wki pko/, okiBhsh pko/, coIK dhgSkD pko/, wB[Zyh GkJhuko/ pko/, GkPktK pko/, eftsk pko/, okrK pko/,nB/e goeko dh nrtkJh b? ;ed/ jK. fJ; ihtB d"okB fJZe tkoh,noEK ;w/s gktB r[opkDh dk gkm y[d eoe/ t/yhJ/, nBzd jh tZyokj't/rk. pj[s eok bJ/ w[Zb d/ gkm, j[D y[d ;fsr[o{ ih d/ doPBeoe/, iBw ;cbk eohJ/.

g'Eh gow/Po ek EkB[];kX ;zfr rktfj r[D r'fpzd g{oB pqjw frnkB] (1226)

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;kuh pkDh whmh nzfwqsXko] fifB ghsh fs; w'y d[nko](1275)“gzikp ihtdk r[oK d/ Bkw s/” (g{oB f;zx)

! (fJj y'i gZso 29^8^04 ƒ ;?eNo 46, uzvhrVQ, ykb;k gzukfJs tZb'A

eotkJ/ rJ/ ;?whBko ftZu gfVQnk frnk)

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Xow dk ftF/F nzr - e/;Xow dk ftF/F nzr - e/;Xow dk ftF/F nzr - e/;Xow dk ftF/F nzr - e/;Xow dk ftF/F nzr - e/;

pj[s tkoh fJj ;tkb T[mkfJnk iKdk j?, e/;K dk Xow Bkb ;pzXfet/A j? < eh gqwkswk ƒ gk b?D tk;s/ e/;kXkoh j'Dk Io{oh j? < fiBQKnDfrDs b'eK B/ e/; BjhA oZy/ j'J/ (r?o f;Zy Gh) eh T[j gqw/Po dh gqkgshBjhA eo ;eDr/ < nkfd. gqkwswk Bkb fgnko ;KM gkT[D tk;s/ e/;K dkf;ZXk e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA j?. go jo fJZe gqw/Po ƒ fgnko eoB tkbk wB[ZyT[;dh feos ƒ Gh fgnko eodk j?. tkfjr[o{ ih B/ wB[Zy ƒ bzw/ e/; s/o'jpdko ;[zdo dkjVk w[ZSK dh pyfPP ehsh j?. n"osK ƒ :'r ikDe/ e/tbf;o s/ bzw/ e/; fdZs/ jB, dkjVh w[ZSK BjhA. id'A e'Jh fJB;kB T[fussohe/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eodk j?, d;sko, d[gZNk ;h; s/ ;ikT[Adk j? sK T[;dh;[zdosk ftZu eJh r[Dk tkXk j' fojk j[zdk j?. i/ e'Jh e/;K dh p/ndph eofojk j? sK wkB' T[;ƒ gqwkswk d/ ehs/ s/ ftPtkP BjhA j?. e/; d/ e/, g?dkeoe/ eh oZp ih s'A rbsh j' rJh j? < ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ e/;K dh ;zGkbeoBh nky e/ f;Zy ƒ e'Jh ;Ik BjhA fdZsh, ;r'A e[dosh sohe/ gqG{ dh oIkftZu okih ofjDk f;ykfJnk j?. ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ gsk ;h, fe gqwkswk e'Jhezw rbs BjhA eodk. f;qPNh d/ fe;/ iht ƒ wod torh dkjVh w[ZSK s/e/; BjhA fdZs/. n"os wod dh f;ZXh gSkD tk;s/, shthA ƒ dkjVh BjhAfdZsh e/tb f;o d/ e/; pyP/ jB.

e/;K dh ;zGkb eoB tkb/ wB[Zy gqwkswk dh gqkgsh dk dkntk sKBjhA eo ;ed/, go fgnko/ dh fdZsh dks ƒ fgnko eoB dh rZb sK efjjh ;ed/ jB. ;ko/ Grs ;kfjpkB r[o{ ;kfjpkB (r[opkDh d/ ou/sk) s/ j'or[o{ e/ f;Zy, e/;kXkoh ;B. nkgD/ fgnko/ dh y[Ph b?D tk;s/ n;hA T[j yKd/jK, i' fgnko/ ƒ Gkt/. T[j gfjoktk gfjBd/ jK, i' fgnko/ ƒ uzrk bZr/.T[j ezw eod/ jK fi; ftZu fgnko/ dh y[Ph j't/. T[j fwZm/ puB p'bd/ jK,fiBQK d[nkok fgnko/ dk wB w'j bJhJ/. fgnko ftZu fGZie/ ;kvk gq/wh ;kƒe'Jh s'jck d/ d/t/, Gkt/A T[j tZvh ehws dk Bk jh j't/. go s'jc/ ƒ ;dk

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;fseko Bkb ;zGkb e/ oZyd/ jK. s'jc/ dh p/ndph gq/wh dk fsq;eko wzBhiKdh j?. pZ; fJ;/ soQK nekb g[oy ih tZb'A fdZsk frnk fJj nw[Zbk s'jck,ns/ ;fsr[o{ ih tZb'A fJ; dh ;zGkb eoB dk fdZsk frnk j[ew, ;kv/ bJhf;o wZE/ gotkB j't/. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eoB dk nkd/P fdZskj?, fco n;hA nkgD/ fgnko/ d/ j[ew dh T[bzxDk fet/A eo ;ed/ jK <

i' b'ehA f;Zy gzE Bkb ;pzfXs BjhA jB, fiBQK ƒ T[jBK d/ Xoww[yhnK B/ e/; oZyD dh ;ys jdkfJs BjhA ehsh, T[j Gh nkg' nkgD/ sohe/e/;K dkjVh ftZu e[M spdhbh Io{o eod/ jB. Iok fJZe fJZe eoe/ r?of;ZyK d/ e/;K pko/ tsho/ ƒ t/yhJ/ ^

;kv/ r[nKYh fjzd{ Gok fe;/ ƒ nkgD/ Xow ftZu gqt/P eokT[DbZfrnk fiZE/ izi{ nkfd gkT[Ad/ jB, T[ZE/ e/; eZN fdzd/ jB. f;o d/ ftuekoe[ZM tkb oZyd/ jB, fi;ƒ f;yk iK p'dh fejk iKdk j?. fjzd{nK ftZu jh e[ZMno;/ s'A pknd, Bt iBw/ pZu/ e/ e/; eZNe/ fe;/ wzdo ftZu G/N ehs/ iKd/jB. id'A fjzd{ gqtko ftZu'A e'Jh w?Apo ubkDk (woBk) eo ikt/ sK T[;d/B/Vb/ foPs/dko nc;'; ftZu g{oh soQK orVt/A Yzr dkjVh e/; eNtk fdzd/jB. g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu tZvh rbsh eoB s/ p/Powh dh f;yo s/ g[ukT[Dtkbh ;Ik fdZsh iKdh ;h, dkjVh e/; eZN d/D/. t?;/ fjzd{nK d/ g[oksBpI[or ntsko ;ko/ jh e/;kXkoh j'fJnk eod/ ;B. fJ;sohnK dk sK e/;eZND dk ;tkb jh BjhA ;h. jK e/tb T[; nGkrD shthA d/ e/; eZNfdZs/ iKd/ ;B i' ftXtk j' ikt/.

d{i/ ;kv/ r[nKYh Gok w[;bwkB jB. fJjBK ftZu n"osK e/; BjhAeNtkT[AdhnK. wod f;o d/ e/; eNtk fdzd/ jB. go w[ZSK ns/ dkjVh dhfJZe ftP/P pDso pDkT[Ad/ jB, fi; ƒ “PoJh w[ZSK” fejk iKdk j?. Gktw[;bwkBK dh ofjs ofjDh d/ Yzr dhnK w[ZSK. fJj fBnw yk; eoe/Xkowe w[yhnK *s/ bkr{ j[zdk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;kv/ i?B Xow ƒ wzBD tkb/ Gok,id'A fe;/ ƒ nkgD/ Xow ftZu dk\b eod/ jB, sK fwZE/ j'J/ fdB *s/ yk;;wkrw ouke/, dk\b j'D tkb/ ftnesh (fizB/ j'D) d/ dkjVh e/; ;[nkjgk e/ y[odo/ eo b?Ad/ jB. T[gqzs fJZe fJZe eoe/ ;ko/ tkb iV'A T[ykV fdzd/

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jB. i?Bh ;kX{nK s/ fJj n;{b ;koh T[wo bkr{ ofjzdk j? i' Gh tkb T[Zrg?D fJ;/ soQK iV'A T[ykV fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ;kJhnK ftZu Gkt/A e/;K pko/ gZehotkfJs sK e'Jh BjhA j?, go fJj gosZy j? fe fJjBK d/ Xow r[o{ f:;{ih, dkjVh e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ ;B. g[oskB ;fwnK d/ ;ko/ fJ;kJh Xoww[yh Gh e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ oj/ jB. i'rh b'e dkjVh e/; BjhA eNtkT[Ad/;r'A e/;K ftZu ;[nkj gk e/ iNK pDke/, f;o T[Zgo i{Vk eoe/ oZyd/ jB.fJj b'e feT[Afe gqtkfoe fIzdrh dk fsnkr eo fdzd/ ;B. fJ; bJhn"osK tk;s/ fJjBK dk e'Jh fbysh n;{b BjhA j?. j'o t/y'` pj[ frDshtkb/ b/ye, fcbk;|o, ftfrnkBh, GiB pzdrh eoB tkb/, goT[gekoh b'edkjVh e/; BjhA eNtkT[Ad/. T[jBK nzdo' uzub fposh PKs j' u[Zeh j[zdh j?,s/ oZph oIk ftZu ofjzd/ j'J/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ jB.

j[D d[pkok f;Zy ws ftZu e/;K d/ ndp ;fseko tZb gos nkT[Ad/jK. id'A f;Zy yzv/ dh gkj[b SZedk j? sK gfjbk gqw[Zy “eeko e/;” dZf;nkiKdk j?, Gkt T[; fdB s'A pknd dkjVh e/;K dh ;zGkb eoBh j?. id'A gkj[bb?D tkfbnK ƒ wfonkdk dZ;h iKdh j? sK skVBk ehsh iKdh j? fe fJjBKuko tZvhnK G[ZbK ftZu'A e'Jh fJZe G[Zb Gh i/ j' ikt/ sK f;Zyh wzvb ftZu'A ykoiwzfBnk ikt/rk. T[j jB^“e/; eNkT[D/, go^sB rkwh, e[Zmk wk; s/ szpke{dh tos'A.” fJE/ Gh gfjbh Ekt/A tZvh rbsh (pZio e[ofjs) e/;K dhp/^ndph fejk frnk j?. nZr'A nodk; ftZu e/;K dk d' tkoh fIeo eoBkfJ; rZb dk gZek ;p{s j? fe e/; pj[s wjZstg{oB jB. “HHHHHXow Bjhjkfonk, f;Zyh e/;K ;[nk;K ;zr fBpkjhHHHHHH.” nZr/ gVQ' “f;ZyK ƒ f;ZyhdkB e/; dkBHHHHH.” eh ni/ Gh e'Jh PZe ;[Gk pkeh j? <

id'A n;hA ;kvk PkBk wZsk fJfsjk; gVQd/ jK sK gsk bZrdk j? fefrq|sko ehs/ rJ/ f;ZyK nZr/ Pos j'fJnk eodh ;h, “e/; eNtk fdU, ikBp\; fdZsh ikt/rh.” Gkt/A GkJh sko{ f;zx B/ y'goh T[sotk bJh, GkJh wBhf;zx ih B/ pzd pzd eNtk bJ/, wktK pZfunK d/ N[eV/ eotk e/ M'bhnK ftZugtk bJ/. j'o nf;j s/ nfej s;hj/ d/ e/ ikbw je{wsK tZb'A f;ZyK ƒwkfonk frnk. go f;ZyK B/ e/; eNtke/ ikB puk b?Dh gqtkB Bk ehsh.

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nkgDh ikB s'A tZX e/; fgnko/ ;B. Gkt/A e/; eNkT[D s'A pknd fco T[Zrg?Ad/ jB, ikB ubh ikt/ tkg; BjhA nkT[Adh. go f;ZyK fJ; soQK p/fJishtkbk ;wM"sk edh Bk ehsk. T[jBK ikB s'A tZX e/;K ƒ ;fseko fdZsk.

j'o wzrK wBkT[D d/ Bkb f;ZyK B/ d[BhnK dhnK ;oekoK s'A nkgDhnKXkowe wzrK Gh wBtk bJhnK jB. nwqhek, e?B/vk, fJzrb?Av nkfd d/PKftZu, ;oekoK tZb'A f;ZyK s/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. dkVQh e/; fit/A ukj[D oZy;ed/ jB, feogkB, eVk, d;sko ;ik ;ed/ jB. g[fb; ns/ c"i ftZu Gh;kps ;{os f;ZyK ƒ Gosh j'D dh ekƒBh gqtkBrh fwbh j'Jh j?. p;ewI'oh j? sK ;kvh nkgDh j?. c?eNohnK ftZu, ;e{bK ekbiK nzdo s/nkw iB^ihtB ftZu f;Zyh fuzBQK eekoK s/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. i/ o'e j?sK ;kv/ nkgD/ ewI'o wB dh, fJjBK ;oekoK tZb'A e'Jh o'e BjhA j?.phphnK B/ fiE/ nkgD/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eoBh j?, T[E/ Bkb jh e[ZM ;wK pZfunKd/ e/;K dh ;zGkb tk;s/ Gh eZYDk j?. “nkg/ tZv/ j' e/ e/; oZy b?Dr/”nkye/ ezw BjhA ;oBk. i/ g?;k nk frnk, xo ftZu f;Zyh Bk ojh, y[Ph Bkojh fco g?;k eh ezw , pZfunK ƒ B/e fJB;kB pDkT[D tk;s/ nsh Io{ohj? fe T[jBK ƒ r[opkDh, fJfsjk; s/ f;Zy wfonkdk dh g{oh ikDekoh fdZshikt/. T[jBK tk;s/ ;wK eZfYnk ikt/, e/;kXkoh pDB bJh nrtkJh fdZshikt/. nkgD/ xoK$r[odtkfonK ftZu pZfunK dh ;wM ns/ wkBf;e gZXow[skpe fbNo/uo oZfynk ikt/. pZfunK ƒ r[opkDh ns/ gzikph gVQkT[Dtk;s/ T[FZu ftfdne :'rsk tkb/ nfXnkge fB:[es ehs/ ikD. xoK d/wkj"b ƒ r[owfs tkbk pDkfJnk ikt/. r[odtkfonK dhnK nkbhPkBfJwkosK pDkT[D s/ g?;k Bk yofunk ikt/ ;r'A pZfunK sZe f;Zyh dk ;zukoeoB d/ tZv/ T[gokb/ ehs/ ikD. toBk nkT[D tkb/ thj shj ;kbK sZer[odtko/ ykbh j'fJnk eoBr/. r[odtkfonK d/ Bkb pZfunK, B"itkBK,bVehnK dh fdbu;gh ns/ T[wo w[skpe nkX[fBe IwkB/ tkb/ ekoiT[bhe/ ikD. PoXk ;fseko ;fjs r[o{ xo fdZsk frnk XB, e"wh T[;kohbJh f;nkDg ns/ d{onzd/Ph Bkb tofsnk ikt/. fJ;/ ftZu gzE dh uVQdhebk j't/rh, ns/ r[o{ ehnK y[PhnK d/ gkso pD ;eKr/. fJ; ;odkoh fuzBQ

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e/;K pko/ g[oksB ftdtkBK d/ ftuko gV' ^fJBjh ;/ gzfvs T[gikT{A] eEk eoB eh ohs f;ykT{A]fJBjh ;/ oki/ T[gikT{A] oki eoB eh ebk f;ykT{A]fJBjh e' “f;odko” pBkT[A] sp? r'fpzd f;zx Bkw ejkT{A]

(frL frnkB f;zx)f:j t'j ik j? ijK ukbh; sB Pjhd j{J/.fyskp/ ;otoh f;zx'A B/ ;o eNk e/ bhJ/.fdbkJh gzE e' ;opkihUA ;/ “f;odkoh”,pokfJ e"w f:j o[sp/ bj{ pjke/ bhJ/. (eth nZbk :koyK :'rh)

ofjs pko/ r[opkDh T[gd/; ^frnkB[ fXnkB[ ;G[ r[o s/ j'Jh] ;kuh ojs ;kuk wfB ;'Jh]wBw[y eEBh j? go[ ojs B j'Jh] Bktj[ G{b/ EkT[ B e'Jh] (831)

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N[efVnK ftZu tzfvnkN[efVnK ftZu tzfvnkN[efVnK ftZu tzfvnkN[efVnK ftZu tzfvnkN[efVnK ftZu tzfvnk “gzEgzEgzEgzEgzE”

;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih bzw/ Xow gquko d"fonK s/ rJ/, iZr ikjoj?. fJbke/ dh b'V ƒ w[Zy oZye/, ;zrs ftZu'A e'Jh, u'DtK ;{MtkB ftneshb? e/, “Xow;kb” n;EkgB eoB bJh nkyd/ s/ w[yh f;Zy ƒ XkowefIzw/tkohnK, ns/ ;wki ;[Xko d/ ezw ;zGkb e/, nZr/ ub/ iKd/. T[jBK Ekg/rJ/ ftneshnK dh e'Jh gZeh ;{uh gqkgs BjhA j?. go r[o{ BkBe ;kfjpih dh u'D ftXh s'A fJj rZb Gbh GKs ;wM nkT[Adh j?, fe Ekg/ rJ/ w'johf;Zy, tesh w[yh j[zd/ ;B, ykBdkBh BjhA. feT[Afe r[o{ ;kfjpkB ih B/ y[dGh, r[orZdh dh ;/tk d/D bZfrnk, r[DK ƒ gqw[Zysk fdZsh j?, Bk fe ;z;kfoefoPs/ ƒ. ;w/A ;w/A b'V nB[;ko, ;fsr[o{ ih fJ; gqpzX ftZu ;[Xko Gh eod/ofjzd/ ;B. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih tZb'A Ekg/ Xow;kbhJ/, gqpzX ƒ j'o uzr/okpDkT[D tk;s/, sh;o/ BkBe ih B/ pkJh wzihnK (gquko e/Ado) s/ ptzikghjV/ (T[g gquko e/Ado) d/P s/ pd/P ftZu ;Ekgs ehs/. u"E/ BkBe ;kfjpih B/ j'o ;[Xko eofdnK fJjBK ƒ w;zd Bkw fdZsk, s/ Xow ekoiK bJhnk ojh wkfJnk, nzB dkD/ dk g{ok fbysh fj;kp oZyD bJh nkfrnkehsh. fJj gqpzX pj[s bzw/ ;w/A sZe ubdk fojk. go ;wK phsD Bkb,fJ; ftZu ftrkV g?dk j[zd/ rJ/. d;t/A BkBe sZe g[ZifdnK fJjBK dhnK wzdeos{sK dh ;ko/ gk;/ uouk j'D bZrh. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJjBK w;zdK pko/nkgD/ ftPtkP :'r f;ZyK okjhA, jo soQK dh gVskb eotkJh. fi; ftZu;Zuw[Zu jh fJj spek tZvk d'Ph gkfJnk frnk. id'A ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJjBKƒ ;[XoB bJh fusktBh fdZsh sK, fJj b'e fywk wzr e/ B/e okj s/ uZbDdh Ekt/A, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh rZdh ƒ jh tzrkoB bZr gJ/. fJjBK dk jzekos/ wBw[Zysk, f;o uVQ p'b gJh. nkyD bZr/ “;fsr[o{ ih` f;Zyh dk gqukon;hA eod/ jK, s[jkvh skes tXkT[D bJh BthA ;zrs i'Vd/ jK. nB/ew[;ebK MZbe/, d;tzX dh wkfJnk s[jkv/ sZe g[Zidh eod/ jK. nkj o"DeK,bzro dh ;'Gk, jfEnko,x'V/,jkEh, ;G n;hA jh sK fGitk oj/ jK. d{i/

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;gZPN PpdK ftZu ;[D bU` s[;hA r[o{ T[sBh d/o j', id'A sZe n;hA s[jkv/Bkb jK. n;hA fe;/ j'o ƒ Gh r[o{ pDk ;ed/ jKHHHHHH.” ;fsr[o{ ih B/ v{zxh;'u ftuko s'A pknd, ;kok w;zd gqpzXeh YKuk, oZd eo fdZsk. fJjBK d/;ko/ nfXeko tkg; b? bJ/. f;ZyK ƒ f;ZXk r[o{ Bkb ;pzX oZyD dk wkD d/fdZsk. “r[o{ e/ ykb;/” pDk fdZsk frnk, ;ko/ ftu'b/ \sw eo fdZs/ rJ/.

d;w gkfsPkj ih s'A pknd f;zxK s/ nfsnzs ;\sh dk ;wKnk frnk. T[ikV/ PjhdhnK, xZb{xko/ tkgod/ oj/. pu/ j'J/ f;Zy,izrbh tk; eoB bJh wIp{o j' rJ/. fJ; fpyV/ d"o ftZu fco “;zswjzs bkDk” r[odtkfonK s/ ekpi j' frnk. jo soQK dhnK pqkjwDhohsK, r[odtkfonK ftZu gqubs eo fdZshnK rJhnK. oDihs f;zxd/ oki ftZu, ;ko/ f;Zy ;odko, pqkjwD ƒ (gosZy iK gq'y) ngDkr[o{ ;theko eo u[Ze/ ;B. y[d oDihs f;zx (wjkokik) ngDh nebs/ f;Zy oki dh n;hw skes pqkjwDK d/ g/N/ gk u[Zfenk ;h. pj[s jhysoBke, f;Zyh dhnK iVQK tZYD tkbhnK ohsK o;wK, fJ;/ ;w/A ;[o{j'JhnK jB. Gkt/A fe bzwh ;'u w[skpe pqkjwD B/ feskpK gfjbK jhfbyDhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK ;B, go nwbhikwk oDihs f;zx d/ oki tess/ wro'A jh g[nkfJnk iKdk fojk j?. fJjBK ykBdkBh w;zdK ƒ, r[odtkfonKftZu'A p/dyb toB tk;s/, f;zxK ƒ pj[s bzwh bVkJh bVBh gJh. fGnkBeNeokT[ s'A pknd Gkt/A “;kjwD/ wZE/” f;Zy fiZs rJ/, go fJj nX{ok ;Zuj?. ;zB 1925 dk r[odtkok n?eN gqpzX f;ZyK d/ jtkb/ eodk j?. go ;ko/f;Zy gzE d/ wB w;se nzdo i' pqkjwDh ohsK o;wK v{zxhnK X; u[ZehnK;B, T[j sK n?eN pDB Bkb BjhA fBebD bZrhnK ;koh f;Zy e"w r[opkDhƒ G[bk u[Zeh ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ T[gd/P ƒ ft;ko u[Zeh ;h. Ppd s'AnrtkJh gqkgs eoB dh Ekt/A, ;kXK, pqkjwDK, i'rhnK, ;zfBnk;hnK,ghoK cehoK d/ g?oK s/ fvZr u[Zeh ;h. wkB' ;w[Zuh f;Zy t;'A pqkjwDh yko/;kro ftZu m/b fdZsh rJh ;h. d/jXkoh r[o{nK dhnK XkVK g?dk j' u[ZehnK;B. r[odtko/ sK Gkt/A ;q'wDh ew/Nh d/ gqpzX ftZu nk u[Ze/ ;B, go ;kXK;zsK gqsh nzBQh PoXk sK b'e wBK ftZu'A ysw BjhA ;h j'Jh. fJ; ewI'oh

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ƒ GKgfdnK, ;kXK ;zsK B/ nkgDh fBZih wkbeh tkb/ v/o/, Ne;kbK, mkm,Xkw, fNekD/ nfde pDkT[D/ P[o{ eo fdZs/, fijV/ nZi sZe fBozso tXd/ ub/nk oj/ jB.

;fsr[o{ ;fjpkB iK gqw[Zy f;ZyK Bkb ;pzXs fJfsjk;e r[odtko/sK Pq'wDh r[odtkok gqpzXe ew/Nh e'b ub/ rJ/. nDfrDs v/o/dkoK ƒGftZy dh fuzsk tZY tZY ykD bZrh. nfij/ ukbpkI b'eK B/, nZr'A tk;s/IwhB wekB ;KM/ ;zrs d/, Bk ofjD d/D dk fJokdk Xko fbnk. fbyshfoekov ftZu'A fJjBK dk Bkw pdb fdZsk frnk. v/ok, mkm, Ne;kb, XkwiK nfijk jh e[M j'o Bkw oZy fbnk. e[ZM fJZe B/ ;kjwD/ wjZst g{oB;EkB s'A, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ;o{g u[Ze fdZsk, fgSb/ ewo/ iK G'o/ nkfdftZu b[ek fdZsk frnk. eJh v/o/dkoK B/ f;Zyh ;o{g gfjbK jh fsnkfrnkj'fJnk ;h. eJhnk B/ pknd ftZu fsnkr fdZsk. wfonkdk ftZu fJZe;kosksK gfjbK jh BjhA ;h. gzE tZb'A fsnko ehsh, wfonkdk wzBD s'A Gh fJjb'e Bkpo j' rJ/. nkgDh d[ekBdkoh (v/o/) ƒ gZe/ g?ohA eoB tk;s/,nfijh ;'u tkb/ b'eK B/, e[M fJfsjk;e s"o s/ BkwD/ tkb/ r[of;ZyK dk BkwGh ngDh iE/pzdh bJh tosDk Io{oh ;wfMnk. fJjBK ftZu'A e[M e[ BkwfJj jB^ GkJh fpXh uzd dk Bkw^fJZe fBjzr iE/pzdh, fgzv ;[o f;zx, fIbQknzfwqs;o. GkJh xBZJhnk ih dk Bkw^;/tk gzEh iE/pzdh, fiBQK dh gqw[ZypqKu r'fBnkDk wzvh, fIbQk pfmzvk fty/ j?. dwdwh Ne;kb tkb/^gfjbK(1970 sZe) fJj b'e nkgDh iE/pzdh GkJh wBh f;zx ih s'A uZbh fbyd/gqukod/ oj/. ;zB ;Zso s'A pknd pkpk dhg f;zx ƒ ngDk w[yh rodkBDbZr gJ/. fJZe j'o iE/pzdh (v/ok) “BkBe;ohJ/” j'D dk dw GoB bZr/.fco sK fJZe fpwkoh fJZe tpk pD e/ T[Goh, i' tXdh jh ubh rJh. ;'Yhs/ p/dh T[Zm yb's/^ny/ n;hA ;fsr[o{ ih d/ ykBdkB ftZu'A jK, ;kvk fJ;/ekoD ftP/P ;BwkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. eh fJj BjhA ikDd/ gJh fgoEh uzd,Xhowb, okw okJ/, f;oh uzd nkfde ;ko/ jh ;'Yh p/dh ;B. go ;fsr[o{ih B/ y{B d/ foPs/ ƒ e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdZsk, r[DK ƒ gqw[Zysk fdZsh j?. fJ;s'A wro'A sK wkB' fJj w[ekpbk jh ub fgnk. ;ko/ GrsK d/ Bkw s/ nkg'

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nkgD/, nbZr r[odtko/ T[Z;o rJ/. GkJh wodkBk ih d/ ykBdkB dk j'ek d/fojk bkDk, dkjVh e/; eNtk e/, szpke{ dh tos'A eoe/, fJ;bkw Xow d/n;{bK ƒ fdb'A wB' ;thekofdnK, ni/ Gh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih d/ yk;fBeNtosh f;Zy j'D dk n?bkB eodk nk fojk j?. ;kJhA whnK who d/ykBdkB Bkb ;pzXs, b'e Gh f;ZyK s'A ftP/P ;BwkB gqkgs eoB tk;s/sob' wZSh j'J/ fcod/ jB. uzB gho ekdoh fJZe wkbk ftyke/, gqukfonkik fojk j? fe fJj “;[rks” ;kJhA whnK who ih ƒ, y[d gzit/A BkBe ihB/ pyfPP ehsh ;h. bZrd/ jZE fJZe ehwsh jko, wksk rzrk ih B/ Gh ghoih ƒ BIo” ehsk ;h. r[opkDh ftZu wkbk dk ;\s fBy/X j?, wksktK ;kdkihtB pshs eodhnK ;B. go fJj ;kok e[M “fJfsjk;e” pDk fdZskfrnk j?.

fco okJ/ eZb/ dk ykBdkB feT[A fe;/ s'A fgZS/ oj/ < xVh rJh ejkDhpVh Bk:kp uhI j?l ny/ d;t/A BkBe B/ okJ/e'N d/ izrb ftZu, wZMK ukoBtkb/ gkbh s'A, ghD bJh d[ ZX wzfrnk. T[;B/ wike eofdnK,nkfynk^“wjkoki` s[;hA sK t?;/ ikDh ikD j', go fJjBK wZMK ftZu fJZe'fJZe M'Nh (nT[;o^czvo) j?. pVh yZNo j? B/V/ BjhA fe;/ ƒ cNeD fdzdh.u' ;ed/ j' sK d[ZX u' bU.” fJj M'Nh nZi sZe roGtsh BjhA j'Jh ;h. fe;/pZu/ ƒ iBw d/D dk sK ;tkb jh g?dk BjhA j[zdk ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ “;?AeV/;[ok\K tkbk b'Nk fbnk, czvo wZM ƒ gb'; e/, j/mK p?m rJ/. czvo wZM B/d[ZX dhnK bfjoK bk fdZshnK. S/eK tkbk b'Nk, BZekBZe Go frnk. ;fsr[o{ih B/ y[d d[ZX ghsk s/ ;kfonK ƒ gqPkd o{g fgbkfJnk. S/eK ftZu'A d[ZXv[fbQnk jh BjhA.” fJ; “eokwksh b'N/” dh pd"bs, okJ/ eZb/ d/ gVg'so/B/, eo'VK o[g? ewk bJ/ jB, s/ ni/ Gh fJj “b'Nk^b[ZN” fBofpxB ikoh j?.fJ; PowBke M{m ƒ tXkT[D c?bkT[D ftZu “efjzd/ ejkT[Ad/ Bkwh okrh,Ykvh s/ gqukoe sK Pkfwb j?B jh, ;r'A Pq'wDh r[odtkok gqpzXe ew/Nh Gh,400 ;kbK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp (n;b ftZu g'Eh) d/ gfjb/ gqekP ƒ “X{w XkwBkb wBkT[AfdnK” r[odtkfonK ftZu ;zrsK ƒ ftP/P PkB Bkb, “b'Nk;kfjp” d/ “doPB dhdko/” eotk ojh ;h.

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r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ N[efVnK ftZu tzvh wB[Zysk, B|os dh nZrftZu ;V ojh b'ekJh ƒ, “>” d/ bV bk e/, fJZe' nekb g[oy d/ g?dk ehs/j'D dk nfj;k; eokfJnk. yZsoh pqkjwD ;{d t?P dk fGzB G/d fwNk e/,fJB;kB j'D dk j'ek fdZsk. fBZehnK tZvhnK iE/pzdhnK ftZu tzv/, i'rhpqkjwD Jhoyk dh sgP ftZu Gh ;V oj/ ;B, ns/ ;dhnK s'A r[bkwh dk d[ZyGh ;fj oj/ ;B. fJjBK GftZy w[yh bk;kBh ekoiK ƒ, r[o{ ih B/ y[d;wfMnk, s/ ;G ƒ ;wMkfJnk. jo gZy'A N[ZN u[Ze/ ewI'o b'e ;fsr[o{ ihdh PoD ftZu fJeZm/ j'D bZr/. fiT[A fiT[A f;nkDg tkbh nrtkJh ftZu b'ei[Vd/ rJ/, fst/A fst/A pj[gZyh cfsj:kph tZb tXd/ rJ/. frDsh ftZu ;Gs'A xZN j'D d/ pkti{d f;Zy Xow ;G b'eK ƒ wks gk frnk. f;Zyh ihtBfJZe wkvb o{g ftZu ;sekfonk ikD bZfrnk. j'o nZr/ tXfdnK jo,fcoe/ spe/ d/ b'e, nfs dh ;\sh d/ pkti{d, nkgD/ g[ZsoK ƒ p/y"c j' e/,f;zx ;ik oj/ ;B. fJ; pjkdoh ns/ B/eh dh pd"bs (;fsr[o{ ih dh fdZsh;'Mh) f;Zy, Ikbw je{ws dhnK iVK g[ZND ftZu ekw:kp j'J/. pd/Phb[N/fonK ƒ GZiD tk;s/ wIp{o eo fdZsk. PkBkwZs/ f;Zy oki d/ Mzv/ M[bkfdZs/, vze/ tZi rJ/. f;Zy ;wki, u'oK vke{nK b[N/fonK d/ pdBkw ro'j s'Apdbe/, goT[gekoh, pjkdoK, iKpkI okfynK d/ o{g ftZu ;thekfonkfrnk. ;z;ko Go ftZu, r[o{ feogk ;dek, f;ZyK dh ehosh c?b rJh.f;ZyK Bkb d';sh gkT[Dh, wkD dk gqshe pD rJh.

;w/A B/ eotN pdbh, okiBhse nkr{ n?Pgq;s j' rJ/. Xkowenkr{ GNe rJ/, Xow s'A d{o j' rJ/. v/o/dkoh dk cBhno Bkr, ;ko/f;Zy gzE ƒ nkgDh i'odko ieV ftZu BghVdk ubk frnk. fi;p[Ifdb fposh tkb/ ;kXK ;zsK ƒ, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ d[oekfonk fcNekfonk;h, T[jh yk;hnsK ns/ y[droIh b? e/, GKs ;[GKs/ v/o/dko, w[V s'Apo;ks d/ vZv{nK tKr “No?A No?A” eod/ ;[DkJh d/D bZr/. id'A fJjBKt/fynk fe “fjzr bZr/ Bk cNeVh, g{ik g?;k tkX{.” sK fJjBK b'eKB/ ozr pozr/ Bkw oye/, ihtB tkb/, f;o eZYt/A r[o f;ZyK d/ Bkw dhtos'A eoe/, nkgD/ v/o/ ;Ekgs eo bJ/. r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ “tD tDdh beVh” ƒ fJZe' gq/w ;{so ftZu go'fJnk ;h. fJjBK v/o/dkoK w[V

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;w[Zu/ gzE ƒ y/o{z y/o[z eo fdZsk j?. fpBK fe;/ fJfsjk;e ;p{s s'A GkJhwodkBk ih d/ ykBdkB tkb/, wodkBk ih tkbk o[spk gqkgs eoB bJhekjb/ jB. ;kJhA whnK who dk ykBdkB fJjBK s'A nZr/ fBebDk ukj[zdk j?,ny/ “;kv/ e'b gzit/A BkBe dh wkbk i{ j?.” r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh“;skjothA e[b” ftZu'A T{B/ tkb/ v/o/dko, ;opi's f;zx (p/dh) nkgD/ nkgƒ ;fsr[o{ ih dk n;bh fpzdh g[Zso d; fojk j?. id'A fe r[o{ BkBe ;kfjpih B/ fpzdh g[ZsoK ƒ e'Jh nfjwhns BjhA fdZsh. fgzv ;[o f;zx, fIbQknzfwqs;o fty/, pkpk dfJnk f;zx dk gqtko eo'VK BjhA nopK gsh pDu[Zfenk j?. feT[Afe T[j S/t/A BkBe d/ pjkdo f;Zy GkJh fpXh uzd d/ Bkwƒ nkgD/ v/o/ Bkb BZEh eo u[Ze/ jB. fJ;/ pkpk dfJnk f;zx B/ ;zB 2000ftZu nkgD/ pd/PK ftZu v/o/ d/ g?;/ Bkb r[bSoo/ T[vk oj/ bkvb/ ;g[Zso dk“;kdk fijk ftnkj” ehsk ;h. “;fsr[o{ dh G? GktBh ftZu ofjzfdnK r[o{eh r'be ftZu'A, fsb c[b b? e/, g[Zso d/ ftnkj s/ f;oc u"dK eo'V o[fgnkyou ehsk ;h.” XzB f;ZyhHHHHHH. XzB ;zsrhoh.

GkJh xBZJhnk ih B/ nkgD/ ihtB ekb ftZu e'Jh ;z;Ek iK v/o/dkohBjhA ubkJh. Bk jh r[o{ xo ftZu m/e/dkoh ƒ e'Jh wkBsk j?. go nZi T[jBKd/ Bkw s/ y{p v/o/ uZb oj/ jB. gzE Bkb'A tyo/tK (gkVk) gkT[D dk N[efVnKftZu tzvD dh “;/tk” ewk oj/ jB. fGzvoK Ne;kb (wfjs/ u"Ae) tkb/ngDh v/o/dkoh ƒ, d;w/A BkBe r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb fXCkD/ d/ I'o BZEheo oj/ jB. ny/ ;kvh “dwdwh Ne;kb” dwdwk fty/ P[o{ j'Jh. ;zB1970 sZe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu, ;zx gkV gkV e/ p'bd/ oj/, fer[o{ d;w gkfsPkj s'A pknd rZdh fwbh GkJh wBh f;zx ih ƒ. fXnkB oj/fJjh e{V gquko ;Zs'tkbh rbh (nzfwqs;o) tkb/, nwho Gzvko tkb/ pkp/,wZyD f;zx Gh p'b oj/ jB. fJjh X'yk fGzvoK fgzv ftZu ofj oj/ frL w'jDf;zx Gh (Ne;kbhJ/) eo oj/ jB. ;zB ;Zso s'A pknd iEk wfjsk u"etkfbnK (Ne;kbhJ/) nuBu/sh X'ph gNek wkofdnK, M{m p'bD d/ ;ko/foekov s'V fdZs/. fjZe d/ skD, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh jI{oh ftZu, p/y"cj' e/ e[co s'bDk P[o{ ehsk.” ;kvh wjkB iE/pzdh ;h; sbh s/ oZy, bVBtkb/ bk;kBh :'X/, Pjhd pkpk dhg f;zx s'A uZbh j?.” GkJh wBh f;zx ih

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dh Pjhdh g;zd Bk nkJh < pkjtK T[bko T[bko e/, jIkoK d/ fJeZmK ftZu,g?Ash ;kb s'A ny"sh pqjw frnkBh M{m p'bd/ nk oj/ jB. i' ni/ Gh fBofpxB ikoh j?. stkohyh feskpK, fit/A gqkuhB gzE gqekP, ;{oi gqekP, ;qhr[o;'Gk, frl frnkB f;zx, wjkB e'P GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk, nkfd fe;/Gh feskp ftZu fJjBK dh Ne;kb dk Bkw' fBPkB BjhA j?. fco Gh nkgD/nkg ƒ d;w/ ;fsr[o{ d/ tkfo; rodkB oj/ jB. nfij/ b'eK, v/fonKekoB, gzE yZyVhnK eo/b/ j'fJnk j?. d/jXkoh r[o{nK, ;kXK dh wkBskgqc[bZs j'Jh j?. nfij/ M{m/ v/o/dkoK s'A ;ktXkB` pu'`` r[otke jB ^

;sh gjoh ;s Gbk pjhn? gfVnk gkf;]T[E? gkg g[zB phukohn? e{V/ xN/ okf;] (146)fJjBK N[efVnK ftZu'A bZGD dh y/ub eo' ih fe “ykb;k gzE” feZE/

j? < iK fJj ;ko/ jh “gzE” jB <fJjBK s'A fJbktk gzikp d/ jo fIbQ/^Pfjo ftu" n";sB 2000

“;/te” iE/pzdhnK s/ nekbh db jB. r[odtkok ew/NhnK j'o nDfrDs.fi; ‘ykb;k gzE iK r[o{ gzE’ dk T{uk Y'b tikfJnk ik fojk j?, feE/ j? T[jn;bh gzE < fJj sK ;ko/ fJZe d{i/ d/ d[PwD pD/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fcoftZu/ Pokph, ftGukoh, r'be u'o, foPtsy'o, gzE ƒ nzdo'A pkjo'A, t/u tZNe/ veko ikD tkb/ Gh “n;bh gzE jh jB”< jo fJe dh “YkJh gk fyuVh”tZy' tZyo/ u[bQ/ s/ foZM ojh j?. r[o{ fgnko tkb/ r[of;Zy'` j'P eo'`` gzE dhuVQdh ebk dk e'Jh gq'rokw T[be'``` toBk ;kvk p/Vk sK rofenk jhj'fJnk j?. r[otke jB ^

o/ w{V/` nBekj/ es ikJh <;zfr wB'jo nzfwqs j? o/ G{fb G{fb fpy[ ykJh] (1212)

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;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB <;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB <;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB <;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB <;/tk tZvh fe r[o{ frnkB <

Gkosh ;fGnsk ftZu “Xkowe w[yhnK” B/ i' T[gd/P ;dhnK sZenkgD/ b'eK ƒ fdZsk, T[;/ w[skpe b'eK dh wkBf;e xkVs xVhAdh ubhrJh. feT[Afe ftZfdnk gqkgs eoB dk j'o e'Jh Iohnk jh BjhA ;h. p;Xow nkPowK ftZu, nkgD/ pZfunK ƒ G/i fdT[, T[E/ fit/A “wjkswk ih”dk wB eo/, T[; soQK dh f;Zfynk nkgD/ u/fbnK ƒ d/t/. ftob/ ƒ SZve/ftZfdnk sK ftuko/ foPh w[Bh ih (nZi eZbQ ;zs ih) B/ y[d BjhA gVQh, Gbku/fbnK ƒ eh gVQkJ/rk < jK v/o/ dh ;ckJh, ;kXK d/ u'b/ bzr'N/ (iK eSfjo/)X'D/, ;zsK dhnK wkbPK eoBhnK, iK fco B/V/ dh nkpkdh ftZu'A nzB dkDkwzr fbnkT[Dk. y[d ykDk s/ fJjBK t/jbV g[ikohnK ƒ ytkT[Dk. fizB/ e[“sh; wkoyK” y[d ;kX j[zd/ ;B T[sB/ e[ “yZphykB” nkgD/ ;/teK ƒ pDkfdnk eod/ ;B. Xkowe PoXk nXhB iK nkgD/ “bkvfbnK dh ftZfdnkdh ch; d/ s"o s/”, nzB p;so fSwkjh wro'A b'ehA g[ukT[Ad/ ofjzd/ ;B.fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe Gkosh ;ZfGnsk ns/ Gkosh XowK dk ubD ;dhnKsZe fJ; ;zu/ ftZu Ybdk, s/ gogZe j[zdk ubk frnk. bzwK ;wK phsD d/Bkb jo ghjVh ƒ nZr/ s'A nZr/ fJjh “frnkB” fwbdk frnk fe, “frq;shBht/A jB, s/ fsnkrh T[Zu/ jB”. fJjBK fizw/tkohnK s'A GZi/ b'eK dhnK XkVKtXdhnK rJhnK. Xowh j'D dk Y"Ar eoe/ fJj gkyzvh b'e frq;shnK ƒi'eK pDe/ fuzpVd/ rJ/. ;ZfGnsk j'o ewI'o j[zdh ubh rJh, d/P s/w[;hpsK d/ gjkV fvZrd/ rJ/.

gquZbs Xkowe tosko/ ftZu ;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ eqKshekohBthBsk fbnKdh. fiE/ gfjbK feosh d[oekfonk iKdk ;h, j[D ;ftekfonkikD bZrk. i/ gfjbK “fsnkrh ;kX” Xowh j'D dk y[d Yzv'ok fgZN oj/ ;B,s/ frq;shnK ƒ nXowh iK gkgh j'Dk rodkB oj/ ;B. sK ;fsr[o{ ih B/ftjbVK ƒ fcNeko gkJh s/ jZEhA feos eoB tkfbnK dk wkD tXkfJnk.r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ y[d y/sh tkjh, B"eoh, d[ekBdkoh nkfd ;ko/ ezw

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fpBK ;ze'u ehs/. jo wB[Zy wkso ƒ nkgD/ fizw/ bZrh, fJwkBdkoh Bkb“;/tk” ;wMe/ eoB dh jdkfJs ehsh. Bt/A t;kJ/ f;Zfynk e/Ado eoskog[ofty/ fJ; sohe/ dh nwbh ihtB iku dk wkvb ;fsr[o{ y[d ;B. pj[s/b'ehA g[oksB pqkjwDh ;'u ftZu Yb/ j'D ekoB r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih ƒ GhfJZe v/o/dko ;kX jh ;wMd/ ;B. id'A fBZs dh fefonk (NkJhw N/pb)t/yd/ sK T[jBK ƒ e[M tyo/tK BIo g?Adk. ;t/o s'A b? e/ Pkw sZe, jo ezw;fsr[o{ ih dh fBrokBh ns/ fJZSk w[skpe j[zdk. ;kfonK ƒ ;ohoe;woZEk ns/ w[jkos w[skpe ezw (;/tk) fdZs/ iKd/. fpBK ftseo/ s'A obe/bzro pDkT[Ad/ s/ tzv e/ Sed/. ;fsr[o{ ih dh BIo ftZu MkV{ dh ;/tk s'Ab? e/ Xow T[gd/P eoB sZe, jo ezw pqkpo dh “;/tk” ;h. r[o{ xo ftZujo gqeko dh feos ƒ ;fseko fdZsk frnk, s/ feosh wB[Zy BhtK Bkofje/, pqkpo dk fJB;kB ;wfMnk ikD bZrk.

;wK nkgDh ukb/ ubdk frnk. nkw b'eK ftZu f;o/ dh nDgVQskns/ nfrnkBsk ;h. v{zx/ frnkB ;kro (r[opkDh) ftZu T[soBk jkoh;kohd/ t; ftZu BjhA ;h. r[o{ dh BIo ftZu gqtkD j'D dk ;kdk fijk sohek ;h,jZEhA feos tZX s'A tZX ;/tk eoBh. ;wK phsD Bkb “frnkB” tkbk gZyewI'o g?Adk frnk, “;/tk” Gko{ j[zdh ubh rJh. Gkt/A fJj Gh ;" gqshPsmhe j? fe frnkBtkB wB[Zy neb dh tos'A okjhA ;r'A j'o uzr/oh “;/tk” eo;edk j?. ;/tk dk n;b wzst jh frnkB okjhA ;wM nkT[Adk j?. GkJhbfjDk ih eoskog[o fty/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh PoB ftZu nkD Y[Ze/.fit/A dh ;/tk ;"Agh rJh T[j g{oh f;de fdbh Bkb eod/ rJ/. fiZE/ fes/wB ftZu e'Jh ;tkb T[sgB j[zdk ;h, GkJh bfjDk ih ;fsr[o{ s'A g[ZS b?Ad/.fJj Gh g{oh soQK ;zGt j? fe r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fe;/ g[ZS d/ T[Zso ftZu nkyfdzd/ j'Dl GkJh ih i' ;tkb s[;hA ehsk j?, w?A nkgDh fbyh pkDh ftZufJ;dk ft;Eko ;fjs i[nkp d/ u[Zfenk jK. pkDh ƒ fXnkB Bkb gV',ftuko', nkgD/ nkg i[nkp fwb ikt/rk. fit/A fit/A ;wK phsdk frnk GkJhfbjDk ih jZEhA ;/tk Gh eod/ ofjzd/, ns/ Bkb jh r[o{ frnkB (r[opkDh) dkfJekro fuZs j' e/ nfXn?B Gh eod/. fJ; soQK T[jBK dk wkBf;e wzvb

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ftPkb j[zdk ubk frnk. fJ; ;otgZyh xkb s'A y[P j' e/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjpih B/ T[jBK ƒ fBowb gzE dh tkr v'o ;"Ag fdZsh. nZi sZe dhnK gqkgsfbysK ftZu, GkJh bfjDk ih dh ehsh “;/tk” dk T[xVtK ;EkB j?. T[jBKdk “frnkB” fezBk e[ ;h < ;G fbysK u[Zg jB. GkJh bfjDk ih B/ “fuZeVGo/ xkj dh gzv u[Zeh. ;zrs ftZu'A woh u{jh u[Ze e/ pkjo ;[ZNh. oks ;w/AfvZrh ezX T[;koBh. oks ƒ jh egV/ X' fbnkT[D/. rzd/ Bkb/ ftZu'A b'Nk eZYfbnkT[Dk. izv s/ uVQe/ “ib/phnK” bkj b?DhnK. iK w[odk ykD bJhfsnko j' g?DkHHHHH.” ;Zs ;kb s'A tZX ;wK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh ji{ohftZu ofj e/, GkJh bfjDk ih B/ e/tb “;/tk” ehsh < r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok,Grs pkDh, r[o{ BkBe ih dhnK bzwhnK :ksoktK dk siopk, r[ows;zrhs ebk, ftuko uoukHHHHHHfet/A s/ ed'A f;Zyh < fJ;dk e'Jh fbyshfIeo BjhA fwbdk. eh fJj wzB bJhJ/ fe r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ r[opkDhdk w[skfbnk ehsk jh BjhA < nro r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp r[o{ BkBe ih d/T[gd/P ƒ, Bk ;wMd/, sd T[jBK d/ ftuko r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih Bkb'A tyo/t/Atkb/ j'D/ ;[Gkte ;B. ;r'A d{i/ BkBe dh pkDh fJzB fpzB gfjb/ BkBe dhpkDh dh ftnkfynk jh eo ojh j?. i/eo r[o{ nzrd jh BkBe o{g ;B sK;oho eoe/ BjhA, ;r'A frnkB eoe/. feT[Afe wjbk (;oho) sK d{ik ;hgo frnkB (i's) T[jh ;h.

gquZbs fJfsjk; w[skpe pkpk nwodk; ih ;Zm pkjm ;kb dhT[wo ftZu r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih dh jI{oh ftZu nkJ/. bzwk ;wK fBofpxBnEZe ;/tk ehsh. “gkDh Y'Dk, r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih dk jo o'I fJPBkBeokT[Dk, MkV{ d/Dk, bzro fsnko eoBk, i{m/ posD wKiD/, gZyk MZbDkHHHHH.”fJjBK pkoK s/oK ;kbK d"okB pkpk nwodk; B/ f;yobh jZd sZe “;/tk”ehsh. m'jeoK ykXhnK, skjB/ ;j/, f;o ftZu w'NhnK i{znK g? rJhnK. e/;T[ZyV rJ/ skb{J/ s/ i\w j' rJ/. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih (;fsr[o{ w[nkceoBk, GkJh ;zs'y f;zx tb'A fbfynk ;{oi gqekP rqzE fi;dh ;ko/ r[odtkfonKftu joo'i eEk ehsh ik ojh j?. fgqzL ;fspho f;zx tb'A fbyh g;see[dosh B{o ftu Gh ;fsr[o{ ih dh s"jhB ehsh rJh j?. gqubs ejkDhnK

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dk fIeo eo fojk jK) ƒ e'jV bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h. ghV Bkb sVcd/ t/ye/, pkpk nwodk;, d{i/ BkBe d/ ghe Go/ iywK ƒ w{zj Bkb u{;d/, w?bk y{Bpkjo eZYd/. wjb/ d{i/ d/ p;so rzd/ y{B Bkb fbZpV iKd/ ;B. pkpk nwo{(nwodk;) fco w{zj Bkb uZN u{; e/, w?bk ;kc eod/. fJjBK “;/tktK” s'Aso[Zm e/, pkpk nwo dk; ih ƒ r[orZdh gqkgs j'Jh ;h. gkme iB'` iokrfjokJh Bkb ;'u'`` fJjBK ;kohnK gquZbs ehshnK eEk ejkDhnK ftZu,;fseko:'r T[u P\;hns pkpk nwodk; (Bkb jh r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp) dh,Bhusk dhnK ;G jZdK gko eoe/ s"jhB ehsh rJh j?. pkpk ih ƒ T[iZv,w{VQ, rzdk rbhu, i{znK Bkb Gfonk, e'jV tkbh rzdh ghe u{;fdnKftykfJnk frnk j?. eh r[o{ xo ftZu fJ; soQK dh “;/tk” f;ykJh iKdh;h < d{;o/ BkBe B/ edh Bk nkfynk, “g[oyk` s/o/ ftZu'A sK pdp' nkT[Adhj?. feow (i{znK) g? rJ/ jB, iywK Bkb s/ok ;oho Go frnk j?. ikjgfjbK fJbki eotk, ;kc ;[Eok j' e/ nkthA, fco ;/tk eohAHHHHH.” r[o{nzrd feT[A nkyD, gfjbK T[jBK s'A Gh sK ;kyhekoK B/ fJ;/ soQK dh “;/tk”eotkJh ;h. r[orZdh sK Gkt/A fwb rJh go r[o{ BkBe d/ “j'Djko ;g[Zso;qh uzd d/ ;okg ekoB e'jV Gh s'jc/ ftZu fwfbnk.” fJ; e'jV dk ;okgr[o{ okwdk; ;kfjp ih B/, ;qh uzd d/ g?ohA fvZr e/, dkjVh Bkb uoB g{zMe/, jIko sob/ eoe/, fes/ w;hA w[nkc eotkfJnk ;h.” (fJjh e{V e[co;kv/ ny"sh fJfsjk; ftu Gfonk fgnk j?)

sh;o/ BkBe dh gktB pkDh ;skoK okrK ftZu T[ukoD ehsh j'Jhr[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu ;[GkfJwkB j?. T[jBK B/ fJj okr ftZfdnk feE'A f;ZybJh < nkgDh bzx u[Zeh T[wo d"okB, pkpk nwodk; ih B/ edh eftsk dhfJZe gzesh sZe BjhA fbyh ;h. nkj fJsBh ;koh pkDh fbyD dh ;'MhT[jBK ƒ feZE'A gqkgs j'Jh < nBzd ;kfjp torh “Pkjeko” pkDh fet/AnuBu/sh fby fdZsh < nDfrDs p[okJhnK d/ fto[ZX fet/A I'odko nktkip[bzd eod/ oj/ < r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok s'A okJh wkso coe BjhA bZG/rk,fJe;kosk fet/A pD nkJh < feT[Afe ;ko/ gquZbs fJfsjk; ftZu'A, bZye'fPP eoB d/ pkti{d pkpk nwodk; ƒ, gktB r[opkDh gVQdk fes/

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fbfynk BjhA fwb/rk. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih s'A “f;Zyh dh f;Zfynk” b?Ad/BIo BjhA nkt/rk. eh r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh, T[; w[skpe ihtB ubBpDkT[Dk, “;/tk” ftZu Pkwb BjhA j? < r[opkDh ftZu'A “;/tk” dh iku f;Zye/jo gqkDh wkso dh, ;woZEk ns/ b'V w[skpe ;jkfJsk eoBh “;/tk” BjhAj? < e/tb N'eoh Y'n e/, f;oc gkDh fgbk e/, iK MkV{ d/e/, i'V/ ;kc eoe/“r[ows” dh ;wM nk ;edh j? < ih BjhA.

u"E/ BkBe pko/ Gh brgr fJ;/ soQK dk “fJfsjk;” gVQB ƒ fwbdkj?. pkbe i/mk ih S'Nh T[wo/ :shw j' rJ/ wzB ;ed/ jK. rohph ekoBBkBh ih Bkb obe/ fwjBs wId{oh eod/ j'D, tkip j?. wB sd'A e[obkT[mdk j? id'A ;fsr[o{ nwodk; ih dh T[Zsw fBrokBh ftZu ofje/ Gh, e/tb“N'eoh Y'Ad/” jh fd;d/ jB. bzro MkV{, bZeVK EVQ/,HHHHnkfd dh “;/tk”ftZu shj ;kb s'A tZX fpsk fdZs/. r[opkDh ed'A f;Zyh, r[o{ BkBe Xkok ƒed'A ;wfMnk, shj okrK dh emB f;ybkJh feZE'A gqkgs ehsh < e'Jh BjhAdZ;dk, feT[A < r[o{ nwodk; ih d/ bkfJe r[of;Zy, j'Djko p/Nh GkBh ihd/ gsh, ;fsr[o{ ih d/ dkwkd, o{g ftZu (;zB 1554 s'A 1574 sZe) thj ;kbftuo/. fszB g[ZsoK d/ fgsk pD rJ/. bkj"o fty/ nepo Bkb ftuko uoukGh eo nkJ/. fdZshnK ;/XK w[skpe nzfwqs;o (sd'A uZe okwdk;) Brop;kT[Ad/ oj/. pkpk ;qh uzd d/ uoB MkVd/ oj/. p; brksko “;/tk” eod/oj/. frnkB jk;b ed'A ehsk, e'Jh fIeo BjhA fwb/rk. jK ikd{Jh YzrBkb id'A sh;o/ BkBe B/, “r[o{ BkBe i's” i/mk ih ftZu fNek fdZsh sK T[;/tes T[j, nZy d/ c'o ftZu “BkBe o{g j' rJ/.” ;'X e/ fJfsjk; fbfynkikDk ukjhdk j?.

T[go tofDs xNBktK tKr jh gzit/A BkBe ih dk ihtB fJfsjk;gVB ƒ fwbdk j?. fgsk r[o{ ih dh nkfrnk wzB e/ bj"o ub/ rJ/.ftnke[bsk dhnK fuZmhnK (<) w/ok wB[ b'u?HHHH) fbyd/ oj/. fgoEh uzddhnK finkdshnK PKs fuZs podkPs eod/ oj/. p; r[orZdh d/ jZedkopD rJ/. BkBk r[o{ nwodk; ih s'A r[ows feT[A Bk gVQh < fgsk r[o{okwdk; s'A r[ows frnkB feT[A gqkgs Bk ehsk < ;kohnK g[;seK ykw'P

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jB, feT[A < gZe/ ;p{s j'D ekoB Gkt/A “fJfsjk;ekoK” ƒ fJj fbyD bJhsK wIp{o j'Dk fgnk j? fe r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B/ r[opkDh dh ;zgkdBk eoe/,g'Eh ;kfjp fsnko ehsh. pkDh fbyD pko/ ;?AeV/ Pze/ yVQ/ eo fdZs/. edh“ewb/ w'jD” d/ fbnk g?ohA gkfJnk. ny/ T[jd/ e'b r[opkDh dhnK g'EhnKb?D rJ/ ;B. gzikj feb' whNo Bzr/ g?oha, gzit/ BkBe ƒ N'o e/ r'fJzdtkbfty/ T[; u[pko/ bkr/ IwhB s/ p?m e/ Ppd rkfJnk^“w'jB s/o/ T{u/ wzdowjb ngkok]” fJ;dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe gzit/A BkBe e'b r[opkDhdk yIkBk BjhA ;h. T[jBK s'A gfjb/ r[oftneshnK B/ nfijh e'Jh rbshehsh fe r[opkDh w'jD tor/ rbs pzfdnK d/ epI/ ftZu ubh rJh. fi;ekoB gzit/A BkBe ƒ “ewb/ ;kX” (w'jD) d/ sob/ eoB/ gJ/. fco gzit/A;fsr[oK “pkDh fJeZso ehsh” pko pko fbfynk ik fojk j?. gfjb'A pkDhfeZE/ fyboh gJh ;h < ;ko/ r[o ftneshnK ƒ “f;ZXV” fij/ ;/tkdko pDke/sk y{p g/P ehsk ik fojk j?. frnkBtkB, d{onzd/P, ;w/A dh ukb ƒgSkBD tkb/, fJZe Bt/A Xow, BthA e"w, BthA ;fGnsk dh T[;koh eoBtkb/, jofrI g/P BjhA ehsk frnk.

S/t/A BkBe dh f;Zfynk pko/ e'Jh ft;Eko BjhA fwbdk. ;Zst/AnZmt/A BkBe pko/ fJfsjk; ykw'P j?. B"t/A BkBe Bkb y{p Xq'j ewkfJnkfrnk j?. ny/ ih “pkpk s/rk” SZph ;kb s'A G'o/ ftZu tV e/ sgZf;nk eofojk j?.” Gbk j't/ B/e r[of;Zy GkJh wZyD Pkj ih dk, fi;B/ “:[esh”tos e/ r[o{ dh gSkD eo bJh. i/ fes/ T[j r[o{ bZGe/ BK fbnkT[Adk f;Zyhdk sK ;wM' G'r jh g? frnk ;h. r[o{ jfofeqPB ih Gh rbsh eo rJ/, id'AT[jBK, f;ZyK ƒ ;gZPN Bk dZf;nk fe nZr'A r[o{ e"D j?. id'A fe n;bhnsfJj j? fe pkpk s/r pjkdo 21^3^1664 ƒ y[d fdZbh ftZu nZmt/A BkBe ƒfwb/ ;B. T[E/ jh ;kohnK ;zrsK d/ ;kjwD/ r[orZdh dk c?;bk ;[Dk fdZskfrnk ;h.

pkbe r'fpzd okJ/ dh f;Zfynk dh e'Jh N'j BjhA fwbdh. r[opkDh,noph, cko;h, ;z;feqs, x'V ;tkoh, sho nzdkIh, B/Ik pzd{e s/r sbtkoed'A f;Zy/, e'Jh fIeo BjhA. ;G e[M f;ZyD tes, i' e[M T[j eod/ do;kJ/

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rJ/ jB, T[j j? B"itkB bVehnK d/ xV/ GzBD dk P[rb. wksk r[ioh ih e'bfJ; “Pokos” dh PekfJs j'D s/ wksk ih B/ nkgD/ “eke/” ƒ ;wMkT[Ddh EKt/, p/p; e[VhnK ƒ b'j/ dhnK rkroK yqhd fdZshnK. ny/ fJjBK s/r[b/bK wko BjhA eo ;eDrhnK. “e[okj/” gJ/ pkbe r'fpzd okJ/ B/ shoewkB b? e/ rkroK ftzBDhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK. fco T[jBK phphnK B/ ehehsk < “fJfsjk;” w'BXkoh j?. Pow dhnK wkohnK PkfJd pkjo jhfBebD'A jN rJhnK j'D. jK wksk r[ioh ih B/ y{j dk gkDh ykok j'D dk“;okg” d/ fdZsk ;h. bVehnK gkDh b?D nkT[D' jh jN rJhnK. gor'fpzd okJ/ Bk jN/HHHHH. nuBu/sh r'fpzd okJ/ ih ƒ rZdh ;zGkb e/ B"t/ABkBe “Pjhdh d/D bJh” (<) fdZbh ƒ ub/ rJ/. fJ; ;ko/ ny"sh gqubs“fJfsjk;” ftZu e/tb “;/tk” iK “PokosK” dk pVk fIeo j?. r[orZdh s/fpokiwkB r[oftnesh ngD/ T[Zso nfXekoh dh fsnkoh tk;s/ e'Jh T[u/u/isB BjhA eod/ ;B < e/tb posD ;kc eoB Bkb, MkV{ g'uk d/D Bkb,bzro gekT[D BkbHHHHH fJsBh nkswe T[Zusk j' ;edh j? fe ;/tk s'A so[Zme/ r[o{ BkBe gkfsPkj dh oZph pyfPP (r[orZdh) f;Zy gzE dh tkr v'o ;"Aghik ;e/ < fJZe ;kXkoD ftnesh jb tkj bt/, wZMK ;KG bt/, bzro pDk e/Sek bt/, izr :[ZX ftZu s/r tkj ;e/HHHHHH. go fJjBK ezwK eoe/ T[j fJzBkwjkB j' ;edk j?, ;op gZyh fgqspk dk wkbe j' ;edk j? < tZv/ tZv/ Xkowen;EkBK d/ w[yhnK Bkb ftuko uouk eoBh, nkgD/ Xow d/ n;{bK ƒgqGktPkbh sohe/ Bkb d{finK ƒ ;wMkT[Dk eh S'Nh fijh rZb j? < ;wkid/ soQK soQK d/ ;[Gkn tkb/ b'eK ƒ ;zs[PN eoe/, nkgD/ Bkb ;fjws eob?Dk eh wkw{bh fijh rZb j? < oki/ oitkfVnK ;Bw[Zy BtkpK u"XohnK;kjwD/, p/pkeh Bkb ftuko uouk eoBh, nkgD/ Xow pko/ dZ;Dk, ;wkis/ j' oj/ I[bw ƒ jkew ;Bw[Zy oZyDkHHHHHHeh fJj wkw{bh rZbK jB < nfij/T[Zu/ fdwkr, ;[Zu/ ihtB tkb/ ftnesh e/tb “;/tk” dh pd"bs fsnko ehs/ik ;ed/ jB < Bt/A Bt/eb/ nrKj tX{, ;{ow/ goT[gekoh (;zs f;gkjh iKr[ow[y) PKsh d/ g[zi, uoyVhnK s/ uVQB tkb/, ekpb ezXko d/ s\sK skiKƒ eKpk S/V d/D tkb/, fJB;kBhns d/ “wkvb” f;oc e[M e[ ;/tk eoe/

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gqtkB uVQ ;ed/ jB < ih BjhA` fJ; tZvh gbkfBzr (o{g o/yk) bJh jIkoKwB[ZyK ƒ pj[gZyh f;ybkJh fdZsh rJh. ;w/A ;w/A s/ nDfrDs fJwfsnkBbJ/ iKd/ oj/. ;ko/ ftfPnK ftZu'A Pq'wDh doik jk;b eoB tkbk (Nkg iKr'bv w?vfb;N) r[ow[y iB r[o{ BkBe dh rZdh dk tkfo; Ekfgnk frnk.e[ZM “xZN Bzpo b?D tkfbnK ƒ d/P ftd/P ftZu, Xow gqukoeK dh fIzw/tkohp\Ph iKdh ;h. r[o{ BkBe goT[gekoh ih B/ i' wB[Zysk bJh bk;kBh ekoiehs/ eh T[j “;/tk” BjhA ;h < jZEhA ;/tk eoBh fIzdrh dk fJZe gfjb{ j?,;G e[ZM jh BjhA j?. ;dhnK s'A ftZfdnk tZb'A ;ZyD/, frnkBtkB pDkT[Dk eh“;/tk” BjhA j? < gP{nK tork r[bkwh tkbk, r?osjhD ihtB pshs eoBtkb/, nsh gSV/ ;wki ƒ, Xowh g[oP goT[gekoh, ;{ow/, nDy ;t?wkDpdb/ jZ; jZ; ikBK e[opkB eoB tkb/, ;zu/ ftZu spdhb eo d/Dk eh “wjkB;/tk” BjhA j? <

bzwk ;wK nDgVQ s/ vog'e fe;w dh fposh tkb/ ;kXK ;zsK dkXow n;EkBK s/ rbpk fojk. T[jBK fiZE/ fjzd{ g"okDe eEktK dk e{VQ epkVtZv/ gZXo s/ r[ows ftZu dkyb ehsk, T[E/ “;/tk” dk ;zebg jh xZN/ o'bfdZsk. e[ZM wkfJnk iK nzB p;so r[odtko/ nogD eoB/, iK bzro nkfddh fsnkoh ftZu :'rdkB gT[Dk jh “;/tk” n?bkBh rJh. i/ fe;/ d' edwnrKj g[ZN/ sK ;zs pkp/ dhnK bZsK pkjtK x[ZNDhnK, fJPBkB eokT[Dk iKwkbPK eoBhnK, sZe g[Zi rJ/. pkpk ih d/ p;so X' d/D/, wzik fp;sok ;?ZNeo d/Dk, tXhnk getkB Sek d/D/, tkbh “;/tk” gqw[Zysk XkoB eodhrJh. r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh, r[DK Gog{o ihtB pDkT[Dk ;/tk tkb/ ykB/ftZu'A nb'g j[zdk ubk frnk. fJ;dk Bshik fJj fBefbnk fe nZi dk f;ZywkJh GkJh bzro ftZu g;hB' g;hBh j'fJnk fwb ikt/rk. ;kJheb ;e{No;KGD/ i'V/ gkfbP eoB/, gkDh fgbkDk, MkV{ c/oBk nkfd dh “gftZso ;/tk”eodk sK E'e ftZu fwb ikt/rk. r[opkDh ƒ ;wMD ;wMkT[D tkbk, f;Zyf;ZXKsK dh ;jh soiwkBh eoB tkbk e'Jh ftobk iB bZG/rk. fJ;/ bJhfrnkBtkB pjkdoK dh f;Zy e"w, nZi w{VQsk ftZu roe j'Jh, ekfJoskftZu v[Zph, ;z;ko ;kjwD/ so; dh gkso pDh t/yh ik ;edh j?. i' f;Zy gzE

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frnkB s/ pjkdoh d/ Bt/A ehoshwkB ;Ekgs eodk fojk ;h, nZi T[jh“d{bk gzE” wVQhnK epoK dk g[ikoh, iK nZyK whNh G/vK tKr f;o ;[ZNh;kXK d/ v/fonk tZb tjhoK pzBQh ik fojk j?. Xkr/ sths ikd{ wzso, G{s gq/sBoe ;[or, shoE tos, PqkX, wZf;nk g[zfBnk, gP{nK gzShnK o[ZyK s'A b?e/, pzfdnK sZe ;G dh g{ik eod/ “w{V f;Zy” nkw t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.nfijh ;[osh fposh tkb/ “;/te” ƒ fe;/ y{j ftZu XZek d/ fdT[, T[j e'JhT[Zio BjhA eo/rk. feT[Afe T[;d/ nzdo'A ftt/ePhbsk \sw j' rJh j?. nDyr?os wo u[Zeh j?, fJB;kBhns (r[of;Zyh) B/V/ s/V/ Gh BjhA j?, fJ; bJhT[; ƒ fi; y[obh s/ pzB e/ gZm/ gk fdT[, T[E/ jh ;[Phb pfDnk yb'skoj/rk.

;wK phsD Bkb frnkB s'A ykbh “;/tkdko” P{do (Bhu) pDfrnk. ftjbV pzdk ;/tk eotkT[D tkbk, ukbke g[ikoh (;kX ;zs) T[Zuk pDp?mk. Bk ;wM ;/teK dh feos ewkJh, ukbke g[ikohnK d/ fYZvh g?Adhubh rJh. Bk ;wM ;/teK d/ pZu/ G[Zy/ ftbeD bZr/ s/ Pkso ;kX bkD/ dhnK;Zs/ y?oK. feoshnk dh ;koh ewkJh b[ZN e/, pkfpnK B/ T[;ƒ nrb/ iBwd/ ;[ZyK dk gotkBk d/ fdZsk. y[d ;zs ih, fJ;/ iBw ftZu fpBK vZek d'jokehs/, ;torK tork ;[Zy fJ;/ Xosh s/ wkBD bZr/. i/ ;/tk pj[s uzrh j? s/;kX ;zs sK ;oho ƒ sZsh jtk BjhA brD d/ oj/. fJj ;ohoe ;/tk T[jBKftjbVk tk;s/ Io{oh BjhA ;h < ;/tk pko/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ pj[s e[ZM fbfynkj?. e[M gowkD jkIo jB ^

;/t ehsh ;zs'yJh fiBh ;u' ;u[ fXnkfJnk]UBh d[BhnK s'V/ pzXBk nzB gkDh E'Vk ykfJnk]UBh wzd? g?o[ B ofyU efo ;[feqs[ Xow[ ewkfJnk]HHH(467);fsr[o{ ih ;wMk oj/ jBl ;/te ;zs'yh ihtB XkoB eo/ s/ ;Zu d/

wkor s/ uZb/. ;/te d[BhnK d/ rbs pzXBK o[ektNK ƒ s'V d/t/, ;'uDhnkikd eo bt/, ;ohoe ;[nkdK fgZS/ jh Bk fgnk oj/. fIzdrh ƒ wzd/ okjuZb e/ popkd Bk eo bt/, fJZe edw Gh rbs gk;/ Bk N[o/. ;/te T[j j?i' ;[feqs, B/e ewkJh eofdnK nkgD/ gqtko dh ;zGkb eodk j?. fJ; B/eh

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tkb/ okj s/ ubD tkbk g{oh soQK Xowh fJB;kB wzfBnk ikt/rk.j'o c[owkB j? L^

;'Jh ;/te i' ;fsr[o[ ;/t/ ub? ;fsr[o{ GkJ/];uk ;pd f;cs j? ;uh ;uk wzfB t;kJ/] (753)

n;bh ;/te T[j j? i' ;fsr[o{ d/ T[gd/P ƒ ;dk u/s/ oZydk j?. fJ;/bJh T[j ;fsr[o{ ih dh dZ;h fpXh w[skpe fIzdrh fiT[Adk j?. r[o{ dkT[gd/P ;Zuk j? T[j f;Zy ƒ e[okj/ BjhA gkT[Adk, fJjh ;fsr[o{ dh ;ZuhtfvnkJh j?. fco ;Zuk nekb g[oy ;dk tk;s/ ;/te f;Zy d/ fjod/ ftZup; iKdk j?. ;/te fEVedk BjhA j?, fIzdrh ;cbh eo b?Adk j?.

j'o^;/ iB ;u/ fBowb/ fiB ;fsr[o Bkfb fgnko[];fsr[o[ ek GkDk ewktd/ fpy[ jT[w? sfi fpeko[] (65)j/ GkJh T[j wB[Zy ;Zu/ jB ftekoK dh w?b s'A ofjs jB, fiBQK ƒ

;fsr[o{ Bkb fdbh fgnko j?. feT[Afe T[j ;fsr[o{ dk j[ew wzBe/ fIzdrhpshs eod/ jB. ftekoK tkbk Ifjo Gfonk ihtB fsnkr fdzd/ jB. j'ot/y'

;fsr[o eh ;/tk rkyVh f;o[ dhi? nkg[ rtkfJ];pfd wofj fcfo Bk wofj sk ;/tk gt? ;G EkfJ] (649);fsr[o{ tZb'A pyPh ihtB ;/X pj[s n"yh j?, nkgDh wZs, nkgDk

nkgk g{oh soQK SZvDk g?Adk j?. r[o{ d/ j[ew ƒ wzB e/ ftekoK tZb'A wB ƒwko b?D, fco T[jBK dh nkswe w"s BjhA j't/rh. nfij/ r[of;ZyK dh ;/tkfco gotkB j'Jh wzBh ikt/rh. GkJh r[odk; ih dk tke ^

ir G'r BJht/d by, r[ow[fy w[fy fJe[ dkDk gkfJnk]r[o GkJh ;zs[;N efo, r[ow[fy ;[y cb[ fgow oykfJnk](7^13)GkJh ;kfjp ih dZ; oj/ jBl fe b'eh iZr eod/ jB, d/tfsnK

Bfws, w{oshnK ƒ, g[ikohnK ƒ, G'r btkT[Ad/ jB. nfij/ bZyK Gow o{gezw eod/ jB. wB[Zysk bJh nkgk tkoB tkb/, goT[gekoh r[of;Zy ƒ, fJZedkDk (Gkt E'Vk fizBk) SekfJnk, j'o ;G eowK s'A T[Zsw j?. nkgD/ nkb/

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d[nkb/ ofj oj/ r[of;ZyK dh jo soQK ;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/. b'VtzdK dh ehshrJh fBPekw ;/tk, gqG{ gqwkswk dh jh ;/tk j?. fJjh ;/tk j? i' gow ;[yfdzdh j?.

nB/eK v/fonk s/ frnkB ofjs PoXkb{ wjhfBnK pZXh, ;kbK pZXh,eJh tkoh T[wo Go “eko ;/tk” s/ ihtB ftnoE rtkT[Ad/ t/y/ ik ;ed/jB. IwhBk, e'mhnK, pkr, ;kXK dh fBZih wkbeh j[zd/ jB. “beho d/ceho PoXkb{, fdB oks fwZNh Bkb fwZNh j'e/ “;/tk eofdnK iBw ;cbk”eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. f;o Pow Bkb M[e iKdk j? id'A PoXktkB phphnK “g[Zsodh dks” gqkgs eoB tk;s/ nkgDhnK G'bhnK ƒjK, XhnK ƒ v/o/dkoK dh“;/tk” ftZu ik jkIo eodhnK jB. fdB oks bzwk ;wK v/o/dko ;kX(n;b ftZu ;kBQ) dh “gftZso ;/tk eofdnK, g[Zso dh gqkgsh eo, y[PhBkb M'bh Go b?dhnK jB.” nfijh “;/tk” ftZu roe j'J/, tZv/ tZv/ Xowhw[y"fNnK tkb/, ;oeko/ dopko/ n;o o;{y oZyD tkb/, tZv/ XB e[p/owZmkXkoh v/o/dko” nzBQ/ PoXkb{nK dh jo gqeko, p/dodh Bkb b[ZN eod/jB. ;fsr[o{ ih sK r[o T[gd/P w[skpe fIzdrh pshs eoB ƒ jh ;op'swn?bkBd/ jB. Ppd gVQ' ^

e'fN wiB ike? ;[fD Bkw] e'fN g{ik ike? j? fXnkB]e'fN g[zB[ ;[fD jfo eh pkDh] e'fN cbk r[o s/ fpfX ikDh]wB[ ng[B/ wfj fcfo fcfo u/s] fpBf; ikfj wkfJnk e/ j/s](238)gkfsPkj ;wMk oj/ jB eo'VK shoEK dk g[zB ;fsr[o{ d/ frnkB

ftZu j?. eo'VK gqeko dh g{ik nouDk r[o T[gd/P ƒ fXnkB Bkb ;[DB ftZuj?. eo'VK jh g[zB dkB Bkb'A fInkdk wjksw joh i; (r[oT[gd/P) ;[D b?DftZu jh j?. eo'VK jh cbK dh gqkgsh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A, ihtB fiT[D dh ikuf;Zy b?D ftZu j?. j/ wB[Zy w[V w[V nkgD/ nzdo Mksh wko, fe s{z eh eofojk j?A. id'A s?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ rbs ezwK dh ;wM nk ikt/rh, fco s{z ;Zukokj nyfsnko eo bt/Ark. nfrnkBsk ftZu “Xow eow” ikDe/ i' e[ZMs{z eodk nk fojk j?A fJj ;jh BjhA j?. w[V w[V rbsh Bk eo, r[o{ dhpkDh, gVQ ftuko e/ frnkBtkB pD. fi; ƒ s{z ;/tk wzBh p?mk j?, fJj

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n;bh ;/tk BjhA j?. tZv/ tZv/ ;Jhnkd (fPekoh) EK EK ikb bkJh, u'rfybko e/ G'b/ iht tKr s/oh T[vhe eo oj/ jB. s?ƒ gsk Gh BjhA brdkfe s{z ;ko/ gkf;nK s'A iefVnk ik u[Zek j?.

nkyoh fBu'V ^r[of;ZyK nzdo ;fsr[o[ tos? i' f;yK B' b'u? ;' r[o y[;h nkt?]ftD[ ;fsr[o e/ j[ew? fi r[of;yK gk;j[ ezw[ eokfJnk b'V/,fs;[ r[of;y[ fcfo B/fV B nkt?]fi mrh nkt?, mrh T[fm ikfJ, fs;[ B/V/ r[of;y[ w{fb B nkt?] (317);fsr[o{ ih f;o/ dh ftuko pyPfdnK ;'Mh d/ oj/ jB, fe GkJh

;fsr[o{ dh fJZSk s'A fpBK, i/ e'Jh ukbke nkdwh PoXktkB f;ZyK s'A trkoeokt/, nkgD/ fBZih ckfJd/ tkb/ ezw eokt/, T[; nkdwh s'A ;[u/s oj', pu'.nfij/ mZr b'e soQK soQK d/ Xkowe G/y pDke/ G'b/ f;ZyK ƒ p/ofjwh Bkb b[ZNoj/ jB, fJjBK d/ B/V/ Bk ikfJU. i' goT[geko dh GktBk Bkb wB[Zysk dh;/tk y[d eodk j?, s/ fgnko Bkb d{finK ƒ ;/tk bJh gq/odk j?, T[j B/efJB;kB j?. T[;s/ ;fsr[o{ y[Ph gqrN eodk j?. i' f;ZyK ƒ fgnko eo/rk,;fsr[o{ T[;/ ƒ fgnko eo/rk, fJj nkyoh |?;bk j?.

;/tk pko/ fJe j'o Ppd fby e/ ;wkgs eod/ jK. gVQ' ^;k ;/tk ehsh ;cb j?, fis[ ;fsr[o ek wB[ wzB/]ik ;fsr[o ek wB wzfBnk, sk gkg e;zwb GzB/]T[gd/;[ fi fdsk ;fsr[o{, ;' ;[fDnk f;yh ezB/]fiB ;fsr[o ek GkDk wzfBnk, fsB uVh utrfD tzB/]fJj ukb fBokbh r[ow[yh, r[o dhfynk ;[fD wB[ wzB/](314)

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pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo - pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k<pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo - pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k<pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo - pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k<pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo - pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k<pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo - pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k<

ykb;k oki d/ gfjb/ pkdPkj ;{opho, f;Zy c"iK d/ wjkB ioB?b,pkpk pzdk f;zx ih pjkdo B/, ;hws fij/ ;w/A ftZu, wkw{bh ;kXBk Bkb,fpyV/ jkbks ftZu, Gkos dh PeshPkbh ikbw w[rb je{ws dhnK iVKfjbk e/ oZy fdZshnK ;B. fJj ;z;ko dh r"ot tkbh, iKpki b'eK dh,tfuZso rkEk j?. fJZe wkw{bh fij/ r[wBkw ;kX{ B/, d;w fgsk ji{o dkEkgVk b? e/, nzfwqs See/, i' pjkdoh d/ wkDwZs/ ekoBkw/ eo ftykJ/, T[j;z;ko ftZu ftob/ wB[ZyK d/ fjZ;/ jh nkT[Ad/ jB. vkeNo r'eb uzd Bkozrfbydk j? ^ “fi; ;zg{oD wB[Zy dh o{g o/yk, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/fsnko ehsh. fi;dh xkVs r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ xVh. T[j ;zg{oDwB[Zy pzdk f;zx jh ;h. fJj fIzdrh dk BkNe, Gkt/A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zxih B/ jh fbfynk, go fJ;ƒ ;z;ko wzu s/, ;|bsk ;fjs, pzdk f;zxB/ y/fvnk.” pkpk ih nzsw ;w/A sZe, r[o{ j[ewK s/, g{oh f;de fdbhBkb, gfjok fdzd/ oj/. i' ;/tk T[jBK ƒ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;"Agh ;h, T[;ƒ bZyw[;hpsK MZbe/, ;h; sbh s/ oZye/ bVfdnK, nyho pzd pzd eNtk e/,;{ophosk dhnK nB/e wzfibK T[sKj uVQ rJ/.

pkpk ih pko/ pj[s b/yeK B/ ebw ubkJh j?. r?o f;ZyK d/ sK,gZygks dh n?Be bZrh j'Jh ;h jh, go f;Zy fJfsjk;ekoK B/ Gh, d/;hpd/Ph r?of;ZyK d/ rbs goGkt ƒ jh ep{fbnk. fJ;/ bJh nDfrDsfJbIkw pkpk ih s/ E'g fdZs/ rJ/. fi; ;fseko d/, pkpk ih jZedko ;B,;kv/ fJfsjk;eko T[jBK ƒ, pDdk :'r ;fseko BK d/ ;e/. pkpk pzdk f;zxih pko/, fizBhnK feskpK fwb ;edhnK ;B, b/ye B/ T[jBK ;kohnK ƒ r[o{f;XKsK d/ gfog/y ftZu oZye/, ftukoB dk isB ehsk j?. i' e[M pkpk ihpko/, ;wM ftZu nk ;fenk j?, T[j fBt/eb/ BIohJ/ s'A, gkmeK Bkb ;KMkeoB dk fJj fJZe isB j?.

pkpk ih d/ w[Yb/ ihtB pko/, ns/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb fwbkg

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pko/, T[Bh fJZeh d/ coe Bkb, bZrGZr ;ko/ b/ye fJZe' fijk fbyd/ jB. T[;dhnK PkBdko fiZsK, :[ZX d/ nB'y/ dkn g/u, xZN frDsh f;ZyK Bkb, E'V/;kXBk Bkb, tZvh s'A tZvh oki;h Pesh ƒ, Ioioh eoB d/ ;woZE j'Dk.nZm ;kb sZe gzikp ftZu brksko, fiZs d/ Mzv/ M[bkT[Ad/ ikDk, wB[Zysk d/d'yhnK ƒ u[De/ eokohnK ;iktK d/DhnK, nkfd pko/ Gh fJfsjk;ekoK ftZue'Jh rzGho wZsG/d BjhA jB.

pkpk ih dh ;[Zuh P\;hns ƒ dkrdko eoB tk;s/, i' ewhB/fJbikw bkJ/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK ftZu fInkdk T[jh jB, fiBQK dk gquko ;w/Adh w[rb je{ws tZb'A I'o P'o Bkb eo fdZsk frnk. id'A fe pzdk f;zx dhfJZe Gh fbys nfijh BjhA fwbdh fi; s'A fe;/ d'P dh g[PNh j[zdh j't/.do n;b pkpk ih dhnK fiZsK s'A, ;oeko p[oh soQk p"ybk rJh ;h.pkdPkj pjkdo Pkj, y[d pzdk f;zx fto[ZX c"iK dh fBrokBh eodk fojk.fJE'A d/ ftrV/ jkbks t/ye/, f;ZyK dh uVQs wfj;{; eoe/, T[;ƒ v'p{ g? oj/;B. fJ;/ ;w/A bj'o ftZu, ;hnk s/ ;[zBh w[;bwkBk d/ c;kd GVe gJ/.pjkdo Pkj fJzBk p/u?B j'fJnk, fe T[;B/ jk;'jhD/ j[ew d/D/ P[o{ eo fdZs/.fit/A “;ko/ Pfjo bj"o d/ e[Zs/ wko fdU. ;ko/ fes'A wzrfsnK s/ cehoKƒ cVe/ i/bQK ftZu pzd eo fdU, iK esb eo fdU.” fJ; gkrbgD dhjkbs ftZu jh T[j 27 Btzpo 1712 ƒ bj"o fty/ wo frnk.

s\s gqkgsh tk;s/, pjkdo Pkj d/ uko/ g[soK ftZu, y{p sbtkouZbh. nzs fszB GoktK ƒ esb eoe/ ijKdkoykB s\s s/ p?mk. go pj[sS/sh fJ;ƒ wkoe/, co[Zy;hno pkdPkj pD p?mk, i' 1719 sZe ihts fojk.co[y;hno B/, f;ZyK ƒ \sw eoB tk;s/, ;koh ;oekoh Pesh M'e fdZsh.fdZbh s'A b? e/ w[bskB sZe dhnK ;kohnK c"iK ƒ, pkpk pzdk f;zx ƒ, fiT[AdkiK w[odk cV fbnkT[D d/ j[ew ukVQ fdZs/. fJjBK ;kohnK ;z:[es ;?BktKdh, e[b frDsh fJZe bZy s'A e[M fInkdk jh ;h. nZm wjhB/ d/ bzw/ ;w/AsZe, fJj c"i r[odk; Bzrb dh rVh d[nkb/, fiE'A pkpk ih ;\s w[ekpbkeo oj/ ;B, x/ok gkJh p?mhnK ojhnK. fJjBK G{so/ f;gkjhnK B/ nkb/d[nkb/ fgzvK ƒ gzikj gzikj whb sZe T[ikV fdZsk. p/P[wko b[ZN wko ehsh

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rJh, c;bK x'fVnK yZuoK ƒ ytk fdZshnK. pj{ p/NhnK dhnK fJZisKo[bdhnK ojhnK. fco Gh fJB/ tZv/ bkT[ bPeo tk;s/, ;kohnK ;j{bsKgqdkB eotkDhnK, ;"yk ezw BjhA ;h. fJ; ;w/A ftueko, nkb/ d[nkb/rzdrh c?b rJh. fpwkoh Bkb bZr/ c"ih XVk XV woB. c"ih ioB?b jkbksdh rzGhosk ƒ t/ye/, fdb SZv p?m/. fJZXo pkpk pzdk f;zx ;h fe e[M GhBK j[zfdnK, ;h; sbh s/ oZy e/, p/y"c bV fojk ;h. npd[;wZd yK B/,;kohnK fog'NK co[ZyPhno ƒ fdZbh G/ihnK. pkdPkj \s gVQe/ pj[sfuzsks[o j'fJnk. T[;B/ wfj;{; eo fbnk fe fJ; soQK f;ZXh NZeo ftZu,n;hA f;ZyK s/ g{oh fiZs jk;b BjhA eo ;eKr/.

wksk ;[zdoh ih fdZbh ftZu ofj oj/ ;B. w?ekb| ns/ yikB f;zxfbyd/ jB, fe co[Zy;hno B/ wksk ih sZe gj[zu ehsh, s/ fejk, “pzdk f;zxB/ r[o{ xo dk B[e;kB eoB tkb/, ;ko/ b'eK ƒ ;ik d/ fdZsh j?. T[j j[D j'ojwb/ eoB/ pzd eo d/t/.” T[; tes wksk ih ƒ, je{ws tZb'A r[ikok GZskfwb fojk ;h. iK fJT[A ej' wksk ih ;ys ;oekoh fBrokBh ftZu ;B.pkjo dh ;koh mhe ypo T[jBK sZe BjhA gj[zudh ;h. feT[Afe ofjzdh ;kohT[wo wksk ih ƒ fdZbh s'A feXo/ pkjo BjhA ikD fdZsk frnk. e[M e[ f;ZyKƒ Gh pkdPkj B/ Bkb ;fjws eo fbnk. fJjBK ;kfonK d/ i'o gkT[D s/wksk ih B/ pkpk pzdk f;zx tZb, izr pzdh dh fuZmh fby fdZsh. go jkbksdh Bikes ƒ ;wMfdnK, pkpk ih B/ izrpzdh s'A BKj eo fdZsh. feT[AfeT[j fJ; ƒ fJZe ;oekoh ;kfiP ;wMd/ ;B. wksk ;[zdoh ih B/, gsk bZrDs/ w[V fJZe gZso (je{ws d/ dpkU ekoB) fby e/ f;ZyK ƒ pzdk f;zx Bkb'A;pzX s'V b?D bJh fejk. fJj Gh ;zGt j? fe fJj ys ;ko/ ikjbh jh j'D,wksk ih dk Bkw tose/ ;oeko B/ fby/ j'D. e[M th j't/, co[Zy;hno wkskih okjhA f;ZyK ftZu gkV gkT[D ftZu ekw:kp j' frnk. ;oeko gZyh f;ZyKB/, pzdk f;zx s/ j/m fby/ fJbIkw bkJ/, s/ wksk ih B/ j[ewBkwk ikoh eofdZsk. fJbikw fJj ;B ^TL1H pzdk f;zx B/, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ c[owkBk fto[ZX, ngDk ws

ubkfJnk j?.

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2H T[;B/ ftnkj eotke/ r[o{ ih d/ ish ;sh ofjD d/ j[ew dh T[bzxDkehsh j?.

3H T[;B/ yzv/ dh gkj[b dh Ekt/A uoB gkj[b P[o{ eo fdZsh j?.4H T[;B/ tkfjr[o{ ih eh cfsj dh EK, cfsj doPB nkyDk P[o{ eotk

fdZsk j?.5H T[;B/ r[o{ e/ f;ZyK ƒ, pzdJh f;Zy efjDk P[o{ eo fdZsk j?.6H T[;B/ Pkjh fbpk;, ns/ mkm Bkb ofjDk P[o{ eo fdZsk j?.7H T[j jzekoh j' frnk j?, s/ f;ZyK ƒ xNhnk ;wMdk j?.

fJjBK T[go tofDs d'PK ƒ vkL rzvk f;zx B/ gqtkB BjhA ehsk.fJj e/tb ;oekoh gqkg/rzvk ;h. fJ; j[ewBkw/ dh nkV j/m n"y/ t/b/ pzdkf;zx Bkb'A s'V ftS'Vk eoB tkb/ f;ZyK, s/ co[Z\;hno pj[s gq;zB j'fJnk.T[jBK ƒ s'jc/ s/ ikrhoK fdZshnK, dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o dk epIk d/fdZsk, gzi ;" f;Zy ;oekoh c"i ftZu B"eo oZy fbnk. ;kb dk 5000 o[fgnk“bzro” bJh, ;oeko B/ j'o d/Dk gqtkB ehsk. d"bs okJ/, yIkB f;zx s/vkeNo rzvk f;zx w[skpe fwbtosDhJ/ f;ZyK Bkb ;oeko B/ fJj PosKs?j ehshnK ^n L 1H ykb;k, ;oeko d/ fJbkfenK ns/ ezwK ftZu d\b BjhA d/t/rk.2H sZs ykb;k, pzdk f;zx dh e'Jh ;jkfJsk BjhA eo/rk.3H b'V g?D s/ sZs ykb;k, ;oeko dh c"ih ;jkfJsk eo/rk.4H gzikp d/ fjzd{nK s/ ;oeko tZb'A e'Jh I[bw s/ nfBnk BjhA ehsk

ikt/rk.j[D gkme iB T[Zgo fdZshnK PosK ƒ r"o Bkb gVQB. ;gZPN j'

ikt/rk fe pzdk f;zx s/ brkJ/ d'P, p/p[fBnkd ns/ rbs ;B. ;r'A fi;ƒsZs ykb;k gqukfonk frnk j?, rdkoh T[;B/ ehsh j?. ;oekoh ;ogq;shftZu T[jh frnk j?. irhoK s/ fJBkw T[;B/ bJ/ jB. pzdk f;zx sK pZpo P/oKtKr w?dkB ftZu GpeK wko fojk ;h. j[D fJZe fJZe fJbikw dk Bzpotkoi[nkp^TL 1H d;w gksPkj iK fe;/ r[oftnesh B/, fe;/ f;Zy ƒ ftnkj eotkD

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s'A ed/ BjhA o'fenk. f;Zyh frq;s gqXkB Xow j?. y[d r[o{ ftneshPkdh P[dk ;B.

2H pzdk f;zx B/ r[o{ j[ewK s'A fto[ZX e'Jh BtK Xow BjhA ubkfJnk.fJ; dh g[PNh bJh T[; tZb'A fsnko w'joK s/ f;Ze/ t/y/ ik ;ed/jB.

3H T[;B/ uoB gkj[b edh Gh BjhA ukb{ ehsh. cfsj doPB efjD dke'Jh ;p{s BjhA j?.

4H T[;B/ edh Gh fe;/ f;Zy ƒ pzdJh f;Zy BjhA fejk. fJ;dk e'Jh;p{s BjhA j?.

5H Pkjh fbpk; iK mkm s'A ;fsr[o{ ih B/ edh fe;/ f;Zy ƒ BjhAo'fenk.

6H T[;B/ jzeko ftZu edh fe;/ f;Zy ƒ, wzdk puB BjhA p'fbnk. fJjs[jwsK fpBK ;p{sK s'A jh bkJhnK rJhnK jB. j[D nrbk fjZ;ksZs ykb;/ tkbk ftukohJ/ ^

n L 1H ykb;k pkdPkj d/ fJbkfenK, s/ ezw ftZu feT[A dyb BjhA d/t/rk <id'A fe jkew pd/Ph ;B. Ikbw ;B, eh fw;bK tes je{ws s'Ad/P y'j e/, f;Zy oki ekfJw BjhA ehsk <

2H sZs ykb;/ dh B/e Bkwh tb fXnkB wko'. x'o w[;hpsK ftZu fxo/,nZm wjhfBnK s'A bV oj/ f;Zy GoktK dh, sZs ykb;k wdd BjhAeo/rk. n?vk jB/o <

3H ;r'A b'V g?D s/ ny"sh sZs ykb;k ;oeko dh wdd eo/rk. GoktKƒ wotkD bJh <

4H pdb/ ftZu 5000 ;kbkBk, dopko ;kfjp dk epik, 500 nkdwhc"i ftZu Gosh eoB dk fJBkw fwfbnk, fJ; sZs ykb;/ ƒ.fJ; nkg;h c[ZN Bkb, ykb;k gzE dk, ns/ ;w[Zu/ d/P dk pj[s

B[e;kB j'fJnk. pkpk ih e'b f;ZyK dh frDsh pj[s xN rJh. n;bkpko{d w[ZeD B/V/ g[Zi frnk, go fjzws BjhA jkoh, e'Jh r?osjhD ;wM"skBK ehsk.

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pkjo ofj rJ/ f;ZyK (r[odk; Bzrb dh rVQh s'A) B/, co[Zy;hns ƒ,ftPtk; d[nkftnk fe n;hA, pzdk f;zx dh ;jkfJsk sK eh eoBh ;h, ;r'At; bZr/, rVQh ftZu fxo/ f;yK ƒ, j";bkjhD eoB dk g{ok isB eoKr/.fJ;/ soQK ehsk frnk, fwZE/ gq'rokw w[skpe, pkpk fpB'd f;zx, pkpk ekjBf;zx B/, pkpk pzdk f;zx fto[ZX ngwkB iBe Ppd tosD/ P[o{ eo fdZs/.pzdk f;zx ih B/ pj[s ;wMkfJnk, go T[j pki Bk nkJ/. B"ps fJzBh tXrJh fe T[jBK pzdk f;zx ƒ wkoB tk;s/, sbtkoK X{j bJhnK. nyho;oekoh Pfj T[s/, gzi ;" ;kEhnK dk bPeo b? e/, pkpk p'B'd f;zx, pkjofBeb rJ/. ;oekoh c"i tZb'A frDh fwZEh ;kfiP sfjs, T[jBK ƒ ;jh;bkws bzx ikD fdZsk frnk.

f;ZyK ftZu gkV g? ikD s'A, co[Zy;hns nsh gq;zB j'fJnk. T[;B/bkj"o d/ ;{p/dko npd[b ;w[Zd\kB ƒ, Bt/A f;foT[A i'odko jwbk eoB dkj[ew ehsk. Bkb jh T[; dh ;jkfJsk tk;s/, ePwho dk ;{p/dko ipod;sykB, tZvh c"i ;w/s g[Zi frnk. vkL rzvk f;zx w[skpe gzikp d/ ikrhodkoKns/ c"idkoK ƒ Gh, nkgDhnK okythnK c"iK, pzdk f;zx fto[ZX ukVQB tk;s/fby G/fink. fJ; soQK r[ioks dk ;{p/dko fwoIk nfjwdykB, nwhBkpknddk c"idko fJokds ykB, n"ozrpknd s/ g;o{o d/ B{o wj[zwdykB, gZNh s/ebkB"o nkfd d/. eN'u d/ okik Ghw f;zx, i;o"sk d/ okik jz;d/t B/ Gh,nkgDhnK ;;sopZX ;?BktK ƒ, bkj'oh ;?Bk d/ Bkb fwbk fbnk. ;KMh fjzd{w[;bwkBK dh fwbthA c"i B/, d[pkok pzdk f;zx s/ I'odko jwb/ ehs/.

pzdk f;zx pjkdo Bkb, e'N fwoikikB fty/ j'Jh ipod;s bVkJhdk jkb, w"e/ dk rtkj, ;hnoT[b w[yskohB dk eosk fbydk j? ^ “pzdkw?dkB ftZu ;G ƒ j?okB eofdnK vfNnk yb'sk ;h. T[j gfjbh w[Zm G/VftZu fJzBh pjkdoh Bkb bfVnk fe Pkjh c"iK jko yke/ d"VB jh tkbhnK;B fe pzd/ ƒ fgZS/ jNDk g? frnk.” pkpk ih w'ouk do w'ouk fgZS/ jNd/j'J/, r[odk; Bzrb dh rVQh ftZu g[Zi rJ/. ;wekbh b/ye yk|h ykB fbydkj? fe ^“ekco (f;Zy) fJzB/ fGnkBe Yzr Bkb bV/, fe fJ;bkwh ;?Bk ƒfpbe[b jko d/ B/V/ g[uk fdZsk. pko pko T[jBK fJ; f;o/ dh db/oh dk

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ftyktk ehsk.” ;kjwD/ wZE/ bVB dh Ekt/A, (p[oh soQK wko ykD s'A pknd)Pkjh c"iK B/ Bke/pzdh dk ;jkok fbnk. o;d gkDh, xkj gZmk, nkT[D dhnK;kohnK bkJhBk eZN fdZshnK. nzdo'A ;G e[M \sw j[zdk frnk. fJE'A sZedodBke ;fEsh j' rJh fe T[jBK nkgD/ x'V/ Gh wko e/ yk bJ/. nZr'A wk;gekT[D bJh bZeVh Gh BjhA ;h. eZuk wk; yke/ pj[s/ f;Zy fpwko j' rJ/.fJ; nfsnzs w[;hps ftZu Gh nZm wjhB/ sZe g{o/ j";b/ Bkb w[ekpbk eod/oj/. nzs ;koh ;fEsh s/ rzGhosk Bkb ;'u ftuko s'A pknd, G[Zy Bkb woBiK jfEnko ;[ZN e/ JhB wzB b?D dh EK, izr ftZu i{M e/ Pjhd j'Dk gqtkBeo fbnk. f;Zy f;gkjh G[Zy ns/ fpwkoh ekoB, jZd doi/ d/ ewI'o j' u[Ze/;B. fJ; jkb ftZu Gh pkpk ih dk j[ew gk e/ d[PwD c"i s/ pkiK tKrMgN gJ/. eJh eJh ƒ wko e/ wod/ rJ/. fpwkoh s/ ;ohoe ewi'ohekoB S/sh jzG rJ/, ;oho fBYkb j' rJ/, s/ IwhB s/ fvrd/ rJ/. j[D pkpkpzdk f;zx bVB tkbk fJeZbk ofj frnk. d' whb dk noX r'bkeko uZeopDke/, Gkoh frDsh ftZu Pkjh c"i T[; Bkb bV ojh ;h. T[j XkJh eoe/i?eko/ r[ikT[Adk fiZXo g?Adk d[PwDk ftZu GkiVK gk fdzdk. pzdk f;zx fpibhdh s/ih Bkb, w?dkB ftZu P;so ubk fojk ;h. T[;ƒ fiT[Ad/ geVBtk;s/, Bkwh ;{opho nZr/ tXd/, s/ T[j ;kfonK ƒ gbK ftZu jh, IwhB s/Y/oh eo fdzdk. nkgDh fdB Go dh n;kthA, s/ bkfw;kb ;{owrsh BkbbVfdnK, pkpk ih B/ Pkjh c"i d/ 59 bVke/ :'fXnK ƒ nrb/ ijkB g[ukfdZsk. id'A T[j EZe e/ u{o j' frnk, jfEnko fJZe fJZe eoe/ itkp fdzd/rJ/, x/ok j'o GhVk eo fbnk frnk. fJ; jkbs ftZu pj[s ;ko/ b;eoB/ MgNk wko e/ pkpk ih s/ jZbk p'b fdZsk, s/ cVe/, p/VhnK ftZu ieVe/,fgzio/ ftZu pzd eo fbnk. pkpk ih B/ jfEnko BjhA ;[ZN/, ikB pyPh bJhe'Jh cfonkd BjhA ehsh. w"e/ dk rtkj, ewo ykB fbydk j? “fJj;G y[dk dh ofjws jh ;h, f;nkDg iK pjkdoh BjhA. ;G ikDd/ jBfe woj{w pkdPkj pjkdo ;kj, nkgD/ uko/ ;g[ZsoK s/ nDfrDsc"ih ioB?bK ƒ Bkb b? e/, fJ; prkts ƒ dpkT[D dk isB eodkfojk. go ;cb Bk j' ;fenk. j[D fJjBK ek|oK (f;ZyK) ƒ G[Zy ns/

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fpwkoh d/ ekoB frqcsko ehsk ik ;fenk j?.”r[odk; Bzrb dh izr ftZu'A fiT[Ad/, pj[s E'V/ f;Zy cV/ ik ;e/.

Pkjh c"i B/ ngDh fiZs ƒ tZvh f;ZX eoB bJh, d{o'A B/fVUA j'o p/d'P/ f;ZycV fbnKd/. fJjBK dh e[b frDsh 740 eo bJh rJh. fszB jIko f;ZyKd/ f;o eZN e/ B/finK s/ Nzr bJ/ rJ/. fJjBK dh j'Dh s'A brGZr jo gkmeikD{z j?. ;" ;" eoe/ jo o'i fdZbh ftZu Pjhd ehs/ rJ/. fe;/ fJZe B/ Gh,ikB pyP/ ikD dk tk;sk BjhA gkfJnk. ;kfonK jh pjkdoK tkbh w"sep{b ehsh. pkpk pzdk f;zx ih ƒ ;G s'A wro'A 19 i{B 1716 ƒ n;fj s/nefj s;hj/ d/ e/, pzd pzd eZN e/, Pjhd ehsk frnk. T[; r[o{ d/ to';kJ/r[o f;Zy, ykb;k e"w d/ gfjb/ ioB?b, p/ski pkdPkj, ndZ[sh ;{opho B/,bkbu t; iK s;hfjnK s'A vo e/ JhB BjhA wzBh. ikB pyPh bJh sob/BjhA eZY/. r[o{ ek f;deh f;Zy ofjzfdnK pjkdoh d/ Bt/A ehoshwkB ;EkgseofdnK, ikB dh pkIh bk frnk. ;dk tk;s/ ;qq'wDh PjhdK ftZu ngDkBkw doi eotk fbnk.

r[odk; Bzrb dh rVQh s/ epik j' ikD s/, c"i d/ i' f;ZyK dk ;kwkBs/ ;Pso jZE nkJ/, T[;ƒ gVQ ;[De/ sK dzr ofj ikJhdk j?. wkw{bhjfEnkoK Bkb, Bkwkso ;kXBk d[nkok, nZm wjhB/ sZe J/Phnk dh ;G s'APeshPkbh je{wsh skes Bkb b'jk b?Ad/ oj/. rVQh ftZu i' ;kwkB fwfbnkT[;dk t/otk fJT[A j? ^

sbtkoK 1000, ewkBk d/ GZE/ 173YkbK 278, s'V/dko pzd{eK 180iwXo yzio 114, eodK (S'NhnK feogkBK) 217;'B/ dhnK w'joK 23, Brd o[g? 600 s'A e[ZM tX,

e[M ;'B/ d/ rfjD/.t/otk^fJotB ftbhnw, b?No w[rBi, gzBk^351gkme iB fJj rZb ftP/P s"o s/ B'N eoB fe ny"sh sZs

ykb;k ftZu'A, e'Jh fJZe ftnesh Gh, fJ; fGnkBe ;w/A feXo/ BioBjhA nkT[Adk. fJfsjk; dh f;sw iohch t/y', fiBK jZ; jZ; e/ ikBKtko fdZshnK, T[j pzdJh ykb;/ pDk Xo/. izr ftZu drk d/ e/ xoK

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ftZu b[eD tkb/, ;oeko s'A fJBkw s/ irhoK gqkgs eoB tkb/, fJZisnDy t/uD tkb/, sZs ykb;k j'D dk Yzv'ok fgZND bZr gJ/. Pq'wDhfJfsjk;eko vkL rzvk f;zx sK, pkpk ih pko/ fJT[A fbydk j? “pzdkf;zx pjkdo, nmkjothA ;dh ftZu g?dk j'J/ Gkosh :'fXnK ftZu'A,;G s'A bkfw;kb j?. Gkt/A T[;dh Pjkds ƒ ;dhnK phs rJhnK jB,go ni/ Gh nkgD/ Xow GoktK bJh ukBD w[Bkok j?, nrtkJh s/;{ophosk dk ;'wk j?.”

j[D e[M ftukoK rzrk okw pqkjwD (gqf;X rzr{) d/ bVe/ oki e"b tZb'Apzdk f;zx s'A jfEnko ;[NtkT[D pko/. gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk tfvZekoki e"b, j'o e'Jh BjhA, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ xo, thj ;kb sZe o'NhnKgekT[D tkb/ o;'JhJ/ d/ rzr{ dk g[Zso ;h. fi;B/ pknd ftZu ft;kj xkseoe/, wksk r{ioh ih, ns/ S'N/ ;kfjpikfdnK ƒ tIho ykB e'b frqcskoeotkfJnk ;h. go tiho ykB B/ rzr{ s'A wksk ih tkbk XB Gh y'j fbnks/ fJeoko w[skpe fJBkw Gh Bk fdZsk. fJ;/ rzr{ dk bVek ;h oki e"b,i' f;ZyK d/ efjo s'A, G?wkB j'e/, ePwho ik tf;nk ;h. gfVQnk j'D eoe/;oekoh B"eoh s/ bZrk j'fJnk ;h. id'A co[Z\;hns ƒ fJ; gqtko tZb'Aehsh rJh ;oeko dh ;/tk dk gsk bZfrnk, sK T[;B/ ePwho d/ rtoBoƒ nky e/ rzr{ gqtko (okie"b) bZG fbnk, s/ T[jBK ƒ fdZbh nkgD/ e'b ;Zdfbnk. fdZbh ftZu Bfjo d/ feBko/, u'yh IwhB s/ fJZe fojkfJP bJh e'mhp\P fdZsh. fdZbh dopko ftZu Gh okie"b ƒ ;oekoh B"eoh d/ fdZshrJh. Bfjo feBko/ t;/ j'D ekoB, fJj Bfjo{ e"b nytkD br gJ/ okie"b dk p/Nk ;h bePwh BkokfJD, T[;dk S'Nk rzrkXo, T[;dk w'sh bkb s/nr'A itkjo bkb, fJzdok rKXh s/ okiht rKXh. ;w/A d/ c/o Bkb, e"b GhBkw Bkb'A jNk fdZsk frnk, e/tb Bfjo{ ofjD fdZsk frnk. :kd oZyDkukjhdk j? fe ;ko/ Gkos ftZu, Bfjo{ T[giksh tkbk, e'Jh fJZe Gh pqkjwDBjhA j?. fJ; gqtko B/ nkgDh T[g iksh, f;ZyK d/ G?, ns/ ;z;ko dh Bw'Phs'A puD bJh pdb bJh j?. fJE/ fJj fXnkB oj/, pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ fJjBKd/ (okie"b) nky/ bZr e/ frqcskoh BjhA fdZsh. T[go tofDs e[M sZEK ƒ

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sK y[d Bfjo{ itkjo bkb B/ ;theko ehsk j? (nkT[N'pkfJUrqkch^1949,gzBk^1) Bfjo{ ykBdkB pko/ Gkos d/ ofj u[e/ okPNogsh, okXkfePqB d/fJfsjk;eko p/N/, n?;H r'gkb B/ uzrh ikDekoh fdZsh j?. T[j fbydk j? “Bfjo{ gqtko d/ B;hp, g[Ps do g[Ps, w[;bwkBK jkewK Bkb pD/ oj/jB. fJj ykBdkB, T[jBK pj[s ;ko/ ykBdkBK ftZu'A fJZe ;h, fiBK oki ;ZskokjhA j'Ad ftZu nkJ/, jkbks ns/ w"fenK s'A bkG gqkgs ehsk j?.” b/yethoK ƒ fBwosk ;fjs p/Bsh j? fe fbyD s'A gfjbK, ;ko/ gZyK ƒ ftukofbnk eoB. fiE/ r[od'yhnK B/ gzE dk fbysK okjhA p/nzs B[e;kB ehsk j?,T[E/ ngD/ nky/ ikD tkb/ b/yeK B/ e'Jh xZN B[e;kB BjhA ehsk. fJj g[okD/s/ Bt/A ny"sh fJfsjk;ekoK dh fb;N pj[s bzwh j?. ngD/ o"PB fJfsjk;ƒ dkrdko BK eohJ/. e"wh jhfonK ƒ xZN/ BK o'bhJ/HHHHHH.

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G'r okr wkbk fe w[ zdktDhG'r okr wkbk fe w[ zdktDhG'r okr wkbk fe w[ zdktDhG'r okr wkbk fe w[ zdktDhG'r okr wkbk fe w[ zdktDh *s/ <s/ <s/ <s/ <s/ <

id'A s'A fBowb fBnkok f;Zy gzE, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;kfink j?, T[d'As'A jh fJ; d/ efbnkDekoh r[oT[gd/PK ƒ b'N{ g[ikoh Pq/DhnK tZb'A e?oh nZyBkb t/fynk ik fojk j?. feT[Afe r[ows tfjwK, GowK ftZu gke/ d{finKd/ jZeK s/ vkek wkoB tkfbnK ƒ fe;/ ehws s/ gqtkB BjhA eodh. Gkt/APeshPkbh oki/ Gh feT[A Bk j'D. i/ T[j b'e fjs{ BjhA jB, sK ;fsr[o{ ihB/ T[jBK ƒ Gh ;\s fcNekoK gkJhnK jB. shi/ EK nkT[Adh j? nkwgpfbe, f;ZX/ ;kd/ b'e. fJjBK dh gVQkJh BKj j'D d/ pokpo j[zdh j?,nkgD/ gqtko dh gkbDk eoBh, feos eofdnK pj[sk tes r[ikoBk, Xoweow ƒ fJZe o;w d/ s"o s/ fBGkT[Ad/ ub/ ikDk. je{ws ns/ g[ikoh nkwjkbsK ftZu fJjBK ƒ frnkBtkB pDB s'A, jo sohek tos e/ o'ed/ jB.okik s/ g[ikoh fit/A fdb ukj/, fJjBK dh T[ZB (iK yZb) bkj[zd/ ofjD.fJjBK B/ fJ; tosko/ ƒ fe;ws dk fbfynk wzB e/ f;o M[ek d/Dk j?.g[ikoh N'b/ Xow f;XKsK d/ wBwoih d/ noE eod/ ofjD. fe;/ ƒ BoeftZu s/ fe;/ ƒ ;tor G/id/ ofjD. wfonK izfwnK s'A GowK ftZu gk e/b[ZNe/ yKd/ ofjD. okfinK nwhoK ns/ j'o PeshtkB b'eK ƒ “n;bhXowh” j'D d/ ;oNhche/N ikoh eod/ ofjD. gZEo dhnK w{oshnK ƒ oZppDk e/ g{ik eotk b?D iK fco y[d jh y[dk j'D dk n?bkB eo d/D, ;G gqtkBeoBk gt/rk. i/ e'Jh fJB;kB soe dbhb iK f;nkDg dh rZb eo/, fJjBKb'eK tZb'A ehsh rJh Xow dh ftnkfynk ƒ gqtkB Bk eo/, sK T[; ftneshƒ Xow d'yh nky e/ e'Jh Gh ;Ik fdZsh ik ;edh j?. ;w/s w"s d/.

ftuko nXhB w;bk okr wkbk dk j?` eh fJ;dh e'Jh ;koEesk j?< eh r[opkDh Bkb fJ;dk e'Jh T[gd/P fwbdk j? < eh ;fsr[o{ noiB;kfjp ih B/ fJ; ƒ y[d fbfynk j? < f;ZyK dk ;[Gk jh pD frnk j? fe w;b/fBp/VB, ;koEe c?;bk eoB dh EK, bNekT[D ftZu jh fpjsoh ;wMD bZr

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gJ/. “nZi dk fdB bzxkU eZbQ ƒ t/yh ikJ/rh.” d;w rqzE fi; fdB s'A j'AdftZu nkfJnk j?, T[;/ fdB s'A fttkdK ftZu j?. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ fBowbT[gd/PK dk xkD eo fojk j?. d;w gkfsPkj ih dh gftZso P\;hns ƒwbhB eo fojk j?. fco Gh ;kv/ “gqG{nK” B/ edh rzGhosk Bkb fJ; gk;/fXnkB BjhA fdZsk. r[o{ BkBe fBozekoh ih B/ nkgD/ bzw/ gquko d"fonKtes, ;fseko :'r GrsK dh pkDh d/ T[sko/ eoe/, nkgD/ e'b ;zGkb bJ/.nkgDh pkDh ;w/s r[orZdh d/D tes fJj ;kok yIkBk r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ihƒ gqkgs j'fJnk. T[jBK s'A r[o{ nwodk; ih ƒ nZr'A u"E/ gkfsPkj okjhA,gzit/A BkBe ih ƒ ;kok “fgT[ dkd/ dk yIkBk” fwb frnk. T[jBK B/ GkJhr[odk; ih ƒ j[ew d/ e/ gktB pkDh ƒ soshp f;o fbytkfJnk. ngDhpkDh Gh Pkfwb eoB bJh GkJh ih d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsh. ;kok tZv/ohfizw/tkoh tkbk ezw ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgDh fBZih d/y o/y ftZu eotkfJnk.fiZE/ fes/ :'r ikfDnk, nkgDhnK ;zgkdeh fNZgDhnK Gh doi ehshnK.bzwhnK pkDhnK iK tkoK d/ f;ob/y s/ X[BhnK y[d ebwpzd ehshnK. fe;/fJZe gzesh sZe dk G[b/yk BjhA ofjD fdZsk.

r[o{ fJfsjk; ftZu s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; ftZu gzE d'yhnK B/ fwbktNeoB dk e'Jh w"ek BjhA y[zMD fdZsk. EK EK ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB ih d/ gkeihtB ƒ ebzes eoB dhnK ;kfiPh wzd ukbK uZbhnk rJhnK. f;Zy;{ofwnK s/ goT[gekoh r[ow[yK ƒ Gh ;G jhb/ tos e/ p/gs eoB dk e'Mk:sB ehsk frnk. r[opkDh ftZu fwbktN eoB bJh nZvh u'Nh dk I'obkfJnk frnk. go ;fsr[o{ ih dh d{o nzd/P ;'u B/, ysfonK ƒ nrkT[AGKgfdnK, nfijk pkBD{z pzBQ fdZsk fe bZy isB eoB s/ Gh, e'Jh gktBr[opkDh ftZu obk Bk gk ;e/. ftnkeoDe fB:w ns/ frDsh gqpzX fJsBkgkJ/dko j? fe fJ; ƒ s'V e/ e'Jh Ppd gzesh gkT[Dh n;zGt pDk fdZshrJh. jK nkyoh gZso/ g'Eh ;kfjp d/ ykbh ;B, T[E/ jh e'Jh fwbktN ehshik ;edh ;h. fJE/ jh fwbktN ehsh rJh. nkU okrwkbk pko/ fJZe fJZeB[esk b? e/ ftuko eohJ/ ^

1H i' okr r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu w"i{d jB go okr wkbk ftZu

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BjhA jB ^1^wkM, 2^fpjkrVk, 3^tvjz;, 4î?s;oh, 5ôkwebh, 6^wkbh

rT[Vk, 7^s[ykoh, 8^gqGksh, s/ 9î?iktzshi/ okrwkbk ;fsr[o{ ih dh feos j[zdh sK eh fJjBK okrK ƒ Pkwb

Bk eoB dh “G[Zb” eo ;ed/ ;B <2H Ppd pDso ^ Ppd i'V dhnK rsbhnKr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp okrwkbk ftufpbktb[ fpbktbhbfbs bbsG?oT[ G?otfsbzr s?bzrhwkbh rT{Vk rT[okefbnkD[ ebQkBkp?okVh p?okoh;{jh ;{jT[wbko wbkoh3H r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih ƒ f;ZyK p/Bsh ehshîh e'Jh ftT{As

pDkT[. b'e BkBe Bkw tkbhnK eftsktK fby oj/ jB.“fwjotkB g[s fgoEhJ/ dk eth;oh eo/,G'r r[o{ BkBe ih dk gkJh.” (36)eoskog[oh phV ftZu, w[zdktDh s'A pknd Gh eJh euhnK ouBktK

doi jB, i' bzwh ftuko s'A wro'A eZN fdZshnK rJhnK. fit/A gqkD ;zrbh,fjekfJsK ns/ j'o eJh e[ZM. go nc;'; fe n?B nkyoh w"e/ GkJh thof;zx B/ g?AsVk pdb fbnk, ngD/ nypko “ykb;k ;wkuko” ftZu fJ;d/jZe ftZu fbyDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. T[; tes tho f;zx dk f;Zy jbfenK ftZutZvk goGkt ;h. fi; ekoB okrwkbk d/ fto[ZX c?;bk j[zdk j'fJnk Ghftueko nNe frnk. f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu 1945 ƒ fJj fbyD bJhwIp{o j'Dk fgnk fe “okrwkbk gVQ' ukj/ Bk gVQ'.” G'r ubdh ;EkBe ohs

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w[skpe gk fdU.4H uhc ykb;k dhtkB (nzfwqs;o) tkfbnK “fJZe r[gs gZso”

GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk d/ Bkw j/m ykb;k ;wkuko ftZu Skfgnk. fi; dk;kozP fJj ;h fe “ekjB f;zx B/ okr wkbk pko/ ngDh okJ/ pdb bJh j?.”fJ; d/ gqsheow ti'A, GkJh ekjB f;zx s'A gzE ;/te nypko okjhA g[ZfSnkfrnk fe eh s[;hA tkfenk jh okr wkbk pko/ ngDh okJ/ pdb bJh j? <fit/A Gh s[jkv/ ftuko jB s[;hA \[d ;fEsh ;gZPN eo'. feT[Afe s[jkv/ Bkws/ nypko ftZu fJZe fuZmh Sgh j?, fi; ekoB nkw f;Zy d[pXk rq;s j?.GkJh ekjB f;zx B/ ;gZPN fbfynk f;Zy thoK G?DK ƒ w?A dZ;Dk ukj[zdk jKfe nkw f;Zy iB ;w{zj ƒ, ftZfdnk gVQB dh ns/ y'i eoB dh, e'Jhfdbu;gh BjhA j?. w?A fJZe y'ih dh j?;hns ftZu, T[jBK GkJhnK ƒ ;bkjfdzdk jK fe s[;hA eosko g[oh phV y[d t/y' gV', T[;/ ftZu “okrwkbk d/fto[ZX” neZN ;p{s w"i{d jB. gV' sseo/ d/ nzs g[o fJj fbfynk j'fJnk j? ;zws 1661 fwsh Gkd'A tdh ñ, (J/ew) g'Eh fby gj[zu/. r[o{ pkpk ih d/ ;ko/ gso/974”. fXnkB Bkb t/yDk 973 BzL gZso/ s/ w[zdktDh j?. gZsok 974 ;kok ykbh fgnk j?. pkeh;kok e[M ;w/s okrwkbk d/ fJjBK 974 gsfonK s'A pkjo j?, ;' T[j r[o{ feqs BjhA j?. fJ;/bJh r[o{ pkp/ dh pkDh dk nzr BjhA j?. (110)

5H r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu Pkfwb ;ko/ okr gqtkB/ rJ/ jB okrDh e'JhBjhA j?. e[M fJZe fJ;soh fbzr gqshs j'D tkb/ okr Gh okrDhnK BjhA jB,g{o/ okr wzB/ rJ/ jB. fw;kb bJh nk;ktoh, r{ioh, d/trzXkoh, p?okVh,;{jh, i?iktzsh, nkfd. r[ows ;zrhs ftfdnkbk, oekp rzi fdZbh d/fgqz;hgb, ;qL fdnkb f;zx B/ fJZe pVk Gktg{os b/y wkf;e gZso “nzfwqsehosB, gq'L skok f;zx nze BzL 5, 9 iBtoh 1990 ƒ fbfynk ;h. fi;dk;kozP fJ; soQK j? L^

okrwkbk Bkwh pj[s eftsktK fbyhnK rJhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu'A e[Md/ Bkw fJj jB (1) g[zvohe ftm[b dh okrwkbk (1515 s'A 1584 JhL) r[o{rqzE dh ;zgkdBk s'A shj ;kb gfjbK fbyh rJh.

(2) :;'d Bzd ;[eb dh okrwkbk ^ fbyD dk ;wk ^ 1758 JhL

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(3) bSwD dk; dh okrwkbk (4) nBzd dh okrwkbk(5) r'fpzd dh okrwkbk, (6) uzdodk; dh okrwkbk ns/ j'o.ndG[s okwkfJD ftZu fJZe eEk j? fe Bkod ƒ nkgD/ pko/ okrK dk

wkfjo j'D dk (okr nkukohnk) jzeko j' frnk. T[; dk jzeko s'VB bJhfpPƒ Bkod ƒ d/t b'e b? frnk. Bkod B/ t/fynk fe nB/e fJ;soh g[oynzr Gzr j'D eoe/ ftbe oj/ jB. g[ZSD s/ dZf;nk fe Bkod B/ ;zrhs s'AnDikD j'D eoe/ ;[oK dk fXnkB BjhA oZfynk. fJ;/ ekoB ;kv/ nzr Gzrj' rJ/ jB. fJjh ejkDh fJzB fpzB r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih Bkb BZEh eofdZsh. id'A fe G'r w[zdktDh s/ gkT[D dh s;dhe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih s'A ns/fJfsjk; ftZu'A fwb ojh j?.

6H g[okD/ ebkeko okr okrDhnK d/ ebgs fuZso pDkT[D dk P"eGh oZyd/ ;B. oki/ BtkpK dk wB'oizB eoB bJh ebkekoK B/ okrK ƒ pj[sjh fdbeP Ppd fuZsoK Bkb fPzrkoB dk isB ehsk j?. T[jBK PpdfuZsoK s'A gqGkts j' e/, nrtkJh b? e/ o/yk fuZso (s;tho) pDkT[D dkisB ehsk frnk j?. nkT[ e/tb fJZe okrDh G?oth dk Ppd fuZso gVQhJ/.fJ; ƒ gVQe/ jh eJh ebkekoK B/ nZr/ fuZso pDkJ/. fi; ƒ Bk ;wM b'eKB/, ;Zu o{g eoe/ wzB fbnk. fJj fJZe G{sBh (G?oth) dk okrfuZso j?.fi; tes gkopsh B/ wB eoe/ fPt ƒ gsh o{g ftZu gqtkB eo fbnk sKT[j gsh ƒ ohMkT[D tk;s/, fjwkbk gops wkB;q'to d/ ezY/ p?m e/ fPtfbzrdh g{ik eodh j?. gkopsh d/ gfjokt/, jktGkt, ;ohoe joesK ns/gqfeqsh fuZso fpnkB ehs/ rJ/ jB. nZyoK d[nkok fpnkB ehsk frnkBePk

oki e[nko G?oth okBh. d/y o{g G?ot (fPt) bbukBh.GJh wrB ;o ;[os fp;koh.oy/ wB'oE fPt wu nkJh. pj[s GKs eh g{ik bkJh.bhJ/ skb go ;[i; ;[Bkt?. wB J/j' p; G?ot gh: gkt?.wkB ;q'to ftwb ih, gzyh eos eb'b. fsj sN ;'fGsfPt GtB okfis of;s nw'b. (148)

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7H okrwkbk ftZu S/ okr wzB/ rJ/ jB, jo/e okr dhnK gzigsBhnK (okrDhnK) wzBhnK rJhnK jB. Bkb jo/e okr s'A nZm nZm g[ZsoGh fby wko/. go nc;'; fe fJj BjhA dZf;nk frnk fe fJjBK nZmKpZfunK dhnK wktK fejVhnK jB < fJ; rZb dk e'Jh fB:w nZi sZe ;zrhsnkukohnK ftZu gqtkB BjhA uVQ ;fenk, fe fe;/ okr ƒ okrDh fet/A s/feT[A wzfBnk ikt/ < fJ;dk g?wkBk eh j? < nfijk ;op gqtkfDs fejVkYzr j?, fe fe; okr gZXsh ƒ okr nkfynk ikt/ fe; ƒ okrDh, T[;dkg[Zso, Xh iK ƒj (g[Zso pZX{) nkfynk ikt/ < fco ;zrhs wkfjo ftdtkB,rkfJB P?bh ftZu Bt/A s'A Bt/A Yzr sohe/ gquZbs eod/ ofjzd/ jB. T[jBK ƒfe; yks/ iK Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk ikt/rk <

fJ; gqkuhB gZXsh ƒ wzBD tkb/ fejVk ws gqtkB eod/ jB < fconZi eZbQ fe; fe; d/P ftZu T[jBK dh fJj gZXsh gouZbs j? <

8H GkJh ;zs'y d/ ftuko w[zdktDh pko/.GkJh wBh f;zx d/ ;/te GkJh ;zs f;zx j'J/ jB. ;zs f;zx s'A GkJh

;zs'y f;zx B/ ftZfdnk gqkgs ehsh. ;zs'y f;zx dh gqf;ZX ouBk ;{oi gqekPftZu fJT[A fbys j? ^

fby/ ;w;s ;tJhJ/ ;'T{, ;qh frqzEe/ wkfj.nzs ;op e/ fby w[zdktDh w[dqfs w'jo brh iB tkfj.G'r ;eb pkDh ek g:T[ wfjwk fi;eh ejh B ikfJ.Gtib G?ot e' ijki pv, gqG{ feogk s/ gko gokfJ.okr wkbk ;qh r[o{ feqs Bfj j?, w[zdktDh br r[op?B.fJ; wfj Bfj ;z;? e[S eohnj[, i/ ;z;? ntb'ej[ B?B.wkXtBb nkbw eft eh Bf;, fs; wfj fBqsekoh efj s?B.okr okrBh Bkw frB/ sfj, :Ks/ ;qh noiB feqs j? B. (ok;H3H nz;{ 48 2127)9H frnkBh Bo?D f;zx w[izr tkfbnK tZb'A, i' r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/

NhfenK pko/ G{fwek fbyfdnK gzBk “i” Bzpo 7 d/ f;ob/y j/m fbfynk j?^ “;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk SkgDkl gfjbK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh fJZSk oZyDtkb/ ƒ eJh eJh wjhB/ fbykoh BjhA fwbd/ ;h. fwzBsK sob/ nbZr eoB/

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g?Ad/ ;h. fco Gh fJZSktkB ƒ dwdw/ tkbh phV dk T[skok ukjhdk j't/, s/fbykoh e'b T[j j? BjhA sK T[; fbykoh B/ nkgDh woIh Bkb fe;/ j'o phVdk T[skok eoe/ d/ d/Dk. fby d/Dk fJj gJh fJj dwdwh phV dk T[skokj?. G/Nk ti'A o[g? 101$^ s'A 1001$^ sZe Gh b? bJ/ iKd/ ;B. fco Gh fJjphVK nkw f;Zy dh gj[zu s'A pkjo ;B. ;zB 1860 ftZu bkj"o fty/ SkgkykBkukb{ j'D s/, fJ; d/ wkbe bkbk jo;[y okJ/ ih dopko ;kfjp nkJ/. ;w/Ad/ f;Zy g[ikohnK nZr/ p/Bsh ehsh, fe dk; ƒ phVK SkgD dh nkfrnkfdZsh ikt/. fJj Gh ;gZPN dZf;nk ikt/ fe fejVh phV Skgh ikt/ < Gkteosko g[o tkbh, dwdw/ tkbh iK GkJh pzB' tkbh < eJh fdBK sZe g[ikohfe;/ f;ZN/ s/ Bk g[Zi ;e/. nzs nodk; eoe/ (bkNoh <) fszBK phVK d/ Bkwfbye/, fszB gouhnK ;q'to ftZu gkJhnK. ny/ i' gouh gfjbK T[Zgo sonkt/rh, T[;/ ƒ SkgD dh nkfrnk d/ fdnKr/. fJZe tkoh fszB/ gouhnK v[ZprJhnK, eohp d' xzN/ wro'A fJZe gouh T[Zgo sodh BiohA gJh, MZN eZYfbnKdh. t/fynk sK T[go fbfynk ;h “dwdw/ tkbh phV”. fJjh nkfrnkbkbk jo;[y okJ/ ƒ eo fdZsh, fe dwdw/ tkbh phV Skgh ikt/. fJ; soQKfpBK ;'X ;[XkJh s'A, dwdw/ tkbh phV SgD bZrh. bkbk jo;[y okJ/ y[djh “Skge ;'Xe” pDe/ ;/tk eoB bZr/.

10H ;wK phsD Bkb Skg/ tkbhnK s/ jZE fbys phVK eJh gqekodhnK f;Zy ;zrsK ftZu gquZbs j' rJhnK. G'r jo fJZe dk nkg' nkgDhwoIh dk j'fJnk eodk ;h. eJh EKtK s/ ngqtkfBs ouBktK gVQe/ “tZvkG'r” gkfJnk iKdk ;h. fis do bZy w[jzwdk, whoK pkJh dk Ppd,;{odk; dk ;kok Ppd, o[DM[zMBVk nkfd Gh gVd/ ;B.

;zB 1920 s'A gfjbK feT[Afe Pq'L r[L gqL ew/Nh BjhA ;h, fJ; bJh;ko/ Xkowe c?;b/ uhc ykb;k dhtkB dh ;fjwsh Bkb jh gqtkB uVQd/;B. okrwkbk pko/ ‘gVQBh j? iK Bjh gVQBh j?’ d/ ekoB pj[s MrV/ j'J/.ndkbsK ftZu w[eZdw/ uZb/. ndkbsK tZb'A uhc ykb;k dhtkB s'A okJ/ wzrhiKdh ;h. uhc ykb;k dhtkB d/ w[yh jw/Pk fJjh fbye/ G/id/ oj/ ^“okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j?.”

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11H pkrpkB g[o/ bkj"o dh f;zx ;Gk ftZu tZvk MrVk j'fJnk. rZbfeBko/ Bk brdh t/y e/, d' gouhnK s/ fJj nZyo fby e/ ghjV/ j/m oZyfdZshnK ^ okrwkbk r[opkDh j?, okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA eZuh pkDh j?.”fJZe nDikD ;/te s'A fJZe gouh wzrtkJh rJh, fi; s/ fbfynk ;h,okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j? eZuh pkDh j?. nZr/ s'A okrwkbk gVBh pzd eofdZsh rJh. ;szpo 5^1917 d/ gzE ;/te nypko ftZu ;koh xNBk Sgh.“fe ;Zu/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ feogk ehsh, okrwkbk dk c?;bk nkg feogk eoe/Bp/V fdZsk, ;kfonK dh d[fpXk d{o eo fdZsh.”

12H GkJh bkb f;zx Xow gqukoe, gfjbK bzw/ ;w/A sZe gq'L r[ow[yf;zx s/ frL fdZs f;zx Bkb Xowgquko dh ;/tk eod/ oj/. T[jBK dk i'fpnkB nypko ftZu Sfgnk ;h T[j fJ; soQK j? “okrwkbk dk o"bk fJ;tes gzE ftZu g{o/ i'o Bkb fSfVnk j'fJnk j?. fi;ƒ jtk d/D dk fizw/tkoGkJh tho f;zx j?. w?A T[j gzE ;/te gqukoe jK fi;B/ fgSb/ shj ;kb s'Ag{o/ d/P ftZu x[zw e/ f;Zyh dk gquko ehsk j?. GkJh r[ow[Zy f;zx s/ GkJhfdZs f;zx s'A w?A r[ows f;Zyh. w?A 19 ;kb GkJh tho f;zx Bkb Gh ezw ehskj?. w?A ;dk okrwkbk d/ fto[ZX p'bdk fojk jK, fJj n?t/A BjhA ;r'A GkJh thof;zx tor/ ftdtkBK s'A nrtkJh b?e/. i' ftnesh r[opkDh d/ pqkpo okrwkbk ƒ Pkfwb eodk j?, iK gVQdk j?, T[j r[opkDh dk ngwkB eodk j?.w[zdktDh s'A fgS'A i' e[ZM Gh fbfynk frnk j?, T[j GkJh pzB' nkfdefbykohnK B/ obk gkfJnk j?.

(gzE ;/te, bkj"o, 7 Btzpo 1917) (204)13H okrwkbk pko/ wjkokik gfNnkbk s/ wjkokik BkGk d/ ftukof;Zy gzE ftZu okrwkbk pko/ GythA pfj; j' ojh t/ye/ fJjBK d'tK

oki gqw[Zy f;ZyK B/ nkgD/ sohe/ fBoD/ bJ/. gfNnkb/ d/ oki/ B/ pI[orfJfsjk;eko frL frnkB f;zx ƒ p[bk e/ okJ/ wzrh. frL ih B/ ;gZPN nkyfdZsk fe okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j?. w[bkeks dk t/otk frL frnkB f;zx B/fJT[A fbfynk j? ^

w[M/ fpqX b/ye fJfsjk;. dk; gzE ek bye? yk;.

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f;zx f;y ;oXkb{ Bhe/. nBe gq/wh y/wh ih e/.fwb/ w'fj gfNnkb/ nkfJ. dhU fJj' gq;zr ubkfJ.i' w? r[o{ ykb;k wkfj. j? fby ofy:' ny:' ;[ tkfj.wkB rJ/ ;G ;jh :jh j?. “okr wkbk r[otke Bjh j?.”

(gzE ;/te 10$4$1918)14H fJ; s'A wro'A BkGk gsh okik fog[dwB f;zx B/ ;oekoh s"o

s/ nkyzv gkm dk G'r g[nkfJnk. ;ko/ c"ih ns/ f;tb n|;o jkIo ;B.S'N/ w[bkiw Gh pj[s ;ko/ w"i{d ;B. nkw b'eK dk Gh pj[s Gkoh fJeZm;h. y[d wjkokik ;kfjp dhtkB ftZu fpokiwkB ;B. ;t/o/ ;kY/ S/ ti/“w[zdktDh go G'r gkfJnk frnk.” (gzE ;/te 3$7$1918)

15H Gkos dh ssekbhB okiXkBh ebeZs/ fty/ ;h. eKro; gkoNhdk fJZe tZvk ;wkrw j'fJnk. gfjbK nyzv gkm d/ G'r gkJ/ rJ/, nekbhe"o f;zx B/ w[zdktDh T[go G'r gkfJnk. fJ; dhtkB ftZu GkJh JhPof;zx B/ nkgD/ T[gd/P ftZu ;G ƒ dZf;nk fe okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhAj?. fJj fe;/ nkbwBkwh eth dh eftsk j?. fe;/ B/ rbsh Bkb r[o{rqzE ftZu doi eo fdZsh j?, fJ; ƒ eZY fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJjBK rZbK dh fog'oN (iwhwk) GkJh tho f;zx d/ gq?; ftZu fsnkoj'fJnk ns/ Sfgnk.

(joBkw f;zx ;eZso, ykb;k dhtkB ebeZsk, gzE ;/te ^13$2$1918)

16H cotoh 10^1918 ƒ g[Zso d/ iBw dh y[Ph ftZu GkJh i'X f;zxih B/ nkgD/ xo nyzv gkm d/ G'r g[nkJ/. okrwkbk BjhA gVQh rJh, G'rw[zdktDh s/ gkJ/ rJ/. fJ;/ gqzgok ƒ ikoh oZyfdnK i?s' d/ w'ou/ dh;wkgsh s/ 6$8$1925 ƒ d; nyzvgkmK d/ G'r gkJ/ rJ/. gzE d/ wzB/gqwzB/ ftdtkB s/ bhvo w"i{d ;B. fJjBK ftZu pkpk nso f;zxw;s{nkD/ tkb/ Gh ;wkb ;B. sd'A G'r w[zdktDh s/ jh gkfJnk frnk.fJjh fog'oN w[V r[od[nkok riN 1965 d/ gzBk 119 s/ Sgh.

17H GkJh i'X f;zx d/ fbysh p/Bsh eoB s/, 7$1$1945 ƒ, Xkowe

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;bkjeko ew/Nh dh ftP/P fJesZosk p[bkJh rJh. GkJh i'X f;zx B/nkgDk fgSbk okrwkbk fto'Xh g?AsVk pdbe/, okrwkbk ƒ r[opkDh wzBb?D s/ I'o fdZsk. go fJ; fJeZsosk ftZu j'o Gh Bkwh f;Zy ftdtkB g[Zi/j'J/ ;B. fJ; bJh GkJh i'X f;zx dh e'Jh g/P Bk rJh. fJ; fJeZm ftZu16 ws/ gk; ehs/ rJ/. fJ; ftZu wsk BzL gzi okrwkbk f;ob/y j/m fbfynkfrnk. wsk gzi, gotkB j'fJnk fe Xkowe ;bkjeko ew/Nh dh okJ/ ftZu;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ gkm dk G'r w[zdktDh s/ gkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?,okrwkbk BjhA gVQBh.”

18H fJ; s'A wro'A e[ZM b/y okrwkbk pko/ ykb;k ;wkuko ftZu Sg/.fiBQK dk ;ko fJj ;h fe okrwkbk nkbw eth dh nkgDh fbyh j'Jh BjhAj?, ;r'A T[; B/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu'A u'oh ehsh j?. d[pkok fco Xkofwe;bkjeko ew/Nh dk fJeZm 13$5$1945 ƒ p[bkfJnk frnk. GkJh i'X f;zxokrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu p'b/. ;kfonK d/ fto'X dk ;kjwDk Bk ;jkod/ j'J/ fSZE/g? e/ tke nkT{N eo rJ/.

19H fJ; wro'A 27$5$45 ƒ fco j'Jh fJesZosk ftZu Xkowe;bkjeko ew/Nh B/ f;o s/ nkD Y[ZehnK ;q'L eL u'DK s/ n;?Apbh u'DK d/ wZd/BIo, “jkbks fiT[A d/ fsT[A” (;N/N; e') ofjD pko/ fBoDk eo fbnk.fJ; bJh nekb sys s/ G'r w[zdktDh s/ g?Ad/ oj/. nes{po 26^1945 ƒ;q'L ew/Nh dk ;kbkBk fJeZm j'fJnk.

(ft;Eko bJh t/y' ;q'L r[L gqL eL dk gzikj ;kbk fJfsjk;^nP'e, gzBk 228)20H f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk fsnko eoB tes, pj[s ftdtkB r[of;Zy

okrwkbk ƒ r[opkDh BjhA wzBd/ ;B. fJ;/ ekoB ofjs wfonkdk ftZuokrwkbk pko/ tZyoh ;fEsh w"i{d j?. fe “G'r ubdh ;EkBe ohsh w[skpegkfJnk ikt/”. okrwkbk pko/ jkbh gzE ftZu wsG/d j?.”

21H GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk s/ frL P/o f;zx T[Zu e'Nh d/ ftdtkB,id'A ubkDk eo rJ/ sK okrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu, uZbD tkfbnK ƒ tZvk j";bkfwb frnk. GkJh i'X f;zx dh p/Bsh s/ GkJh w'jB f;zx Bkr'e/ (gqXkBSGPC s/ iE/dko nekb sys^d't/A nj[d/ fJZe' ftnesh e'b ;B) B/

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13$12$1946 ƒ okrwkbk pko/ ftuko eoB bJh ftP/P whfNzr ;Zd bJh.T[d'A sZe okrwkbk wzvB ns/ yzvB d' ;GktK pD uZ[ehnK ;B. yzvB ;Gk d/gqXkB GkJh eosko f;zx dkyk ;B. s/ wzvB ;Gk d/ gqXkB ;B ;zs fB;ubf;zx. wzvB ;Gk d/ p[bko/ GkJh i'X f;zx ;B, s/ yzvB tkfbnK d/ eoskof;zx dkyk p[bko/ ;B. fJ; rZb dh j?okBh gqXkB SGPC w'jD f;zx Bkr'e/B/ Gh gqrN ehsh fe ;Zdk gZso G/i/ ikD d/ pkti{d, Xkowe ;bkjekoew/Nh d/ w?Apo whfNzr ftZu BjhA nkJ/.

dkyk (eosko f;zx) i'X f;zx ih s[jkvk gZy fejVk j? yzvB fe wzvB <i'X f;zx ^ w?A fJ; tes okrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu jK.dkyk go s[;hA sK ;koh T[wo okrwkbk d/ fto'Xh oj/ j', nkgD/

xo s[;hA wz[dktDh s/ G'r gkJ/ ;h, w?A y[d T[; tes jkIo ;K.i'X f;zx ^ j[D w?A nkgDh okJ/ pdb bJh j?.dkyk okJ/ pdbD dk ekoB eh j?, nr'A fco ed'A okJ/ pdb'r/ <i'X f;zx eoskog[o tkbh phV ftZu T[;/ ebw s'A okrwkbk fbyh

j'Jh j? fi; s'A phV fbyh j'Jh j?. GkJh eosko f;zx dkyk ih brkskoekNt/A ;[nkb eod/ rJ/ s/ GkJh i'X f;zx fEVet/A bfji/ ftZu okrwkbk dkgZy g{od/ oj/. dkyk ih tZb'A ;tkbK dh p[SkV ikoh ojh s/ d{i/ pzfBU ;zswjzs, edh edh GkJh i'X f;zx dh wdd eod/ oj/. fJ; d/ Bkb jh v/o/dkoX{c, i's, Bkohnb nkfd dk w;bk Gh ftZu x;hN fbnkJ/. i'X f;zx ihƒ g[ZfSnk frnk fe s[;hA fJjBK ;kXK dhnK ;kohnK ftukoK Bkb ;fjwsj' < nkyD br/ fe w?A f;oc okrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu jK, fJjBK dhnK j'oftukoK Bkb ;fjws BjhA. nZr/ uZbe/ frL r[ofdZs f;zx B/ p'bfdnK fejk^ i' e[M eoskog[oh phV ftZu fwbktN eo fdZsh rJh j?, T[; pko/ i'X f;zxih, ikDd/ j'J/, nDikD pD oj/ jB. i/ T[; phV ƒ nZyo nZyo ;thekoeo bJhJ/ sK “eots Gbk B eotN s/oh” nk;k okr ftZu epho ih d/36t/A Ppd s'A gfjbK 35tK gdk gkfJnk frnk j? T[; tZb r"o c[owkT[ ^

d/y' b'rk jfo eh ;rkJh. wK Xoh g{s Xhnk ;zr ikJh.jw j?A pkg okw g{s jwkok. w?A pfjB'Jh okw w/ok ;kbk.

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np w/o/ okw ej/rh pbJhnk. okw w/o' ;;[o w? okw itJhnk.ej? epho ;[B' o/ g{sk. okw igfj s/Jh Bo e{sk]35]eh fJ; gd/ ƒ epho dk ;theko eo'r/, feT[Afe fJj eoskog[oh

phV ftZu j? <fJ; s'A pknd j'o ;p{s Gh fdZs/ rJ/, T[j c'N'nK Gh g/P ehshnK

rJhnK i' okrwkbk s'A pr?o phVK s'A bJhnK ;B. fJ; s/ ekch jzrkwkj'fJnk s/ GkJh i'X f;zx ;kEhnK ;w/s whfNzr ftZu'A o'; gqrN eod/, pkjoub/ rJ/. (frL r[ofds f;zx ih B/ pVh fwjBs eoe/ brgr gzikj c'N'nKnkgDh feskp ftZu T[jBK phVK dhnK fdZshnK jB. fiBQK ftZu okrwkbkBjhA j?. ;r'A ;kc fbfynk Gh fwbdk j? fe G'r w[zdktDh s/ gkT[Dk.)

22H g[okD/ ;fwnK ftZu pj[s ;ko/ gq/w gq;zr fby/ rJ/. go:'iBfJZe' j'fJnk eodk ;h fe tk;Bk Gog{o pDk e/, okfinK BtkpK dk fdbpfjbkfJnk ikt/, ns/ tZN/ ftZu wkB ;BwkB gqkgs ehs/ ikD. nfij/ethnK dh bzwh cfo;s gq'L fgnkok f;zx gdw B/, d;w/P ih d/ “dopkoheth ftZu fdZsh j'Jh j?. e[ZM fJZe Bkw fJj jB ^ BkfJek G/d^;zG{ BkE,f;zrko wzikoh^fuzskwDh, o; eb'b^s[b;h dk;, f;zrko o; wkX[oh^feq;DGZN, f;zrko o; dogD^nkiw, f;zrko fpbk;^;'w BkE nkfd. fJj ethnkbw tZb'A fbyh wkXtk Bb ns/ ekw ezdbk gkso g/P eoe/ ekw[eskgqGkth eftsk j?.

“okrwkbk” ^ fJ; g[;se d/ 353 Szd jB. i' fjZ;k r[o{ rqzE;kfjp ftZu nkfJnk j?, T[j 63t/A Szd s'A b? e/ 72 Szd sZe j?. (w?ekbc)

ekw ezdbk wkXtkB ejkDh dk ;zy/g ;ko ^23H eth nkbw B/ fJZe pqkjwD gkso^wkXtk Bb^dk nfijk

fdbeP fuZso T[bhfenk j? fe T[j id'A wX[o ;[oK ftZu pz;oh pikT[Adk ;hsK Pfjo dhnK fJ;sohnK GKv/ ;[ZN e/ pkjo rbhnK ftZu nk e/, T[;d[nkb/ M[owN gk b?AdhnK ;B. PekfJs j'D s/ wkXt ƒ oki/ B/ oki ftZu'AfBeb ikD dk j[ew ;[Dk fdZsk. nZr/ iKdk j'fJnk T[j ekw;?B Bro d/dotkI/ nZr'A dh bzfxnk. nzdo d/ fBos BkN SDekN/ B/ T[; ƒ fyZu gkJh.

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wkXt B/ nzdo ikDk ukfjnk, s/ ;zsoh B/ fejk ^ nzdo tZv/ r[Dh b'e p?m/jB, s/o/ tor/ wkw{bh wB[Zy dk T[E/ eh ezw < sK wkXt B/ fejk, BjhA nzdow{oyK dh ;Gk j?, fJjBK ƒ okr skb dh e'Jh ;'Mh BjhA. feT[Afe spbktkde dk nzr{mk w'w dk j?. dopkB B/ oki/ ƒ dZf;nk, rZb ;Zu fBebh.oki/ B/ wkXt ƒ nzdo ;Zd e/, nkgD/ e'b fpmk fbnk. wkXt ƒ wjkB;zrhseko ikD e/ Boseh ekwezdbk B/ nkgDh ;koh ebk dkn s/ bkfdZsh. T[;B/ nkgDh Sksh s/ ;[rzXh bkJh, fJZe xVk f;o T[Zs/ oZfynk, s/PkB Bkb BZuD bZrh. fJZe G"ok ;[rzXs Sksh s/ nkD p?mk, i/ T[vkT[Adh j?sK skb ftZu ftxB g?Adk j?, f;o s'A xVk fvrdk j?. (nkbw eth B/ ebgDkd/ x'V/ d"VkJ/) ekwezdbk B/ nkgD/ ;[nk; o'e/, fJZe yk; ftXh tose/,cokN/ Bkb nkgDh Sksh ftZu'A jtk eZYh, s/ G"ok T[vk fdZsk. wkXt ƒ nzdonkT[D tes oki/ B/ i' ehwsh jko fdZsk ;h. T[j Boseh dh ebk s/ w'fjsj'e/ T[; d/ rb ftZu gk fdZsk. feT[Afe ;Gk ftZu j'o fe;/ ƒ ekwezdbk dhfJ; Bt/ebh ndk dh ;wM BjhA gJh. fJ; bJh okik wkXt Bkb r[Z;/ j'frnk. wkXt Bkb ekw ezdbk dk fgnko j'D s/ j'o BkokIrh tX rJh.fJ; bJh fJE'A Gh wkXt ƒ d/P fBekbk fwb frnk. pqkjwD j'D eoe/ e'Jhwko BjhA ;edk ;h. T[j fteowkihs oki/ d/ oki ftZu iK gj[zfunk. gskehsk, fi; wzdo ftZu okik g{ik eoB nkT[Adk ;h T[E/ ezX s/ d'jk fbyfdZsk. “ejk eo{z es ikT{A okw oki Bk nkfj. fsqnk ;zskg fti'r d[y okx'ikBs Bkfj.” oki/ B/ wkXt ƒ ;Zfdnk ftfEnk ;[Dh. nkgD/ pzd/ ekwezdbk e'b G/i/. go gsk bZrk fe T[j sK T[d'A s'A jh p/j'P gJh j?, id'A s'AwkXt ftSfVnk j?. oki/ B/ w{ofSs ekw ezdbk dh Sksh s/ g?o oZye/goyDk ukfjnk ihts j? fe wo rJh. Boseh B/ p/j'Ph ftZu'A jh fejk,“okik Sksh s/ g?o Bk oZy, fJE/ fJZe pqkjwD dk fBtk; j?, T[;dh p/gshj't/rh s?ƒ gkg bZr/rk.” fJsB/ ftZu d'tK c"iK dk x'o i[ZX j'fJnk, p/nzsf;gkjh wo/. id'A wkXt ƒ dZf;nk fe s/oh gq/fwek sK p/j'P gJh j?, sK T[jGh rP yk e/ fvZr fgnk, p/j'P j' frnk. fco goh ejkDhnK tKr ;[orftZu'A fJZe d/tsk nzfwqs b? e/ nkfJnk. ;Zu/ gq/wh ikDe/ d'tK ƒ ihts

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ehsk. fpeowkihs okik fJjBK ƒ nkgD/ Bkb b? frnk, fJZe ;[zdo wfjbpDtke/ fdZsk, fJjBK pkeh fIzdrh y[PhnK Goh r[ikoh. eth nkbwfJ;dk nyho ftZu wjksw Gh d;dk j? ^

ekwh of;e g[oy i' ;[Bjh. s'A :fj eEk o?B fdB ;[Bjh.fJj ejkDh d;w rqzE d/ fuqso' gkfynkB ftZu 91 fuZso ftZu Gh

fwbdh j?. T[E/ T[j nbZr ozr py/odh j?.24H pj[s ;kohnK phVK d/ fuZso fJ; g[;se ftZu frL r[ofdZs

f;zx ih B/ fwjBs Bkb Pkwb ehs/ jB. e[ZM g[oksB phVK ftZu fJj ;{uBkGh Bkb jh fdZsh j'Jh fwbdh j? ^

“J/j G'r ;qh nkd rqzE ih j?”, okr wkbk fJ; ;{uBk s'A pknd fe;/fby fdZsh.

uhc ykb;k dhtkB s/ j'o ftdtkB r[of;Zy okrwkbk ƒ r[opkDhBjhA wzBd/ ;h. f;oc v/o/dko ;kX bkDk s/ T[jBK d/ u/b/ jh fjZe d/ skDfJ; ƒ r[opkDh rodkBd/ oj/. frnkBh frnkB f;zx d/ eEB nB[;ko ^J/; ftZu fe;/ wjb/ dk Bkw BjhA j?.

BkBe Bkw w'jo Skg BjhA j?.r[o{ rqzE dh ekfte P?bh Bkb fJj w/b BjhA yKdh.r[o{ rqzE ih d/ ;ko/ okr fJ; ftZu BjhA, fJ; ftub/

okr r[o{ rqzE ftZu BjhA jB.JhPto d/ Bkw dh, r[oK dh wfjwK dh iK ;s;zr dh

fJ; ftZu wfjwK BjhA j?.fJ; ftZu e'Jh Gh T[gd/P BjhA j?. e/tb okr okrDhnK

d/ Bkw jB.wkXtBb B/ g'Eh ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk s'A fJZeh toQ/ gfjbK okrwkbk

fbyh ;h, fJ;ƒ nekb sys tZb'A nZi sZe Gh gqtkB BjhA ehsk frnk.f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu ni/ Gh wZsG/d uZfbnk nk fojk j?. ;' fJ; ƒs[ozs jh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Bkb'A tZy eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?. (283)

(fJj g/go 25$7$04 ƒ ykb;k gzukfJs d/ eBthBo ;qL okfizdo

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f;zx tZb'A, uzvhrVQ ftZu p[bkJh rJh ftuko r'PNh bJh fsnko ehsk frnk;h. nD;[ykt/A ekoBK eoe/ fJj ftuko r'PNh w[bsth eoBh gJh.frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx tZb'A “w[zdktDh” Bkw dh fbyh g[;se pko/ fJj r'PNhj'Dh ;h.

e[p[fX fwN? r[o ;pd[ phukfo] ;fsr[o G/N/ w'y d[nko]ss[ B uhB? wBw[y[ ifb ikfJ] d[owfs ftS[fV u'NK ykfJ]wkB? j[ew[ ;G/ r[D frnkB[] BkBe dorj gkt? wkB[](944)

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nkgDh wK p'bhnkgDh wK p'bhnkgDh wK p'bhnkgDh wK p'bhnkgDh wK p'bh

gP{ irs ftZu ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu pj[s e[M ;KMk j?, ykD, ghD,;"D, g/N g{osh, pZu/ g?dk eoB/ nkfd. pZ;, fi; r[D B/ wB[Zy dk doik T[Zukehsk T[j j? p'bh. p'bh okjhA wB[Zy ;fji Yzr Bkb ftukoK dk tNKdokeodk j?. fJ; soQK fJZe d{i/ d/ frnkB Gzvko s'A ckfJdk T[mkfJnk iKdkj?. id'A wB[Zy B/ nZyoK okjhA nkgD/ ftukoK ƒ fbyDK f;Zy fbnk, sKuzrhnK fbysK s'A j'o b'eh th gVQ ;[D e/ bkjk b?D bZr/. ;kfjs, fJfsjk;,;kfJz;, Xow ;kok ehwsh yIkBk fbys dk nzr pDe/ nkT[D tkbhnKB;bK dh wbehns pDdk frnk.

jkbks, g"D gkDh ns/ feZfsnK d/ tyo/t/A ekoB wB[Zyh ;ZfGnskftZu th fGzBsk nkT[D bZrh. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ns/ nkgDhnK b'VK w[skpep'bh th nbZr nbZr j[zdh ubh rJh. ;kohnK p'bhnK nkg' nkgD/ Ekt/AwjZstg{oB jB. fizBhnK e'Jh gVQBhnK f;Zy bt/ Gbh rZb j?. gopkb^wB'ftfrnkB d/ wkfjoK dk ftuko j? fe gzi ;kb sZe d/ pZu/ ƒ f;o|p'bDk jh f;ykfJnk ikt/. fbyDk gVQBk pknd ftZu P[o{ ehsk ikt/.nkgDh ;ZfGnsk, nkgD/ ohsh fotki ns/ nkgD/ Xow ƒ ;wMD tk;s/,nkgDh p'bh f;ZyDh pj[s Io{oh j?. ;kv/ pZu/ gZSwh d/PK ftZu ofj e/wPhBoh ns/ ;kfJz; d/ ezwK ftZu sK fBg[zB j' ikDr/, go Gkosh$gzikphebuo, f;Zy Xow s'A d{o ub/ ikDr/. nB/eK Ppd nfij/ jB i' fe gZSwhd/PK ftZu p'bh dk, fIzdrh dk fjZ;k BjhA jB. fJBQK d/PK ftZu izw/ gb/ pZu/nfij/ PpdK ƒ ;wMD s'A n;woZE j'Dr/. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ e[M tzBrhnKg/P jB L^ nzfwqs t/bk ^ ;t/o dk ;[jktDk PKs tksktoD i' gzikp ftZugqkgs j? T[; ƒ gzikph s/ r[opkDh ftZu nzfwqs t/bk efjzd/ jB. gZSwhw[beK d/ b'e ;odh GzB/ w";w d/ ;skJ/, nzdo tV e/ ;[Zs/ j[zd/ jB. T[j ehikBD nzfwqs t/b/ ƒ , ;ktD eVedh X[Zg ns/ rowh s'A pknd whAj P[o{j' iKd/ jB s/ w";w pj[s ;[jktDk j' iKdk j?. pZu/ febekohnK wkod/ BZ;d/

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y/vd/ jB. i[nkB bVehnK fJeZmhnK j' ghxK M{NdhnK jB, frZXk gkT[AdhnKjB. gzSh ufjed/ jB vZv{ rVQ?A rVQ?A eod/ jB. w'o g?bK gkT[Ad/ jB. ;kohpB;gsh w"bQ T[Zmdh j?. fe;kB y/sK ftZu tZX s'A tZX ezw eod/ jB.r[opkDh ftZu fJ; ƒ ‘w'ohA o[D M[D bkfJnk G?D/ ;ktD nkfJnk’ fejk j?.gZSwh w[beK d/ b'e fJ; soQK d/ e[dosh BIkfonk d/ fenk; BjhA eo;ed/. T[j s/ whAj g?D *s/ d"V e/ nzdo tV iKd/ jB. ezwhA fe;kB, frZX/fes/ d{ophB bkfJnK th BjhA bZGd/. gZSwh w[beK tkb/ b'e BK jh xbkVh,rzv uV;, skok uVBk, e[ZeV dh pKr, Skj t/bk, e'jb{ ns/ j'o pj[s e[MikfDnk BjhA ikD ;ed/. fJ; s'A fJbktk r[opkDh, gzikph, r[ow[yh nZyoKftZu fbyh j'Jh j?. i/ ;kv/ pZfunK B/ gzikph p'bh Bk f;Zyh sK T[j r[opkDhBjhA gVQ ;eDr/. f;Zy fJfsjk; BjhA gVQ ;eDr/. fi; dk f;ZXk wsbpj? fe T[j f;Zy iK ykb;/ th BjhA pD ;eDr/.

g[okDh pkJhpb jhpo{ GkPk ftZu fbyh rJh ;h. :j{dh b'e dopdo dhnK m'eoK yKd/ oj/. d{;oh ;z;ko izr ftZu ;Zm bZy :j{dh w"s d/xkN T[sko/ rJ/. nzs T[BQK nkgDh fdqVsk s/ f;nkDg Bkb ngDk d/PfJIokJhb pDk fbnk. wo u[Zeh jhpo{ p'bh ƒ w[V s'A ;ko/ d/P ftZu gVQBfbyD dk I'odko jzGbk wkfonk frnk. nZi ;kok fJIokJhb jhpo[ p'bhp'bdk j? s/ jhpo{ ftZu fbyh pkJhpb th pV/ ukn Bkb gVQdk j?. Jh;kJhfwPBoh fe;/ d/P ftZu th ikD nzro/Ih Io{o gVQkT[Ad/ jB. fjzd{nK d/g[okD/ t/d, wjKGkos, rhsk, owkfJD ;ko/ jh ;z;feqs ftZu fby/ j'J/ jB.;z;feqs dk jh ;"yk o{g fjzdh p'bh j?. fjzdh dk fizBk th tZX gquko j't/rkT[BQK jh b'e t/dK rqzEK ƒ ;"fynK jh gVQ ;eDr/. T[sBk jh fjzd{ Xow d/ B/V/j[zd/ ikDr/. w[;bwkB fe;/ th d/P ftZu ikt/ nkgD/ pZfunK ƒ BwkI Iao{ogVQkT[Adk j?. s/ T[; dh ;koh fJpknds noph ftZu j?. noph f;ZyD dkwsbp j? e[okB gVQBh, T[BQK dk g[okDk ;kfjs gVQBk. id'A wB[Zy fJj ;koke[M gVQ/rk sK ;wM' T[j w[;bwkB sK pD jh ikt/rk. fjzd{, fJ;kJh,w[;bwkB fiZE/ rJ/ T[BQk nkgDh p'bh ns/ ;ZfGnsk ƒ gqcZ[bs eoB tk;s/dkfBnK tKr ezw ehsk j?. f;Zy fJ; gZy'A pj[s fgZS/ ofj rJ/ jB. iK sK

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fJj ;wM bJhJ/ fe gzikp ftZu f;Zy Xow s/ f;Zy f;nk;s xZN gVQ/ fby/b'eK d/ jZE ftZu j?. fJ;/ soQK gZSwhA w[beK ftZu xZN gVQ/ iK T[Zek jhnBgVQ b'e f;nk;s ns/ Xow n;EkBk s/ ekpI jB. T[j ikDd/ jh BjhAfe Xow ƒ, f;Zy ;fGnkuko ƒ, gzikph p'bh ƒ fet/A gqc[Zbs ehsk ik ;edkj?. gVQ/ fby/ b'eK dh frDsh ysoBke jZd she xZN j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJBQKu"XohnK s'A d{o jh ofjzd/ jB. :{oghB w[beK ftZu r[odtko/ sK nDfrDspDk bJ/ jB, go f;Zyh d/ ;e{b, r[owfs d/ ekbi, f;Zyh dh y'i tk;s/:{Bhtof;Nh BjhA pDk ;e/. f;Zyh ns/ gzikph p'bh d/ tkX/ tk;s/ whvhJ/dh tos'A BjhA eo ;e/. ;EkBe MrfVnK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ e'Jh ;KMh s/ ;opgqtkBs bhvofPg BjhA g?dk eo ;e/. r[opkDh s/ u'DtK f;Zy fJfsjk;j'oBk p'bhnK ftZu nB[tkd eotk e/ n;hA jkbh sZe BjhA Sgtk ;e/. pj[se[M eoB tkbk j? fJ; gk;/.

f;Zy Xow ;z;ko d/ e[M e[ u'Dt/A XowK ftZu'A fJZe tXhnk Xow j?.;z;ko d/ nB/eK go/PkBhnK ftZu ftbe oj/ b'eK ƒ ;[Zy PKsh d/D tk;s/f;ZyK e'b r[opkDh dk wjkB yIkBk j?. jkb/ sZe 95# f;ZyK B/ y[d jhr[opkDh BjhA gVQh, sK j'oBK ƒ fet/A gVQB tk;s/ nkyDr/ < gzikph p'bDtkfbnK dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu J/Bh j? fe i/ ;koh d[BhnK ƒ fJZe eskoftZu yVk ehsk ikt/ sK jo pkjotK ftnesh gzikph p'b/rk. fiZE/ gzikp dhXosh nsh Ioy/i j?, T[E'A dk g"D gkDh ;[jktDk j?, o[ZsK y[Pp'JhnK jB,rZGo{ oKrb/ jB, w[fNnkoK j[;B tkbhnK jB sK T[E/ gzikph p'bh th wkfyUAfwZmh j?. f;Zyh dh o{j, wB[Zysk dh nkswk, r[opkDh dk s/ e'Jh itkp jhBjhA. gzikph ;ZfGnkuko Bkb i[VB tk;s/, r[owfs d/ ;'jD/ fJfsjk; ƒgVQB tk;s/, nzfwqs d/ ;'w/ r[opkDh Bkb ;KM gkT[D tk;s/, gzikph p'bhf;ZyDh jh gt/rh. gzikph p'bh ƒ ft;ko d/D dk wsbp j? gzikph ;fGnkukoƒ ft;ko d/Dk, gzikph oj[ ohsK ƒ fsnkr d/Dk, gzikph GzrV/ s/ frZX/ s'Aftot/ j' ikDk, nkgD/ ;{ophoK s/ PjhdK ƒ G[Zb ikDk, r[o{ ;kfjpkB tZb'AwB[Zysk d/ Gb/ fjZs ehs/ ekoBkfwnK ƒ ft;ko d/Dk ns/ o{j dh y[oker[opkDh s'A nDfGZi ofj ikDk j't/rk. eh fJ; soQK eoe/ n;hA ihts ofj

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;eKr/ < eh T[j ihtB ;kvk ;jh ihtB j't/rk <o{; d/ wjkB b/ye jwIks't B/ fbfynk j? “;kv/ fgzvK ftZu'A fJZe

B"itkB gVQe/ B"eoh bJh tZv/ Pfjo ubk frnk. pj[s tZvk n|;o pDfrnk. gfjbK e[M ;wK fuZmh nkT[Adh ojh s/ c/o pzd j' rJh. w?A fe;/Io{oh ezw tk;s/ tZv/ Pfjo ikDk ;h. T[; dh p[ZYh wK B/ nkgD/ g[Zso dhypo ;ko fbnkT[D tk;s/ sobk ehsk. ;ko/ ezw eoe/ w?A id'A Pfjo'A tkg;gofsnk sK p[ZYh wK, g[Zso dh ;[Zy ;Kd g[ZSD nkJh. w?A T[; d/ g[Zso pko/;ZG e[M dZf;nk. fe T[; dh pj[s tZvh e'mh j?, eko j?, tZvk nc;o j?T[jHHHHH. wK B/ gZfSnk g[Zso T[; B/ s/o/ Bkb ;kvh dkfr;skBh p'bh ftZurZbK ehshnK ;B < BjhA wK, n;hA fe;/ j'o p'bh ftZu rZbK ehshnK ;B.T[j nkgDh p'bh SZv u[Zfenk j?, fJZe d[GkPhJ/ okjhA ;kvh rZbpks j'Jh ;h.wksk B/ nkgD/ d[gZN/ ƒ fyZu e/ nkgDk fujok YZe fbnk s/ nZyK ftZu'A nZEo{tZr gJ/. nZyK g{zMdh j'Jh p[ZYh wK efjD bZrh, g[Zso o;{b s?ƒ G[b/yk bZrkj? fi; ƒ s{z fwb e/ nkfJnk j?A T[j w/ok g[Zso BjhA j?. w/ok g[Zso w/o/ d[ZXns/ w/ohnK b'ohnK ƒ BjhA G[Zb ;edk. w/ok g[Zso wo frnk j?, wofrnkHHHH wo frnk j?HHHH. wK o'Adh j'Jh T[Zm e/ s[o gJh”. ekP fe ;kv/wBK ftZu nkgDh wK p'bh gqsh nfijk iIpk j't/HHHHH.

! fJj b/y ngq?b 2002 ƒ, “gzikph wkfgnK dh ;Gk g{oph bzvB” d/

;qH fBoziB f;zx dh fJZSk s/ fbfynk frnk ;h. i' T[jBK Sgtke/ tZvh

frDsh ftu tzfvnk ;h.

;kvk p/vk fjt[ rofenk - punjabi library

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